Traditional medicine

The effect of massage on the nervous system. Physiological basis of massage The influence of massage techniques on the nervous system

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Topic: The effect of massage on the human nervous system

Completed by: Elena Korablina

Human nervous system

Nervous system person classified :

according to the conditions of formation and type of management as:

Lowest nervous activity

Higher nervous activity

by the method of transmitting information as:

Neurohumoral regulation

Reflex activity

by localization area as:

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

by functional affiliation as:

Vegetative nervous system

Somatic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

Nervous system (sustema nervosum) is a complex of anatomical structures that ensure the individual adaptation of the body to the external environment and the regulation of the activity of individual organs and tissues.

The nervous system acts as integrative system, linking into one whole sensitivity, motor activity and the work of other regulatory systems (endocrine and immune). The nervous system, together with the endocrine glands, is the main integrating and coordinating apparatus, which, on the one hand, ensures the integrity of the body, and on the other, its behavior adequate to the external environment.

The nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord , as well as nerves, nerve ganglia, plexuses, etc. All these formations are predominantly built from nervous tissue, which: - is capable of being excited under the influence of irritation from the environment internal or external to the body and - conducts excitation in the form of a nerve impulse to various nerve centers for analysis, and then - transmits the “order” generated in the center to the executive organs to perform the body’s response in the form of movement (movement in space) or changes in the function of internal organs. Excitation- an active physiological process by which some types of cells respond to external influences. The ability of cells to generate excitation is called excitability. Excitable cells include nerve, muscle and glandular cells. All other cells have only irritability, i.e. the ability to change their metabolic processes when exposed to any factors (stimulants). In excitable tissues, especially nervous tissues, excitation can spread along the nerve fiber and is a carrier of information about the properties of the stimulus. In muscle and glandular cells, excitation is a factor that triggers their specific activity - contraction, secretion. Braking in the central nervous system - an active physiological process, the result of which is a delay in the excitation of the nerve cell. Together with excitation, inhibition forms the basis of the integrative activity of the nervous system and ensures the coordination of all functions of the body.

As a result of long evolutionary development, the nervous system turned out to be represented by two sections. They are clearly different in appearance, but structurally and functionally they form a single whole. These are the central nervous system in the form of the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system, represented by nerves, nerve plexuses and nodes.

Central nervous systems and (systema nervosum centrale) is represented by the brain and spinal cord. In their thickness, areas of gray color (gray matter) are clearly visible, this is the appearance of clusters of neuron bodies, and white matter, formed by the processes of nerve cells, through which they establish connections with each other. The number of neurons and the degree of their concentration are much higher in the upper section, which as a result takes on the appearance of a three-dimensional brain.

Head brain consists of three main parts, or departments. Its trunk is an extension of the spinal cord and serves as a support for the greater medullary vault, the brain responsible for much of conscious thinking. Below is the cerebellum. Although many sensory and motor neurons, respectively, end and begin in the brain, most brain neurons are interneurons whose job is to filter, analyze, and store information.

One of the most important functions of the brain is storing information received from the senses. This information can later be recalled and used in decision making. For example, the painful sensation of touching a hot stove is remembered, and later the memory will influence the decision whether to touch other stoves.

The upper part, or cortex, of the brain is responsible for most conscious actions. Some of its lobes are involved in the perception of information, others are responsible for speech and language, and the rest serve as the beginning of motor pathways and control movements.

Between these motor-sensory and speech areas of the cerebral cortex are associated areas consisting of millions of interconnected neurons. They are associated with reasoning, emotions and decision making. The cerebellum is attached to the brain stem just below the cerebrum and is primarily responsible for motor activity. It sends signals that cause involuntary movements in the muscles, allowing you to maintain posture and balance, and, together with the motor areas of the brain, ensures the coordination of body movements.

The brain stem itself is made up of a number of different structures that perform different tasks, and the most important among them are the “centers” that control the functioning of the lungs, heart and blood vessels. Functions such as blinking and vomiting are also controlled here. Other structures act as relay stations, transmitting signals from the spinal cord or cranial nerves.

Although the hypothalamus is one of the smallest elements of the brain stem, it controls the chemical, hormonal and temperature balance of the body.

Dorsal brain located in the spinal canal from the first cervical to the second lumbar vertebra. Externally, the spinal cord resembles a cylindrical cord. 31 pairs of spinal nerves depart from the spinal cord, which leave the spinal canal through the corresponding intervertebral foramina and branch symmetrically in the right and left halves of the body. The spinal cord is divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal sections, respectively; among the spinal nerves, 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1-3 coccygeal nerves are considered.

The section of the spinal cord corresponding to a pair (right and left) of the spinal nerves is called a spinal cord segment. Each spinal nerve is formed by the union of the anterior and posterior roots that arise from the spinal cord. On the dorsal root there is a thickening - the spinal ganglion, where the bodies of sensory neurons are located.

The processes of sensory neurons carry excitation from the receptors to the spinal cord. The anterior roots of the spinal nerves are formed by processes of motor neurons, which transmit commands from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles and internal organs. At the level of the spinal cord, reflex arcs close, providing the simplest reflex reactions, such as tendon reflexes (for example, the knee reflex), flexion reflexes when irritating pain receptors in the skin, muscles and internal organs. An example of a simple spinal reflex is the withdrawal of a hand when it touches a hot object. The reflex activity of the spinal cord is associated with maintaining posture, maintaining a stable body position when turning and tilting the head, alternating flexion and extension of paired limbs when walking, running, etc. In addition, the spinal cord plays an important role in regulating the activity of internal organs, in particular the intestines, bladder, and blood vessels.

Peripheral nervous system (systerna nervosum periphericum)

a conditionally allocated part of the nervous system, the structures of which are located outside the brain and spinal cord. The PNS provides two-way communication between the central parts of the nervous system and the organs and systems of the body. Anatomically, the PNS is represented by the cranial (cranial) and spinal nerves, as well as the relatively autonomous enteric nervous system, located in the intestinal wall. All cranial nerves (12 pairs) are divided into motor, sensory or mixed. Motor nerves begin in the motor nuclei of the trunk, formed by the bodies of the motor neurons themselves, and sensory nerves are formed from the fibers of those neurons whose bodies lie in ganglia outside the brain. 31 pairs of spinal nerves depart from the spinal cord: 8 pairs of cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal. They are designated according to the position of the vertebrae adjacent to the intervertebral foramina from which these nerves emerge. Each spinal nerve has an anterior and a posterior root, which fuse to form the nerve itself. The posterior root contains sensory fibers; it is closely connected with the spinal ganglion (dorsal root ganglion), consisting of the cell bodies of neurons, the axons of which form these fibers. The anterior root consists of motor fibers formed by neurons whose cell bodies lie in the spinal cord.

The peripheral nervous system includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves (Cranial nerves), their roots, sensory and autonomic ganglia located along the trunks and branches of these nerves, as well as the anterior and posterior roots of the spinal cord and 31 pairs of spinal nerves, sensory ganglia, nerve plexuses (see Cervical plexus, Brachial plexus, Lubosacral plexus), peripheral nerve trunks of the trunk and limbs, right and left sympathetic trunks, autonomic plexuses, ganglia and nerves. The convention of the anatomical division of the central and peripheral nervous systems is determined by the fact that the nerve fibers that make up the nerve are either axons of motor neurons located in the anterior horns of the spinal cord segment, or dendrites of sensory neurons of the intervertebral ganglia (the axons of these cells are directed along the dorsal roots to the spinal cord) .

Thus, the bodies of neurons are located in the central nervous system, and their processes are in the peripheral (for motor cells), or, conversely, the processes of neurons located in the peripheral nervous system constitute the conductive pathways of the c. n. With. (for sensitive cells). The main function of P. n. With. is to ensure communication c. n. With. with the external environment and target organs. It is carried out either by conducting nerve impulses from extero-, proprio- and interoreceptors to the corresponding segmental and suprasegmental formations of the spinal cord and brain, or in the opposite direction - regulatory signals from the c. n. With. to the muscles that ensure the movement of the body in the surrounding space, to the internal organs and systems. Structures of P. n. With. have their own vascular and innervation supply that supports the trophism of nerve fibers and ganglia; as well as its own liquor system in the form of capillary slits along the nerves and plexuses. It is formed starting from the intervertebral ganglia (directly in front of which, on the spinal roots, the subarachnoid space with cerebrospinal fluid that washes the central nervous system ends in blind sacs). Thus, both cerebrospinal fluid systems (central and peripheral nervous systems) are separate and have a kind of barrier between themselves at the level of the intervertebral ganglia. In the peripheral nervous system, nerve trunks may contain motor fibers (anterior roots of the spinal cord, facial, abducens, trochlear, accessory and hypoglossal cranial nerves), sensory (dorsal roots of the spinal cord, sensory part of the trigeminal nerve, auditory nerve) or autonomic (visceral branches of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems). But the main part of the upper trunks of the trunk and limbs is mixed (contains motor, sensory and autonomic fibers). Mixed nerves include intercostal nerves, trunks of the cervical, brachial and lumbosacral plexuses and the nerves emanating from them of the upper (radial, median, ulnar, etc.) and lower (femoral, sciatic, tibial, deep peroneal, etc.) extremities. The ratio of motor, sensory and autonomic fibers in the trunks of mixed nerves can vary significantly. The largest number of autonomic fibers contain the median and tibial nerves, as well as the vagus nerve. Despite the external disunity of the individual nerve trunks of P. n. pp., there is a certain functional relationship between them, provided by nonspecific structures of c. n. With.

This or that lesion of a separate nerve trunk affects the functional state of not only the symmetrical nerve, but also distant nerves on one’s own and the opposite side of the body: in the experiment, the performance of the contralateral neuromuscular preparation increases, and in the clinic, in case of mononeuritis, conduction rates in other nerve trunks increase . The specified functional relationship to some extent (along with other factors) determines the characteristic of P. n. With. multiplicity of damage to its structures - polyneuritis and polyneuropathy, polyganglionitis, etc.

Lesions of P. n. With. may be caused by a variety of factors: trauma, metabolic and vascular disorders, infections, intoxications (domestic, industrial and medicinal), vitamin deficiency and other deficiency conditions. A large group of diseases of P. n. With. constitute hereditary polyneuropathies: neural amyotrophy Charcot-Marie-Tooth (see Amyotrophies), Roussy-Lévy syndrome, hypertrophic polyneuropathies Dejerine-Sotta and Marie-Boveri, etc. In addition, a number of hereditary diseases c. n. With. accompanied by P.'s defeat. p.: Friedreich's familial ataxia (see Ataxia), Strumpell's familial paraplegia (see Paraplegia (Paraplegia)), Louis-Bar ataxia-telangiectasia, etc. Depending on the predominant localization of the lesion P. n. With. There are radiculitis, plexitis, ganglionitis, neuritis, as well as combined lesions - polyradiculoneuritis, polyneuritis (polyneuropathies). The most common cause of radiculitis is metabolic-dystrophic changes in the spine due to osteochondrosis and herniated intervertebral discs. Plexitis is most often caused by compression of the trunks of the cervical, brachial and lumbosacral plexuses by pathologically altered muscles, ligaments, vessels, the so-called cervical ribs and other formations, "for example, tumors, enlarged lymph nodes). The spinal ganglia are affected mainly by the herpes virus. A large group of compression lesions has been described P. n.s., associated with compression of its structures in the fibrous, bone, muscle canals (Tunnel syndromes). Symptoms of damage to the structures of the n. paresis, muscle atrophy, disorders of superficial and deep sensitivity in the area of impaired innervation in the form of pain, paresthesia, anesthesia, causalgia syndromes and phantom sensations, autonomic-vascular and trophic disorders, more often in the distal parts of the extremities). isolated, not accompanied by symptoms of loss of function - neuralgia, plexalgia, radiculopathy.

The most severe pain syndromes are observed with ganglionitis (sympathalgia), as well as injuries of the median and tibial nerves with the development of causalgia (Causalgia).

In childhood, a special form of pathology is P. n. With. are birth injuries to the spinal roots (mainly at the level of the cervical, less often lumbar segments), as well as the trunks of the brachial plexus with the development of birth traumatic paralysis of the arm, less often the leg. With a birth injury to the brachial plexus and its branches, Duchenne-Erb or Dejerine-Klumpke palsies occur (see Brachial plexus).

Tumors of P. n. With. (neurinomas, neurofibromas, glomus tumors) are relatively rare, but can occur at various levels.

Diagnosis of lesions of P. n. With. is based primarily on data from a clinical examination of the patient. Characterized predominantly by distal paralysis and paresis with impaired sensitivity, vegetative-vascular and trophic disorders in the zone of innervation of one or another nerve trunk. When peripheral nerve trunks are damaged, a thermal imaging study has a certain diagnostic value, revealing the so-called amputation syndrome in the denervation zone due to a violation of thermoregulation in it and a decrease in skin temperature. Electrodiagnostics and chronaximetry are also carried out, but recently these methods are inferior to electromyography and electroneuromyography, the results of which are much more informative. In case of neural damage, electromyography reveals a characteristic denervation type of change in the bioelectrical activity of paretic muscles. The study of the speed of impulse conduction along the nerves makes it possible to determine the exact localization of damage to the nerve trunk by their decrease, as well as to identify the degree of involvement of motor or sensory nerve fibers in the pathological process. To defeat P. n. With. a decrease in the amplitudes of evoked potentials of the affected nerve and denervated muscles is also characteristic. To clarify the nature of the pathological process in polyneuropathies and nerve tumors, a biopsy of the skin nerves is used, followed by histological and histochemical examination. For clinically detected tumors of the nerve trunks, computed tomography can be used, which is of particular importance in cases of tumors of the cranial nerves (for example, with acoustic neuroma). Computed tomography allows one to localize a herniated disc, which is important for its subsequent surgical removal.

Treatment of diseases of P. n. With. is aimed at eliminating the action of the etiological factor, as well as improving microcirculation and metabolic and trophic processes in the nervous system. Effective are B vitamins, potassium preparations and anabolic hormones, anticholinesterase drugs and other stimulants of neural conduction, nicotinic acid preparations, Cavinton, Trental, as well as drug metameric therapy. Physiotherapeutic procedures (electrophoresis, pulsed currents, electrical stimulation, diathermy and other thermal effects), massage, physical therapy, and sanatorium treatment are prescribed. For nerve tumors, as well as for their injuries, surgical treatment is performed according to indications. In recent years, the drug Kronasial has been developed, containing a certain composition of gangliosides - receptors of neuronal membranes; its intramuscular use stimulates synaptogenesis and regeneration of nerve fibers.

Autonomic nervous system

The autonomic, or autonomic, nervous system regulates the activity of involuntary muscles, the heart muscle, and various glands. Its structures are located both in the central nervous system and in the peripheral nervous system. The activity of the autonomic nervous system is aimed at maintaining homeostasis, i.e. a relatively stable state of the body's internal environment, such as a constant body temperature or blood pressure that meets the body's needs.

Signals from the central nervous system enter the working (effector) organs through pairs of sequentially connected neurons. The bodies of neurons of the first level are located in the CNS, and their axons end in the autonomic ganglia, which lie outside the CNS, and here they form synapses with the bodies of neurons of the second level, the axons of which are in direct contact with the effector organs. The first neurons are called preganglionic, the second - postganglionic. In the part of the autonomic nervous system called the sympathetic nervous system, the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are located in the gray matter of the thoracic (thoracic) and lumbar (lumbar) spinal cord. Therefore, the sympathetic system is also called the thoracolumbar system. The axons of its preganglionic neurons terminate and form synapses with postganglionic neurons in ganglia located in a chain along the spine. Axons of postganglionic neurons contact effector organs. The endings of postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine (a substance close to adrenaline) as a neurotransmitter, and therefore the sympathetic system is also defined as adrenergic. The sympathetic system is complemented by the parasympathetic nervous system.

The bodies of its preganglinar neurons are located in the brainstem (intracranial, i.e. inside the skull) and the sacral (sacral) part of the spinal cord. Therefore, the parasympathetic system is also called the craniosacral system. The axons of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons terminate and form synapses with postganglionic neurons in ganglia located near the working organs. The endings of postganglionic parasympathetic fibers release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, on the basis of which the parasympathetic system is also called cholinergic. As a rule, the sympathetic system stimulates those processes that are aimed at mobilizing the body's forces in extreme situations or under stress. The parasympathetic system contributes to the accumulation or restoration of the body's energy resources. The reactions of the sympathetic system are accompanied by the consumption of energy resources, an increase in the frequency and strength of heart contractions, an increase in blood pressure and blood sugar, as well as an increase in blood flow to the skeletal muscles by reducing its flow to the internal organs and skin. All of these changes are characteristic of the "fear, flight or fight" response. The parasympathetic system, on the contrary, reduces the frequency and strength of heart contractions, lowers blood pressure, and stimulates the digestive system. The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems act in a coordinated manner and cannot be viewed as antagonistic. They jointly support the functioning of internal organs and tissues at a level corresponding to the intensity of stress and the emotional state of a person.

Both systems function continuously, but their activity levels fluctuate depending on the situation.

massage has a positive effect in case of functional circulatory disorders, diseases of the respiratory system, digestion, chronic dystrophic diseases of the spine and joints, genitourinary system, consequences of injuries, and functional disorders of the endocrine system and autonomic nervous system.

Massage has a therapeutic effect, alleviates the condition of patients, improves the body's resistance to respiratory diseases, increases the tone of skeletal muscles and can be used for cosmetic purposes.

The effect of massage on the nervous system

Since the effect of a massage procedure in its physiological essence is mediated by nervous structures, massage therapy has a significant effect on the nervous system: it changes the ratio of excitation and inhibition processes (it can selectively calm - sedate or excite - tone the nervous system), improves adaptive reactions, increases the ability to withstand stress factors , increases the speed of regenerative processes in the peripheral nervous system.

Noteworthy is the work of I. B. Granovskaya (1960), who studied the effect of massage on the state of the peripheral nervous system of dogs in an experiment with transection of the sciatic nerve. It has been found that the nervous component responds primarily to massage. At the same time, the greatest changes in the spinal ganglia and nerve trunks were noted after 15 massage sessions and were manifested by accelerated regeneration of the sciatic nerve. Interestingly, as the course of massage continued, the body's responses decreased. Thus, the dosage of the massage course was experimentally substantiated - 10 - 15 procedures.

The human somatic muscular system includes about 550 muscles, located on the body in several layers and built from striated muscle tissue. Skeletal muscles are innervated by the anterior and posterior branches of the spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord, and are controlled by commands from the higher parts of the central nervous system - the cerebral cortex and controlled by commands from the higher parts of the central nervous system - the cerebral cortex and subcortical centers of the extrapyramidal system. Due to this, skeletal muscles are voluntary, i.e. capable of contracting, obeying a conscious volitional command. This command in the form of an electrical impulse comes from the cerebral cortex to the interneurons of the spinal cord, which, based on extrapyramidal information, model the activity of motor nerve cells, the axons of which end directly on the muscles.

massage nervous system peripheral

The axons of motor neurons and the dendrites of sensory nerve cells that perceive sensations from muscles and skin are combined into nerve trunks (nerves).

These nerves run along the bones and lie between the muscles. Pressure on points close to the nerve trunks causes their irritation and “switching on” of the arc of the skin-somatic reflex. At the same time, the functional state of the muscles and underlying tissues innervated by this nerve changes.

Under the influence of acupressure of the nerve trunks or grasping and linear massage of the muscles themselves, the number and diameter of open capillaries in the muscles increases. The fact is that the number of functioning muscle capillaries in a muscle is not constant and depends on the condition of the muscle and regulatory systems.

In an idle muscle, there is a narrowing and partial destruction of the capillary bed (decapillarization), which causes a narrowing of muscle tone, degeneration of muscle tissue and clogging of the muscle with metabolites. Such a muscle cannot be considered completely healthy.

With massage, just like with physical activity, the level of metabolic processes increases. The higher the metabolism in the tissue, the more functioning capillaries it has. It has been proven that under the influence of massage, the number of open capillaries in the muscle reaches 1400 per 1 mm2 of cross section, and its blood supply increases by 9-140 times (Kunichev L.A. 1985).

In addition, massage, unlike physical activity, does not cause the formation of lactic acid in the muscles. On the contrary, it promotes the washing out of kenotoxins (so-called traffic poisons) and metabolites, improves trophism, and accelerates restoration processes in tissues.

As a result, massage has a general strengthening and healing (in cases of myositis, hypertonicity, muscle atrophy, etc.) effect on the muscular system.

Under the influence of massage, the elasticity and tone of muscles increases, contractile function improves, strength increases, efficiency increases, and fascia strengthens.

The influence of kneading techniques on the muscular system is especially great.

Kneading is an active irritant and helps to maximize the performance of tired muscles, since massage is a kind of passive gymnastics for muscle fibers. An increase in performance is also observed when massaging muscles that were not involved in physical work. This is explained by the generation under the influence of massage of sensitive nerve impulses, which, entering the central nervous system, increase the excitability of the control centers of the massaged and neighboring muscles. Therefore, when individual muscle groups are tired, it is advisable to massage not only the tired muscles, but also their anatomical and functional antagonists (Kunichev L.A. 1985).

The main task of massage is to restore the normal course of metabolic processes (metabolism, energy, bioenergy) in tissues, organs, organ systems. Of course, the formations of the cardiovascular system are of paramount importance here as a structural basis, a kind of “transport network” for metabolism. This point of view is shared by both traditional and alternative medicine.

As has been established, with massage therapy of local, segmental and meridian points, the lumen of aoterioles, precapillary sphincters and true capillaries expands. This massage effect on the underlying and projection vascular bed is realized through the following main factors:

1) increasing the concentration of histamine - a biologically active substance that affects vascular tone and is intensively released by skin cells when pressed, especially in the area of the active point;

2) mechanical irritation of skin and vascular receptors, which causes reflex motor reactions of the muscle layer of the vessel wall;

3) an increase in the concentration of hormones (for example, adrenaline and norepinephrine, which cause a central vasoconstrictor effect and, as a result, an increase in blood pressure) during massage of the projection skin zones of the adrenal glands;

4) local increase in skin temperature (local hyperthermia), causing a vasodilator reflex through temperature skin receptors.

The entire complex of these and a number of other mechanisms involved in massage therapy leads to an increase in blood flow, the level of metabolic reactions and the rate of oxygen consumption, the elimination of congestion and a decrease in the concentration of metabolites in the underlying tissues and projected internal organs. This is the basis and necessary condition for maintaining a normal functional state and treating individual organs and the body as a whole.

Literature used

1. Badalyan L.O. and Skvortsov I.A. Clinical electroneuromyography, M., 1986;

2. Gusev E.I., Grechko V.E. and Buryag S. Nervous diseases, p. 379, M. 1988;

3. Popelyansky Ya.Yu. Diseases of the peripheral nervous system, M., 1989

4. Biryukov A.A. Massage - M.: Fi S, 1988 Biryukov A.A., Kafarov K.A. Means for restoring the performance of an athlete M.: Fi S, 1979-151p.

5. Belaya N.A. Guide to therapeutic massage. M.: Medicine, 1983 Vasichkin V.I. Handbook of massage. St. Petersburg, - 1991

Application

1) Ganglion (other - Greek gbnglypn - node) or nerve ganglion - a collection of nerve cells consisting of bodies, dendrites and axons of nerve cells and glial cells. Typically, the ganglion also has a sheath of connective tissue. Found in many invertebrates and all vertebrates. They often connect with each other, forming various structures (nerve plexuses, nerve chains, etc.).

There are two large groups of ganglia: dorsal ganglia and autonomic ganglia. The former contain the bodies of sensory (afferent) neurons, the latter - the bodies of neurons of the autonomic nervous system.

2) NERVE PLEXUS - (plexus ervorum), a mesh connection of nerve fibers, consisting of somatic and autonomic nerves; provides sensitivity and motor innervation to the skin, skeletal muscles and internal organs of vertebrates.

3) Neuron (from the Greek nйuron - nerve) is a structural and functional unit of the nervous system. This cell has a complex structure, is highly specialized and in structure contains a nucleus, a cell body and processes.

4) Dendrite (from the Greek dEndspn - “tree”) is a dichotomously branching process of a nerve cell (neuron), which receives signals from other neurons, receptor cells, or directly from external stimuli.

5) Axon (Greek ?opn - axis) - neurite, axial cylinder, process of a nerve cell, along which nerve impulses travel from the cell body (soma) to innervated organs and other nerve cells.

6) Symnaps (Greek uenbshyt, from uhnbrfein - hug, clasp, shake hands) - the place of contact between two neurons or between a neuron and the effector cell receiving the signal.

7) Perikaryon - the body of a neuron, can have different sizes and shapes. Numerous synaptic contacts with the processes of other neurons are formed on the cytolemma of the perikaryon.

8) Polyneuritis (from poly... and Greek nйuron - nerve) - multiple nerve lesions. The main causes of polyneuritis are infectious (especially viral) diseases and intoxication (usually alcoholic).

9) Polyneuropathy- This is multiple damage to peripheral nerves. This lesion can develop in various diseases of internal organs and in some cases can be hereditary.

10) Polyganglionitis - (polyganglionitis; Poly - + Ganglionitis) multiple inflammation of the nerve ganglia.

11) Causalgia - a persistent unpleasant burning sensation in a limb after partial damage to the sympathetic and somatic sensory nerves in it.

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IMPACT OF MASSAGE ON THE BODY

For quite a long time, the influence of massage was reduced mainly to mechanical effects on the massaged tissues. In fact, its mechanism of action is based on physiological processes that affect many systems and organs of the human body. In the mechanism of action of massage, three main factors can be distinguished: mechanical, humoral and nervous.

Initially, nerve endings located in various skin layers and having a direct connection with the autonomic and central nervous systems are exposed to massaging movements. The mechanical energy transmitted by it is transformed into the energy of nervous excitation, which will be the initial starting point for a number of complex reflex reactions of the body. It is caused by irritation of skin receptors and those located in muscles, tendons, ligaments, joint capsules, and receptors in the walls of blood vessels.

The central nervous system receives impulses that are transmitted to areas of the cerebral cortex. There they are synthesized into a common reaction, as a result of which various functional changes occur. As a result of the ability of impulses to change the functional state, changes occur in the cerebral cortex, as well as in its other parts (cerebellum, spinal cord, functional formations of the brain stem).

The process of transforming any stimulus (external or internal) can be characterized as a blow to the body’s receptor apparatus, which then becomes a phenomenon of nervous excitation, being modified into a nervous process. Then the excitation is transmitted along nerve fibers to the central nervous system, from where it enters through certain channels into a particular internal organ, where the received signal is modified into a specific process in the cells of this organ. This is how any stimulus affects one or another body system and its activity. Changes in the functioning of the heart, lungs, intestines, muscles and other tissues are explained by the neuro-reflex effect of massage on them.

Depending on the state of the central nervous system, the body's responses may be different. This is also affected by the functional state of the nerve endings that are primarily subject to irritation. The dosage, the nature of massage techniques, the method and technique of their implementation and other conditions also play a role.

A significant role in the mechanism of the effect of massage on the body is given to the humoral factor. They are responsible for the formation of biologically active substances in the skin and their further entry into the blood. These substances belong to tissue hormones and take part in the processes of vascular reactions, transmission of nerve impulses and other reactions of the body.

Massage has an effect on increasing the vital activity of the elements of the deep layers of the skin, since they tend to produce highly active substances, as they have an intrasecretory function. They are carried through the blood and lymphatic vessels throughout the body, while, in turn, affecting individual organs and its systems.

The humoral factor is controlled by the cerebral cortex and therefore is not independent. In interaction with the nervous system, it provides the necessary combination of body reactions.

In addition to direct impact, during massage, tissues are subjected to mechanical stress - displacement, stretching, pressure as a result of massage movements. All this helps improve the circulation of blood, lymph, and interstitial fluid. Congestion is also eliminated, metabolism is increased, and skin respiration in the massaged area is improved.

From all of the above it follows that the effect of massage on the body is a very complex physiological process, including the interaction of nervous, humoral and mechanical factors, among which the first predominates.

The effect of massage on the functional state of the body

Having chosen massage as a method of influencing the body, you can change the functional state of the first depending on what kind of impact is currently required. There are five main types of effects: tonic, sedative, trophic, energy-tropic, normalization of functions.

The tonic effect of massage is characterized by increased excitation processes in the central nervous system. This is due to two reasons: firstly, an increase in the number of nerve impulses coming from the proprioceptors of the massaged muscles to the cerebral cortex, and secondly, an increase in the functional activity of the reticular formation of the brain. The tonic effect can be used when there is a need to eliminate the negative effects of physical inactivity, which can be caused by various factors - a forced sedentary lifestyle, pathology (injuries, mental disorders, etc.). Techniques that have the ability to have a good tonic effect include vigorous deep kneading, shaking, shaking and all percussive techniques (chopping, tapping, patting). To achieve the maximum tonic effect, the massage is performed at a fast pace and for a short duration.

The consequence of the calming effect of massage is the inhibition of all processes of the central nervous system. It is caused by the fact that extero- and proprioceptors are exposed to moderate, rhythmic and prolonged stimulation. Techniques such as rhythmic stroking and rubbing, carried out slowly and for a long time, have a good calming effect.

The trophic effect of massage, as a result of which the speed of blood and lymph flow through the vessels increases, is aimed at improving the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissue cells. To restore muscle performance, trophic action is especially important.

The purpose of the energy-tropic effect of massage is primarily to increase the performance of the neuromuscular system. This manifests itself in the activation of muscle bioenergy, improvement of the metabolic process in muscles, acceleration of enzymatic processes, and also in increasing the speed of muscle contraction.

Normalization of body functions under the influence of massage is expressed mainly in the regulation of the dynamics of nervous processes in the cerebral cortex. This is of great importance when the processes of excitation of the nervous system dominate too much over the processes of inhibition or vice versa. During the massage, a focus of excitation occurs in the area of the motor analyzer. According to the law of negative induction, it can suppress the focus of stagnant, pathological excitation in the cerebral cortex. The normalizing effect of massage is used in the treatment of injuries, as it promotes rapid tissue restoration and elimination of muscle atrophy. When necessary to normalize the functions of various organs, segmental massage of certain reflexogenic zones is usually used.

The effect of massage on the skin

The skin protects the body from various external influences. This is due to the large number of receptors that perceive irritation, i.e., the endings of nerve fibers. In addition, the skin is also involved in the processes of respiration, blood circulation, metabolic processes, has the ability to regulate body temperature, as well as cleanse the body of excess fluid accumulation and harmful substances.

The functions of the skin include secretory, metabolic functions, and the function of thermoregulation of the body. Consequently, through the skin, massage affects the activities of various systems and organs of the human body. This occurs due to many different receptor “devices” that are interconnected with the cerebrospinal and autonomic nervous systems.

The skin consists of three layers: the epidermis and dermis and subcutaneous fat. The first is the subcutaneous, superficial layer. It, in turn, consists of several layers of keratinized cells, which, when exfoliated, are replaced by others from the lower, germinal layer of the epidermis. The deeper layers also produce the pigment melanin, which is very important for the normal condition of the skin. The greater its amount, the better the skin can withstand negative mechanical influences and chemical irritants. Massage helps produce more of this pigment.

The epidermis has different thicknesses in different parts of the body. In those areas that experience more pressure than others, its thickness is also greater (sole, gluteal area, palms, fingertips).

As a result of massage movements, the keratinized layer of obsolete cells is better removed, which gives a positive effect: the excretory activity of the sebaceous and sweat glands improves, and skin respiration also increases. Massage affects the condition of the skin, increasing its firmness and elasticity.

The next layer, the dermis, includes smooth muscle and elastic collagen fibers of connective tissue, which make the skin elastic and smooth. Also in this layer are sweat and sebaceous glands, blood and lymph vessels, and nerve fibers.

An even deeper layer is subcutaneous fat. It is a loose connective tissue containing accumulations of fat cells. This layer also varies in thickness in different parts of the body. Its greatest thickness is on the front wall of the abdomen, mammary glands, pelvic area, as well as on the palms and soles. The function of subcutaneous adipose tissue is to protect the body from the temperature effects of the external environment (hypothermia) and mechanical influences, such as shock.

As a result of massage, you can change the thickness of this layer, since by accelerating metabolism, substances unnecessary for the body are released more quickly and thus excess fat cells are burned.

When massaging, the activity of the lymphatic and circulatory systems improves, congestion is eliminated, and the blood supply to the skin improves. This is due to the fact that during massage movements, lymph seems to move in their direction, and due to the emptying of blood vessels, the tissues and organs of the massaged area receive more nutrients, and decay products are eliminated faster. As the skin vessels dilate, the number of capillaries increases, and the flow of arterial blood to the massaged area increases. Thus, massage helps improve trophism, i.e. skin nutrition.

In addition to the fact that massage directly affects the condition of the skin, it has an effect on the central nervous system, contributing to the emergence of one or another necessary response.

The effect of massage on the muscular system

The muscular system has about 400 muscles, making up about a third of the total human body weight. All muscles are divided by location - posterior (muscles of the back, neck), anterior (muscles of the neck, chest, abdomen) and by type - striated (skeletal), smooth and cardiac. The former are responsible for supporting the body in a certain position and movement, as well as for the processes of breathing, chewing, and facial expressions. Smooth muscles are those that are components of the walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and skin. Their difference is that they contract, as well as relax, absolutely involuntarily, i.e., regardless of the person’s desire. Contraction of the heart muscle occurs as a result of impulses that arise in it.

To carry out massage movements correctly, you need to know the shape of a particular muscle, the place where it connects to the bone and tendon. The beginning of the muscle is the tendon head, followed by the belly (this is what the striated fibers form) and at the end there is a tendon. On top there is dense connective tissue. Therefore, for the massage to be most effective, the techniques must be carried out quite deeply, with energetic movements.

The muscle has the ability to contract when impulses sent by the central nervous system reach it, as well as the ability to shorten or, conversely, stretch. Movement through blood vessels occurs due to muscle contraction, as a result of which oxygen and nutrients are delivered to tissues and organs, and breakdown products are eliminated. Massage helps activate these processes.

As a result of massaging the muscles, the level of lactic acid and organic acids in them decreases. That is why with the help of massage you can eliminate muscle fatigue and increase performance. At the same time, massage is 4 times more effective and faster than passive rest. It helps to avoid injuries caused by physical exertion on tired muscles that contain painful hardening, and also prevents the loss of muscle elasticity.

Massaging the muscles has a positive effect on the condition of the joints, tendon-ligament apparatus, thereby promoting greater elasticity, mobility, and activation of redox processes.

The effect of massage on the circulatory and lymphatic systems

The task of the circulatory system is to constantly maintain the circulation of blood and lymph in the body, since the nutrition of organs and tissues to which the necessary substances are delivered by blood depends on this, and with its help metabolic processes (the release of decay products) and humoral regulation also occur. The heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) make up the circulatory system, and also form two circulatory circles (large and small), through which blood moves. The systemic circulation begins with the aorta, which emerges from the left ventricle and carries arterial blood throughout the body; it ends with hollow veins. The small (pulmonary) circle begins with the pulmonary trunk, emerging from the right ventricle and bringing venous blood to the lungs.

As a result of rhythmic contractions (systole) and relaxations (diastole) of the heart, blood moves through the vessels. The heart is a four-chambered hollow muscular organ that consists of two ventricles and two atria. In the ventricle and atrium, arterial blood flows on the left side, and venous blood flows on the right.

The organs receive blood from the arteries flowing from the heart. From the organs to the heart, blood flows through the veins. Arteries are large, medium and small (arterioles that turn into capillaries), as well as intraorgan and extraorgan. It is with the help of capillaries that metabolic processes are carried out. The arterial system is connected to the venous system through capillaries. On the walls of both arteries and veins there are nerves and nerve endings.

Massage is of great importance for the cardiovascular system. As a result of massaging, the movement of blood to the surface of the skin and muscle layers, blood supply to organs is improved, and congestion is eliminated. Since the number of capillaries increases, the tissues receive better nutrition, and the metabolic process is also activated.

Thus, massage helps improve the functioning of the circulatory system, activating the process of supplying tissues and organs with nutrients and the process of releasing decay products. In addition, the physical and chemical state of tissues changes and their elasticity improves.

The lymphatic system is a component of the cardiovascular system. In turn, its components are lymphatic capillaries, plexuses of lymphatic vessels and nodes, lymphatic trunks and two lymphatic ducts.

The task of the lymphatic system is to remove excess interstitial fluid and its subsequent entry into the venous bed. Lymph nodes perform hematopoietic and barrier functions, forming lymphocytes (white blood cells), which are activated in defense against various infections and foreign substances.

Lymph is a transparent liquid that is a nutrient medium into which metabolic products are also released.

Massage eliminates swelling, as it increases lymph circulation, thereby also helping to improve the trophism of tissues and cells, and activate metabolic processes. This is due to the fact that massaging accelerates the circulation of lymph.

Massage movements should be carried out strictly along the lymphatic flow, towards the lymph nodes. This is due to the fact that lymph moves in one direction - from tissues to the heart, and massage facilitates the outflow of lymph from organs and tissues. Thus, proper massage, according to the massage lines, helps to accelerate lymph flow.

The effect of massage on the nervous system

The nervous system plays a huge role in the life of the human body, influencing the functioning of all human organs and systems, ensuring their interconnection. Thanks to the nervous system, the regulation of all physiological processes that occur in all organs, tissues and cells occurs, as well as the manifestation of emotions, control of the work of the heart, muscles, metabolism, the activity of all endocrine glands, and human movements. In this way, the functional unity of the organism is achieved, closely connected with the environment and responding to all its changes. The body reacts to any stimulus from the external or internal environment with a nervous reaction.

Nerve endings perceive all stimuli from the outside world, transmitting excitation through nerve fibers to the central nervous system, from where it is transmitted to various organs and muscles.

The nervous system can be divided into two sections: central, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and peripheral, which includes nerve fibers connecting the brain and spinal cord with other organs (cranial, spinal nerves, nerve nodes coming from the brain and spinal cord). You can also conditionally divide the nervous system into two sections: somatic and autonomic. The first is responsible for the connection of the organism with the environment. In this case, the perception of external stimuli is ensured by nerve endings and sensory organs. Also, this part of the nervous system is involved in controlling skeletal muscles when moving the body.

The autonomic (autonomic) nervous system regulates the activity of internal organs and thus affects metabolism and blood circulation.

With the help of massage you can influence the central and peripheral nervous system. Thus, depending on the assigned tasks, you can change the state of the cerebral cortex, causing an increase or decrease in excitability; influence the activity of individual organs and tissues, improving their functions and nutrition. This depends on the method and technique of the massage, its duration, and the strength of the impact.

A deep massage requires a lot of effort, while a superficial one requires less. The first promotes the emergence of inhibitory processes, the second, on the contrary, excitatory processes.

Depending on the pace, the massage can be fast, medium or slow. The faster the pace, the greater the excitability. At medium tempo it is neutral. The duration of the massage also plays a role. Thus, a deep massage, performed for a long time and at a slow pace, reduces the excitability of the nervous system, causing inhibition, and the opposite - superficial, performed quickly and for a short time, will excite, i.e. tonify nervous processes.

Massage has a very beneficial effect on the nervous system. It improves the excitability of nerves and the conductivity of the impulses they send. Massaging improves blood supply to nerve centers and peripheral nerve formations through arterial vessels extending to large and small nerves.

Therefore, we can conclude that the neuro-reflex factor in the mechanism of the influence of massage on the body is leading.

The effect of massage on internal organs and metabolism

Metabolism refers to a series of chemical transformations in the body of substances that enter it from the environment.

Undoubtedly, massage has a huge healing and healing effect on the body. Thanks to massage, gas exchange, mineral and protein metabolism are activated, as well as excretory processes that remove decay products from the body. This improves the formation of protein metabolism substances, which play the role of irritants of the tissues of internal organs, blood vessels, and receptors of the nervous system. This explains the restoration of the performance of tired muscles, even with massage of those muscles that were not involved in work.

The improvement in gas exchange is due to the fact that during massage the tissues begin to consume more oxygen and the breathing volume increases. This causes the respiratory muscles to activate (especially during massage of the chest and intercostal spaces). This improves lung ventilation and blood circulation.

Massage acts reflexively, i.e. it affects all systems and organs of the human body, their functional activity. Thus, the activity of smooth muscle fibers is activated, the functions controlled by the autonomic nervous system are stimulated: respiratory, digestive, blood circulation, and the secretory function of the endocrine glands.

So, massage can be described as a restorative and therapeutic remedy that normalizes the activity of all systems and organs, contributing to their healing.

Basic massage techniques and their application

A person who decides to learn how to competently master massage techniques must first of all carefully study the methods and rules of its use, as well as the mechanism of the effect of massage on the body as a whole.

All movements of the massage therapist should be directed along the lymphatic pathways. For example, movements when massaging the limbs will be directed in an ascending order: massage of the arms - from the elbow to the armpit, from the fingertips to the elbow; hips - from the knee to the groin area; shins - from the ankle to the knee joint. Back massage is carried out with movements directed to the sides from the spine, and in the lumbar and sacral region - upward and to the sides, in the direction of the inguinal nodes. The chest area, as well as the back, is massaged with movements directed in different directions - from the center of the chest to the shoulder girdle and armpits. Cervical region - along the hairline - down to the subclavian and axillary lymph nodes. When massaging the abdomen, different muscles are massaged in different ways: rectus muscles - from top to bottom, obliques - from bottom to top.

There is a rule: before massaging a small area of the body, such as the lower back, you must first slightly warm up the entire back area, which will help activate blood circulation and the flow of fresh lymph. For the extremities, this approach ensures more powerful blood circulation in their lower areas. If pain interferes with the massage procedure, it is recommended to massage an area of the body located slightly lower. This will allow you not to disturb the sore spot once again and nevertheless cause an influx of blood and lymph and speed up recovery.

The impact of massage on the body as a whole depends on the choice of techniques and their combination. Massage techniques are divided into two groups, one of which affects the skin and subcutaneous tissue, the other - the thickness of the muscles. A.F. Verbov called the latter the term “vibration”, replacing the previously existing term “concussion”. The concept of “vibration” combines such techniques as patting, shaking, tapping, shaking, shaking and chopping. Percussive techniques, as well as stroking and rubbing, have a physiological effect on the skin.

The above massage techniques can be supplemented with auxiliary ones, which brings a much greater therapeutic effect. All auxiliary techniques are also subject to the rules that apply to the main techniques. In order for massage sessions to bring the greatest effect, a comprehensive consultation with a doctor is necessary, since it is necessary to take into account the age of the person being massaged, the general condition of his body, and the presence of somatic diseases. It would also be useful to conduct a practical study of the technique of performing certain techniques, both individually and in combination, as well as a thorough study of the directions of hand movement.

The palm is divided into two areas: the base and the surface of the fingers. There are two elevations on the palm - the 1st and 5th fingers (thumb and little finger). The thumb has two phalanges, the rest have three: nail, middle and main. The terms "radial" and "ulnar" refer to different edges of the hand ( rice. 1).

Rice. 1. Sides of the palm: a – palmar, b – dorsal

When performing various massage techniques, you can use both the palm and back of the hand, as well as the ridges of the fingers (fingers bent at right angles into a fist).

One of the most common massage techniques is stroking. In this case, the skin does not move or stretch; only a slight glide occurs over the surface. The pressure force can be arbitrary. The massage session begins with stroking. Stroking is used both after the most severe techniques and at the end of the session as a sedative.

Stroking is performed smoothly, with an extremely relaxed palm side of the hand. The thumb is moved to the side, the rest are connected and pressed tightly to the massaged surface. Stroking can be done with one hand or with two. Moving consistently and linearly, one hand repeats the movements of the other, trying to cover as much of the surface of the massaged area as possible.

When performed over a long period of time, stroking is used as a pain-relieving technique and has a calming effect on the central nervous system and relieves general excitability. When a massage session is performed by a good specialist, the patient’s breathing slows down during the stroking process. This indicates a decrease in the excitability of the respiratory centers and the process of inhibition that began in the cerebral cortex. Thus, it is with the help of stroking that it is possible to control the functions of the higher parts of the central nervous system.

Stroking is divided into planar ( rice. 2) and enveloping (Fig. 3).

Rice. 2. Plane stroking

Rice. 3. Embracing stroking

When flat stroking, the fingers are straightened, the hand is relaxed and is in the same plane as the fingers. The massage can be performed with one or two hands. The arms move in a transverse, longitudinal, circular or spiral direction.

When grasping stroking, the fingers are folded in the shape of a groove. Depending on the instructions, hand movements can be either continuous or intermittent. For a deeper impact, weights are used.

Plane stroking is used when massaging large surfaces of the body. When massaging rounded areas - neck, buttocks and limbs - grasping stroking is used.

Both types of stroking can be both superficial and deep in their effect. When stroking superficially, the hand performs movements smoothly, gently, and easily.

When stroking deeply, some pressure is added to the massaging movements of the hand. In this case, a greater effect is achieved by using the wrist, the supporting part of the hand. It is also possible to use other parts of the hand: the lateral or back surface of the fingers or the ulnar edge of the hand. It all depends on the structure of the area of the body where the massage is performed.

On large areas of the body - such as the back, chest, hips - stroking is performed with the supporting part of the palm or even with a fist. When massaging tendons and individual muscles, as well as interosseous muscles of the foot or hand, the palmar side of the end phalanges of the fingers, in the latter case, the thumb and index fingers, are used for stroking.

The muscle mass and subcutaneous base of large areas of the body are large enough to use weights when stroking. To do this, stroking should be carried out by placing one hand on top of the other, which exerts pressure and a deeper effect on the tissue than conventional stroking performed with two hands in series or in parallel.

As mentioned above, stroking can be carried out with continuous and intermittent movements. Continuous stroking is characterized by smooth, gentle movements, the patient's breathing deepens, slows down, and the central nervous system in this case reacts with a process of inhibition. Alternating stroking, on the contrary, is characterized by rhythmic, spasmodic movements. During the session, the second hand also repeats the movements of the first, without stopping, but in the opposite direction.

This kind of massaging movements increases the sensitivity of the skin. In this case, the central nervous system reacts with excitement, and blood circulation and muscle contraction are activated in the massaged area of the body.

Stroking can also be divided into straight, zigzag, circular, spiral, concentric and combined. Straight-line stroking is performed with the palmar side of the hand, all fingers are connected, the thumb is moved to the side. The area of the body is grasped with the palm, and the thumb and index fingers move forward with sliding movements. With spiral and zigzag stroking, the hand, without straining, moves in the same direction.

Combined stroking combines all three types of stroking mentioned earlier. This type of stroking is characterized by continuous sliding movements over the massaged area in different directions.

When massaging large joints, concentric stroking is used. Hands are placed as close to each other as possible. The thumb, located on the outside of the joint, performs the main massage movements. The remaining fingers are placed on its inner side. The hands perform movements reminiscent of the number eight. At the beginning of the movement, the hands should work most intensely; with the reverse movement, the intensity decreases.

Circular stroking is used when massaging small joints. The bases of the palms move towards the little finger, performing circular movements: the right hand clockwise, the left hand counterclockwise.

Longitudinal stroking is performed with both hands. More precisely, the second hand replaces the first after it has finished moving. This is called longitudinal alternating stroking. You can also perform this kind of stroking with one hand. In both cases, the terminal phalanges of the fingers should be located in the direction of movement, and the hand itself should lie in the direction along the area of the body being massaged.

The auxiliary types of stroking include tong-shaped, cross-shaped, comb-shaped and rake-shaped ironing.

Pincer-like stroking is used to massage the edge of the foot and hand, tendons and small muscle groups. Pincer-like stroking is usually performed with three fingers: thumb, middle and index ( rice. 4). The massaged muscle is grasped as if with forceps, the fingers are stroking, the movements are straight.

Rice. 4. Pincer-like stroking Comb-like stroking is indicated for massaging large muscle layers in the pelvis and back, deep stroking large muscles. This type of stroking is also used when it is necessary to influence areas of the body with dense skin, such as the palms and soles. The stroking technique is as follows: the fingers are bent into a fist and spaced so that the bony protrusions of the main phalanges of the fingers form a so-called ridge ( rice. 5). This ridge, formed on the back of the hand, is how this technique is performed. Hand movements should be free. It is necessary to ensure that the fingers are not fixed in the metacarpophalangeal joints.

Rice. 5. Comb-like stroking Rake-like stroking ( rice. 6) is used for massage effects on the abdominal area and intercostal spaces. The position of the fingers during this type of stroking resembles a garden rake. The hand touches the massaged area at an angle of 30-45°. Movements can be longitudinal, transverse, circular and zigzag. This type of stroking can be performed with either one or two hands.

Rice. 6. Rake stroking

In this case, the hands move along the massaged area sequentially - one after the other, or simultaneously - in parallel. If necessary, apply weights. In the latter case, the fingers are superimposed on each other as follows: the index finger on the little finger, the middle finger on the ring finger, etc. The thumbs are not involved in the weighting.

Cross-shaped stroking is performed in the pelvis and gluteal muscles, on the back of the legs and back. The technique is as follows: with your fingers clasped crosswise into a lock, grasp the massaged area and make stroking movements ( rice. 7).

Rice. 7. Cross stroking

Ironing is a technique using which you can have a wide variety of effects on the body, both soft (for example, in the neck area, where the skin is most sensitive), and quite strong when using weights (on the muscles of the back and abdomen). The technique is performed with the dorsum of the fingers bent at the metacarpophalangeal joints, with one or two hands. In order to perform ironing with weights, the hand of the free hand is placed on the massaging hand.

The stroking technique in massage practice is used not only in combination with others, but also as an independent, quite effective technique. When conducting a massage session, the person being massaged must take a comfortable position, such that all muscles are relaxed. The session begins with superficial strokes, gradually moving to deeper ones. When carrying out planar surface stroking, the most basic rule of massage is not followed - the direction of movements strictly along the lymphatic pathways. It is not necessary to use both the main and auxiliary types of stroking at once; usually, for a session, the types of stroking that are most effective for a specific area of the body are chosen. For example, on the bend of the limbs, where the veins and large lymphatic vessels are located, the stroking should be deeper. But nevertheless, when changing the depth and force of influence on the massaged area, we must not forget that all stroking is carried out rhythmically and quite slowly - 24-26 movements per minute.

Several mistakes most often made by those starting to master massage techniques:

– displacement of the skin, hands do not slide over its surface (the technique is performed too quickly and abruptly);

– the person being massaged experiences unpleasant sensations when stroking in a plane (the fingers are spread too wide and do not fit tightly to the skin);

– pain when stroking (too much pressure).

Rubbing is used as widely as stroking in massage practice. The principle of rubbing is that the skin of the massaged surface is vigorously displaced. Hands stretch and move it in different directions. In this case, very significant pressure is exerted on the tissue. Rubbing is used in those areas of the body where congestion may occur due to insufficient blood circulation. This is the outer side of the thigh, subcostal angle, foot (and heel and sole). Rubbing is successfully used to massage joints, ligaments, tendons and fascia.

When rubbing, displacing and stretching tissue, nerve receptors experience irritation. Blood circulation accelerates, blood vessels dilate, and gas exchange increases. The tissues of the massaged area are enriched with oxygen, nutrients and chemically active substances. Metabolic processes and removal of decay products are activated. The purpose of rubbing is to crush all kinds of pathological formations and, through the lymphatic vessels and circulatory system, remove substances harmful to the body in the metabolic process.

As a result of rubbing, the muscles become more mobile and elastic, and their contractility increases. The temperature of the massaged area increases by 3-5°.

Rubbing can be performed with two hands acting in parallel: with a weight (one on top of the other) or with the supporting part of the hand and the ulnar edge of the palm. In the latter case, the tissues shift forward and to the side, the hand movements are progressive, forming a skin fold or roller in front. Rubbing should not turn into stroking, otherwise the therapeutic effect of this technique will not be achieved. The direction of hand movements depends on many factors: the anatomical structure of the muscles and tendons, the location of the ligaments, the shape and size of the joints, as well as the purpose of rubbing.

Circular, spiral and straight rubbing is performed with the fingers, the supporting part of the hand and the ulnar edge of the palm. The principle of execution of these techniques can be seen in rice. 8, 9, 10.

Rice. 8. Circular rubbing

Rice. 9. Spiral rubbing

When rubbing with fingers, the pads of the fingers (the palmar surface of the nail phalanges) are used. If rubbing is carried out with all fingers, then the thumb or the supporting part of the hand should rest against the surface of the massaged area of the body. If it is more convenient to rub with one thumb, then all other fingers of the hand are fixed on the massaged area.

In the intercarpal and intercostal spaces, rubbing is carried out with the pad of the middle finger.

Rubbing is performed in longitudinal, transverse, circular, spiral and zigzag directions.

Finger rubbing is used to massage the feet, hands, tendons, iliac crests, back and intercostal spaces. When rubbing large joints - knee, shoulder and hip - rubbing with the elbow edge of the hand is used. Large muscle layers - the gluteal, long back muscles - are rubbed with the supporting part of the hand.

Now about the directions. Straight-line rubbing is used to massage the hands, feet and small muscle groups. It is performed using the end phalanges of one or more fingers.

Circular rubbing is carried out with weights with one hand or two hands alternately. In this case, the terminal phalanges of the fingers are used, displacing the skin in the same direction. The hand rests on the base of the palm or on the thumb. For this technique, you can use the back of one or all fingers, slightly bent ( rice. 11). The technique is used to massage all areas of the body.

Rice. 11. Rubbing with the back of your fingers

To carry out spiral rubbing, use the base of the palm or the ulnar edge of the hand gathered into a fist. Depending on the shape of the area of the body on which the technique is performed, either both hands or one with a weight are used. This technique is used to massage the chest, pelvis, abdomen, limbs and back.

Just like stroking, rubbing has its own auxiliary techniques. These are pincer-shaped, comb-shaped and rake-shaped rubbing, as well as sawing, hatching, crossing and planing.

Rice. 12. Hatching

Hatching is carried out with two (middle and index) and three (middle, index and thumb) fingers ( rice. 12). When shading, only the pads of the nail phalanges are used. The fingers should be fully extended at the interphalangeal joints and directed towards the part of the body being massaged at an angle of 30°. This massage technique puts pressure on the tissues of the massaged area of the body, increases their mobility and elasticity. When performed correctly, the skin should move with short translational movements in different directions, longitudinal and transverse.

Planing helps accelerate metabolic processes in tissues and, like hatching, increases their elasticity. Planing can be done with one or two hands. When performing planing with two hands, one hand is placed in front of the other, making a kind of planing, but at the same time forward movements. The pads of the straightened fingers, plunging into the tissues of the massaged area, press on the tissues until a roller forms in front along the direction of movement, causing displacement and stretching.

Sawing is performed with the ulnar edge of the hand using short movements back and forth ( rice. 13). When sawing with both hands, when the hands are facing each other, and their movements are directed in different directions, a roller is formed. This roller is moved, trying not to slip on the surface being massaged. Sawing is used as a massage technique on large muscle layers and joints.

Rice. 13. Sawing Crossing is used to massage large joints and abdominal muscles, as well as the trapezius muscle and cervical region ( rice. 14). To perform this technique, use the radial edge of the hand. The thumb is moved to the side as far as possible. When crossing with one hand, the hand makes rhythmic movements towards or away from you. If both hands are involved, then they are placed with their back surfaces facing each other at a distance of approximately 2-3 cm. The movements should be transverse, trying to move the layers of massaged tissue as deeply as possible.

Rice. 14. Intersection

When rake-like rubbing, either the pads of widely spaced fingers or the back surface of the nail phalanges are used. The direction of movement is rectilinear, circular, zigzag.

Rake-like rubbing on the back is carried out with the fingertips located on both sides of the spinal column. The movements of the fingers, pressing on the skin and deeper layers, are directed down to the lumbar region. The pads of bent fingers also participate in the reverse movement from bottom to top. The direction of movement is zigzag and spiral.

The intercostal spaces are massaged with the fingertips in straight and circular movements. Up and down shading is also used. The fingers are located between the ribs.

Comb-like rubbing involves the back side of the main phalanges of the fingers. The hand is clenched into a fist. The movements are circular. This technique is indicated for massaging large muscle layers on the hips, back and buttocks, as well as the palms and soles.

Pincer-like rubbing is used to massage tendons and small muscle groups. The massage is carried out with three fingers (thumb, middle, index), less often - two fingers. The fingers, folded in the form of forceps (the thumb is opposed to the rest), perform rubbing movements, sliding in a straight line or in a circle.

When rubbing for one minute, carry out from 60 to 100 movements. Therefore, you should not linger in one place of the body area being massaged for more than 8-10 seconds. To enhance the effect of the technique on the massaged area, simply increase the angle (up to 90°) between the surface of the skin of the person being massaged and the massage therapist’s hand, or use weights.

For rubbing, as well as for stroking, there is an exception to the general rules of massage: the direction of movements during rubbing does not depend on the direction of the lymphatic pathways. Rubbing is usually alternated with stroking. The types of rubbing used during one massage session depend on the general condition of the body.

Basic mistakes when rubbing:

– stroking instead of rubbing;

– pain associated with inept actions of the massage therapist.

Kneading is the main technique used in massage, as it takes up most of the time allotted for the session and is actually passive gymnastics for the muscles. Kneading is carried out in three stages: grasping the massaged area, pulling and compressing it, and crushing by rolling. The third stage, in fact, is the main part of kneading.

As a result of kneading, reflex changes are observed in the neuromuscular system of the person being massaged. Vigorous ten-minute kneading leads to increased breathing. This indicates excitation processes affecting the higher parts of the central nervous system. In the massaged area of the body, as a result of stretching, the contractile function of the muscles is activated and the elasticity of the tendons increases. By stimulating blood and lymph circulation, metabolic processes are accelerated, and decay products, lactic acid and carbon dioxide are removed from tissues more quickly.

Kneading can be longitudinal or transverse. Longitudinal kneading is carried out along the fibers that form the body (abdomen) of the muscle from the initial tendon (head) to the tendon of attachment (tail). The hand on the massaged surface is positioned so that the thumb is opposed to all the others, the palm covers the muscle (fixation), lifts it, the fingers, performing kneading movements, seem to pull the muscle away from the bone. The massage therapist's brush should fit tightly to the skin, leaving no air gap between the massage therapist's palm and the massaged area. In the first phase of kneading, the main massage effect is directed towards the thumb. In the second and third phases, pressure on the muscle is applied with all fingers (including the thumb) with equal force on both sides of the massaged area.

Rice. 15. Longitudinal kneading Longitudinal kneading ( rice. 15) is used to massage the lateral muscles of the cervical region, abdomen, pelvis, chest, back and limbs. This technique is performed with rhythmic continuous movements with a frequency of 40-50 kneading per minute with one or two hands. When kneading individual muscle areas, intermittent kneading is used, which is performed with short, energetic, spasmodic movements.

Rice. 16. Transverse kneading When transverse kneading ( rice. 16) the movements of the massage therapist’s hands are directed across the line of muscle fibers. Hands in relation to the massaged surface are located at an angle of 45-50°. The massage effect should include all three kneading phases described above ( rice. 17).

Rice. 17. Three phases of kneading

When grasping the muscles, the massage therapist's hands should not slide off the skin, which can lead to pain and even injury. To obtain a greater effect from the kneading technique performed, the hands are placed at a distance of the width of the palm, obliquely relative to the longitudinal axis of the muscle.

When performing a technique with two hands, one hand alternately moves the massaged muscle towards itself, the other – towards itself. On large muscles and thick muscle layers, you can use weights ( rice. 18).

Rice. 18. Kneading with weights

The direction of movements during transverse kneading depends on the goal that you want to achieve with this technique. If the goal is resorption, for example, of an inflammatory process, then kneading is carried out strictly along the lymphatic pathways, which activates blood and lymph circulation. If it is only necessary to stimulate the muscle, increase its contractility and elasticity, then kneading is carried out in different directions relative to the axis of the massaged muscle. Transverse kneading is recommended to be carried out in the pelvis, abdomen, back, as well as the cervical region and limbs.

Kneading the muscles is performed with both hands, massage movements in the same place are repeated several times. For the belly of the muscle, transverse kneading is recommended; the head of the muscle and tendon are massaged longitudinally. It looks like this: one hand carefully massages the head of the muscle and tendon longitudinally, and at this time the other kneads the belly of the muscle transversely. Having massaged the place of attachment of the muscle, one hand begins to move along the muscle to its opposite end, the other hand, massaging the abdomen, allows the first hand to reach the opposite end of the muscle, then again covers the abdomen, continuing to knead it.

Basic techniques of longitudinal and transverse kneading: ordinary, double ordinary, ordinary-longitudinal, double ring, double bar, circular, kneading with a roll.

Ordinary kneading. The massaged muscle is tightly wrapped with your fingers so that there is no gap left between the surface of the skin and the massage therapist’s hand. At the same time, the fingers perform rotational movements, simultaneously lifting the muscle and moving towards each other. At the end of the massage movement, the fingers return to their original position, continuing to hold the muscle. It is important that your fingers move with the skin when performing the movement, and do not slide over it.

In this way, every part of the muscle is massaged. The ordinary kneading technique is used to massage the back of the lower leg, forearm flexors, gluteus maximus, latissimus dorsi, anterior and posterior thighs, as well as the abdomen and shoulder.

With double ordinary kneading, each hand performs ordinary kneading alternately, moving in the direction from bottom to top ( rice. 19). This technique most effectively stimulates the muscles. To perform it on the muscles of the forearm and the back of the lower leg, the person being massaged must take a supine position.

Rice. 19. Double single kneading

The double bar technique is performed in two ways. The first method involves placing the fingers of one hand on the fingers of the same name on the other hand. The second method involves weighting only the thumb of one hand with the base of the palm of the other. The double bar is used to massage the gluteus maximus muscles, the front and back of the thighs, oblique abdominal muscles, shoulders and latissimus dorsi muscles.

With double circular kneading, the person being massaged takes a lying position. The massage therapist's hands are located at a distance equal to the width of the palm, across the massaged area, elbows apart. The technique is performed with both hands. The muscle being massaged is grasped so that the thumbs are on one side of the muscle, and the rest on the other ( rice. 20).

Rice. 20. Double ring kneading

Straightened fingers tightly grasp the muscle, kneading movements are carried out while simultaneously pulling it back. In this case, the hands shift the muscle in opposite directions, as if transferring it from one hand to another. Massage movements are performed smoothly, without jerking, without twisting the muscle. The person being massaged should not have any bruises after the session.

Double circular kneading is used on any muscles of the body, excluding flat muscles, since it is not recommended to pull them back.

The next technique is very similar in technique to the previous one. Double ring combined kneading involves performing a double ring kneading technique in combination with an ordinary one. While one of the hands performs a single knead, the other does a double circular knead on the same muscle as the first. The index finger of the second hand is placed on the middle one for greater convenience. The technique is used for the rectus abdominis, thigh and gluteal muscles, latissimus dorsi, shoulder, back of the leg and pectoralis major muscles.

Ring longitudinal kneading is used to massage the front surface of the thigh and the back surface of the lower leg. First of all, you should pay attention to the position of your hands. When massaging the left thigh and right shin, the left hand is positioned in front of the right; when massaging the right thigh and left shin, the right hand is in front of the left. Technique of the technique: the muscle is grabbed with both hands, the fingers are pressed tightly against each other, the thumb is moved to the side, the elbows are brought together. The hands either converge or diverge at a distance of about 5 cm, performing ring-shaped movements and moving towards each other.

Ordinary longitudinal kneading involves massaging the muscle both lengthwise and across. Used to massage the back of the thigh. On the inner part of the thigh, ordinary kneading is used, on the outer part - longitudinal.

Circular beak-shaped kneading is performed with both one and two hands. To perform this technique, the hand is folded like a beak. The index finger is pressed tightly to the thumb, the ring and little fingers also touch the thumb, the middle finger is located on top of the rest. Circular or spiral movements are directed towards the little finger. In the case of performing a technique with two hands, the hands, moving in one direction, make movements alternately ( rice. 21).

Rice. 21. Beak kneading

Circular coracoid kneading is indicated for massage of the limbs, neck, latissimus and longus dorsi muscles.

Circular kneading with the end phalanges of four fingers involves a massage effect with the pads of four fingers on the massaged area of the body. The fingers are positioned diagonally relative to the muscle being massaged, with rotational massage movements directed towards the little finger. The thumb is not involved in this technique. Large muscles are massaged with slightly spread fingers. When massaging flat muscles, the fingers are pressed tightly against each other.

Circular kneading with the end phalanges of four fingers is used to massage the neck muscles, muscles of the limbs, trapezius and long back muscles.

When kneading in a circular manner with the end phalanx of the thumb, the remaining fingers are relaxed and only touch the massaged surface. At the very beginning, circular movements put maximum pressure on the muscle, shifting it towards the index finger. When returning to the starting position, the pressure on the muscle should weaken. After performing a technique in one area, the muscles move to the next, 2-3 cm higher than the previous one.

This technique can also be performed with both hands alternately or with weights. When carrying out the weight, the thumb of the free hand is placed either across the entire hand of the working hand or along its thumb. Circular kneading with the end phalanx of the thumb is indicated for massage of the limbs, back muscles and sternum.

Rice. 22. Circular kneading with phalanges of fingers clenched into a fist

Circular kneading with phalanges of fingers clenched into a fist is performed with the back of the phalanges of the fingers with the thumb resting on the massaged area of the body ( rice. 22). The massaged muscle is pressed against the bone, then moved in a circular motion towards the little finger. The technique is carried out with one hand with weights or with two hands alternately, with the palms located at a distance of 3-8 cm from each other. The technique is used for massaging the limbs, in particular the calf and anterior tibial muscles, as well as for massaging the muscles of the back and chest.

Circular kneading with the base of the palms. With this technique, the massage therapist’s hands, located on the massaged area, perform circular movements towards the little finger. The technique can be performed with one hand, two or with weights. It is indicated for massage of the chest, longus and latissimus dorsi muscles, muscles of the lower extremities and gluteus maximus muscles. Kneading with the base of the palm with a roll is used to massage the long muscles of the back, pectoralis major, gluteal and deltoid muscles. Technique for performing the technique: fingers pressed tightly against each other and slightly raised. The massaging hand is located along the massaged area. The palm rolls over its base from the eminence of the thumb towards the little finger.

Auxiliary kneading techniques: shifting, squeezing, pressing, rolling, felting, stretching, twitching, as well as comb-shaped and tong-shaped kneading, felting ( rice. 23).

Rice. 23. Felting

With both hands, the massage therapist clasps the massaged area on both sides. The hands move in opposite directions. An energetically performed technique, deforming the muscles, has a strong stimulating effect on them.

Felting is a kneading technique. It is used to target the muscles of the shoulder, forearm, lower leg and thigh.

Before performing a technique called rolling, the muscles of the person being massaged are relaxed by performing planar circular stroking. Then, already performing the main technique, the massage therapist’s left hand, fixing the massaged area, should apply pressure, as if cutting into the thickness of the muscles. At the same time, the right hand rolls the captured soft tissue onto the left, while simultaneously kneading in a circular manner. Gradually, moving from area to area, the massage therapist performs the technique over the entire surface of the massaged part of the body. Felting is indicated when it is necessary to massage the anterior wall of the abdomen, pectoral muscles, lateral surfaces of the back and some internal organs.

Rice. 24. Shift Shift ( rice. 24). The thumbs of both hands, moving towards each other, press on the massaged surface, lifting it. The resulting fold of tissue is shifted with rhythmic movements in the longitudinal or transverse direction. Reception can be carried out with one pressure, without grasping tissue. The shift has a warming effect on the massaged area, the tissue temperature rises, and the central nervous system reacts with a process of excitation. Usually the technique is used on the long muscles of the limbs. By massaging the gluteal, pectoralis major and sternocleidomastial muscles, various types of gripping are added. It is not recommended to use a grip when massaging the back. When performing the procedure on the interosseous muscles of the hand, the tissues are moved with short up and down movements. In this case, one hand is placed on the ulna, the other on the radial edge of the hand.

Rice. 25. Stretching

Stretching is very similar to shifting, with the only difference being that the hands perform stretching rather than shifting massage movements ( rice. 25). Large muscles are grasped with the whole hand, small ones - in a forceps manner. Flat muscles are smoothed with palms or fingers. The stretching technique is performed with slow, smooth movements, without causing pain to the person being massaged.

Pressure is used to massage the anterior wall of the abdomen and internal organs of the abdominal cavity. The technique is carried out using the back or palm surface of the fingers ( rice. 26). The working hand is weighted with the fingers of the other hand, bent into a fist. The anterior wall of the abdomen is massaged by intermittently pressing the tissue with a frequency of 20-25 times per minute. The large intestine is massaged in the same rhythm, in the direction of its course.

Rice. 26. Pressure

Pressure improves intestinal motility and normalizes the secretory and excretory functions of the internal organs of the abdominal cavity.

Twitching is performed with two (thumb and index) and three (thumb, index, middle) fingers ( rice. 27). The massaged tissues are grabbed and pulled back, after which they are released quite sharply, as when playing plucked string instruments. Massage movements are performed with two hands (less often with one) with a frequency of 100-120 movements per minute.

Rice. 27. Twitching Squeezing stimulates muscle contraction and increases blood circulation. Massage movements are short and rhythmic. 30-40 movements are carried out per minute, squeezing and, as it were, squeezing out the massaged tissues ( rice. 28).

Rice. 28. Compression Comb-shaped kneading is usually used to massage the neck, chin and anterior abdominal wall ( rice. 29). Technique: the hand is relaxed, the fingers are bent and slightly spread, the thumb touches the index finger in the area of the middle phalanx. The tissues being massaged are grasped and kneaded in a spiral.

Rice. 29. Comb-shaped kneading Forceps-shaped kneading ( rice. 30) is indicated for massage of the back, chest, neck, small muscle groups, the outer edges of large muscles, as well as their heads and tendons. The technique is carried out with two (thumb, index) and three fingers (the middle one is added). When performing transverse tong-like kneading, fingers folded in the shape of tongs grab a small (1-2 cm) area of the muscle, pull and knead it alternately in opposite directions (away from you and towards you). Longitudinal forceps-shaped kneading characterizes the spiral direction of movements.

Rice. 30. Tong kneading

Since kneading, as mentioned above, is the main massage technique, recommendations for its use include a number of rules, the exact implementation of which allows you to make the technique the most effective. For example, it is necessary to ensure that the muscles of the person being massaged are extremely relaxed during the session, and that the technique used does not cause pain. Hands should not slip off the skin, and twisting of the muscles is also not allowed. The intensity of kneading is not increased immediately, but gradually, from session to session. The massage movements themselves are carried out slowly, smoothly, without jerking, with a frequency of 50-60 movements per minute. The massage therapist's hand should begin moving from the belly of the muscle and continuously, smoothly and consistently move towards the tendon.

Novice massage therapists make a large number of mistakes when kneading:

– pinching instead of kneading in the first phase of the technique as a result of bending the fingers at the interphalangeal joints;

– gripping and squeezing the skin instead of the muscles in the second phase of the treatment, as a result of which the massaged person experiences pain and kneading as such does not occur due to the loose fit of the massage therapist’s hand to the surface of the massaged area of the body;

– pain during longitudinal kneading as a result of a sharp displacement of muscles in different directions;

– rapid fatigue of the massage therapist due to tension in the hands.

Techniques characterized by vibrations of varying strength, speed and amplitude are united under the name “vibration”. The principle of vibration is based on the elasticity of the tissues of the human body, which are capable of communicating mechanical vibrations of the surface to deeper layers. Using vibration, both manual and obtained using a special apparatus, it is possible to achieve vibrations that can affect layers of tissue and muscles of different depths. Depending on the frequency, strength and intensity, vibration affects both muscle mass and individual blood vessels, nerves, and internal organs of a person located quite far from the surface of the skin.

The impact of vibration on physiological processes is determined not only by its intensity and frequency characteristics. The reaction of the human body, in particular the central nervous system (excitation or inhibition), directly depends on the duration of vibration and the area where it occurs. Vibration activates metabolic processes in body tissues, promotes the restoration of somatic cells, and normalizes heart rate.

There are two types of vibration: continuous and intermittent. To obtain different intensity of impact in vibration techniques, you can use either the fingertips or the edge of the palm, or one or both hands clenched into a fist. Intermittent vibration is characterized by single blows delivered rhythmically and sequentially. With continuous vibration, the massage therapist vibrates the massaged tissues continuously, without lifting his hands.

Intermittent vibration includes techniques such as puncturing, patting, tapping, shaking, chopping, shaking, and lashing.

Puncture is performed with the pads of the index and middle fingers. The blows can be applied with each finger separately or synchronously. In areas being massaged that are close to each other, the fingers of the other hand are involved in performing the technique.

Rice. 31. Stable vibration Vibration is also divided into stable and labile ( rice. 31, 32). With stable vibration, massage movements are performed without moving the massaging hand. With labile vibration, the massage therapist's hand, performing movements, moves along the massaged area in the direction corresponding to the course of the lymphatic pathways.

Rice. 32. Labile vibration

Rice. 33. Puncturing

The force of the blow depends on the angle between the massage therapist’s hand and the surface of the massaged area. The greater the angle, the stronger the impact, and vice versa.

punctuation ( rice. 33) effective on areas of the body with thin, delicate skin, small muscles and ligaments.

Tapping is usually carried out with two hands, less often with one ( rice. 34). Strikes, depending on the area of application, are applied with the pads of the fingers, the back or palm of the hand, or with fingers clenched into a fist.

Rice. 34. Effleurage

When performing various types of vibration, it is important to remember that the massage therapist’s hands should be relaxed in the area of the hand and wrist joint. Otherwise, the technique performed will cause pain in the person being massaged, which is unacceptable.

Tapping with one finger is used on limited areas of the body, small muscles and individual tendons. The blows are applied with the index finger with a span of 5-10 cm and a frequency of approximately 100-130 beats per minute.

Multi-finger tapping involves all fingers of the hand except the thumb. The hand of the working hand is placed on the massaged area. The blows are applied with bent fingers, extending them to the limit at the metacarpophalangeal joints.

Light tapping is carried out with the back of bent fingers. At the same time, the fingers are bent freely so that an air space is formed inside, softening the blows. Massage movements are performed with the back of the finger phalanges, which corresponds to its name. In practice, the technique is used to massage thick muscle layers in the back, hips and buttocks.

Tapping with the elbow edge of the fingers bent into a fist is performed with the corresponding edge of the hand. The fingers of the working hand are bent freely so that their pads only lightly touch the palm surface. The thumb is slightly pressed against the radial surface of the index finger, the little finger is moved to the side and completely relaxed. The massage therapist's hands bend only at the very last moment before striking. Massage movements (stroke) are applied rhythmically and sequentially, perpendicular to the massaged area. The technique is used, just like the previous one, on areas of the body with large muscle mass.

Rice. 35. Patting

When patting, the blows applied by the massage therapist’s hand are also softened by the formation of an air cushion between the massage therapist’s brush and the massaged surface ( rice. 35). The blows are applied by bending and straightening the hand at the wrist joint, the fingers are slightly bent, and the forearms form an angle in relation to the massaged area. The technique can be performed with two hands, acting alternately.

Vigorous tapping causes the blood vessels to dilate. Intense massage movements raise the temperature of the massaged body area. This technique is used very widely in massage practice. In addition to areas of the body with large muscle mass - buttocks, thighs and back, tapping affects the muscles of the limbs, chest and abdomen.

Chopping differs from the above techniques in that the massage movements of this technique are directed not across, but along the muscle fibers ( rice. 36). Chopping is done at a fairly high speed: up to 250-300 beats per minute. Particular attention should be paid to the position of the hand when striking.

Rice. 36. Chopping

The air cushions characteristic of the above-mentioned tapping technique and softening the blow move into the interdigital space. The phalanges of the fingers close only at the moment of impact on the massaged surface. The blows are applied with the ulnar edge of the hand as a result of flexion and extension movements of the hand in the wrist joint. The forearms form an angle in relation to the massaged surface. The technique is carried out with both hands. Ignoring the rules for performing this technique will lead to pain in the person being massaged, which is extremely undesirable.

Chopping has an effect not only on the muscles being massaged. The latter, contracting upon impact, ensure the penetration of vibration into the deeper layers of the tissues of the human body, as well as into the internal organs. As a result of using this technique, metabolic processes in the body, blood and lymph circulation processes and, as a result, nutrition and gas exchange in the massaged tissues are normalized. In addition to normalizing the already mentioned metabolic processes, the activity of the sebaceous and sweat glands in the thickness of the skin is enhanced, which ensures the removal of substances harmful to the body through the pores.

Rice. 37. Concussion

Movements made in opposite directions using individual fingers or the entire hand and reminiscent of sifting flour through a sieve are called shaking ( rice. 37).

One of the shaking techniques - shaking - is performed with both one and two hands ( rice. 38). Shaking is used only for massaging the limbs. When performing the technique, either the hand or the ankle joint is rigidly fixed, respectively.

Rice. 38. Shaking

When using this technique on the lower extremities, massage movements are performed in a horizontal plane. The person being massaged lies on his back, with the foot and knee joint positioned straight. When performing the technique on the upper limbs, the hand is fixed with a “handshake”, and shaking movements are carried out in the vertical direction.

Quilting is effective on large areas of the body ( rice. 39). The technique can be carried out either with the entire palm or with one or more fingers. The massage therapist's hand delivers blows that only touch the massaged surface.

Rice. 39. Quilting

Continuous vibration implies the transfer to the massaged tissues of constant vibrations of the massage therapist’s hand, which occur during the process of continuous impact on the massaged area. Depending on the force of impact, the palm and back of one or more fingers, the palm or supporting part of the hand, or fingers gathered into a fist are used to perform continuous vibration.

During the massage, vibration should be alternated with stroking. It looks like this: vibrating movements are carried out for 5-15 seconds, followed by 3-5 seconds of stroking. You can use one or both hands.

The vibration speed and pressure on the massaged area change during the session. At the beginning and at the end of the massage procedure, the vibration frequency is 100-200 movements per minute. In the middle of the session, the frequency increases to 200-300 vibrations. The same applies to pressure on muscle mass. If at the beginning and at the end it is superficial, then closer to the middle of the procedure it becomes quite intense. It is important to ensure that the pressure does not become too strong, as it may turn into squeezing.

Vibrating movements can be longitudinal, transverse, vertical, zigzag and spiral. Fixed vibration performed with one finger of the hand is called point vibration, or stable vibration.

Unlike stable vibration, labile vibration involves moving the massage therapist’s hands throughout the massaged area.

On large surfaces of the body - such as the back, thighs, buttocks and abdomen - vibration is performed with fingers clenched into a fist. In this case, the massage therapist touches the massaged area of the body with the palmar surface of the phalanges of all four fingers of the hand (except the thumb) or with its elbow edge. Massage movements (vibrations) are carried out in the longitudinal or transverse direction.

Continuous vibration with tissue capture involves pincer-like fixation of small muscles and tendons using fingers.

Rice. 40. Shaking

Continuous vibration includes the following techniques: pushing, shaking, shaking, shaking.

Shaking is performed on extremely relaxed muscles of the massaged area of the body ( rice. 40). With the hand with the fingers spread as far apart as possible, the massage therapist grasps a large muscle or a group of small muscles. Reception is performed in the longitudinal or transverse direction. The speed and intensity of the movements change, as mentioned above, i.e. at the beginning of the procedure and at its completion, the shaking is more measured and calm, and in the middle of the session the amplitude of the massage technique increases.

Shaking improves joint mobility ( rice. 41), and makes ligaments and muscles more elastic. As is already clear from the above, this technique is used when massaging the limbs. Shaking is done as follows: the massage therapist clasps the foot or hand of the person being massaged with both hands and shakes it up and down. Oscillatory movements should not be very sharp or have too large an amplitude, so as not to cause pain in the massaged joints.

Rice. 41. Shaking

Rice. 42. Concussion

Concussion is used as a technique that most effectively affects internal organs ( rice. 42). The technique is as follows: the hands are placed parallel to each other, so that the right hand is on the surface of the body in the area of the desired abdominal organ. The thumbs should lie side by side, on one side of the massaged area. Massage movements (shakes) are performed due to vibrations. The pace is fast, the hands alternately come closer and then apart, shaking the integumentary tissues and along with them the internal organ, which is the object of the massage effect.

A general shaking of the abdomen strengthens the abdominal muscles and smooth muscles of the peritoneum, relieves many ailments associated with indigestion, and improves intestinal motility. The position of the person being massaged when performing the technique is lying on his back.

Technique: the massage therapist places his hands on the stomach so that the thumbs are in the navel area, and the other four with their end phalanges are directed in opposite directions - to the sides and back. Oscillatory massage movements are performed in vertical and horizontal directions.

In contrast to shaking, when pushing, the left hand is placed on the surface of the massaged area in the area of the desired internal organ. At the same time, the right hand, with short pushes, seems to shift the organ towards the left. Pushing refers to a type of indirect massage of internal organs.

As noted above, many massage techniques (including vibration), their strength and intensity of impact on the skin, muscles and internal organs of the human body directly depend on the position of the hands, for example, on the angle formed by the forearms of the massage therapist and the surface of the body of the person being massaged. The duration of exposure also matters. In particular, when performing a certain striking technique, you should not linger on one massaged area for more than 10 seconds. It is recommended to combine vibration techniques with softer massage techniques, such as stroking.

Depending on the nature and amplitude, the impact of vibration on the human body can be very different. Thus, short and deep vibrations of large amplitude cause excitement and even irritation of the massaged area and the body as a whole. A series of small movements, prolonged in time, with a low amplitude of vibration, relaxes and calms the central nervous system.

Like any other massage techniques, vibration should not cause pain in the patient, especially characteristic of deep and intermittent massage.

Performing intermittent vibration is contraindicated in the area of internal organs and in areas of the body with sensitive skin, where blood vessels and nerve endings come close to its surface. Techniques such as tapping and chopping are not performed in the popliteal region, in the abdominal area and on the inner thighs. Harsh vibration techniques are not indicated for use by older people. Manual vibration also tires the massage therapist, therefore, if necessary, hardware vibration is preferable, during which a more precise dosage of the time and force of the procedure’s effect on the body is possible.

Mistakes of novice massage therapists, characteristic of incorrect vibration techniques:

– the vibration intensity is too high, and the person being massaged has a low sensitivity threshold, so he refuses to perform the procedure;

– the massage therapist performs a harsh technique without first relaxing the muscles of the massaged area, which causes the patient to experience pain when chopping, tapping or patting;

– incorrect position of the limb of the person being massaged and non-compliance with the direction of movements, as a result of which not only pain or dysfunction occurs in the elbow or knee joint, but even the bursal-ligamentous apparatus may be damaged;

– intermittent vibration is performed too intensely or on an area of the body where vibration techniques are not recommended because it causes pain.

Squeezing as a technique is classified as a separate group, although the technique of performing it is very similar to the technique of stroking. The difference is that the squeezing is done vigorously. The hands move over the surface of the massaged area at a faster pace than when stroking, and quite a lot of pressure is added to this. Squeezing affects not only the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but also connective tissue, muscles and tendons.

The local effect of squeezing is manifested in a warming and analgesic effect. When performing this technique, the blood vessels are quickly emptied and just as quickly filled with fresh blood. Due to mechanical action, local increase in temperature and stimulation of blood circulation, metabolic processes in the massaged tissues are activated. Lymph flow increases, swelling and congestion disappear. Squeezing has a stimulating effect on the central nervous system, increases the vitality of both the whole body and individual organs, including skin and muscles. Squeezing is widespread in massage practice, and in some types of massage it takes up to 60% of the time allotted for the session.

Transverse squeezing is carried out with the edge or base of the palm, as well as with two hands with weights. When performing a transverse squeezing technique, the hand is placed transverse to the direction of the muscle fibers. The fingers, pressed tightly against each other, should be bent at the interphalangeal joints, the thumb pressed to the index finger. Massage movements directed forward are performed with the thumb and its elevation.

Rice. 43. Squeeze with the edge of the palm

When performing a squeeze with the edge of your palm, the direction of movement is maintained ( rice. 43). The massage therapist’s hand on the massaged area is positioned transversely to the course of the blood vessels. The fingers are folded so that the thumb is on top of the index finger. Massage movements are performed with the edge of the palm, the four fingers of which are naturally bent without tension.

Squeezing with the base of the palm is performed, respectively, with the base of the palm of the massage therapist’s working hand and the eminence of the thumb ( rice. 44). The remaining four fingers of the hand are moved to the same side and slightly raised. The thumb is connected to the index finger, its terminal phalanx is also retracted. The technique is carried out by pressing on the tissue of the massaged area along the direction of the muscle fibers. It is important to remember that when performing squeezing techniques, the massage therapist’s hand is used, which is closer to the person being massaged.

Rice. 44. Squeeze with the heel of the palm

Rice. 45. Squeezing with two hands with weights In order to enhance the impact of squeezing, the technique is carried out with two hands with weights ( rice. 45). In this case, one hand performs massage movements, and the other - weights. Perpendicular weighting is carried out by pressing three fingers (ring, middle, index) of the free hand on the thumb of the working finger, its radial edge. Transverse weighting is performed with the entire hand of the free hand, placing it across the massaging hand.

Rice. 46. Beak squeeze

Squeezing includes only one auxiliary technique - beak-shaped squeezing ( rice. 46). Depending on the location and shape of the massaged area, beak-shaped squeezing is performed with different parts of the hand: facial, ulnar, dorsal or radial. The massage movements of this technique are carried out with the fingers of the working hand, folded in the form of a beak, pressing them closely to the thumb. The middle finger occupies a position on top of all the others.

Beak-shaped squeezing with the ulnar part of the hand is performed with the edge of the little finger. Massage movements of the working hand are directed forward ( rice. 47).

Rice. 47. Beak-shaped squeeze with the elbow part of the hand

When squeezing beak-shaped with the front part of the hand, the massage therapist’s hand also moves forward. The little finger and thumb of the working hand are involved in the technique.

Also, moving the hand forward, a beak-shaped squeeze is performed with the radial part of the hand. With this type of squeezing, the edge of the thumb is used as a working surface.

When squeezing with the back of the hand, the movements of the hand are directed in the opposite direction ( rice. 48).

Rice. 48. Beak-shaped squeeze with the back of the hand

Squeezing, like any other massage technique, requires certain rules to be followed. For example, during a session, squeezing is alternated with kneading, massage movements are directed along the lymphatic pathways. The treatment must be carried out rhythmically and slowly enough so that the person being massaged does not experience pain, and the blood and lymphatic vessels located in the tissues of the massaged area have time to react to the procedure being performed.

When performing muscle squeezes, massage movements are directed along the muscle fibers.

If it is necessary to eliminate swelling, for example, of the feet, the limb begins to be massaged from an area located above the area for which massage is indicated. In this case, squeezing begins with the thigh muscles, gradually moving down to the lower leg and then to the foot. One condition must be met: when eliminating edema, the massage begins with that part of the body that is located above the lymph nodes located in the area affected by the massage.

The force of pressure when squeezing is adjusted depending on the individual tolerance of the person being massaged. Performing the technique should not cause pain. The nature of the body area being massaged is also of great importance. So, in areas with increased sensitivity, the pressure should be insignificant. Large muscle layers, on the contrary, require a stronger impact.

In addition to techniques performed on the soft tissues of the human body, flexion and extension movements of joints are used in massage. The actions of a massage therapist, the intensity and nature of his movements are determined by the physiological mobility of a particular joint, its structure and size.

The movements performed in the joints during a massage session are divided into several types. These are flexion, extension, pronation, supination, adduction, abduction and rotation. All movements are performed by the massage therapist around an imaginary axis: frontal, longitudinal or sagittal. The choice of axis depends on the physiological characteristics of the joints, i.e. on their natural mobility. During a massage session, 20-30% of the total time is allocated for the procedure. Movements in the joints, having a beneficial effect on the entire musculoskeletal system, are indicated for use after significant physical exertion. They are also used as rehabilitation therapy after illness or injury.

Movements help improve joint mobility and trophism of cartilage tissue, activate the secretion of synovial fluid and blood circulation. The higher nervous parts of the central nervous system react to the slow pace of movements with a process of inhibition. Normalizing nutrition and joint mobility affects the body as a whole, increasing its protective functions.

Movements are divided into active, passive and resisted movements.

The active type of movements is performed by the patient himself, without the help of a massage therapist. This type of movement is preceded by a massage of the corresponding joint and adjacent muscles. The duration and intensity of movements depends on the physical capabilities of the massaged joint and the mobility of the joint. For example, after an injury, flexion or extension movements can be limited by pain. The purpose of the massage in a particular case will be to restore joint mobility and the functions of peripheral nerve endings.

Passive movements are preceded by a massage, after which the massage therapist himself carries out the corresponding movements. The patient takes a comfortable position so that the muscles are extremely relaxed. Before starting the procedure, the massage therapist determines the mobility of the joint through active movements. The range of movements should be increased gradually.

The criterion for assessing joint mobility and the angle of flexion of the limb is a slight sensation of pain in the area of the joint or adjacent muscle. In the absence of such movements, they will not produce the desired effect.

In addition to restoring joint function, movements have a beneficial effect on muscle fibers, stimulating their contractile function and increasing elasticity.

When performing movements with resistance, the muscles or ligamentous apparatus must overcome the resistance provided by the massage therapist or the patient himself, taking into account the strength of the muscle and its ability to contract. The intensity of resistance increases towards the middle of the procedure. At the beginning of the movement and at its completion it is much weaker.

There are two types of resistance: in the first case, resistance is directed against the actions of the massage therapist; in the second, it is directed against the actions of the patient. Neither in the first nor in the second case is it recommended to delay the movements of the limbs or strain the muscles. The resistance provided should be smooth, without unexpected sharp relaxations and shocks. All of the above also applies to the resistance provided to the actions of the massage therapist.

Movement techniques are very different.

When moving the body, bends and turns in different directions are used - to the right and left, bending (bending) and bending back (extension), circular movements of the body. This type of movement promotes greater mobility of the spinal column. To carry out the procedure, the person being massaged is asked to sit on a hard chair without a backrest. The massage therapist takes a standing position behind the patient. When performing flexion and extension movements, the massage therapist’s hands lie on the client’s shoulders, smoothly bending the torso forward, then just as smoothly extending it back. Turns are performed first to the left, then the body is fixed in its original position, followed by a turn to the right, and the body again returns to its original position. When performing turns, the massage therapist's hands should be on the patient's deltoid muscles.

Abduction and adduction in the shoulder joint are combined with pronation and supination, i.e. rotation of the joint inward and outward; They also perform a circular movement of the arms. The body position of the person being massaged and the position of the massage therapist are the same as when performing body movements. The massage therapist places his hand on the patient's opposite shoulder, fixing it. The hand of the same name grabs the forearm in the area of the elbow joint and performs movements depending on the instructions: flexion, extension, circular movements, rotation ( rice. 49). In a horizontal position, massaged movements back and forth in the shoulder joint are carried out with simultaneous pronation and supination of the joint.

Rice. 49. Working with the arm joint

When performing movements in the elbow joint, the person being massaged can take a sitting or lying position. In a sitting position, the massage therapist uses the opposite hand to fix the patient’s arm as close to the elbow joint as possible. The hand of the same name, tightly clasping the wrist, flexes and extends the elbow joint. When the patient is lying down, the massage therapist brings his hands from below, grasping the corresponding area of the massaged person's arm. During flexion and extension, simultaneous pronation and supination are carried out by turning the palm.

Hand movements are performed by fixing the hand of the person being massaged in the forearm area, just above the wrist joint. The massage therapist, grasping the patient's hand, performs flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circular movements of the hand in both directions - right and left.

When moving the fingers, flexion, extension, adduction and extension are performed. One hand of the massage therapist fixes the hand of the massaged person in the wrist joint, the other performs flexion and extension of the fingers alternately in each individual joint. After warming up the joints of the fingers, they are brought together and spread apart.

Passive movements of the hand and fingers can be performed by grasping the hand with both hands so that the massage therapist’s thumbs are on the back of the patient’s hand, and the other four fingers are on the bottom, on the palm. The movements of the massage therapist’s hands resemble squeezing and stretching, as if rubbing the small joints of the hand and fingers against each other. Before the procedure described, it is recommended to perform a massage.

Rice. 50. Work with the hip joint Flexion and extension of the hip joint is carried out with the massaged person lying on his back. One hand of the massage therapist, brought from below, fixes the knee joint, the other is located on top of the ankle. The leg of the person being massaged is bent at the above-mentioned joints, directing the thigh upward, towards the abdominal area, then the limb is returned to its original position ( rice. 50, 51).

Rice. 51. Working with the knee joint

When performing abduction and adduction of the hip joint, the person being massaged should lie on his side. The massage therapist, resting the iliac crest with one hand and grabbing the shin with the other, raises the straightened leg of the person being massaged to the maximum possible height, simultaneously performing pronation and supination. Then returns the leg to its original position.

Circular movements in the hip joint are performed with the massaged person lying on his back. The massage therapist places one hand on the patient’s knee joint, the other grabs the foot from below, in the heel area. Circular movements are carried out first in one direction, then in the other direction, slightly bending the leg of the person being massaged at the knee and hip joints.

When bending and extending the knee joint, the person being massaged lies on his stomach. In order to prevent accidental injury, the massage therapist fixes the lower part of the thigh with one hand, and with the other grabs either the lower leg in the ankle joint or the heel bone. With a perfectly executed movement and good stretching of the massaged muscles, the heel bone should reach the gluteus maximus muscle.

To perform movements in the ankle joint, the person being massaged takes a supine position. With one hand the massage therapist fixes the joint from above, with the other he grabs the foot by the heel bone ( rice. 52). The nature of the movements is the same as for the hand.

Rice. 52. Working with the ankle joint The movements of the toes are very limited; of all the above techniques, only flexion and extension are performed. At the same time, the foot is fixed, the movement is performed for each toe separately. While performing movements, it is necessary to monitor the body’s reaction to the procedure: changes in breathing patterns and heart rate. The physical capabilities of the person being massaged must also be taken into account. When movement in the joints is limited, for example after an injury or due to old age, it is necessary to carefully ensure that the person being massaged does not experience pain. Also, in order to protect the patient from accidental injuries during a massage session, all movements in the joints without exception must be carried out evenly, without jolts, at a slow pace.

136. The effect of massage on the skin:

1. removal of dead cells from the skin

2.improved skin respiration

3. increased release of decomposition products

4. increase skin tone

5. spasm of skin vessels

137. The effect of massage on muscles is manifested:

1. increase in electrical activity of muscles

2. improving the elastic-viscous properties of muscles

3. activation of redox processes in muscles

4. decreased gas exchange

5. normalization of muscle tone

138. The effect of massage on the lymphatic system is manifested:

1. acceleration of lymph movement

2. anti-inflammatory effect

3. improving lymphatic drainage

4. prevention of congestion in diseases of the cardiovascular system

5. enlarged lymph nodes

139. Short-term, intermittent, intense doses have an effect on the central nervous system:

1. stimulating effect

2. sedative effect

3. harmonizing effect

4. mixed action

140. The effect of massage on peripheral nerves and trunks:

1. improving the conduction of nerve impulses

2. reduction of pathological impulses

3. pain reduction

4. increased pain syndrome

5. sensory disturbance

General methods and techniques of classical massage

Stroking

141. The main effect of superficial planar stroking on the body is:

1. exciting

2. relaxing

3. hormonizing

4. neutral

5. warming

142. The technical feature of performing the stroking technique is:

1. glide over the skin without moving it

2. movement of the hand over the skin with its displacement

3. impact on distant tissues and organs

143. In what direction are stroking techniques performed on the limbs:

1. from the periphery to the center

2. from center to periphery

3. transverse

4. longitudinally

5. in any direction

144. Separate and sequential stroking is performed:

1. symmetrically

2. one hand

3. two hands at the same time

4. with both hands, alternately.

145. Can stroking be deep:

146. On the flexor surface of the limbs, stroking techniques are carried out:

1. superficial

2. more deeply

Trituration.

147. The peculiarity of performing the rubbing technique is:

1. glide over the skin without moving it

2. movement along the skin, with its displacement

3. impact on distant organs

148. Massage movements during rubbing are carried out:

1. by lymph flow

2. in any direction

149. Technique related to rubbing:

1. ironing

2. crossing

3. pressure

4. puncturing

5. felting

150. “Planing” is a technique:

1. stroking

2. rubbing

3. kneading

4. vibration

151. The "Shading" technique is performed:

2. radial edge of the brush

3. pads of the terminal phalanges of II-III or II-V fingers

4. base of the palm

152. Pincer-like rubbing is used for massage:

1. large muscle groups

2. small muscle groups

3. auricle

4. tendons

Kneading

153. The main objects of kneading are:

1. periosteum

3. subcutaneous tissue

4. joints

154. In what direction are kneading techniques carried out:

1. by lymph flow

2. longitudinally

3. transverse

155. A mandatory condition when performing a kneading technique:

1. preliminary thermal procedures

2. maximum muscle relaxation

3. communication with the patient during the procedure

156. Kneading technique:

1. sawing

2. shading

3. pressure

4. puncturing

5. Quilting

157. Techniques related to kneading:

1. double neck

2. shift

3. felting

4. concussion

5. pressure

158. The shifting technique is performed specifically (not usually) on:

2. scalp

5. limbs

Vibration

159. A prerequisite for performing shock vibration techniques:

1. rhythmicity

2. deep impact

3. surface impact

160. The difference between the effects of vibration on the body and the effects of other massage techniques:

1. duration of exposure

2. impact force

3. influence on distant organs

4. influence on the central nervous system

161. Reception of vibration:

1. crossing

2. concussion

3. squeezing

4. shading

5. planing

162. The peculiarity of performing the vibration technique is:

1. glide over the skin without moving it

2. movement along the skin with its displacement

3. transmission of oscillatory movements to the patient’s body

163. The “shaking” technique is performed on:

2. upper limbs

3. lower limbs

164. The “puncturing” technique is performed

1. palmar surface of the hand

2. dorsum of the hand

3. base of the palm

4. fingertips

Facial massage

165. Name the indications for facial massage:

1. neuritis of the facial nerve

2. trigeminal neuralgia

3. hypertension

4. diencephalic syndrome

166. Name the lower limit for facial massage:

1. chin

2. III intercostal space

3. clavicle line

4. line of the clavicle and level of the VII cervical vertebra

1. from the outer corner of the eye to the inner, along the lower edge of the orbit

2. from the inner corner to the outer along the lower edge of the orbit

3. from the outer corner to the inner along the upper edge of the orbit

4. from the inner corner of the eye to the outer, along the upper edge of the orbit

168. Guidelines for facial massage:

1. use of ointment massage products

2. use of dry massage products

3. use stroking after each appointment

4. preliminary cleansing of the skin

1. from the bridge of the nose to the tip of the nose

2. from the tip of the nose to the bridge of the nose

The effect of massage on the nervous system. Physiological basis of massage The influence of massage techniques on the nervous system

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Human nervous system

Nervous system person classified :

according to the conditions of formation and type of management as:

Lowest nervous activity

Higher nervous activity

by the method of transmitting information as:

Neurohumoral regulation

Reflex activity

by localization area as:

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

by functional affiliation as:

Vegetative nervous system

Somatic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

Nervous system (sustema nervosum) is a complex of anatomical structures that ensure the individual adaptation of the body to the external environment and the regulation of the activity of individual organs and tissues.

The upper part, or cortex, of the brain is responsible for most conscious actions. Some of its lobes are involved in the perception of information, others are responsible for speech and language, and the rest serve as the beginning of motor pathways and control movements.

Although the hypothalamus is one of the smallest elements of the brain stem, it controls the chemical, hormonal and temperature balance of the body.

Peripheral nervous system (systerna nervosum periphericum)

The most severe pain syndromes are observed with ganglionitis (sympathalgia), as well as injuries of the median and tibial nerves with the development of causalgia (Causalgia).

Tumors of P. n. With. (neurinomas, neurofibromas, glomus tumors) are relatively rare, but can occur at various levels.

Autonomic nervous system

Both systems function continuously, but their activity levels fluctuate depending on the situation.

Massage has a therapeutic effect, alleviates the condition of patients, improves the body's resistance to respiratory diseases, increases the tone of skeletal muscles and can be used for cosmetic purposes.

The effect of massage on the nervous system

Literature used

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