Traditional medicine

A country where a quarter of the population is mentally ill. According to WHO, mental disorders

ALL PHOTOS

There is an increase in the number of mentally ill people around the world. According to World Health Organization forecasts, by 2020 mental disorders will be among the top five diseases leading to disability. In Russia, the indicators are worse than the world average. If in the world about 15% need psychiatric help, then in Russia their number reaches 25%.

Experts note: compared to the 90s, the number of clients of psychiatric clinics in Russia has almost doubled. The number of people suffering from serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis and epilepsy has increased. And neurotic disorders and depression have acquired widespread status. They have already taken “honorable” second place after cardiovascular diseases, writes the newspaper “Novye Izvestia”.

The increase in the number of mentally ill people inevitably affects the country's economy. The increase in psychological disorders is directly related to the increase in the number of disabled people and people unable to engage in work. The EU has calculated that the loss of labor productivity associated with psychiatric illnesses is estimated at 3-4% of GDP.

Experts believe that the population of Russia has not adapted to the new rhythm of life; the consequences of “global post-communist trauma, changes in consciousness, changes in social relations” are affecting them. In addition, the situation is aggravated by already traditional “Russian” factors: alcoholism, drug addiction, food poisoning, mass poverty, lack of work. The lack of confidence in the future caused by the economic situation in the country also contributes to a weakening of the psyche.

The Russian authorities are also making a significant contribution to the increase in the number of mentally ill people by cultivating the image of the enemy. Russians are beginning to see enemies everywhere: among people from the Caucasus and Asia, and visitors from other regions. Experts also note that many mentally ill people find themselves in politics or become leaders of extremist organizations. In this capacity, they begin to “infect” healthy people with their delusional ideas (including the “image of the enemy”).

Mass neuroticism is also associated with the increasing frequency of disasters and terrorist attacks. According to experts, now every eighth Muscovite is afraid to go down the subway, and every twelfth is afraid to use the elevator.

People begin to be mentally crippled from childhood

The increase in the pace of life affects children most of all and causes illness at a very early stage of development. There are statistics showing that 70–80% of babies in Russia are born with mental illnesses of various types. And these diseases, which can be cured at an early stage by a healthy psychological climate around the child, are in fact only aggravated due to the unfavorable environment in which children grow up and are brought up.

Women very quickly start working and send their babies to kindergartens or leave them in the care of nannies. This is unconditionally stressful for a child, because in preschool age he especially needs the care of his parents. As a result, fears, phobias, and fear of loneliness appear. In addition, doctors point to an increase in the number of games and toys that provoke aggression and fear.

In addition, in Russia there is a shortage of qualified psychiatrists, on the one hand, and a traditional distrust of people in this profession, on the other. “The Soviet psychological school has collapsed, and a new one has not yet been created. The number of diseases is growing, and the number of doctors and psychologists is decreasing,” says Yulia Zotova, a psychologist at the Research Institute of Social Psychology and Personality Development Psychology.

Until now, Russian citizens have a strong stereotype developed over decades of Soviet punitive psychiatry. And if in large cities even top managers do not hesitate to undergo treatment in a mental hospital, in the regions not everyone will still decide to make an appointment with a psychotherapist.

By the way, oddly enough, progress in medicine has some negative impact on the increase in the number of mentally ill people from generation to generation. The fact is that just a few decades ago, people with serious psychiatric illnesses did not have the opportunity to start a family and have children, since these illnesses go away with constant attacks of exacerbations. Now, with the invention of new drugs, it is possible to maintain a person in a fairly adequate condition. Therefore, people with incurable mental illnesses can now work and start a family, while serious illnesses such as schizophrenia can only be inherited.

Russia's chief psychiatrist proposes sending half of patients home

In connection with the latest fires that occurred in psychiatric clinics, Russian authorities are talking about the possible transfer of some patients to outpatient treatment. Experts reject the traditional fear that this will lead to an aggravation of the crime situation in the country.

“The population is disoriented by this information. For one thousand people of the ordinary population, there are as many crimes as a thousand people with severe mental disorders commit,” said Tatyana Dmitrieva, chief psychiatrist of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation, director of the State Scientific Center for Social and Forensic Psychiatry named after Serbsky.

She noted that only 1% of crimes in Russia occur among persons with severe mental disorders. In her opinion, plans to transfer some patients from psychiatric clinics to outpatient treatment are “not a new invention.” “Russian psychiatry does what has been tested in many countries and in other areas of medicine,” Dmitrieva emphasized.

Measures to create a system of outpatient or semi-inpatient treatment for patients with mental disorders are provided for by the state program on socially significant diseases, which is designed for five years and will begin to be implemented next year. Such treatment, according to experts, can be received by 20 to 50% of patients in psychiatric clinics. Currently, according to the State Research Center, about 1.5 million people are undergoing treatment in psychiatric hospitals in the country; accordingly, about 750 thousand mentally ill people will be sent home.

Will the Ministry of Health be able to simultaneously establish such high-quality outpatient monitoring of patients or will they join the ranks of suicides and socially dangerous elements?

According to the World Health Organization, there are now about 450 million people in the world with mental disorders and disabilities. According to experts, the number of people suffering from dementia will grow at an unprecedented rate in the coming years.

According to forecasts, over 35 million people will need medical help next year due to the development of degenerative brain diseases. And this number is expected to double every 20 years. Therefore, by 2030 the number of such patients could reach 65.7 million, and in 2050 - 115.4 million people.

Only a small proportion of this mass of people will receive the necessary treatment.

The problem of rising mental illness in the coming years will be most acute in low- and middle-income countries. This can be explained by the lack of qualified medical personnel and specialized clinics.

“Bagnet” decided to check how true the world statistics are for Ukraine and whether the number of mental patients is growing in our country.

In the main psychoneurological clinic of the country - the capital's hospital named after. Pavlova - they said that in Ukraine the number of mentally ill people has remained at the same level for a long time. This is approximately 1 million 200 thousand people.

“Surprisingly, since the onset of the global crisis, 5-7% fewer patients are admitted to inpatient departments for treatment than in previous years. Although, it would seem, according to logic, everything should be the other way around. We expect that in the future fewer and fewer people will be treated in hospitals. And the majority of patients with mental disorders live and will live in the “ordinary world.” This contributes to their speedy recovery,” Mikhail Ignatov, deputy head physician of the Kyiv City Psychoneurological Hospital No. 1, explained to Bagnet.

According to him, official WHO data on the number of mentally ill people living on the planet are underestimated.

“In fact, the number of people who suffer from one or another mental disorder is 10% of the entire world population. This is much more than official data. It’s just that many chronically ill people are unaware of their illnesses, do not want to be treated, etc.,” Ignatov believes.

Workers at regional mental hospitals were reluctant to make contact. For example, in the Kharkov and Zhytomyr regional clinical psychiatric hospitals, a Bagnet correspondent was told that it is not their custom to give comments and interviews to the press.

The Transcarpathian regional mental hospital confirmed Ignatov’s information - the number of patients remains at a “stable” level. Every year, about 3 thousand patients are admitted to the local hospital for treatment. In general, about 33 thousand citizens suffering from mental disorders are permanently registered.

The head physician of the Crimean Republican Clinical Psychiatric Hospital No. 1, Mikhail Yuryev, said that the number of patients in Crimea is “usual” and that he has not heard anything about an increase in the number of crazy people.

Mr. Yuriev responded to all further clarifying questions with awkward arguments about Honduras, which was apparently close to him due to his profession.

The “interview” had to be stopped.

Every person suffers from a mental disorder at least once in their life. Recently, a schizophrenic was arrested in Moscow for killing and eating his drinking buddy. A few days earlier, another man had been running around a gas station with a knife at night, stabbing everyone he met. Psychiatrists admit: it is possible to prevent exacerbations in mentally ill people only with the help of relatives, and those living alone end up with doctors after they have done something wrong, writes “Criminal Ukraine”.

Doctors also claim that at least a quarter of the population suffers from mental illness throughout their lives, but most patients do not consult a psychiatrist even if they have obvious symptoms.

...Parts of the body of Ilya Egorov, who was killed and dismembered by Nikolai Shadrin, who was registered with a psychiatrist, were collected in different areas of the capital throughout the past week. Finally, last Saturday, a head was found in Filevsky Park, and Shadrin himself was detained in his apartment while he was preparing Yegorov’s liver for dinner. The lawyer tried to attribute the cannibal's actions to his illness, but the court arrested Shadrin for two months. The judge did not take into account either the cannibal’s statement that “people” were to blame for what he had committed (the accused did not explain which ones), nor his memory disorder: Shadrin could not say what he had already been convicted of.

The crime could have been prevented if Shadrin, who suffered from schizophrenia, had been admitted to the hospital without waiting for an exacerbation. However, in modern Russian conditions this is impossible, as Lyubov Vinogradova, executive director of the Independent Psychiatric Association, explains to NI: in order to be placed in a hospital, a person must “commit some action - physical aggression, running around with an ax.” Other citizens can only hope that they will not find themselves in the wrong place at the wrong time. What happened to workers at a gas station on Butyrskaya Street in Moscow. On the night of May 11, a bald, two-meter man with a knife came there, killed two and seriously wounded two more gas station workers, and (this was filmed by surveillance cameras) calmly left without stealing anything.

There are 1.67 million people registered with psychiatric patients in Russia. These are those who have been diagnosed with mental illness. Another 2.16 million people are listed as seeking “consultative help”: these are formally healthy people who, nevertheless, are forced to go to a psychiatrist. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the situation is much worse: at least 10% of Russians (14–15 million people) suffer from mental disorders. The most common disorder is depression, the symptoms of which are persistent sadness and loss of interest in everything.

WHO experts claim that depression is one of the main causes of disability and the main cause of suicide, in terms of which Russia has been among the leaders in recent years (27 per 100 thousand population per year versus 4–5 in Western Europe). About 20% of Russian adolescents aged 14 to 19 have mental disorders, and over a million elderly Russians suffer from various forms of senile dementia.

According to WHO estimates, there are about 900 thousand patients with schizophrenia in Russia; another 250–300 thousand are characterized by a “manic state” - uncontrollable agitation. Obsessions (when a person becomes fixated on a thought or action), phobias (fear of something, such as heights, enclosed spaces) and pathological attractions (satisfying sexual needs in a perverted way, such as pedophilia) are also common.

According to WHO forecasts, at least a quarter of adults will experience some kind of mental disorder at least once during their lifetime.

WHO experts confirm: 35–45% of cases of absenteeism are associated with manifestations of mental disorders. At the same time, there are widespread myths in society that “persons with mental problems are violent, dangerous, poor, stupid and incurable.” According to WHO, up to 70% of Russians suffering from mental disorders do not receive help or treatment, and neuroses and psychoses cause at least 20% of premature deaths in the country.

As disease statistics show, most people die not from old age, but from the consequences. At the same time, significant progress is being made in medicine, but lifestyle often interferes with the fight against illnesses.

Pathologies of the cardiovascular system are the main ones throughout the world. Risk factors:

sedentary lifestyle;
wrong .

The number of overweight people is rapidly increasing, and the heart cannot cope with the load. According to statistics, 17.5 million people died from heart disease in 2012. Of these, 7.4 million died due to coronary heart disease.

The second place in mortality from heart disease is occupied by cerebrovascular problems - atherosclerosis, stroke, hypertension. Statistics show an increase in the incidence of myocardial infarction in women aged 55 to 60 years. Experts attribute this to the ability of sex hormones to prevent the formation of atherosclerosis.

According to statistics, the disease atherosclerosis in the modern world begins much earlier than 100 years ago. The initial stage of the disease is diagnosed in adolescents. 75% of men and 38% of women suffer from this disease after 30–35 years.

Heart disease statistics include data on the “disease of civilization” – varicose veins. Statistics express the problem of venous disease in the lower extremities in the following figures:

25–33% of women suffer from this pathology;
10–20% of men have this disease;
in Russia, varicose veins were detected in 38 million people.

A special case of varicose veins is hemorrhoids. Disease statistics show that about 70% of the population suffers from the disease. The reasons are a sedentary lifestyle, poor diet and regular heavy lifting.

CRHD ranks fourth among heart diseases according to WHO. Women, children, adolescents and young adults are more susceptible to this pathology. Provoking factors are reduced immunity, frequent colds, staying in damp, cold rooms. What place does Russia take in terms of mortality from pathologies of the heart and blood vessels? The diagram shows the indicators distributed by country for 2006:

Blood disease statistics

Blood diseases belong to a different class of pathologies, different from heart and vascular diseases, according to the International Classification of Diseases ICD-10. This includes different types of anemia - pathologies in which the level of hemoglobin in the blood decreases.

According to WHO, anemia statistics have recorded about 2 billion people with low hemoglobin in the blood. Most of them are women and children. Pregnant women often suffer from anemia.

Statistics of gastrointestinal diseases

Statistics of gastrointestinal diseases, which were carried out on the basis of the State Autonomous Institution of the Orenburg Republic of Belarus, demonstrate an increase in the number of pathologies:

Disease	2012 (%)	2013 (%)	2014 (%)
Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum	10,5	7,0	6,7
Gastritis	3,6	0,8	1,2
Hernia pathologies	12,4	19,0	19,4
Other intestinal diseases, including colon	10,2	7,7	14,8
Peritonitis	0,9	0,5	–
Liver pathologies	8,7	7,0	5,9
Gallbladder and bile ducts	32,9	35,0	31,6
Pancreas	20,8	22,7	18,8
Enteritis and colitis	–	0,3	0,1
Anal abscess	–	–	1,5

Liver disease statistics show a slight decrease in the number of cases, but the number of biliary tract diseases has increased. The most common is chronic cholecystitis. This disease leads to:

pregnancy;
a rare meal, which provokes stagnation of bile.

According to statistics, 17–20% of the adult population of the planet are susceptible to cholecystitis. Statistics on gastritis show fewer cases compared to other digestive diseases. In itself, inflammation of the walls of the stomach is not a very dangerous problem; troubles begin with its development or the appearance of atrophic gastritis, when the cells of the mucous membrane die.

Over two years, statistics on intestinal diseases show an almost 2-fold increase in the number of cases. According to statistics, about 14% of the world's inhabitants suffer from ulcers as a stomach disease. Pathologies of the abdominal organs include:

acute stomach;
rectal prolapse;
strangulated hernia;
intestinal obstruction;
acute pancreatitis;
closed abdominal injuries;
perforated ulcer of the stomach and duodenum;
acute cholecystitis;
foreign bodies of soft tissues.

As a result of damage to the abdominal organs, adhesive disease may develop. Adjacent organs are glued together with sticky films, which subsequently shorten and thicken.

As the statistics of rectal diseases show, problems in this area do not rush people to see a doctor, and in vain. Constipation, rectal fissures, polyps are very common. In women, pregnancy and childbirth often cause pathologies in this area. Running processes also give rise to other troubles.

The diagram shows the structure of incidence (A) of infectious diseases and mortality from them (B).

The fight against infectious anomalies is complicated by the emergence of new species of bacteria that are resistant to modern antibiotics. The problem is associated with the wide availability of antibacterial agents in pharmacies and their excessive consumption.

Another dangerous factor is. To make more profit, animals destined for slaughter are fed large amounts of antibiotics, which then remain in the meat used for food. Antibacterial agents are also widely used in dairy farms to combat cow mastitis.

Data on HIV in Tatarstan

The number of people infected with immunodeficiency in 2017 from January to June is presented on the state website of Tatarstan and is 571 people. In 2016, this figure was 654 people. Statistics of viral diseases in this category highlight the main methods of transmission of infection - through blood, from mother to fetus, contaminated medical instruments, and sexual intercourse.

Prion diseases

Prions are pathological proteins that do not contain DNA or RNA. Once in the body of a person or animal, they multiply by absorbing healthy protein structures, which also become prions. The immune system does not fight these proteins because it does not perceive them as foreign. Prions are resistant to boiling, formalin treatment, cold, radiation and UV radiation.

The diseases cause damage to the central nervous system and can be infectious or inherited. Transmission routes:

infected products;
bone meal, in livestock feed;
gelatin and collagen;
soil;
medical instruments;
medicinal preparations made from the brain and lymph of cattle;
tissue for transplantation.

There are no official statistics of diseases in the Russian Federation, since there is no way to make a correct diagnosis. Over 25 years, only 20 cases of infection are known. Usually the diagnosis is made after the death of the patient based on existing complications. Prion pathology cannot be treated, but the disease is 100% curable.

Statistics of fungal diseases

According to the European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 832 million people in the world suffer from dangerous fungal pathologies. The highest concentrations are observed in 14 countries, including Pakistan, South Korea, Thailand, Uzbekistan and Egypt.

Among age-related diseases, statistics highlight cancer problems. Compared to other diseases, the likelihood of developing cancer increases with age. Disease statistics in Belarus:

Modern cancer statistics are associated with a changing demographic situation around the world, when increasing life expectancy increases the number of elderly people against the background of low life expectancy in some countries. In addition to new diseases that no one had heard of 100 years ago, there is a serious increase in cancer tumors in an aging society.

Over the past 5 years, the number of cancer diseases has increased by 15.4% in Bashkiria alone. In Crimea, 391 cases of tumor pathologies were recorded per 100 thousand people (2014). Forecasts for disease statistics in the world:

Leukemia disease statistics

Leukemia is increasingly being detected in children 3–4 years old or elderly people 60–70 years old. The number of people suffering from this disease is about 25 out of 100,000 people.

Statistics of endocrine diseases

As statistics on thyroid diseases show, the share of this pathology in the total number of problems with the endocrine system is the highest (38.1%).

Thyroid problems are largely associated with a lack of iodine in the body. In Russia, iodine deficiency and the diseases resulting from it are distributed unevenly across regions. Disease statistics in Ukraine are presented in the diagram:

The table shows diabetes statistics from the WHO report for 2016

Difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes:

The first is an autoimmune disease that usually appears in children and cannot be prevented. It makes up 5% of the total number of cases;
the second usually appears in adults or older people and is a consequence of poor lifestyle choices, including obesity and physical inactivity. This type of diabetes can be prevented or controlled.

The leaders in the number of people suffering from diabetes are China and India. The main reason is high population density. America takes 3rd place. In the United States, the problem is related to the unlimited consumption of fast food and the resulting obesity. Russia ranks fifth.

Adrenal disease statistics

Hormones produced by the adrenal glands take part in metabolism and are responsible for a person’s adaptation to external conditions. 85% of problems with the adrenal glands are associated with previous diseases - tuberculosis, heart attack and stroke, as well as long-term hormonal therapy.

According to statistics, respiratory diseases (RD) are considered to be the most common. According to the Institute of Pulmonology of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia, the annual increase in the number of cases of the disease is 5–7%. At the same time, statistics of influenza diseases during an epidemic show 5–10% of the victims of the total population of the country.

Allergic rhinitis or hay fever often appears in children 7–10 years old. It is most common among people aged 18–24 years. Over 10 years, the number of people susceptible to this disease has increased 5 times.

Of particular note are colds after Epiphany bathing. The question of faith is a very personal one, but it’s not worth going into water in 30 degree frost for the first time. For some, such experiments ended in serious illness and death.

Statistics of diseases caused by smoking

Consumers of tobacco products suffer from lung problems, cardiovascular pathologies and gastrointestinal diseases. There are more than 5 million cases of diseases associated with smoking.

Globally, 10% of people suffer from kidney-related diseases. At the same time, the statistics of kidney diseases indicate the presence of a chronic form. Anomalies are classified as follows:

Pathologies of immunity (chronic diseases).
Infectious and inflammatory processes (pyelonephritis, cystitis, prostatitis).
Changes due to metabolic disorders (kidney stones).
Toxic lesions.
Complications after other diseases.
Vascular nephropathies (in pregnant women).
Genetic changes.

Statistics on pyelonephritis in Russia show that women are more susceptible to this disease. Men suffer from it 6 times less often. Every second kidney pathology is associated with pyelonephritis. Every year in the United States, 8 million people go to hospitals with symptoms of pyelonephritis. Statistics of genitourinary diseases are presented in the diagram:

The main reason for the spread of pathologies of female organs is the unreliability of the information received by young girls. The provision of sex education classes in schools is controversial. Parents are ashamed to devote their child to issues of reproduction, the result is perverted information from peers and an unsuccessful first experience, ending with a sexually transmitted disease or inflammation.

Inflammatory processes of the uterine appendages can go unnoticed, but in 1 out of 5 cases they lead to the inability to give birth to a child. The real problem in gynecology has been the 1.4-fold increase in female rates over 5 years. Statistics on breast diseases highlight 40% of Russian women who have benign formations.

Statistics of skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases

According to WHO, the statistics of skin diseases is 22% of people in the world suffering from epidermal problems. A pathology such as atopic dermatitis is considered to be hereditary. It is transmitted to the child by one of the parents (50% of cases) or both (75%). The incidence of this pathology in children is 5%.

Statistics of eczema diseases annually total 2.36 million people in Russia alone. Psychologists classify 73–84% of skin pathologies as psychosomatic ailments.

Mental illness statistics

Mental health problems in Russia are higher than the world average - about 25% versus 15%. The difficult economic situation, the availability of drugs and the emergence of “death groups” on the global network are worsening the country’s indicators.

In Russia, the practice of receiving psychological services has not yet taken root, and conversations with clergy in the church that replaced it were destroyed by revolutionary reforms after 1917.

Statistics of diseases of the nervous system

Statistics of neurological diseases:

more than 6 million people in the world die every year from stroke;
50 million people suffer from epilepsy;
Every year there is an increase in patients with dementia by 7.7 million people.

CNS and PNS, relationship between the brain and spinal cord

For Russia, statistics on nervous diseases provide the following figures:

20% of all people who die die from a stroke;
25% of all deaths from stroke die within the first month, and 30% within the first year, the remaining 45% later;
only 20% of people who have had this disease return to a full life.

Statistics of eye diseases

In the world, 285 million people have vision problems. At the Russian ophthalmological forum in 2015, statistics on eye diseases were presented - in 2014, 11,108.8 cases per 100 thousand people were registered.

Diseases of the nose are the most common - 37%, followed by pathologies of the ear and pharynx - 30.7% and 21.8%, respectively.

Pathologies of the child's body

Disease statistics in Russia show that children under 3 years of age are most susceptible to infectious diseases. ARVI occurs 6 to 8 times a year and accounts for 90% of all illnesses in children. A child can become infected in kindergarten, while walking and in public places.

Health problems among schoolchildren are distributed across different age periods. 30% of children in schools suffer from the following diseases:

neurosis;
ENT diseases;
myopia;
scoliosis;
gastritis;
cardiovascular pathologies.

Complications after DTP

The DTP vaccine is aimed against diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough, that is, diseases that can most likely cause the death of a child. Data on diseases among vaccinated and unvaccinated children:

before the advent of vaccination, 20% of Russian children became infected with diphtheria, 10% of them died;
statistics of tetanus disease recorded death in 95% of children;
100% of children suffered from whooping cough.

Some discomfort is normal after vaccination. For young children, injections should be given not in the gluteal muscle, but in the thigh, the muscles of which are already sufficiently developed. Minor complications after vaccination:

fever, redness and swelling of the injection site – 25% of cases;
lethargy, loss of appetite, diarrhea and vomiting – 10% of cases.

Moderate complications:

seizures in 1 in 14,500 children;
Crying for more than 3 hours – 1 in 1000 children
temperature 39.5 °C or higher – 1 in 15,000 children.

Serious complications include an allergic reaction in girls (boys), which occurs in 1 in 1,000,000 cases. The rules for preparing a child for vaccination are common to all vaccinations.

Statistics of hereditary diseases

The causes of hereditary pathologies are mutations:

gene abnormalities are associated with their damage;
chromosomal diseases are associated with changes in their number and structure.

Statistics of genetic diseases in the world:

Statistics on congenital diseases show that the likelihood of having a child with Down syndrome is higher in pregnant women who postpone having children until a later age.

Statistics of purulent diseases

This type of illness is widespread and ranges from mild inflammation to deep lesions, which are included in the statistics of surgical diseases. Almost every inhabitant of the planet has at least once encountered a similar problem.

In 2016 (9 months), the Federal Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation registered 1,606 occupational diseases and 62 of them were fatal. Provoking factors:

Statistics of diseases caused by laser radiation

Lasers – optical quantum generators are widely used in manufacturing. Their use is associated with a number of factors that negatively affect people:

rays of powerful generators reflected from optical elements, devices and walls negatively affect the retina of the eye;
insufficient lighting of the production area;
sometimes there is a sharp increase in ozone in the indoor air;
nervous and emotional stress when working with dangerous equipment.

Statistics on the prevention of diseases from ACH at work imply the following activities:

Persons under 18 years of age are not allowed to work with lasers;
Once a year, laboratory employees are required to undergo a full medical examination;
Once every 3 months, a mandatory visit to an ophthalmologist;
carrying out cultural and educational work with employees;
mandatory intake of vitamins in spring and autumn.

Rehabilitation of patients

Medical statistics of diseases also gives insight into the prevention of pathologies and rehabilitation of patients. Rehabilitation actions are aimed at restoring body functions and adapting a person to new living conditions.

Health problems that result in death in 60% of cases are caused by coronary heart disease, stroke, respiratory tract damage and several other diseases:

Disease statistics in Kazakhstan

In 2016, an epidemic of anthrax broke out in Kazakhstan - a dangerous infectious disease that affects people and... The cause was outbreaks of infected livestock carcasses and human factors associated with the spread of meat from sick animals throughout the regions. Human incidence rates have risen to 0.11 per 100,000 people compared to 2015, when no cases were reported.

At a professional round table, psychiatrists diagnosed Russian society. The main problems are the increase in mental disorders and reluctance to see doctors.

Text: Elena Kudryavtseva, Natalia Nekhlebova

The world is gradually going crazy, and Russia is in the global trend. Every fifth resident of our country suffers from one or another mental disorder, and every second has a chance of developing it during his life.

Anxiety is in first place among Russians' mental disorders, insomnia is second, followed by depression and senile dementia. At the same time, women are more vulnerable: according to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 26 percent of the fairer sex and 12 percent of men suffer from depression (this is worldwide statistics).

All this is only part of the alarming statistics cited by the chief psychiatrist of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, director of the National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology. Serbian Zurab Kekelidze in his speech at the round table dedicated to the 160th anniversary of the birth of the founder of forensic psychiatry in Russia Vladimir Serbskog O. It is clear from other speeches: the figures given are just the tip of the iceberg. Domestic psychiatrists are concerned about the underlying processes in society, in particular the fact that a wave of illnesses has hit not only adults, but also children.

“Mental illnesses affect approximately 20-25 percent of children today,” says Moscow’s chief child psychiatrist Anna Portnova.— The largest number of disorders occurs at the age of 6-7 years, when children go to school.

The disease can be caused by a variety of reasons: overwork, “mistreatment of students by teachers,” bullying at school, etc. If at an earlier age a child falls into apathy and loses interest in life because of these problems, then in adolescence they threaten suicide.

Professor Kekelidze noted: Russia fits into global trends, but there are also peculiarities. Thus, Russian patients are not treated. Those who have never received the help of a psychiatrist avoid treatment in a psychoneurological dispensary or hospital for fear of being labeled “psycho.” And those who have already been admitted to a psychiatric clinic cannot return for qualified help due to the reduction of beds in hospitals and the collapse of psychiatrists’ offices in clinics.

“There is an actual squeezing of psychiatric hospitals from the city center to the periphery,” said Zurab Kekelidze. “This was the case with the Alekseevskaya hospital (popularly known as Kashchenko - editor’s note), in the same situation are other brilliant clinics that are becoming difficult to access for patients and their relatives.

In general, doctors themselves note: after the reform of the legislation on mental health care in the late 2000s, patients with mental disorders largely fell out of the sight of the state. Thus, special hiring quotas have been created for people with disabilities, there are state programs for their integration into society, but for people suffering from mild mental disorders, of which there are disproportionately more, there is nothing like that.

“Moreover, the so-called soft accounting outlined in modern legislation on the provision of psychiatric care, coupled with the closure of specialized clinics, has led to the fact that patients literally have nowhere to go, they are left to their own devices,” they told us on the sidelines. “Especially in the outback, where people with mental disorders need to travel hundreds of kilometers to medical centers where there are psychiatrists.

According to our interlocutors, ten years ago, doctors came to the homes of the same patients with schizophrenia to find out how they were feeling, and none of the patients complained of a violation of their rights. “Now the patient is left alone with his worries and experiences, and doctors do not have the right to inquire about the patient’s condition until he comes for an appointment. But due to the peculiarities of perception, and sometimes bureaucratic difficulties, it is difficult to get an appointment. As a result, it comes to the murder of loved ones, which could have been prevented by providing timely assistance.”

Doctors have long been unable to force anyone to undergo treatment, but psychiatric clinics and the specialists themselves, in the minds of most Russians, bear a demonic imprint. Although, according to doctors, modern psychiatry treats even seriously ill patients as humanely as possible.

“When I first saw the film “The Silence of the Lambs,” where a maniac sits muzzled behind bars, I was horrified - this simply cannot happen in Russia,” one of the doctors at the Serbsky Institute told us on the sidelines. “Even Chikatilo ( serial killer, found guilty of murdering 65 children and women - editor's note) sat with us without any bars. There is only one straitjacket in the entire Serbian Institute, and that’s in the museum!

Mistrust of psychiatry leads to the existence of double standards.

“On the one hand, society advocates that patients with the same epilepsy and drug addiction do not need to be registered in psychoneurological dispensaries, because then they cannot get a driver’s license,” says Zurab Kekelidze. “On the other hand, everyone wants to improve safety road traffic. But these are mutually exclusive things! Also, everyone here says that people with mental disorders cannot be drafted into the army, but at the same time they don’t want a note about this to appear on the military ID (this could affect hiring—ed.).

The situation can only be corrected by gradual, competent reform of the entire industry.

The number of mental disorders in Russia will only grow. Moreover, we are mainly not talking about severe pathologies, but about more “socially acceptable” ones - depression, senile dementia, neuroses. The trouble is that if they are not treated, they can turn into more serious problems, so doctors invite everyone to psychiatric hospitals: “We have very good conditions, there are cinema halls, gardens are blooming all around, patients can move freely around the territory and go home if they wish.” “, they say. According to experts, it is important to understand that mental disorder is the same illness as obesity or high blood pressure, which can be successfully treated. If, of course, you tackle it in time.

Therapeutic anxiety

Numbers

The dynamics of the reduction in the number of psychiatrists and beds in psychiatric hospitals in the Russian Federation is especially impressive given the fact that there are more and more mentally ill people in the country every year

Number of psychiatrists and narcologists (thousands of people)

2005 - 24.7

Number of psychoneurological hospitals (thousands)

2005 - 115

Number of psychiatric beds (thousands)

Source: Rosstat

expertise

The Depression Trap

Nadezhda Demcheva, head of the Laboratory of Analytical Epidemiology, Institute of Forensic Psychiatry named after. Serbian

Depression is rapidly becoming the most significant mental illness in the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that, on average, depression affects approximately 10.4 percent of the population. However, in Western Europe these figures are higher: in the UK - 16.9 percent of patients from the total population, in France - 13.7, and in Germany - 11.2. Let me note: the measurements were made using a special method - people who came to a general clinic were diagnosed.

In Russia, official statistics are sharply different: we have only 0.1 percent of the entire population registered as suffering from depression.

But when we conducted the study using the same methods that are used abroad, we got a figure of 38 percent. This is a lot, considering that depression is a serious mental disorder that is manifested by decreased mood, loss of interests and the ability to experience joy. In a more severe version, it enters the chronic phase and threatens suicide. That is, this is a condition that must be treated by specialists. But this is exactly what is not happening in Russia: 0.1 percent of people with depression are people who finally reached a psychiatrist and, as a rule, in their case we are talking about an advanced form. The rest leave the disease to chance.

The fact that we rarely turn to psychiatrists is due to a whole set of factors, one of the most important being stigmatization. A person who needs the help of a psychiatrist still becomes a social outcast in our country.

The second point is the general low standard of living: not everyone can afford to go to a private clinic, not everyone can turn to a psychoanalyst, not everyone can undergo treatment in a state clinic, because for this you need to regularly attend therapy sessions for at least a month. As a result, the situations get worse and go into a cycle: due to the general low standard of living, a person falls into depression, cannot get out of it because he does not have the money and time for this, loses his job and finds himself in an even more difficult situation.

Speaking about the geography of the spread of depression in Russia, it is interesting to note that there are no big differences by region. There is no particular surge in megacities, where life would seem to be more stressful. Moreover, in 2010, when we conducted mass surveys of the population, we even identified a slight preponderance of people with mental illness in rural areas compared to urban residents. But since 2005, when the consolidation of medical centers began in the country, this trend has disappeared simply because residents from the outback cannot get to medical centers and remain outside the attention of specialists. So today depression is detected where there is a good specialist who organizes the appropriate work. In fact, studying depression in Russia requires the most serious and large-scale research.

briefing

Arkady Shmilovich, head of the medical and rehabilitation department of PKB N1 named after. N.A. Alekseeva

Every year, more than 7 million people officially seek psychiatric help. But this, from my point of view, is a greatly reduced figure, because many do it unofficially. Any cataclysms, crises, uncertainty about the future, stress, fears of terrorist attacks give rise to mental disorders. There are certainly more frustrations as life gets more stressful.