List of modern penicillin antibiotics. Penicillin antibiotics - list of drugs with instructions, indications and price

The first antibiotics were penicillin, which saved many thousands of lives during the Second World War and is still relevant in modern medical practice. It was with them that the era of antibiotic therapy began and thanks to them all other antimicrobial drugs were obtained.

This section provides a complete list of currently relevant antimicrobial drugs. In addition to the characteristics of the main compounds, all trade names and analogues are given.

Main title	Antimicrobial activity	Analogues
Benzylpenicillin potassium and sodium salts	Affects mainly gram-positive microorganisms. Currently, most strains have developed resistance, but spirochetes are still sensitive to the substance.	Gramox-D, Ospen, Star-Pen, Ospamox
Benzylpenicillin procaine	Indicated for the treatment of streptococcal and pneumococcal infections. Compared to potassium and sodium salts, it has a longer effect, since it dissolves more slowly and is absorbed from the intramuscular depot.	Benzylpenicillin-KMP (-G, -Teva, -G 3 mega)
Bicillins (1, 3 and 5)	It is used for chronic rheumatism for prophylactic purposes, as well as for the treatment of infectious diseases of moderate and mild severity caused by streptococci.	Benzicillin-1, Moldamine, Extincillin, Retarpin
Phenoxymethylpenicillin	It has a therapeutic effect similar to the previous groups, but is not destroyed in the acidic gastric environment. Available in tablet form.	V-Penicillin, Kliatsil, Ospen, Penicillin-Fau, Vepicombin, Megacillin Oral, Pen-os, Star-Pen
Oxacillin	Active against staphylococci that produce penicillinase. It is characterized by low antimicrobial activity and is completely ineffective against penicillin-resistant bacteria.	Oksamp, Ampioks, Oksamp-Sodium, Oksamsar
Ampicillin	Extended spectrum of antimicrobial activity. In addition to the main range of inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, it also treats those caused by Escherichia, Shigella, and Salmonella.	Ampicillin AMP-KID (-AMP-Forte, -Ferein, -AKOS, -trihydrate, -Innotek), Zetsil, Pentrixil, Penodil, Standacillin
Amoxicillin	Used to treat inflammation of the respiratory and urinary tract. After identifying the bacterial origin of the stomach ulcer, Helicobacter pylori is used to eradicate.	Flemoxin solutab, Hiconcil, Amosin, Ospamox, Ecobol
Carbenicillin	The spectrum of antimicrobial action includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae. Digestibility and bactericidal effect are higher than those of Carbenicillin.	Securopen
Piperacillin	Similar to the previous one, but the level of toxicity is increased.	Isipen, Pipracil, Picillin, Piprax
Amoxicillin/clavulanate	Due to the inhibitor, the spectrum of antimicrobial activity is expanded compared to an unprotected agent.	Augmentin, Flemoklav solyutab, Amoxiclav, Amklav, Amovicombe, Verklav, Ranklav, Arlet, Klamosar, Rapiklav
Ampicillin/sulbactam		Sulacillin, Liboccil, Unazin, Sultasin
Ticarcillin/clavulanate	The main indication for use is nosocomial infections.	Hymentin
Piperacillin/tazobactam		Tazocin

The information provided is for informational purposes only and is not a guide to action. All prescriptions are made exclusively by a doctor, and therapy is carried out under his supervision.

Despite the low toxicity of penicillins, their uncontrolled use leads to serious consequences: the formation of resistance in the pathogen and the transition of the disease to a chronic form that is difficult to cure. It is for this reason that most strains of pathogenic bacteria today are resistant to first-generation ALD.

The medication prescribed by the specialist should be used for antibacterial therapy. Independent attempts to find a cheap analogue and save money can lead to a worsening of the condition.

For example, the dosage of the active substance in a generic may differ up or down, which will negatively affect the course of treatment.

When you have to change a medicine due to an acute lack of finances, you need to ask your doctor about it, since only a specialist will be able to choose the best option.

Drugs of the penicillin group belong to the so-called beta-lactams - chemical compounds that have a beta-lactam ring in their formula.

This structural component is crucial in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases: it prevents bacteria from producing a special biopolymer of peptidoglycan, which is necessary for the construction of the cell membrane. As a result, the membrane cannot form and the microorganism dies. There is no destructive effect on human and animal cells due to the fact that they do not contain peptidoglycan.

Medications based on waste products of mold fungi have become widespread in all areas of medicine due to the following properties:

• High bioavailability - drugs are quickly absorbed and distributed throughout the tissues. The weakening of the blood-brain barrier during inflammation of the meninges also contributes to penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid.
• Extensive spectrum of antimicrobial action. Unlike first-generation chemicals, modern penicillins are effective against the vast majority of gram-negative and positive bacteria. They are also resistant to penicillinase and the acidic environment of the stomach.
• Lowest toxicity among all antibiotics. They are approved for use even during pregnancy, and proper use (as prescribed by a doctor and according to the instructions) almost completely eliminates the development of side effects.

In the process of research and experiments, many medications with different properties were obtained. For example, if they belong to the general series, penicillin and ampicillin are not the same thing. All penicillin antibiotics are well compatible with most other drugs. As for complex therapy with other types of antibacterial drugs, combined use with bacteriostatics weakens the effectiveness of penicillins.

A thorough study of the properties of the first antibiotic showed its imperfection. Despite a fairly wide spectrum of antimicrobial action and low toxicity, natural penicillin turned out to be sensitive to a special destructive enzyme (penicillinase) produced by some bacteria. In addition, it completely lost its qualities in an acidic gastric environment, so it was used exclusively in the form of injections. In search of more effective and stable compounds, various semi-synthetic drugs have been created.

Today, penicillin antibiotics, a full list of which is given below, are divided into 4 main groups.

Produced by the mold fungi Penicillium notatum and Penicillium chrysogenum, benzylpenicillin is an acid in molecular structure. For medical purposes, it chemically combines with sodium or potassium to form salts. The resulting compounds are used to prepare injection solutions that are quickly absorbed.

The therapeutic effect is observed within 10-15 minutes after administration, but lasts no more than 4 hours, which requires frequent repeated injections into muscle tissue (in special cases, the sodium salt can be administered intravenously).

These drugs penetrate well into the lungs and mucous membranes, and to a lesser extent into the cerebrospinal and synovial fluids, myocardium and bones. However, with inflammation of the meninges (meningitis), the permeability of the blood-brain barrier increases, which allows for successful treatment.

To prolong the effect of the drug, natural benzylpenicillin is combined with novocaine and other substances. The resulting salts (novocainic, Bicillin-1, 3 and 5) after intramuscular injection form a medicinal depot at the injection site, from where the active substance enters the blood constantly and at a low speed. This property makes it possible to reduce the number of administrations to 2 times a day while maintaining the therapeutic effect of potassium and sodium salts.

These drugs are used for long-term antibiotic therapy of chronic rheumatism, syphilis, and focal streptococcal infection.
Phenoxymethylpenicillin is another form of benzylpenicillin intended for the treatment of moderate infectious diseases. Differs from those described above in its resistance to hydrochloric acid of gastric juice.

This quality allows the medicine to be produced in the form of tablets for oral use (4 to 6 times a day). Most pathogenic bacteria, except spirochetes, are currently resistant to biosynthetic penicillins.

Read also: Instructions for using penicillin in injections and tablets

Natural benzylpenicillin is inactive against staphylococcus strains that produce penicillinase (this enzyme destroys the beta-lactam ring of the active substance).

For a long time, penicillin was not used to treat staphylococcal infections, until oxacillin was synthesized on its basis in 1957. It inhibits the activity of beta-lactamases of the pathogen, but is ineffective against diseases caused by strains sensitive to benzylpenicillin. This group also includes cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, methicillin and others, which are almost never used in modern medical practice due to increased toxicity.

This includes two subgroups of antimicrobial agents intended for oral use and having a bactericidal effect against most pathogenic microorganisms (both gram+ and gram-).

Compared to the previous groups, these compounds have two significant advantages. Firstly, they are active against a wider range of pathogens, and secondly, they are available in tablet form, which makes them much easier to use. Disadvantages include sensitivity to beta-lactamase, that is, aminopenicillins (ampicillin and amoxicillin) are unsuitable for the treatment of staphylococcal infections.

However, in combination with oxacillin (Ampiox) they become resistant.

The drugs are well absorbed and act for a long time, which reduces the frequency of use to 2-3 times every 24 hours. The main indications for use are meningitis, sinusitis, otitis, infectious diseases of the urinary and upper respiratory tract, enterocolitis and eradication of Helicobacter (the causative agent of stomach ulcers). A common side effect of aminopenicillins is a characteristic rash of a non-allergic nature, which immediately disappears after discontinuation.

They are a separate penicillin series of antibiotics, the name of which makes their purpose clear. Antibacterial activity is similar to aminopenicillins (with the exception of pseudomonas) and is pronounced against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

According to the degree of effectiveness they are divided into:

• Carboxypenicillins, the clinical significance of which has recently decreased. Carbenicillin, the first of this subgroup, is also effective against ampicillin-resistant Proteus. Currently, almost all strains are resistant to carboxypenicillins.
• Ureidopenicillins are more effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and can also be prescribed for inflammation caused by Klebsiella. The most effective are Piperacillin and Azlocillin, of which only the latter remains relevant in medical practice.

Today, the vast majority of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are resistant to carboxypenicillins and ureidopenicillins. For this reason, their clinical significance is decreasing.

The ampicillin group of antibiotics, highly active against most pathogens, is destroyed by penicillinase-forming bacteria. Since the bactericidal effect of oxacillin, which is resistant to them, is significantly weaker than that of ampicillin and amoxicillin, combined medications were synthesized.

In combination with sulbactam, clavulanate and tazobactam, antibiotics obtain a second beta-lactam ring and, accordingly, immunity to beta-lactamases. In addition, inhibitors have their own antibacterial effect, enhancing the main active ingredient.

Inhibitor-protected drugs successfully treat severe nosocomial infections, strains of which are resistant to most drugs.

Read also: About the modern classification of antibiotics by group of parameters

Its broad spectrum of action and good tolerance by patients have made penicillin the optimal treatment for infectious diseases. At the dawn of the era of antimicrobial drugs, benzylpenicillin and its salts were the drugs of choice, but at the moment most pathogens are resistant to them. However, modern semi-synthetic penicillin antibiotics in tablets, injections and other dosage forms occupy one of the leading places in antibiotic therapy in a variety of fields of medicine.

The discoverer also noted the particular effectiveness of penicillin against pathogens of respiratory diseases, so the drug is most widely used in this area. Almost all of them have a detrimental effect on bacteria that cause sinusitis, meningitis, bronchitis, pneumonia and other diseases of the lower and upper respiratory tract.

Inhibitor-protected drugs treat even particularly dangerous and persistent nosocomial infections.

Spirochetes are one of the few microorganisms that have retained susceptibility to benzylpenicillin and its derivatives. Benzylpenicillins are also effective against gonococci, which makes it possible to successfully treat syphilis and gonorrhea with minimal negative effects on the patient’s body.

Intestinal inflammation caused by pathogenic microflora responds well to treatment with acid-resistant medications.

Of particular importance are aminopenicillins, which are part of the complex eradication of Helicobacter.

In obstetric and gynecological practice, many penicillin drugs from the list are used both to treat bacterial infections of the female reproductive system and to prevent infection of newborns.

Here, penicillin antibiotics also occupy a worthy place: eye drops, ointments and injection solutions treat keratitis, abscesses, gonococcal conjunctivitis and other eye diseases.

Diseases of the urinary system that are of bacterial origin respond well to treatment only with inhibitor-protected medications. The remaining subgroups are ineffective, since pathogen strains are highly resistant to them.

Penicillins are used in almost all areas of medicine for inflammation caused by pathogenic microorganisms, and not only for treatment. For example, in surgical practice they are prescribed to prevent postoperative complications.

Treatment with antibacterial medications in general and penicillins in particular should be carried out only as prescribed by a doctor. Despite the minimal toxicity of the medicine itself, its improper use seriously harms the body. In order for antibiotic therapy to lead to recovery, you should follow medical recommendations and know the characteristics of the drug.

The scope of application of penicillin and various drugs based on it in medicine is determined by the activity of the substance against specific pathogens. Bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects occur in relation to:

• Gram-positive bacteria - gonococci and meningococci;
• Gram-negative - various staphylococci, streptococci and pneumococci, diphtheria, pseudomonas and anthrax bacilli, Proteus;
• Actinomycetes and spirochetes.

Low toxicity and a broad spectrum of action make antibiotics of the penicillin group the optimal treatment for tonsillitis, pneumonia (both focal and lobar), scarlet fever, diphtheria, meningitis, blood poisoning, septicemia, pleurisy, pyemia, osteomyelitis in acute and chronic forms, septic endocarditis, various purulent infections of the skin, mucous membranes and soft tissues, erysipelas, anthrax, gonorrhea, actinomycosis, syphilis, blenorrhea, as well as eye diseases and ENT diseases.

Strict contraindications include only individual intolerance to benzylpenicillin and other drugs in this group. Also, endolumbar (injection into the spinal cord) administration of drugs to patients with diagnosed epilepsy is not permitted.

During pregnancy, antibiotic therapy with penicillin drugs should be treated with extreme caution. Despite the fact that they have minimal teratogenic effects, tablets and injections should be prescribed only in cases of urgent need, assessing the degree of risk to the fetus and the pregnant woman herself.

Since penicillin and its derivatives pass freely from the bloodstream into breast milk, it is advisable to avoid breastfeeding during therapy. The medicine can provoke a severe allergic reaction in a baby even at the first use. To prevent lactation from stopping, milk must be expressed regularly.

Among other antibacterial agents, penicillins stand out due to their low toxicity.

Undesirable consequences of use include:

• Allergic reactions. Most often they manifest themselves as skin rash, itching, urticaria, fever and swelling. Extremely rarely, in severe cases, anaphylactic shock is possible, requiring immediate administration of an antidote (adrenaline).
• Dysbacteriosis. An imbalance of natural microflora leads to digestive disorders (flatulence, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain) and the development of candidiasis. In the latter case, the mucous membranes of the mouth (in children) or vagina are affected.
• Neurotoxic reactions. The negative effect of penicillin on the central nervous system is manifested by increased reflex excitability, nausea and vomiting, convulsions, and sometimes coma.

Timely medicinal support of the body will help prevent the development of dysbiosis and avoid allergies. It is advisable to combine antibiotic therapy with the intake of pre- and probiotics, as well as desensitizers (if sensitivity is increased).

Tablets and injections should be prescribed to children with caution, taking into account possible negative reactions, and the choice of a specific drug should be approached thoughtfully.

In the first years of life, benzylpenicillin is used in cases of sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. For the treatment of respiratory infections, sore throat, bronchitis and sinusitis, the safest antibiotics from the list are selected: Amoxicillin, Augmentin, Amoxiclav.

A child's body is much more sensitive to drugs than an adult's. Therefore, you should carefully monitor the baby’s condition (penicillin is excreted slowly and, when accumulated, can cause convulsions), and also take preventive measures. The latter include the use of pre- and probiotics to protect the intestinal microflora, diet and comprehensive strengthening of the immune system.

A little theory:

The discovery, which made a real revolution in medicine at the beginning of the 20th century, was made by accident. It must be said that the antibacterial properties of mold fungi were noticed by people in ancient times.

Alexander Fleming - discoverer of penicillin

The Egyptians, for example, 2500 years ago treated inflamed wounds with compresses made from moldy bread, but scientists took up the theoretical side of the issue only in the 19th century. European and Russian researchers and doctors, studying antibiosis (the ability of some microorganisms to destroy others), attempted to derive practical benefits from it.

This was achieved by Alexander Fleming, a British microbiologist, who in 1928, on September 28, discovered mold in Petri dishes with colonies of staphylococcus. Its spores, which got onto the crops due to the negligence of the laboratory staff, sprouted and destroyed pathogenic bacteria. Interested, Fleming carefully studied this phenomenon and isolated a bactericidal substance called penicillin. For many years, the discoverer worked to obtain a chemically pure, stable compound suitable for treating people, but others invented it.

In 1941, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey were able to purify penicillin from impurities and conducted clinical trials with Fleming. The results were so successful that by 1943, mass production of the drug was organized in the United States, which saved many hundreds of thousands of lives during the war. The services of Fleming, Chain and Flory to humanity were recognized in 1945: the discoverer and developers became Nobel Prize laureates.

Subsequently, the original chemical was constantly improved. This is how modern penicillins appeared, resistant to the acidic environment of the stomach, resistant to penicillinase and more effective in general.

Read a fascinating article: The inventor of antibiotics or the story of saving humanity!

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Mushrooms are a kingdom of living organisms. Mushrooms come in many varieties: some of them end up in our diet, some cause skin diseases, and some are so poisonous that they can cause death. But fungi of the genus Penicillium save millions of human lives from pathogenic bacteria.

Penicillin antibiotics based on this mold (mold is also a fungus) are still used in medicine.

In the 30s of the last century, Alexander Fleming conducted experiments with staphylococci. He studied bacterial infections. Having grown a group of these pathogens in a nutrient medium, the scientist noticed that there were areas in the dish around which there were no living bacteria. The investigation showed that the culprit for these stains was ordinary green mold, which likes to settle on stale bread. The mold was called Penicillium and, as it turned out, produced a substance that kills staphylococci.

Fleming studied the issue further and soon isolated pure penicillin, which became the world's first antibiotic. The principle of action of the medicine is as follows: when a bacterial cell divides, each half restores its cell membrane with the help of a special chemical element, peptidoglycan. Penicillin blocks the formation of this element, and the bacterial cell simply “resolves” in the environment.

But difficulties soon arose. Bacterial cells learned to resist the drug - they began to produce an enzyme called “beta-lactamase,” which destroys beta-lactams (the basis of penicillin).

For the next 10 years, an invisible war took place between pathogens that destroy penicillin, and scientists who modify this penicillin. This is how many modifications of penicillin were born, which now form the entire penicillin series of antibiotics.

The drug for any type of use spreads quickly throughout the body, penetrating almost all its parts. Exceptions: cerebrospinal fluid, prostate and visual system. In these places the concentration is very low, under normal conditions it does not exceed 1 percent. With inflammation, a rise of up to 5% is possible.

Antibiotics do not affect the cells of the human body, since the latter do not contain peptidoglycan.

The medicine is quickly eliminated from the body; after 1-3 hours, most of it is excreted through the kidneys.

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All drugs are divided into: natural (short and long-acting) and semi-synthetic (antistaphylococcal, broad-spectrum drugs, antipseudomonas).

These drugs obtained directly from mold. At the moment, most of them are obsolete, as pathogens have become immune to them. In medicine, benzylpenicillin and Bicillin are most often used, which are effective against gram-positive bacteria and cocci, some anaerobes and spirochetes. All these antibiotics are used only as injections into the muscles, since the acidic environment of the stomach quickly destroys them.

Benzylpenicillin in the form of sodium and potassium salts is a natural short-acting antibiotic. Its effect wears off after 3-4 hours, so frequent repeated injections are necessary.

Trying to eliminate this deficiency, pharmacists created natural long-acting antibiotics: Bicillin and benzylpenicillin novocaine salt. These drugs are called “depot forms” because after injection into the muscle they form a “depot” in it, from which the medicine is slowly absorbed into the body.

Examples of drugs: benzylpenicillin salt (sodium, potassium or novocaine), Bicillin-1, Bicillin-3, Bicillin-5.

Several decades after penicillin was obtained pharmacists were able to isolate its main active ingredient, and the process of modification began. Most drugs, after improvement, became resistant to the acidic environment of the stomach, and semi-synthetic penicillins began to be produced in tablets.

Isoxazolepenicillins are drugs that are effective against staphylococci. The latter have learned to produce an enzyme that destroys benzylpenicillin, and drugs from this group interfere with the production of the enzyme. But you have to pay for the improvement - drugs of this type are less well absorbed into the body and have a smaller spectrum of action compared to natural penicillins. Examples of drugs: Oxacillin, Nafcillin.

Aminopenicillins are broad-spectrum drugs. They are inferior to benzylpenicillins in the fight against gram-positive bacteria, but cover a wider range of infections. Compared to other drugs, they remain in the body longer and penetrate certain body barriers better. Examples of drugs: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin. You can often find Ampiox - Ampicillin + Oxacillin.

Carboxypenicillins and ureidopenicillins – antibiotics effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. At the moment, they are practically not used, since infections quickly become resistant to them. Occasionally you can find them as part of a comprehensive treatment.

Examples of drugs: Ticarcillin, Piperacillin

Pills

Sumamed

Active ingredient: azithromycin.

Indications: respiratory tract infections.

Contraindications: intolerance, severe renal failure, children under 6 months of age.

Price: 300-500 rubles.

Oxacillin

Active ingredient: oxacillin.

Indications: infections sensitive to the drug.

Price: 30-60 rubles.

Amoxicillin Sandoz

Indications: respiratory tract infections (including sore throat, bronchitis), genitourinary system infections, skin infections, other infections.

Contraindications: intolerance, children under 3 years of age.

Price: 150 rubles.

Ampicillin trihydrate

Indications: pneumonia, bronchitis, tonsillitis, other infections.

Contraindications: hypersensitivity, liver failure.

Price: 24 rubles.

Phenoxymethylpenicillin

Active ingredient: phenoxymethylpenicillin.

Indications: streptococcal diseases, mild to moderate infections.

Price: 7 rubles.

Amoxiclav

Active ingredient: amoxicillin + clavulanic acid.

Indications: infections of the respiratory tract, urinary system, gynecological infections, other infections sensitive to amoxicillin.

Contraindications: hypersensitivity, jaundice, mononucleosis and lymphocytic leukemia.

Price: 116 rubles.

Bicillin-1

Active ingredient: benzathine benzylpenicillin.

Indications: acute tonsillitis, scarlet fever, wound infections, erysipelas, syphilis, leishmaniasis.

Contraindications: hypersensitivity.

Price: 15 rubles per injection.

Ospamox

Active ingredient: amoxicillin.

Indications: infections of the lower and upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system, gynecological and surgical infections.

Contraindications: hypersensitivity, severe gastrointestinal infections, lymphocytic leukemia, mononucleosis.

Price: 65 rubles.

Ampicillin

Active ingredient: ampicillin.

Indications: infections of the respiratory and urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, meningitis, endocarditis, sepsis, whooping cough.

Contraindications: hypersensitivity, impaired renal function, childhood, pregnancy.

Price: 163 rubles.

Benzylpenicillin

Indications: severe infections, congenital syphilis, abscesses, pneumonia, erysipelas, anthrax, tetanus.

Contraindications: intolerance.

Price: 2.8 rubles per injection.

Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt

Active ingredient: benzylpenicillin.

Indications: similar to benzylpenicillin.

Contraindications: intolerance.

Price: 43 rubles for 10 injections.

Amoxiclav, Ospamox, Oxacillin are suitable for treating children. But Before using the medicine, you must consult your doctor to adjust the dose.

Antibiotics of the penicillin group are prescribed for infections; the type of antibiotics is selected based on the type of infection. These can be various cocci, rods, anaerobic bacteria, and so on.

Most often, infections of the respiratory tract and genitourinary system are treated with antibiotics.

In the case of treating children, you must follow the instructions of the doctor, who will prescribe the right antibiotic and adjust the dose.

In case of pregnancy, antibiotics must be used with extreme caution, as they penetrate into the fetus. During lactation, it is better to switch to mixtures, since the medicine also penetrates into the milk.

There are no special instructions for older people, although the doctor should consider the condition of the patient's kidneys and liver when prescribing treatment.

The main and, often, the only contraindication is individual intolerance. It occurs frequently - in approximately 10% of patients. Additional contraindications depend on the specific antibiotic and are specified in the instructions for use.

If side effects occur, you should immediately seek medical help, discontinue the drug and carry out symptomatic treatment.

Where does penicillin mold grow?

Almost everywhere. This mold includes dozens of subspecies, and each of them has its own habitat. The most notable representatives are penicillin mold, which grows on bread (it also attacks apples, causing them to quickly rot) and the mold used in the production of some cheeses.

What can replace penicillin antibiotics?

If the patient is allergic to penicillin, non-penicillin antibiotics can be used. Names of drugs: Cefadroxil, Cephalexin, Azithromycin. The most popular option is Erythromycin. But you need to know that Erythromycin often causes dysbiosis and stomach upset.

Penicillin antibiotics are a powerful remedy against infections caused by various bacteria. There are quite a few types of them, and treatment must be selected according to the type of pathogen.

They seem harmless to the body due to the fact that the only contraindication is a hypersensitivity reaction, but improper treatment or self-medication can provoke resistance of the pathogen to the antibiotic, and you will have to select another treatment, more dangerous and less effective.

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Antibiotics owe their appearance to the Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming. More precisely, his sloppiness. In September 1928, he returned to his laboratory from a long trip. During this time, a moldy area grew in a Petri dish forgotten on the table, and a ring of dead microbes formed around it. It was this phenomenon that a microbiologist noticed and began to study.

The mold in the test tube contained a substance that Fleming called penicillin. However, 13 years passed before penicillin was obtained in its pure form, and its effect was first tested on humans. Mass production of the new drug began in 1943, at a factory where whiskey was previously brewed.

Today, there are about several thousand natural and synthetic substances that have an antimicrobial effect. However, the most popular of them are still penicillin drugs.

Any pathogenic microorganism, entering the blood or tissues, begins to divide and grow. The effectiveness of penicillins is based on their ability to disrupt the formation of bacterial cell walls.

Antibiotics of the penicillin group block special enzymes that are responsible for the synthesis of the protective peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial shell. It is thanks to this layer that they remain insensitive to aggressive environmental influences.

The result of disrupted synthesis is the inability of the shell to withstand the difference between external pressure and pressure inside the cell itself, which is why the microorganism swells and simply bursts.

Penicillins are antibiotics that have a bacteriostatic effect, that is, they affect only active microorganisms that are at the stage of division and formation of new cell membranes.

According to the chemical classification, penicillin antibiotics are classified as β-lactam antibiotics. In their structure they contain a special beta-lactam ring, which determines their main effect. Today the list of such drugs is quite large.

The first, natural penicillin, despite all its effectiveness, had one significant drawback. It was not resistant to the enzyme penicillinase, which was produced by almost all microorganisms. Therefore, scientists have created semi-synthetic and synthetic analogues. Today, antibiotics of the penicillin group include three main types.

As many years ago, they are obtained using molds Penicillium notatum and Penicillium chrysogenum. The main representatives of this group today are benzylpenicillin sodium or potassium salt, as well as their analogues Bicillins -1, 3 and 5, which are the novocaine salt of penicillin. These drugs are not resistant to the aggressive environment of the stomach and therefore are used only by injection.

Benzylpenicillins are characterized by a rapid onset of therapeutic effect, which develops literally in 10–15 minutes. However, its duration is very short, only 4 hours. Bicillin can boast of greater stability, thanks to its combination with novocaine; its action lasts for 8 hours.

Another representative included in the list of this group, phenoxymethylpenicillin, is resistant to acidic environments, therefore it is available in tablets and suspensions that can be used by children. However, it also does not differ in duration of action and can be prescribed 4 to 6 times a day.

Natural penicillins are used very rarely today due to the fact that most pathological microorganisms have developed resistance to them.

This penicillin group of antibiotics was obtained using various chemical reactions by adding additional radicals to the main molecule. A slightly modified chemical structure gave these substances new properties, such as resistance to penicillinase and a broader spectrum of action.

Semi-synthetic penicillins include:

• Antistaphylococcal, such as Oxacillin, obtained in 1957 and still used today, and cloxacillin, flucloxacillin, and dicloxacillin, which are not used due to high toxicity.
• Antipseudomonas, a special group of penicillins that was created to combat infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These include Carbenicillin, Piperacillin and Azlocillin. Unfortunately, today these antibiotics are used very rarely, and due to the resistance of microorganisms to them, new drugs are not being added to their list.
• Penicillin series of broad-spectrum antibiotics. This group acts on many microorganisms and is resistant to acidic environments, which means it is available not only in injection solutions, but also in tablets and suspensions for children. This includes the aminopenicillins that are most commonly used, such as Ampicillin, Ampiox and Amoxicillin. The drugs have a long-lasting effect and are usually used 2-3 times a day.

Of the entire group of semi-synthetic drugs, it is penicillin-broad-spectrum antibiotics that are the most popular and are used in both inpatient and outpatient treatment.

Once upon a time, injections of penicillin could cure blood poisoning. Today, most antibiotics are ineffective even for simple infections. The reason for this is resistance, that is, resistance to drugs that microorganisms have acquired. One of its mechanisms is the destruction of antibiotics using the enzyme beta-lactamase.

In order to avoid this, scientists have created a combination of penicillins with special substances - beta-lactamase inhibitors, namely clavulanic acid, sulbactam or tazobactam. Such antibiotics are called protected and today the list of this group is the most extensive.

In addition to the fact that inhibitors protect penicillins from the destructive action of beta-lactamases, they also have their own antimicrobial effect. The most commonly used of this group of antibiotics is Amoxiclav, which is a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, and Ampisid, a combination of ampicillin and sulbactam. Doctors prescribe and their analogues - the drugs Augmentin or Flemoklav. Protected antibiotics are used to treat children and adults, and they are also the first choice drugs for treating infections during pregnancy.

Antibiotics protected by beta-lactamase inhibitors are used successfully even to treat severe infections that are resistant to most other drugs.

Statistics show that in terms of prevalence of use, antibiotics are in second place after painkillers. According to the analytical company DSM Group, 55.46 million packages were sold in just one quarter of 2016. Today, pharmacies sell approximately 370 different brands of drugs produced by 240 companies.

The entire list of antibiotics, including the penicillin series, refers to strictly licensed drugs. Therefore, to purchase them you will need a prescription from a doctor.

Indications for the use of penicillins can be any infectious diseases that are sensitive to them. Doctors usually prescribe penicillin antibiotics:

1. For diseases caused by gram-positive bacteria, such as meningococci, which can cause meningitis and gonococci, which cause the development of gonorrhea.
2. For pathologies that are caused by gram-negative bacteria, such as pneumococci, staphylococci or streptococci, which are often causes of infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, genitourinary system and many others.
3. For infections caused by actinomycetes and spirochetes.

The low toxicity of the penicillin group compared to other antibiotics makes them the most prescribed drugs for the treatment of sore throats, pneumonia, various infections of the skin and bone tissue, diseases of the eyes and ENT organs.

This group of antibiotics is relatively safe. In some cases, when the benefits of their use outweigh the risks, they are prescribed even during pregnancy. Especially when non-penicillin antibiotics are ineffective.

They are also used during lactation. However, doctors still advise against breastfeeding while taking antibiotics, since they can penetrate into milk and can cause allergies in the baby.

The only absolute contraindication to the use of penicillin drugs is individual intolerance to both the main substance and the auxiliary components. For example, benzylpenicillin novocaine salt is contraindicated for allergies to novocaine.

Antibiotics are fairly aggressive drugs. Even though they do not have any effect on the cells of the human body, there may be unpleasant effects from their use.

Most often this is:

1. Allergic reactions, manifested mainly in the form of skin itching, redness and rashes. Less commonly, swelling and fever may occur. In some cases, anaphylactic shock may develop.
2. An imbalance of natural microflora, which provokes disorders, abdominal pain, bloating and nausea. In rare cases, candidiasis may develop.
3. Negative effects on the nervous system, signs of which are irritability, excitability, and rarely convulsions may occur.

Today, of the entire variety of open antibiotics, only 5% are used. The reason for this is the development of resistance in microorganisms, which often occurs due to improper use of drugs. Antibiotic resistance already kills 700 thousand people every year.

In order for the antibiotic to be as effective as possible and not cause the development of resistance in the future, it must be taken in the dosage prescribed by the doctor and always in the full course!

If your doctor has prescribed you penicillin or any other antibiotics, be sure to follow these rules:

• Strictly observe the time and frequency of taking the drug. Try to take the medicine at the same time, this will ensure a constant concentration of the active substance in the blood.
• If the dosage of penicillin is small and the drug must be taken three times a day, then the time between doses should be 8 hours. If the dose prescribed by the doctor is intended to be taken twice a day - up to 12 hours.
• The course of taking the drug can range from 5 to 14 days and is determined by your diagnosis. Always drink the entire course prescribed by your doctor, even if the symptoms of the disease no longer bother you.
• If you do not feel any improvement within 72 hours, be sure to tell your doctor. Perhaps the drug he chose was not effective enough.
• Do not replace one antibiotic with another on your own. Do not change the dosage or dosage form. If the doctor prescribed injections, then the pills will not be effective enough in your case.
• Be sure to follow the instructions for use. There are antibiotics that you need to drink with meals, and there are those that you drink immediately after. Take this medication only with plain, still water.
• During antibiotic treatment, avoid alcohol, fatty, smoked and fried foods. Antibiotics are mainly eliminated by the liver, so it is not worth additionally loading it during this period.

If penicillin antibiotics are prescribed to a child, you should be especially careful when taking them. A child's body is much more sensitive to these drugs than an adult, so allergies may occur more often in children. Penicillins for children are usually produced in a special dosage form, in the form of suspensions, so you should not give tablets to your child. Take antibiotics correctly and only as prescribed by your doctor when really necessary.

Penicillin antibiotics are several types of drugs that are divided into groups. In medicine, drugs are used to treat various diseases of infectious and bacterial origin. The drugs have a minimal number of contraindications and are still used to treat various patients.

Once Alexander Fleming was studying pathogens in his laboratory. He created a nutrient medium and grew staphylococcus. The scientist was not particularly clean; he simply put beakers and cones in the sink and forgot to wash them.

When Fleming needed the dishes again, he discovered that they were covered with fungus - mold. The scientist decided to test his guess and examined one of the containers under a microscope. He noticed that where there was mold, there was no staphylococcus.

Alexander Fleming continued his research; he began to study the effect of mold on pathogenic microorganisms and discovered that the fungus has a destructive effect on the membranes of bacteria and leads to their death. The public could not be skeptical about the research.

The discovery helped save many people's lives. It saved humanity from those diseases that previously caused panic among the population. Naturally, modern medicines are relatively similar to those drugs that were used at the end of the 19th century. But the essence of the medications and their action have not changed so dramatically.

Penicillin antibiotics were able to revolutionize medicine. But the joy of the discovery did not last long. It turned out that pathogenic microorganisms and bacteria can mutate. They change and become insensitive to drugs. This led to significant changes in antibiotics such as penicillin.

Scientists spent almost the entire 20th century “fighting” microorganisms and bacteria, trying to create the ideal drug. The efforts were not in vain, but such improvements have led to the fact that antibiotics have changed significantly.

New generation drugs are more expensive, act faster, and have a number of contraindications. If we talk about those drugs that were obtained from mold, they have a number of disadvantages:

• Poorly digestible. Gastric juice acts on the fungus in a special way, reducing its effectiveness, which undoubtedly affects the result of treatment.
• Penicillin antibiotics are drugs of natural origin, for this reason they do not have a wide spectrum of action.
• Medicines are quickly eliminated from the body, approximately 3-4 hours after injection.

Important: These medications have virtually no contraindications. It is not recommended to take them if you have an individual intolerance to antibiotics, or if an allergic reaction develops.

Modern antibacterial agents differ significantly from the familiar penicillin. In addition to the fact that today you can easily purchase medications of this class in tablets, there are a great variety of them. Classification and generally accepted division into groups will help you understand the drugs.

Antibiotics of the penicillin group are conventionally divided into:

1. Natural.
2. Semi-synthetic.

All medicines based on mold are antibiotics of natural origin. Today, such medications are practically not used in medicine. The reason is that pathogenic microorganisms have become immune to them. That is, the antibiotic does not act on bacteria properly; the desired result in treatment can only be achieved by administering a high dose of the drug. The drugs in this group include: Benzylpenicillin and Bicillin.

The drugs are available in powder form for injection. They effectively act on: anaerobic microorganisms, gram-positive bacteria, cocci, etc. Since the medications are of natural origin, they cannot boast of a long-term effect, injections are often given every 3-4 hours. This allows you not to reduce the concentration of the antibacterial agent in the blood.

Penicillin antibiotics of semi-synthetic origin are the result of modification of drugs produced from mold. It was possible to impart some properties to medications belonging to this group; first of all, they became insensitive to acid-base environments. This made it possible to produce antibiotics in tablets.

Medicines also appeared that acted on staphylococci. This class of drugs is different from natural antibiotics. But the improvements have significantly affected the quality of the drugs. They are poorly absorbed, do not have such a wide sector of action, and have contraindications.

Semi-synthetic drugs can be divided into:

• Isoxazolepenicillins are a group of drugs that act on staphylococci; examples include the names of the following drugs: Oxacillin, Nafcillin.
• Aminopenicillins - several drugs belong to this group. They have a wide sector of action, but are significantly inferior in strength to antibiotics of natural origin. But they can fight a large number of infections. Drugs from this group remain in the blood longer. Such antibiotics are often used to treat various diseases, for example two very well-known drugs: Ampicillin and Amoxicillin.

Attention! The list of medications is quite large; they have a number of indications and contraindications. For this reason, you should consult your doctor before starting antibiotics.

Antibiotics belonging to the penicillin group are prescribed by a doctor. It is recommended to take the drugs if you have:

1. Diseases of an infectious or bacterial nature (pneumonia, meningitis, etc.).
2. Respiratory tract infections.
3. Diseases of an inflammatory and bacterial nature of the genitourinary system (pyelonephritis).
4. Skin diseases of various origins (erysipelas, caused by staphylococcus).
5. Intestinal infections and many other diseases of an infectious, bacterial or inflammatory nature.

Information: Antibiotics are prescribed for extensive burns and deep wounds, gunshot or knife wounds.

In some cases, taking medications helps save a person's life. But you should not prescribe such drugs yourself, as this can lead to addiction.

What contraindications do medications have:

• You should not take medications during pregnancy or lactation. The drugs may affect the growth and development of the child. They can change the quality of milk and its taste characteristics. There are a number of drugs that are conditionally approved for the treatment of pregnant women, but such an antibiotic must be prescribed by a doctor. Since only a doctor can determine the permissible dosage and duration of treatment.
• The use of antibiotics from the groups of natural and synthetic penicillins for treatment is not recommended for the treatment of children. Drugs of these classes can have a toxic effect on the child’s body. For this reason, medications are prescribed with caution, determining the optimal dosage.
• You should not use medications without obvious indications. Use medications for a long period of time.

Direct contraindications for the use of antibiotics:

1. Individual intolerance to drugs of this class.
2. Tendency to allergic reactions of various kinds.

Attention! The main side effects of taking medications are long-term diarrhea and candidiasis. They are due to the fact that the drugs affect not only pathogenic microorganisms, but also beneficial microflora.

The penicillin series of antibiotics is distinguished by the presence of a small number of contraindications. For this reason, drugs in this class are prescribed very often. They help to quickly cope with the disease and return to a normal rhythm of life.

The latest generation of medicines have a wide spectrum of action. Such antibiotics do not have to be taken for a long time, they are well absorbed and, with adequate therapy, can “put a person back on his feet” in 3–5 days.

The question is which antibiotics are best? can be considered rhetorical. There are a number of drugs that doctors prescribe more often than others for one reason or another. In most cases, drug names are well known to the general public. But it’s still worth studying the list of medications:

1. Sumamed is a drug used to treat infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract. The active ingredient is erythromycin. The medication is not used to treat patients with acute or chronic renal failure, and is not prescribed to children under 6 months of age. The main contraindication to the use of Sumamed should still be considered individual intolerance to the antibiotic.
2. Oxacillin is available in powder form. The powder is diluted, and then the solution is used for intramuscular injections. The main indication for the use of the drug is infections that are sensitive to this medicine. Hypersensitivity should be considered a contraindication to the use of Oxacillin.
3. Amoxicillin belongs to a number of synthetic antibiotics. The drug is quite well known; it is prescribed for sore throat, bronchitis and other respiratory tract infections. Amoxicillin can be taken for pyelonephritis (inflammation of the kidneys) and other diseases of the genitourinary system. The antibiotic is not prescribed to children under 3 years of age. Intolerance to the medication is also considered a direct contraindication.
4. Ampicillin - the full name of the medicine: Ampicillin trihydrate. Indications for use of the drug should be considered infectious diseases of the respiratory tract (sore throat, bronchitis, pneumonia). The antibiotic is excreted from the body by the kidneys and liver; for this reason, Ampicillin is not prescribed to people with acute liver failure. Can be used to treat children.
5. Amoxiclav is a drug that has a combined composition. It is considered one of the latest generation antibiotics. Amoxiclav is used to treat infectious diseases of the respiratory system and genitourinary system. It is also used in gynecology. Contraindications to the use of the medication include hypersensitivity, jaundice, mononucleosis, etc.

List or list of penicillin antibiotics, which is available in powder form:

1. Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt is an antibiotic of natural origin. Indications for the use of the drug include severe infectious diseases, including congenital syphilis, abscesses of various etiologies, tetanus, anthrax and pneumonia. The medicine has practically no contraindications, but in modern medicine it is used extremely rarely.
2. Ampicillin is used to treat the following infectious diseases: sepsis (blood poisoning), whooping cough, endocarditis, meningitis, pneumonia, bronchitis. Ampicillin is not used to treat children or people with severe renal failure. Pregnancy can also be considered a direct contraindication to the use of this antibiotic.
3. Ospamox is prescribed for the treatment of diseases of the genitourinary system, gynecological and other infections. Prescribed in the postoperative period if there is a high risk of developing an inflammatory process. The antibiotic is not prescribed for severe infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, in the presence of individual intolerance to the drug.

Important: Called an antibiotic, the drug must have an antibacterial effect on the body. All those medications that affect viruses have nothing to do with antibiotics.

Sumamed - cost varies from 300 to 500 rubles.

Amoxicillin tablets - price is about 159 rubles. per package.

Ampicillin trihydrate - cost of tablets is 20–30 rubles.

Ampicillin in powder form, intended for injection - 170 rubles.

Oxacillin - the average price for the drug varies from 40 to 60 rubles.

Amoxiclav - cost - 120 rubles.

Ospamox - price varies from 65 to 100 rubles.

Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt - 50 rub.

Benzylpenicillin - 30 rub.

- penicillins, cephalosporins, carbopenems - form the basis of modern chemotherapy. They have a bactericidal effect due to the destruction of peptidoglycan, a mucopeptide of the bacterial cell wall. The drugs have synergism against gram-negative flora with aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones, but they cannot be mixed in the same syringe or infusion system due to physicochemical incompatibility. To overcome resistance, they are combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors.

Side effects: allergic rashes, eosinophilia, less often other immediate hypersensitivity reactions (angioedema, urticaria), anaphylactic shock in children is extremely rare, as are neutro- and thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, interstitial nephritis, phlebitis at the injection site. Ampicillin and cephalosporins rarely cause. Only benzylpenicillin sodium salt is administered endolumbarally - extremely carefully for health reasons. When prescribing to patients with renal failure, the content of potassium and sodium in the preparations is taken into account.

Contraindications. Persons with a history of anaphylaxis, urticaria, or severe rash immediately after penicillin administration are at risk of developing an immediate reaction to other drugs in this group and should not be administered them. Patients allergic to a penicillin drug will react allergically to all penicillins, but only 10% of them will react allergically to cephalosporins and other beta-lactams. Individuals with a history of minimal rash (not a confluent rash on a small surface area of ​​the body) or a rash that occurred 72 hours or more after penicillin administration may not be allergic to penicillins; they should not refuse its use for serious infections, providing everything for the treatment of anaphylaxis.

Penicillins

Penicillins penetrate well into body tissues and fluids, incl. in the CSF during inflammation of the meninges and the administration of high doses. They are excreted mainly in the urine. Carbenicillin has lost its importance; ticarcillin and ureidopenicillins are used only in combination with lactamase inhibitors.

Drug interactions. They increase the risk of bleeding when used with direct and indirect anticoagulants, NSAIDs, and salicylates. When taken together with potassium supplements, potassium-sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors, hyperkalemia is possible. Increases the toxicity of methotrexate.

Natural penicillins

Benzylpenicillin(in Russia more often called penicillin) is a low-toxic drug that creates high concentrations (at a dose of 50 mg/kg IM - 15-25 mcg/ml in the blood and 60-70% of it in the tissues). Pneumococci in Russia retain 90-95% sensitivity to penicillin; sensitivity is lower in children in kindergartens and, especially, in boarding schools. Benzylpenicillin derivatives have the same antibacterial spectrum; Due to its lower effectiveness, phenoxymethylpenicillin should not be used to treat serious infections. In children with otitis and uncomplicated otitis, phenoxymethylpenicillin-benzathine (Ospen-syrup) has proven its worth; its concentration in the blood at a dose of 50 mg/kg is 4-6 mcg/ml.

Benzathine benzylpenicillin provides a prolonged effect when administered intramuscularly; it is used for infections caused by highly sensitive pathogens (GABHS, pallidum spirochete) to maintain a low therapeutic concentration for a long time.

Side effects. Jarisch-Herzheimer reaction (treatment of syphilis and other infections caused by spirochetes) - associated with the release of endotoxins.

Benzylpenicillin

Indications. Acute otitis media, pneumococcal infection (, meningitis), streptococcal infections (acute, erysipelas, scarlet fever, endocarditis, necrotizing fasciitis), meningococcal infection, tick-borne borreliosis, leptospirosis, anthrax; actinomycosis, gas gangrene, syphilis.

Dosing: IM or IV slowly or by infusion: children from 1 month to 12 years, 100-200 thousand units/kg per day in 2-3 doses, for severe diseases - up to 500,000 units/kg/day vital indications (see below). Syphilis - see Section 6.3.

Side effects. At doses >20 million units/day - DNS disorders, increased creatinine levels.

Release form: powder for the preparation of solution for intravenous and intramuscular injections of 250,000, 500,000 and 1 million units (1 mg = 1610 units) (Benzylpenicillin - Russia)

Phenoxymethylpenicillin - Penicillin V (phenoxymethylpenicillin)

Indications: Streptococcal pharyngitis, secondary prevention of rheumatism; prevention of relapses of pneumococcal meningitis after traumatic brain injury, pneumococcal infection in children after splenectomy or with hypogammaglobulinemia; for the treatment of acute otitis media; erysipelas.

Dosage: orally, children over 12 years old - 500 mg every 6 hours, children under 1 year old - 50 mg/kg/day, from 1 to 6 years old - 30 mg/kg/day, 6-12 years old - 20-30 mg/day kg/day in 3-4 doses. Secondary prevention of rheumatism: orally, children - 500 mg 1-2 times a day.

Side effects: See above, also nausea and diarrhea.

Release form: Phenoxymethylpenicillin-benzathine syrup 750 mg/5 ml (Ospen-750 - Sandoz, Austria), tablet. 100 mg, 250 mg, dragee 100,000 units, powder for suspension: 250 mg/5 ml, 60 mg/ml (Phenoxymethylpenicillin - Russia).

Benzathine benzylpenicillin

Indications: acute streptococcal group A, erysipelas, prevention of rheumatism, treatment of diphtheria carriers; syphilis.

Contraindications: neurosyphilis. Do not administer intravenously or intra-arterially.

With caution: renal failure.

Dosing. In the treatment of acute tonsillitis, scarlet fever, erysipelas, wound infections in the acute phase, therapy begins with penicillin, benzathine continues with benzyl-penicillin: 1-2 injections of 1.2 million units once a week. For rheumatism, 2.4 million units intramuscularly every 15 days. For the prevention of scarlet fever in children under 7 years of age (or weighing up to 25 kg) 600,000 units, over 7 years of age (or weighing more than 25 kg) - 1,200,000 units. For the treatment of tonsillitis and the treatment of diphtheria carriers, these doses are once, for the prevention of rheumatism - same doses every 2 weeks, Syphilis: see Section 6.3.

Side effects: Rarely embolism; pain and inflammation at the injection site.

Release form: Por. d/prig. solution for intramuscular injection, benzathine benzylpenicillin in bottles: 300, 600 thousand, 1.2 and 2.4 million units. (Bicillin-1 (Russia); 1.2 and 2.4 million units (Retarpen, Extencillin - Sandoz, Austria).

Antistaphylococcal penicillins

Oxacillin

Oxacillin is used to treat infections caused by staphylococci, incl. producing beta-lactamase, but not MRSA. The rest of the spectrum of action is the same as that of natural penicillins, but the sensitivity of pneumococci and streptococci to it is lower than to penicillin. Bioavailability when taken orally is low.

Indications: Infectious diseases caused by staphylococci, incl. producing beta-lactamase: acute sinusitis, septicemia, abscesses, phlegmon, cholecystitis, infected burns, bacterial endocarditis.

With caution: bronchial asthma, chronic renal failure; liver failure.

Dosage: IM or IV for newborns - 20-40 mg/kg/day for 2 injections, for children 100-150 (up to 200) mg/kg/day - max, up to 12 g/day for 2-4 injections.

Side effects. Rarely - liver dysfunction, jaundice at high doses (in adults >12 g/day). Fever, nausea, vomiting, eosinophilia, anemia, neutropenia, transient hematuria in children.

Release form: Lyophilisate d/prig. solution for intravenous and intramuscular administration 250 mg, 500 mg (Oxacillin - Russia).

Aminopenicillins

Ampicillin and amoxicillin, unlike natural pencillins, act on some gram-negative microorganisms, in particular, H. influenzae, which in Russia remains sensitive to aminopenicillins due to the low frequency of production of beta-lactamases. Ampicillin acts on E. fecalis, which in Russia is 90% sensitive to it. Activity against Salmonella and Shigella varies geographically. The value of empirical therapy with IMG1 is limited due to the high frequency of secondary resistance of E. coli. The drugs are inactivated by beta-lactamase produced by S. aureus, M. catarrhalis, N. gonorrhoeae, and enterobacteria.

Amoxicillin acts better than ampicillin and penicillin on; when taken orally, it has 2-2.5 times greater bioavailability than ampicillin (especially in the form of Solutab dispersible tablets), gives higher concentrations in plasma and tissues and is less likely to cause diarrhea. Ampicillin is used only parenterally.

Contraindications. Leukemoid reactions of the lymphatic type, lymphocytic leukemia.

With caution. Acute (possible mononucleosis), erythematous rashes characteristic of infectious mononucleosis, breastfeeding. Increased diaper rash - does not prevent repeated use.

Side effects. A feature of aminopenicillins is the development (about 7% of courses) of a maculopapular (“ampicillin”) rash (especially against the background of infection with the Ensteia-Barra virus - the majority recognizes its non-allergic nature) on days 3-5 of treatment; the rash disappears without stopping the drug. Rarely vomiting, diarrhea, very rarely -.

Interaction. Reduce the contraceptive effect of estrogen-containing drugs. Allopurinol increases the risk of ampicillin rash.

Ampicillin

Indications. Acute otitis media, acute sinusitis, community-acquired, UTI, IZhP, shigellosis, salmonellosis, meningitis, bacterial endocarditis, septic infection of newborns (in combination with gentamicin), erysipelas.

Dosing: IM, slow IV or IV infusion. 100-200 mg/kg/day, meningitis, endocarditis - 200-300 mg/kg/day. (up to 8-12 g/day).

Release form: Powder for the preparation of solution for injection 250 mg, 500 mg, 1 and 2 g (Ampicillin - Russia).

Amoxicillin

Indications: upper respiratory tract infections (sinusitis, acute otitis media),: UTI. systemic tick-borne borreliosis (Lyme disease); prevention of endocarditis: eradication of H. pylori, dysentery, salmonellosis, salmonellosis carriage in the presence of sensitivity.

Dosage: orally, children 45 mg/kg/day, dose if there is a possibility of pneumococcal resistance (antibiotic treatment, visiting a child care facility) - 80-100 mg/kg/day. The course of treatment is 5-12 days.

Release form: dispersible tablets. 0.125, 025, 0.5 and 1 g. caps., tab. 0.25 and 0.5 g; tab., p/obol. 0.5 and 1.0 g; por. and gran, d/prig. susp. 125 mg/5 ml and 250 mg/5 ml: por. d/prig. drops, 0.1 g/ml (Flemoxin Solutab - Astellas Pharma Europe B.B.. Netherlands. Amoxicillin - Russia Ospamox - Sanoz, Austria. Hiconcil - KRKA, Slovenia).

Inhibitor-protected penicillins

They are a combination of a penicillin drug and a beta-lactamase inhibitor. The most widely used is amoxicillin/clavulanate, active against resistant H. influenzae, E. coli, M. catarrhalis, S. aureus, (but not MRSA); more active against pneumococci with reduced sensitivity than ceftriaxone. Ticarcillin/clavulanate is effective against Serratia, Citrobacter, as well as some strains of P. aeruginosa and clavulanate. The addition of beta-lactamase inhibitors does not overcome the resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Only 20-30% of P strains are sensitive to ticarcillin. . aeruginosa. All drugs are bactericidal against anaerobes, including B. fragilis, Prevotella melaninogenicus. Sulbactam has its own clinically significant antibacterial activity against neisseria and acinetobacter.

Side effects. Nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, rarely - hepatitis, cholestatic jaundice. There have been cases of vasculitis, serum sickness, erythema multiforme (including Stevens-Johnson syndrome), exfoliative; Surface plaque on teeth is possible when using the suspension.

Interaction. Antacids, laxatives, and glucosamine reduce the absorption of protected penicillins.

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid

Indications. Infections of the respiratory tract, skin and soft tissues, bones, genitourinary and abdominal, caused by beta-lactamase-producing microorganisms. As a drug of first choice, it is used in children recently discharged from hospital or treated with antibiotics for a period of 3 months before the present illness, as well as in groups at increased risk for the resistance of pneumotropic flora (boarding schools, preschool children). The drug of choice for anaerobic infections (Vincenta, lung abscess, deep wounds), abscesses, fasciitis and cellulitis, animal bites, dental infections, as well as for antibacterial prophylaxis during operations on the abdominal and pelvic organs.

Contraindications. History of jaundice or liver dysfunction associated with the use of clavulanic acid. Increased diaper rash - does not prevent repeated use.

With caution. Kidney, liver failure; erythematous rashes characteristic of infectious mononucleosis, chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Dosage (for amoxicillin): Orally for children under 12 years of age - 45 mg/kg/day in 2 divided doses (up to 750 mg/day), over 12 years of age and adults - 1750 mg per day in 2 divided doses (875×2). If necessary, the dose is increased to 80-100 mg/kg/day, preferably using drugs with a ratio of amoxicillin to clavulanate of 7:1 or higher. IV for newborns - 60 mg/kg/day for 2 injections, for children from 1 month. up to 12 years - 40-60 (up to 90-120) mg/kg/day, over 12 years and adults - 3-4 (up to 6) g/day for 3-4 administrations.

Release form. Amoxicillin to clavulanate ratio:

• 2:1 - table. 0.25/0.125 g (Augmentin - original amoxicillin/clavulanate produced by GlaxoSmithKline, UK, Medoklav - Medohsmi, Cyprus, Amoxiclav - Lek, Slovenia);
• 4:1 - table. 500/125 mg, por. d/prig. susp. 125 mg/31.25 mg/5 ml, 250 mg/62.5 mg/5 ml (Amoxiclav, Augmentin, Medoclav);
• 4:1 - table. dispersible 125 mg/31.25 mg; 250 mg/62.5 mg and 500 mg/125 mg (Flemoclav Solutab - Astellas Pharma Europe B.V., the Netherlands). 5:1 - time. for IV solution 500/100 mg, 1000/200 mg (Augmentin, Amoxiclav, Medoclav) 7:1 - table. 0.875/0.125 g (Amoxiclav)
• 7:1 - table. 0.875/0.125 g, por. d/prig. susp. 200/28.5 mg/5 ml and 400/57 mg/5 ml (Augmentin - dosing forms 2 times a day with the best ratio of amoxicillin and clavulanate).

Ampicillin/sulbactam

Indications and contraindications. Same as amoxicillin/clavulanate, hypersensitivity to sulbactam.

Dosing. Children of all ages, including newborns - 150 mg/kg/day, (100 mg/kg/day ampicillin and 50 mg/kg/day sulbactam) for 3-4 (for newborns - for 2) administrations, adults - 1.5-12 g per day for 2-4 administrations IM or IV.

Release forms: por. d/prig. solutions 0.5/0.25 g, 1/0.5 g, 2/1 g (Unasin-Pfizer, USA).

Ticarcillin + clavulanic acid (ticarcilliri/clavulanic acid)

Indications. Severe (lungs, abdominal cavity, bones, soft tissues, urinary tract), caused by multiresistant gram-negative flora, including anaerobic.

Dosage (according to ticarcillin): children over 3 months. with a weight of up to 60 kg - 200-300 mg/kg/day for 4-6 injections, for children weighing 60 kg or more, as well as adults - 12-18 g for 4-6 injections intravenously (in 30 minutes) .

Side effects: dizziness, neutropenia, hypokalemia.

Release form: liof. por. d/prig. 1500/100 mg and 3000/200 mg (15:1) (Timentin-GlaxoSmith-Klein, UK).

Penicillin antibiotics are considered the first AMPs that were developed from waste products of certain bacteria. In the general classification they are in the class of beta-lactams. In addition to penicillins, this also includes carbapenems, cephalosporins and monobactams. The similarity is due to the fact that there is a four-membered ring. All drugs from this group are used in chemotherapy. They play an important role in the treatment of infectious diseases.

Initially, all drugs of the penicillin group came from ordinary penicillin. It has been used in medicine since the 1940s. Nowadays many subgroups of both natural and synthetic origin have been created:

1. Natural penicillins.
2. Oxacillin.
3. Aminopenicillin.

Natural penicillin medicines are used in a number of cases. For example, medications that belong to the natural group of penicillins are recommended only for the treatment of those infections whose etiology is already known. For example, this can be confirmed during diagnostic procedures or by characteristic symptoms. Depending on the form and how severely the disease develops, medications are prescribed for internal or parenteral use. Penicillins from the natural group help in the treatment of rheumatism, scarlet fever, tonsillopharyngitis, erysipelas, sepsis, and pneumonia.

In addition, such drugs are prescribed for the treatment of other diseases that are caused by streptococcus. For example, this applies to infectious endocarditis. For this disease, not only antibiotics from this group are used, but also drugs that have the following names: streptomycin, gentamicin, etc. Diseases that are caused by meningococcal type infections can also be cured with natural penicillins. Indications for their use are leptospirosis, gangrene, Lyme disease, syphilis, actinomycosis.

By the way, it is necessary to take into account the fact that medications with a prolonged effect do not have a high concentration in the blood, so they are not prescribed for the treatment of severe forms of the disease. The only exceptions are syphilis, tonsillopharyngitis, rheumatism and scarlet fever. If previously medications from this group were used to treat gonorrhea, now the causative agents of the disease quickly adapted and became resistant to these drugs.

As for oxacillin, it is prescribed only when the disease is caused by a staphylococcal infection, and this does not depend on its location. The infection may already be laboratory confirmed or only suspected.

However, in any case, before prescribing such drugs to a patient, it is necessary to check whether bacteria are susceptible to their action. Medicines from the oxacillin group are prescribed in cases of sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis caused by bacterial infection, as well as various lesions of the bones, skin, joints, and soft tissues caused by infections.

Aminopenicillins are prescribed in cases where the disease occurs in a fairly mild form, and without any complications in the form of other infections. Inhibitor-protective forms of aminopenicillins are used in cases of relapses in severe diseases. There are many medications, including antibiotic tablets. Substances are administered either orally or parenterally. Such drugs are prescribed for acute cystitis, pyelonephritis, pneumonia, sinusitis, exacerbation of chronic bronchitis.

In addition, indications for use are intestinal diseases that are caused by infections, endocarditis, meningitis. Sometimes inhibitor-protective derivatives are prescribed by doctors for a preoperative form of prevention and in the treatment of infectious diseases of the skin and soft tissues.

What else applies?

The following drugs are also used:

1. Carboxypenicillin. Drugs from the carboxypenicillin group are now used less and less in medicine. They can be prescribed only in cases of nosocomial infections. Such medications should be used only in complex therapy, along with medications that can affect Pseudomonas aeruginosa. As for indications for use, carboxypenicillins are prescribed for infections of the skin, bones, soft tissues, and joints. These medications will also be needed for abscess, pneumonia, sepsis, and infections in the pelvic organs.
2. Ureidopenicillin. Drugs from the ureidopenicillin group are often prescribed only together with aminoglycosides. This combination helps to cope with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Indications for use are infectious diseases of the pelvic organs, soft tissues, and skin (diabetic foot is also included). In addition, such funds will be needed for peritonitis, liver abscess, pneumonia, and lung abscess.

Mechanism of action

Drugs from the penicillin group have a bactericidal effect. They specifically affect penicillin-binding proteins, which are found in all bacteria. These compounds act as enzymes that are involved already in the final stage of synthesis of the walls of the microorganism. As a result, the production of the substance is blocked and the bacterium dies. In addition, clavulonic acid, tazobactam and sulbactam have been developed to inhibit certain enzymatic substances. They are part of the drugs that belong to complex penicillins.

As for the effect on the human body, carboxypenicillins, benzylpenicillins and ureidopenicillins are destroyed in the human body due to hydrochloric acid, which is part of the gastric juice. In this regard, they can only be used parenterally. Drugs that contain oxacillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin and aminopenicillin, on the contrary, are resistant to acidic conditions and can be used orally. By the way, amoxicillin is best absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. As for the worst indicators of digestibility, oxacillin and ampicillin have parameters of only 30%.

The substances that make up penicillin drugs spread well throughout the body, affecting tissues, biological fluids, and organs. High concentrations will occur in the kidneys, mucous membranes, intestines, lungs, genitals, and fluids. A small dose may pass through breast milk and the placenta. They practically do not enter the prostate gland. Significant transformation in the liver is characteristic of ureidopenicillins and oxacillins. Other substances from this group are excreted from the body practically unchanged. In most cases, excretion is carried out by the kidneys. The time it takes to remove the substance is approximately an hour. If the patient is diagnosed with kidney failure, the time will increase. Almost all types of penicillins are eliminated from the body through hemodialysis.

Contraindications and side effects

Like all drugs, medications containing penicillin have their contraindications. Basically, this only applies to allergies to penicillin. People who are at risk of an allergic reaction due to intolerance to certain components should not use these medications. The same applies to an allergic reaction to novocaine.

As for side effects, if there is an overdose or improper use of drugs, there is a risk of an allergic reaction. This could be dermatitis, rash, urticaria. In rare cases, Quincke's edema, anaphylactic shock, bronchospasm, and fever appear. If a person experiences anaphylactic shock, then glucocorticoids, adrenaline, and oxygen therapy will be required. It is also urgent to ensure the functioning of the respiratory tubular organs.

As for problems with the functioning of the central nervous system, in rare cases tremors and mental disorders appear.

Sometimes the patient has a headache and seizures.

Basically, this happens in those people who suffer from kidney failure.

Problems with the functioning of the digestive tract appear more often. A person may feel sick, have vomiting attacks, abdominal pain, and colitis. In this case, it is necessary to abandon such medications. Additionally, if colitis is suspected, sigmoidoscopy is prescribed. To restore your health, you need to return your water and electrolyte balance to normal. Sometimes taking drugs from the penicillin group also leads to disruption of these processes.

This leads to hyperkalemia, hypernatremia. As a result, blood pressure changes and swelling appears. In some cases, problems may arise in the functioning of the liver, kidneys, various hematological reactions, and complications of the condition of the blood vessels. In rare cases, oral or vaginal candidiasis develops.

Today, not a single medical institution can do without an antibiotic. Successful treatment of various diseases is possible only through the administration of effective antibacterial therapy. Antibiotics today are represented by a wide range of different drugs aimed at the destruction of the pathogenic environment of a bacterial nature.

The first antibiotic created was penicillin, which defeated some epidemics and fatal diseases in the 20th century. Today, antibiotics of the penicillin group are rarely used in medical practice due to the high sensitivity of patients and the risk of developing allergies.

Groups of antibiotics without penicillin

Antibacterial therapy without the use of penicillin components involves the prescription of alternative medicines of other pharmacological groups. Antibiotics without penicillin are available in a wide range for the treatment of various diseases in hospital and outpatient practice in children or adults.

Group of cephalosporins

Cephalosporins are broad-spectrum antibiotics due to their detrimental effects on many groups of microorganisms, strains and other pathogenic environments. Drugs of the cephalosporin group are available in the form of intramuscular or intravenous injections. Antibiotics of this group are prescribed for the following conditions:

Well-known cephalosporins include Ceforal, Suprax, Pancef. All antibiotics in this series have similar side effects, for example, dyspeptic disorders (stool upset, skin rashes, nausea). The main advantage of antibiotics is not only the detrimental effect on many strains, but also the possibility of treating children (including the neonatal period). Cephalosporin antibiotics are classified into the following groups:

I generation

Cephalosporin antibiotics include Cefadroxil and Cephalexin, Cefazolin, Cefuroxime.

They are used for inflammatory diseases caused by many anaerobic bacteria, staphylococcal infections, streptococci and others.

The drug comes in a variety of forms: from tablets to solutions for parenteral administration.

II generation

Well-known drugs in this group: Cefuroxime (injections), Cefaclor, Cefuroxime axetil. The drugs are especially active against many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The drugs are available both in the form of solutions and in tablet form.

III generation

Antibiotics of this series are broad-spectrum. The drugs affect almost all microorganisms and are known under the following names:

• Ceftriaxone;
• Ceftazidime;
• Cefoperazone;
• Cefixime and Ceftibuten.

Release forms: injections for intravenous or intramuscular administration. When the drug is administered, it is often mixed with saline or lidocaine solution to reduce pain. The drug and additional components are mixed in one syringe.

IV generation

The group is represented by only one drug - Cefepime. The pharmacological industry produces the drug in powder form, which is diluted just before administration through the parenteral or intramuscular route.

The destructive effect of the antibiotic is to disrupt the synthesis of the body wall of the microbial unit at the cellular level. The main advantages include the possibility of treatment on an outpatient basis, ease of use, use in young children, minimal risks of side effects and complications.

Macrolide group

Antibiotics from the macrolide group are a new generation of drugs, the structure of which is a full-fledged macrocyclic lactone ring. Based on the type of molecular-atomic structure, this group received its name. Depending on the number of carbon atoms in the molecular composition, several types of macrolides are distinguished:

• 14, 15-membered;
• 15-membered.

Macrolides are especially active against many gram-positive coccal bacteria, as well as pathogens acting at the cellular level (for example, mycoplasma, legionella, campylobacter). Macrolides have the least toxicity and are suitable for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the ENT organs (sinusitis, whooping cough, otitis of various classifications). The list of macrolide drugs is as follows:

Numerous medical studies have confirmed the low likelihood of side effects. The main disadvantage can be considered the rapid development of resistance of various groups of microorganisms, which explains the lack of therapeutic results in some patients.

Fluoroquinolones group

Antibiotics from the fluoroquinol group do not contain penicillin or its components, but are used to treat the most acute and severe inflammatory diseases.

These include purulent bilateral otitis media, severe bilateral pneumonia, pyelonephritis (including chronic forms), salmonellosis, cystitis, dysentery and others.

Fluoroquinols include the following drugs:

• Ofloxacin;
• Levofloxacin;
• Ciprofloxacin.

The very first developments of this group of antibiotics date back to the 20th century. The most famous fluoroquinols can belong to different generations and solve separate clinical problems.

I generation

Well-known drugs from this group are Negram and Nevigramon. The basis of antibiotics is nalidixic acid. The drugs have a detrimental effect on the following types of bacteria:

• Protea and Klebsiella;
• shigella and salmonella.

Antibiotics of this group are characterized by strong permeability and a sufficient number of negative consequences of taking them. According to the results of clinical and laboratory studies, the antibiotic confirmed its absolute uselessness in the treatment of gram-positive cocci, some anaerobic microorganisms, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (including the nosocomial type).

II generation

Second generation antibiotics are obtained through a combination of chlorine atoms and quinoline molecules. Hence the name - a group of fluoroquinolones. The list of antibiotics in this group is represented by the following drugs:

Second generation antibiotics are prescribed for serious surgical situations and are used in patients of any age group. The main factor here is the risk of death, not the occurrence of any side effects.

III, IV generation

The main pharmacological drugs of the 3rd generation include Levofloxacin (otherwise known as Tavanic), used for chronic bronchitis, severe bronchial obstruction in other pathologies, anthrax, and diseases of the ENT organs.

Moxifloxacin (pharmacol. Avelox), known for its inhibitory effect on staphylococcal microorganisms, is rightfully considered to be the 4th generation. Avelox is the only drug that is effective against non-spore-forming anaerobic microorganisms.

Antibiotics of various groups have special instructions, indications, and also contraindications for use. Due to the uncontrolled use of antibiotics without penicillin and others, a law was passed on prescription dispensing from pharmacy chains.

Such introductions are very necessary for medicine due to the resistance of many pathogenic environments to modern antibiotics. Penicillins have not been widely used in medical practice for more than 25 years, so it can be assumed that this group of drugs will effectively affect new types of bacterial microflora.

Video

The video talks about how to quickly cure a cold, flu or acute respiratory viral infection. Opinion of an experienced doctor.

Antibiotics (a/b) are substances that exist in nature or are synthesized by humans from natural raw materials and suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria that attack the body. Antibiotics are also used as antitumor drugs in oncology.

Discovery of penicillin and its properties

Many diseases before the discovery of antibiotics seemed incurable; doctors and scientists around the world wanted to find a substance that would help defeat pathogenic microbes without harming the human body. People died from wounds infected with bacteria, sepsis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, gonorrhea and other equally dangerous diseases.

The year 1928, the year of the discovery of penicillin, is considered a turning point in the history of medicine. Millions of lives saved are due to Sir Alexander Fleming, whose name is known throughout the world, for this discovery. The accidental growth of mold of the species Penicillium notatum on a nutrient medium in Fleming’s laboratory and the observation of the scientist himself gave a chance to defeat infectious diseases.

After the discovery of penicillin, scientists had one task - to isolate this substance in its pure form. The matter turned out to be not easy, but in the early 40s of the 20th century, two scientists Howard Flory and Ernst Chain succeeded in synthesizing a drug with antibacterial properties.

Properties of penicillins

Antibiotics of the penicillin group suppress the growth and development of microorganisms such as:

This is just a small list of those bacteria whose vital activity is suppressed by penicillin and drugs from this family.

Classification of penicillins and list of drugs

The chemical formula of the penicillin family contains a beta-lactam ring, which is why they are classified as beta-lactam antibiotics.

Since penicillin has been used in medicine for more than 70 years, some bacteria have developed resistance to this substance in the form of the beta-lactamase enzyme.

The mechanism of action of the enzyme is the affinity of the beta-lactam ring for the hydrolytic enzyme of the bacterial cell, which facilitates their binding and, as a consequence, inactivation of the antibiotic.

At the moment, semi-synthetic antibiotics are used to a greater extent: the chemical formula of a natural antibiotic is taken as a basis and subjected to useful modifications. Thanks to this, humanity is still able to resist bacteria, which every year develop their own mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics.

The current Federal Guidelines for the Use of Medicines provide the following classification of penicillins:

Let's take a closer look at each class of antibiotics and figure out in what cases they are used.

Natural short-acting antibiotics

Natural antibiotics do not have beta-lactamase inhibitors, so they are never used against infections caused by staphylococcus.

Benzylpenicillin is active in the treatment of anthrax, lobar pneumonia, pleurisy, bronchitis, sepsis, peritonitis, meningitis (in adults and children over 2 years old), diseases of the genitourinary system, ENT diseases, wound infections and skin infections.

Contraindications and restrictions for use: allergy to penicillin, hay fever, bronchial asthma, arrhythmia, impaired renal function.

Adverse reactions: for all antibiotics of the penicillin group, the main side effect is an allergic response in the form of anaphylactic shock, urticaria, Quincke's edema, hyperthermia, nephritis, skin rashes. There may be disturbances in the functioning of the heart. When large doses are administered, convulsions occur (in children).

Natural long-acting antibiotics

Benzylpenicillin benzathine is used in cases of syphilis, inflammation of the tonsils, scarlet fever, and wound infections. Used to prevent postoperative complications.

Contraindications: tendency to allergic reactions to penicillin, bronchial asthma, hay fever. Adverse reactions: allergic response, anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, headache, abscess at the injection site.

Benzylpenicillin procaine is used in the treatment of acute inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system, septic endocarditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, peritonitis, inflammatory processes of the genitourinary and biliary tract, wound infections, dermatoses, eye diseases. Used for relapses of rheumatism and erysipelas.

Contraindications: hypersensitivity to penicillin and procaine. Side effects: allergic reaction, nausea, convulsions.

Antistaphylococcal drugs

Oxacillin is considered the main representative of this group of antibiotics. The spectrum of action is similar to Benzylpenicillin, but unlike the latter, this substance is capable of destroying staphylococcal infections.

Contraindications: allergy to penicillin. Adverse reactions: urticaria, skin rashes. Rarely – swelling, anaphylactic shock.

Digestive disorders, fever, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, hematuria (in children).

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

Ampicillin as an active ingredient is used in many antibiotics. Used to treat infectious diseases of the digestive system, acute respiratory and urinary tract infections, meningitis, endocarditis, chlamydial infections.

List of drugs containing ampicillin: Ampicillin trihydrate, Ampicillin sodium salt, Ampicillin-AKOS, Ampicillin AMP-Forte, Ampicillin-Inotec and others.

Amoxicillin is an improved derivative of ampicillin. It is the leading antibiotic taken orally, that is, through the mouth. Used for acute respiratory diseases, meningococcal infections, inflammatory processes of the gastrointestinal tract, Lyme disease. Used in the prevention of anthrax in children and pregnant women.

List of drugs containing amoxicillin: Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin Sandoz, Amoxicillin-ratiopharm, Amoxicillin DS, etc.

Contraindications for this group a/b: hypersensitivity, pregnancy, liver dysfunction, mononucleosis. Ampicillin is contraindicated in children under 1 month of age.

Side effects: dyspeptic disorders, dysbacteriosis, candidiasis, allergies, central nervous system disorders, superinfection.

Antipseudomonas drugs

Carboxypenicillins contain the active substance carbenicillin. In this case, the name of the drug coincides with the active substance. Used in the treatment of diseases caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Currently, it is practically not used in medicine due to the availability of more active drugs.

Ureidopenicillins include: Mezlocillin, Piperacillin, Azlocillin. Contraindications: hypersensitivity to penicillin, pregnancy.

Side effects: eating disorders, nausea, vomiting, urticaria. Possible drug-induced fever, headache, impaired renal function, and superinfections.

Features of the use of penicillin antibiotics in children.

The use of antibiotics in pediatric therapy is always given increased attention, since the child’s body is not yet fully formed and many organ systems are not working at full capacity. Therefore, doctors should be responsible when choosing a drug for newborns and young children.

In newborns, Penicillin is used for sepsis and toxic diseases. In children in the first years of life it is used to treat pneumonia, otitis, pleurisy, meningitis.

For ARVI, sore throat, sinusitis, bronchitis, cystitis, children are most often prescribed Amoxicillin, Flemoxin, Amoxiclav, Augmentin. These antibiotics are considered more effective and less toxic to the child's body.

Dysbacteriosis is one of the complications of antibiotic treatment, since the beneficial microflora of children dies along with pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, antibiotic treatment must be combined with the use of probiotics. A rare side effect is an allergic reaction to penicillin in the form of a rash.

In newborns and young children, the excretory function of the kidneys is insufficiently developed and penicillin may accumulate in the body. The consequence of this is the development of seizures.

Now it is difficult to imagine our life without antibiotics. With their help, it is possible to treat many diseases that plague humanity. But you need to understand that the frequent use of antibiotics is not only harmful to the human body, but also benefits the bacteria against which they are used. Always consult your doctor before using antibiotics.