Okt railway. Oktyabrskaya Railway
In this lesson you will learn how to answer YES or NO in Korean to a question asked to you.
네 / 아니요
In Korean, "Yes" is 네 [ne] and "No" is 아니요 [aniyo] in 존댓말 [jeongdetmal] (polite form).
네. [ne] = Yes.
아니요. [aniyo] = No.
In Korean, "네" means agreement with what the other person said and "아니요" expresses your disagreement or denying what the other person said.
For example,
someone asks you "Don't you like coffee?" (커피 안 좋아해요? [ko-pi ang cho-a-hae-yo?] in Korean) and if your answer is “No, I don’t like coffee”, you need to say “네”.
Let's clarify the meaning of 네 and 아니요 a little.
네. [ne] = Yes, that's true / I agree (I agree) / That's true / Correct
아니요. [aniyo] = No, that's not true / That's not true / I don't agree (disagree)
Note: This is very similar to how Russians sometimes say:
- Don't you like coffee?
- Yes, I don’t like it.
But the Russians can answer the same question
- No, I don’t like it.
which is quite normal for the Russian language.
For Korean, only the first option is acceptable. If a person doesn't like coffee, in Korean they will answer "네" - yes. And if a person likes coffee, he will say "아니요" - no, but in Korean it will be equivalent to "Yes".
네. 좋아해요. [ne. cho-a-hae-yo] = Yes, I like coffee.
커피 좋아해요? [ko-pi cho-a-he-yo?] = Do you like coffee?
아니요. 안좋아해요. [a-ni-yo. an cho-a-hae-yo] = No, I don't like coffee.
아니요. 좋아해요. [a-ni-yo. cho-a-hae-yo] = No, I like coffee.
커피 안 좋아해요? [ko-pi an cho-a-he-yo?] = Don't you like coffee?
네. 안좋아해요. [ne. an cho-a-hae-yo] = Yes, I don’t like it.
You don't need to worry about the other parts of speech in the sentences given as examples. Just remember that in Korean YES and NO are said in different cases.
네 is more than just YES and IT IS TRUE.
네 [ne] is not only used to mean "Yes" or "That's true", but is also used as a conversation filler. If you listen to two Koreans talk, you'll hear them say 네 quite often, even if they don't just mean "Yes."
Here is a conversation between two people. Imagine them speaking Korean.
A: You know, I bought a book yesterday
B: 네 [ne].
A. And I really like her.
A: But it is quite expensive.
A: Do you know how much it cost?
B: How much?
A: 100 dollars!
A: So I paid with a credit card
A: But I still really like it, because it is a book by Kyung Eun Choi - one of the teachers from TalkToMeInKorean.com
As you can see, 네 can be used in different ways. It could be
- Yes / True
but also:
- I understand (understood) / I’m here! (when someone calls you) / Yeah / etc.
Those. acts as an interjection when you want to express your approval or interest.
맞아요
Because 네 [ne] and 아니요 [aniyo] are more about agreement and disagreement, and because 네 can mean “I see” or “Yeah,” Koreans often use the expression 맞아요 [ma-ja-yo] after 네 [ne] .
네, 맞아요. [ne, ma-ja-yo] = Yes, that's true.
This expression is used to ensure that your interlocutor understands that you are saying, “You're right,” and are not just passively listening to his speech and nodding, without attaching much importance to it.
And again
네 is a wonderful expression. As we have already learned, it can mean a lot of things. Including "What did you say?"
Let's imagine someone said something, but you didn't hear this person or just overheard him. In this case, you can say “네?” [ne?], which means “Excuse me?”, “What did you say?”, “I didn’t hear you.” “네?” can also be used to express surprise.
A: I bought a gift for you.
B: 네? [ne?]
A: I said, I bought a gift for you.
A: Forget about it.
Thanks to the power of the Internet, these days it is easy for K-pop fans who don't speak Korean to find translations and Cyrillic versions of K-pop songs so that all fans can learn the words to their favorite songs. But even if you don't know Korean, there are a lot of commonly used words that you'll probably start to just understand from listening to your playlists over and over again!
1 Choeum/Cho (처음 / 첫) - First
You have probably heard at least one song about first love and there you could hear this phrase “Cho saram”. If you haven’t found out yet, then the phrase about the first snow: “Chonun” (첫눈).
2 Nunmul (눈물) - tears
Whether it's breakup ballads, cry-your-own-eyes ballads (say, K.Will's "Dropping the TearsDropping the Tears") or something bigger than BTS's "Blood Sweat & Tears (피 땀 눈물)", you're undoubtedly a lot times heard this word. Interesting fact: By adding the Korean word for "eyes" (nun/눈) and the word for "water" (mul/물), it literally translates to "eye water"! And one more fun fact: The word "snow" and "eyes" are the same - they're both "nun/눈"!
3 Chuok (추억) - memory
Good memories, painful memories, memories that are kept, memories that are erased - everything abounds in the lyrics of K-pop songs. The word "juok (추억)" refers to a memory you remember (such as "favorite memory"), while the word "kyok (기억)" is used for that place in the head where you remember things (such as "You in my memory").
4 Haru (하루) – one day
Using the word once can refer to one day, but using it twice in a row, like the title of BIGBANG's classic song "Haru Haru," means "day after day."
5 Molla (몰라) – I don’t know
"Mol-la (몰라)" is an informal way of conjugating the verb "Moryda (모르다)". It does not need to be used more than once in a row. To highlight how someone doesn't know what to do with this cute person they're in love with and such funny things.
6 Torawa-cho (돌아와[줘]) - come back
For all the broken hearts who wish their loved ones were there, please come back and don't forget this phrase!
7 Drag (다시) - again
Speaking of return, this word comes in handy for anything that repeats itself. Fall in love again? Meeting someone else? Did your heart break again (hopefully not too many times)? Listen to the word “ta-shi (다시)”!
8 Maeum (마음) – heart, feelings, mind
There are several words to describe your heart, but "maeum (마음)" is usually used in a more abstract way, such as when you describe the feelings deep in your heart. In K-pop lyrics, you often hear singers complaining about their maeum feelings, singing about the warm fuzzy feelings in their maeum, or sighing that their lover doesn't know/understand their maeum. Sometimes the word is shortened so it sounds like "mam (맘)", like in TWICE's chorus "TT".
9 Kidarida (기다리다) - wait
Many K-pop songs use this verb in different forms, such as kidarilke (기다릴게) - “I will wait” or kidaryovo (기다려 줘) - “please wait.”
10 Kkum (꿈) - dream
From puppy love tunes that talk about dreaming about love, about wanting to meet someone else again in your dreams, you can often hear the word "kkum (꿈)" in Korean songs!
11 Geuriwohe (그리워 - 해) - I miss you
You've probably heard the phrase "Pogoshipo (보고 싶어)," which also means "I miss you," but "kyriwo (그리워)" is another way to talk about missing someone or something with more feeling. deep melancholy
— oldest road in the Russian railway network. Its history began in 1837 with the opening of the railway line St. Petersburg - Tsarskoe Selo (now the city of Pushkin) with a length of 27.5 kilometers. Based on the experience of its construction and operation, the possibility of uninterrupted operation was practically proven railway transport in the climatic conditions of Russia in all seasons.
In 1830-1840, the issue of connecting St. Petersburg with the central regions of Russia by a reliable road required urgent resolution. The lack of convenient means of communication put St. Petersburg at risk of famine, and also became an increasingly serious obstacle to the development of industry. On February 13 (February 1, old style), 1842, Emperor Nicholas I signed a decree on the construction of the first Russian railway, St. Petersburg - Moscow. It was decided to pave the road along the shortest distance between the two capitals, its length was determined to be 604 versts (644 kilometers). Subsequently, during the construction of the Verebyinsky bypass in 1877, the length of the road increased to 609 versts (650 kilometers).
Construction was entrusted to two directorates - Northern and Southern. The Northern Directorate was headed by Pavel Melnikov, the Southern Directorate by Nikolai Kraft.
Construction work began in the summer of 1843. The road was built according to engineeringly sound parameters, providing, along with economic feasibility, the required throughput taking into account the perspective. The roadbed was erected under two tracks at once. At Melnikov's insistence, the track width was set at five feet or 1524 millimeters. It has become standard for all Russian railways. On the St. Petersburg - Moscow line, wide-base rails manufactured at the Lyudinovsky plant were used for the first time. Subsequently, this rail profile spread throughout all the railways of the world.
Builders had to build eight large and 182 medium and small bridges to overcome water barriers. 34 stations were built on the road. Two large stations were built in Moscow and St. Petersburg according to the designs of the architect Konstantin Ton.
Traffic on certain sections of the railway began already in 1846. On November 13 (November 1, old style), 1851, the official opening of the entire highway took place. The first train, consisting of a steam locomotive, two soft, three rigid and one baggage car, left St. Petersburg at 11:15 a.m. and arrived in Moscow the next day at nine in the morning, having spent 21 hours and 45 minutes on the road. It carried 192 passengers.
At first, two passenger and four freight trains ran between St. Petersburg and Moscow per day. The road was double-track and traffic was on the left. The passenger train consisted of seven carriages, and the freight train consisted of 15. Average speed the train speed was then 29.6 kilometers per hour. In 1854, a train schedule was introduced.
In 1855, the highway received the name: "Nikolaevskaya railway", in honor of Emperor Nicholas I, and since 1923 it has been called "Oktyabrskaya".
On September 1, 1929, the North-Western Railways merged with Oktyabrskaya. The main highways - Leningrad - Moscow, Leningrad - Pskov, Leningrad - Narva, merged into a single Administration of the October Railways (since 1936 - Administration of the October Railway).
During the Great Patriotic War Due to the blockade of Leningrad, the nature of the road's operation changed dramatically. The existing lines were used mainly for transporting goods to the front and food to Leningrad. January 27, 1944 Hitler's troops were thrown back from Leningrad, on February 23, the first freight train after the blockade was lifted was sent from Leningrad to Moscow along the restored main track; on March 20, the Red Arrow train departed for the capital - a branded train running on the Oktyabrskaya Railway between Moscow and Leningrad since 1931 .
By 1950, 3.5 thousand kilometers of main tracks, more than 300 stations and 1,126 buildings, 240 bridges, and over 6.3 thousand kilometers of communication lines had been restored on the Oktyabrskaya Road. In the 1950-1960s, its technical re-equipment was carried out. In 1962, the Leningrad-Moscow line was switched to electric traction. On December 15, regular traffic of passenger trains with electric locomotives ChS-1, ChS-2, with a design speed of 160 kilometers per hour, opened on the main route Leningrad - Moscow.
In the mid-1980s, the technical equipment of the road made it possible, along with regular trains, to begin operating high-speed express trains ER 200, reaching speeds of up to 200 kilometers per hour.
In 1996-2000, the reconstruction of the St. Petersburg - Moscow highway was carried out; in fact, it was built according to modern technologies new railway. Thanks to the reconstruction, trains can reach speeds of 200-250 kilometers per hour.
Since 2009, on the route Moscow - St. Petersburg - Moscow they began to use high speed trains"Peregrine Falcon". The distance between the two Sapsan cities takes three hours and forty-five minutes. Since 2015, the first double-decker train at the Oktyabrskaya Railway site began running.
Currently, the Oktyabrskaya Railway (since 2003 - a branch of Russian Railways OJSC) is one of the largest railways Russian Federation, has an operational length of 10,363.9 kilometers and serves an area with a population of more than 25 million people. The road is divided into six regions: Moscow, St. Petersburg-Vitebsk, St. Petersburg, Petrozavodsk, Murmansk and Volkhovstroevsk. All enterprises at the railway site employ more than 70 thousand people.
In the transport system of the North-Western region of Russia, the Oktyabrskaya Railway, passing through the territory of eleven constituent entities of the Russian Federation - the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, Moscow, Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Vologda, Murmansk, Tver and Yaroslavl regions and the Republic of Karelia, has a leading place - it accounts for 60% of freight traffic and 40% of passenger traffic.
The main feature of the transport complex of North-West Russia is its export-import orientation. There are eight border crossings in the Oktyabrskaya Road service area, four of them on the border with Finland, two each with Estonia and Latvia.
The Vyborg-St. Petersburg-Moscow line is a link in the ninth “Cretan” international transport corridor. The most important corridors for transit transportation also pass along the Oktyabrskaya Road, which have international status, "North-South" and "Europe-Asia".
An important role in the implementation of foreign trade relations is played by the existing trade ports of St. Petersburg, Murmansk, Vitino, Vyborg, Vysotsk, Primorsk, as well as the new port under construction on the Baltic - Ust-Luga, which are located in the service area of the Oktyabrskaya Railway.
The material was prepared based on information from open sources
