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An example of dispensary observation of animals. Medical examination of animals

Methodical instructions. Students must, in production conditions, work out the basic methodological techniques for conducting medical examinations of highly productive animals, mainly dairy cows and stud bulls.
When conducting medical examinations of cattle on a farm, students study a number of issues, the solution of which allows them to give a more objective judgment about the condition of the animals and determine ways for further work to increase their productivity. This complex consists of the following activities:
1. The age and breed composition of animals, food supply, conditions for keeping animals and caring for them are studied.
2. An analysis of livestock productivity in recent years, disease incidence and culling of livestock is carried out.
3. Get acquainted with the results preceding the medical examination and the measures taken to improve the health of animals recently.
Devices and materials: tools, instruments, utensils and reagents for the clinical examination of animals in accordance with the guidelines for the medical examination of animals.
The order of work.
Medical examination planning. In an administrative district, medical examination of animals is organized and controlled by the chief veterinarian of the district; on state farms, collective farms and other farms it is carried out in a planned manner by veterinary specialists of farms and institutions of the state veterinary network with the participation of livestock specialists, farm managers, foremen and farms.
Clinical examination must be planned and carried out during the most critical and stressful periods of the year (autumn-winter, winter, winter-spring) and biological cycle (pregnancy, highest intensity of lactation, etc.). At the same time, the autumn medical examination gives an idea of ​​​​the condition of the herd when transferred to stabling, the winter one allows for the timely identification of hidden and clinically manifested diseases and the level of metabolism, and the spring one allows the most complete assessment of the condition of the animals after winter housing.
Medical examination technique. Clinical examination includes a clinical examination of the livestock of animals on the farm using both general and special methods; studying the type and level of feeding, quality of feed, conditions of keeping and exploitation of animals; carrying out therapeutic and preventive measures. Organizationally, clinical examination is divided into three stages: diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive.
Diagnostic stage. The diagnostic stage includes:
1) analysis of the economic use of animals - the number of animals by type, breed, age composition, productivity, etc.;
2) study of living conditions - premises, their compliance with hygienic standards, duration and nature of exercise, etc.;
3) feeding analysis - type and level of feeding, composition of the feed ration, quality of feed and water;
4) analysis of the life of animals, the annual percentage of culling and its reasons, reproduction of the herd;
5) analysis of the morbidity of animals on the farm in previous years, its causes, as well as general and special treatment and preventive measures taken;
6) clinical examination of animals, in which the general condition, fatness, appetite, condition of mucous membranes, lymph nodes, hair and skin, bones, hooves, udder, genitals, etc. are determined;
7) laboratory tests of blood, urine, milk, etc.
It is important to note that during the clinical study of animals, selective examination should be practiced, i.e., some animals should be subjected to a more detailed examination, especially the most productive and highly valuable, as well as animals with reduced fatness, sick and often ill. A general examination of the animal and examination of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, genitourinary, nervous and other systems are carried out in accordance with the generally accepted clinical research scheme. In addition to general research methods, if necessary, special diagnostic methods are used - fluoroscopy, radiography, electrocardiography, blood pressure measurement, laboratory tests, etc.
Identified patients, as well as some clinically healthy animals, are subjected to laboratory tests to assess the level of their metabolic state and to identify early (preclinical) disorders. In breeding farms and at stations for artificial insemination of animals, it is recommended to take blood for biochemical studies from 30-40% of the number of cows, heifers and all breeding bulls; urine and milk - from 10-15% of the livestock. In other farms, blood, urine and milk are tested from 5-15% of the livestock. It is advisable to take blood, urine and milk for analysis in the morning; it is advisable to examine urine and milk directly on farms. Laboratory studies are carried out in accordance with the Guidelines for the use of unified biochemical methods for testing blood, urine and milk in veterinary laboratories, approved by the Main Directorate of Veterinary Medicine.
A blood test begins with counting the number of red blood cells and leukocytes, producing a leukogram and assessing them. After determining the hemoglobin content in the blood, the color blood index and SGE are calculated, and if indicated, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is determined and the hematocrit is measured. Upon completion of a general clinical blood test, they proceed to its biochemical study. Determine the content of total protein in the blood serum, the acid capacity of the blood or the reserve alkalinity of the plasma, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, serum carotene, and, if necessary, the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase, total sugar or fasting blood glucose, bilirubin, sodium, potassium, ketone bodies, cholesterol, protein fractions, etc.
Urine examination includes the study of general properties (color, transparency, odor, impurities, sediment, density), determination of pH, protein, sugar, ketone bodies, urobilin and the study of urinary sediment (unorganized and organized).
The examination of milk during clinical examination includes the determination of total acidity (in Turner degrees), density, ketone bodies, as well as a test for mastitis.
Feces are examined to obtain additional data on the functional state of the gastrointestinal tract and its digestive ability.
Based on clinical and laboratory studies, in the first, diagnostic stage, the clinical status of groups of animals is established, the level and state of metabolism corresponds to the level of productivity, and a conclusion is made about the health status and syndromes of the herds. All livestock animals are divided into three groups: 1) clinically healthy; 2) clinically healthy, but with indicators of metabolic disorders; 3) clinically ill.
Therapeutic stage. Based on the results of clinical and laboratory studies, animals of the second group with hidden disorders are prescribed individual or group preventive corrective (normalizing) therapy and its effectiveness is systematically monitored.
Animals with clinical signs of the disease are subjected to individual or group therapy using all available means (mechanical, physical, chemical, biological, specific) and methods (etiotropic, pathogenetic, symptomatic, replacement and stimulating therapy) depending on specific conditions, capabilities and other circumstances .
Preventive stage. At this stage, a whole range of planned veterinary, organizational and economic measures are carried out aimed at creating highly productive herds of productive animals with a strong constitution, high resistance and the level of metabolic processes. Consequently, at this stage, clinical examination goes beyond the responsibilities of veterinarians alone and must be combined with active organizational and explanatory work aimed at creating a biologically complete, high-quality feed base, organizing the correct operation of animals and good care for them.
To prevent possible metabolic disorders, it is imperative that the protein supply of cattle feed rations be in the range of 100-110 g per 1 feed, unit, their sugar-protein ratio is 0.8: 1, and no more than 340 g are given per 1 kg of milk concentrates at a total feed cost of about 1-1.2 feed. units Standardized feeding presupposes the availability of a biologically complete feed base, systematic state veterinary control over the quality of feed procurement and storage, mapping of their nutritional value, improvement of agricultural technology for growing feed and technology for its use.
The most important condition for this is organizational and methodological planning and coordination based on the study of morbidity, the effectiveness of treatment and preventive measures and their correlative dependencies over a number of years. In this case, the study of herd syndromes acquires great independent importance.
During clinical examination, syndromatology has its own characteristics - it is a group, comparative syndrome, studied in dynamics over a long period of time. They study the dynamics of animal fatness, their live weight, productivity, average terms of use, the intensity of culling and analysis of its causes, the dynamics of insemination and reproduction, the increase in live weight of young animals, their morbidity and mortality, the incidence of cows with mastitis, obstetric and gynecological diseases, ketosis, the frequency and the intensity of metabolic disorders, functions of organs and systems, fluctuations in milk fat content and acidity, feed costs per unit of production and the dynamics of clinical and biochemical parameters in recent years.
Based on such an analysis, it becomes possible to determine the objective trends that manifest themselves in the herd over time, which opens up the possibility of actively influencing their development.
The results of the dispensary examination are entered into the individual dispensary cards of the animals, and for the farm they are drawn up in the form of an examination report, in which a general conclusion is given, conclusions and practical proposals are given. When students carry out medical examination of animals during practical training, the results are entered into the medical examination report and are provided along with the report.

Prevention is a system of planned, diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic measures aimed at identifying hidden and pronounced symptoms of the disease.

There are general preventive measures and private ones. General preventive measures are carried out as planned. This is carried out by checking the condition of the animal, which includes an analysis of the animal’s production indicators, the state of the respiratory and digestive organs, assessment of the condition of the skeleton, examination of the musculoskeletal organs, examination of the genitourinary organs; if a particular disease is suspected, clinical tests of blood, urine, and milk are carried out.

The data obtained is analyzed and the number of animals with different levels of fatness, with signs of myocardial dystrophy, tachycardia and other heart diseases is determined as a percentage. Separately, animals with mastitis and other udder lesions, bursitis, hoof lesions and other groups of diseases are distinguished. Then, if necessary, group prevention and therapy is carried out, as well as individual treatment of sick animals. Another direction of prevention is to control and maintain standards for keeping animals, fulfilling the requirements for maintaining the microclimate of premises and implementing recommendations for the hygiene of keeping, milking, grazing, feeding animals and other zootechnical activities.

Clinical examination– the main goal is to create conditions for normal housing and feeding, and therefore the creation of herds of healthy animals.

Clinical examination consists of two stages:

  1. Analysis of the economic use of animals, taking into account breed, level of productivity, age. Feeding analysis (type of feeding, frequency, quality of feed) Study of living conditions. Detection of subclinical diseases associated with metabolic disorders.
  2. Therapeutic stage. General therapy is carried out and the necessary adjustments are made to the conditions of keeping and feeding the animals.

The main goal and objectives of medical examination are to determine the clinical status and metabolic state of animals in the herd, identify the main and associated diseases, understand the variety of causes accompanying these diseases, and determine the most effective preventive and therapeutic measures, taking into account the capabilities of the farm.

Clinical examination should be carried out systematically. The developed methodology for the medical examination of animals is based on the principles sampling and continuity. The sampling principle is implemented through the examination of control farms, yards, sections and control groups of animals in large livestock farms. The principle of continuity (permanence) is achieved through systematic medical examination at the same livestock facilities.

Control groups of animals are selected taking into account age and gender characteristics, lactation periods, pregnancy, etc. When conducting a medical examination of a dairy herd, the control groups of animals include cows in the first three months of lactation, dry cows or heifers 3 months before the expected calving. The control groups can include cows of 6-7 months of lactation and heifers of other stages of pregnancy.

During medical examination of pigs, control groups of pregnant, suckling, single sows and breeding boars are created.

During clinical examination of sheep, the control groups are suckling ewes, suckling ewes, and stud rams.

At stations or breeding associations, when the number of sires is small, all animals are covered by medical examination; when there is a large population, control groups are identified according to age.

At breeding farms, stud farms and hippodromes, pregnant and suckling mares, stud stallions, and foals aged 6, 12, 24 and 36 months are examined.

This approach to identifying control groups of animals is due to their different physiological states and predisposition to certain diseases. At the next medical examination of animals, control groups are selected again; their sample set should objectively reflect the metabolic state and health of animals as a whole for the herd (farm). The objectivity of the conclusion and the proposals arising from it depend on compliance with the rules for selecting animals from control groups.

Terms of medical examination. Medical examination of animals is carried out 1-2 times a year. The timing of its implementation is determined by veterinary specialists of collective farms or farmers. It should be borne in mind that it must be active in nature, i.e., promptly identify the main causes of diseases and eliminate them. It is most advisable to carry out clinical examination of cattle and sheep 2-3 months after placing them on stall rations and 2-3 months after transferring animals to pasture feed. Clinical examination includes

  • analysis of production indicators for livestock farming and veterinary medicine;
  • determination of clinical status in the herd (horse farm);
  • conducting laboratory tests of urine, blood, possibly milk, scar contents, etc.;
  • analysis of animal feeding and management;
  • analysis of the data obtained, conclusion and proposals;
  • carrying out targeted preventive and therapeutic measures.

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Clinical examination is a planned event that is carried out to identify physiological disorders and diseases in animals.

Medical examination is carried out according to plan; The frequency and duration of dispensary examinations are determined by the characteristics of the current environmental situation and the type of economy. The autumn medical examination gives an idea of ​​the condition of the herd when animals are transferred to stabling, while the spring examination allows one to assess the condition of the animals before turning them out to pasture. In large specialized farms and industrial complexes, medical examination of animals is divided into basic and intermediate. The main medical examination is carried out once a year in January-February, intermediate - once a quarter.

Since during clinical examination animals undergo a comprehensive clinical examination, acquired exterior defects and surgical diseases are identified at the same time. To detect surgical diseases in animals during a clinical examination, attention is paid to the condition of:

1) skin and coat - baldness, coat strength, decreased skin turgor, limited or diffuse swelling, swelling of the subcutaneous tissue, eczematous or furunculous lesions, ulcers, lymphangitis, neoplasms;

2) visual apparatus - conjunctivitis, keratitis, neoplasms, fusion or deformation of the iris, drooping, inversion or eversion of the eyelids;

3) oral cavity - stomatitis, wounds and ulcers, congenital anomalies of the dental arcades, improper abrasion or disease of the teeth, foreign bodies (feather grass);

4) upper respiratory tract - wounds, ulcers, deviated nasal septum, botfly larvae, neoplasms, deformation of the maxillary sinuses, wheezing;

5) neuromuscular system in the head and torso area - distortion of the lips and nostrils, drooping of the auricle, decreased or increased muscle tone, and soreness;

6) external genitalia of males - swelling or swelling of the preputial sac and scrotum, mobility of the testes and their consistency, abnormal position of the penis, difficulty urinating;

7) limbs - functional disorder (lameness, deformation or deformation of bones, joints and hooves, increased eversion of bursa capsules and tendon

vagina, thickening and soreness of tendons and ligaments); lack of claw care (overgrown horn), defects of the horn shoe (flabby or dry horn, creases or cracks), ulcerations and thickening of the distal part of the limb, inflammatory swelling or wounds of the corolla, inflammatory phenomena in the interclaw gap.

It is quite obvious that the identification of a particular defect requires decoding and a more precise diagnosis.

1. Introduction.

Medical examination is the basis for the prevention of non-communicable diseases.

Ecological foundations of medical examination.

Scope and timing of dispensary examination of farm animals.

1 Analysis of production indicators for livestock farming and veterinary medicine (herd syndromatics).

Analysis of feeding and housing conditions for animals.

1 Feeding analysis.

Clinical Animal Study

1 Laboratory analysis of blood, urine, milk, rumen contents

2 Blood test

3 Examination of urine, milk and rumen contents


.Introduction

Diseases of the digestive organs occupy first place in the frequency of cases among all internal diseases of animals. The incidence rate is more than 45%. They cause great economic damage to farms and consist of animal mortality, decreased productivity, loss of live weight and failure to obtain additional offspring.

Among diseases of the digestive system, a special place is occupied by diseases that arise as a result of various violations in the feeding, maintenance and exploitation of animals. These include incorrectly formulated diets, poor preparation, rapid transitions from one feed to another, irregular feeding and overfeeding, the use of feed that has been spoiled and contaminated with sand and foreign objects. Functional and organic disorders in the digestive organs can occur under the influence of very low and high temperatures, or their sudden change, or a drop in atmospheric pressure. The causes of diseases of the digestive system are often poisoning with plant and mineral poisons, as well as mycotoxicosis.

Pathology of the digestive organs occurs in diseases of the heart, kidneys, and other organs, as well as in many infectious diseases.

In the prevention of diseases of the digestive system, proper feeding and proper use of animals are of primary importance.

The diet for each type of animal must be prepared in such a way that it includes succulent feed (silage, haylage, root crops), roughage (hay, straw) and concentrates, as well as table salt, mineral and vitamin supplements. It is necessary to prepare feed strictly within agrotechnical terms.

Considering that disruption of the nervous regulation of the function of the digestive system plays a large role in the etiology of gastrointestinal diseases, it is important to follow the daily routine accepted on farms. Strictly regulated feeding times, walks, rest and care for animals create conditioned reflex reactions in them that ensure maximum absorption of food. It is necessary to change the composition of feed in the diet, switch from pasture to stall housing or vice versa gradually. Shepherds, livestock keepers and operators must know the rules for grazing animals, feeding succulent, easily fermentable and other feeds.

In the prevention of gastrointestinal and other diseases, providing animals with vitamins and minerals is of great importance. Their deficiency leads to metabolic disorders, perverted appetite, and severe disorders in the body. In confinement conditions, animals must be provided with sufficient water at all times. On pasture, animals should be provided with water before feeding or an hour after it. The approach to natural bodies of water must be equipped so that animals drink undisturbed water.

Active movements of animals - systematic exercise lasting up to 3-4 hours a day contributes to normal digestion, especially when kept in stalls all year round.

Clinical examination is the basis for the prevention of non-communicable diseases

Livestock farming is in a very difficult situation due to the difficult economic condition of most livestock farms. The shortage of medications and biological drugs also worsens the veterinary well-being of livestock farming. In these conditions, a planned comprehensive examination of all types of livestock, as in public ones, acquires enormous importance. and in the personal property of citizens. This form of veterinary service involves the inclusion of agronomic, zootechnical and other services in the work on the prevention of animal diseases, through participation in the creation of a biologically complete feed base that meets the metabolic characteristics and the level of high productivity of animals. It should be borne in mind that dispensary examination should organically fit into the technological process of each livestock sector.

Ecological foundations of medical examination

According to E. Haeckel's definition, ecology is the science of the relationship between an animal and its environment. The most important environmental factors in this regard are the gas composition of the air in livestock buildings, temperature, humidity, geochemical factors (macro- and microelements) and others. Changes in any of them can cause a decrease in productivity, reproductive ability and natural resistance in all animal species, which is manifested by different clinical symptoms depending on the nature of the environmental factor. For example, when there is a lack or excess of calcium or phosphorus in the diet, animals develop osteodystrophy, and when there is an excess of ammonia in the indoor air, bronchitis develops.

For those conducting medical examinations, an individual animal is of interest not only as an individual, but mainly as a component of a certain population. The latter is understood as a biological system at the supraorganismal level, which is a collection of animals of the same species that have a common genetic background and occupy a certain territory.

An animal population is characterized by a population and age structure, reflecting the age and sex composition, as well as an ethological structure that determines the behavioral reactions of the animals that make up the population. Illustrative forms of populations are a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, a herd of horses and others.

An animal population is an integral component of biogeocenosis, which in a narrow concept can be understood as a natural complex with which livestock farming is associated. Biocenoses are divided into natural and anthropogenic. Natural ones are biogeocenoses that were formed in the process of long evolution, and anthropogenic ones arose as a result of human economic activity, which changed the structure, physical state, chemical composition of soil, water, air, and polluted them with natural, synthetic and radioactive materials.

Changes that occur in biogeocenoses have a direct impact on the condition of animals. In some cases, this is an increase in productivity and resistance to diseases, in others, on the contrary, a decrease in resistance, the emergence of infectious, invasive and non-infectious pathologies. The emergence of the latter, as a result of unfavorable changes in biogeocenoses, is called biogeocenotic pathology, which considers animal diseases in an integral connection with changes in the ecological situation. A clear example of biogeocenotic pathology is nitrate-nitrite toxicosis, pathologies caused by the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, endemic diseases, which are considered as a result of unfavorable changes in the geochemical situation in agricultural ecosystems. Therefore, when studying mass diseases of farm animals, an ecological-systemic approach is necessary, including a survey of biogeocenosis, as well as the study of the disease at the organismal, organ, tissue, cellular and molecular levels.

In the biogeocenotic diagnosis of animal diseases, work is carried out in the following sequence:

Assessment of animals, their organs, tissues, cells, subcellular structures.

Assessment of populations (herds).

Assessment of biogeocenoses (ecological systems).

At the first stage of biocenotic diagnostics, the place and time of occurrence of the disease and the features of its manifestation are determined. Evaluate the results of pathological studies, determine the conditions of feeding, keeping and exploitation of animals.

At the second stage, the population is assessed (supraorganismal level). To do this, they use the methods of population ecology and ethology (ethology is the science of the biological foundations of animal behavior). For this purpose, the herd is assessed by age, sex, and intrapopulation relationships. The latter is due to the fact that there are diseases characteristic of a certain age. When assessing a population, its reproductive functions are analyzed based on the ratio of fertility and mortality, as well as the population’s response to stress, meaning a decrease in productivity, disease, mortality, etc.

At the last stage of research, an analysis of the biogeocenosis is carried out. The sectors related to livestock farming are assessed, and the biotic cycle of micro- and macroelements and the role of soil, water, air, and organisms in it are also studied. All this makes it possible to make a biogeo-coenotic diagnosis. For example, the wrong technology for applying nitrogen fertilizers can lead to nitrate-nitrite toxicoses, and the unfavorable geochemical composition of soil, water, and feed leads to diseases of livestock with micro- and macroelementoses.

Biogeocenotic diagnostics is the basis of medical examination, since the assessment of the organism is carried out at the subcellular, cellular, organ and organismal level, as well as taking into account the state of populations, population groups and biogeocenoses.

Scope and timing of dispensary examination of farm animals

medical examination agricultural animal feeding

For most species of farm animals, the timing and methodology for medical examination have some peculiarities. However, it mainly includes an analysis of production indicators in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine, an analysis of the living conditions of animals, an assessment of the quality of feed and an analysis of animal feeding, their clinical examination, laboratory analysis of blood, urine and milk. In livestock farms, medical examinations should be carried out quarterly, but at least twice a year: before stalling and before pasture.

1 Analysis of production indicators for livestock farming and veterinary medicine (herd syndromatics)

Analysis of production indicators in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine allows us to establish the level of metabolism within a population, while production indicators such as the quantity and quality of products, their cost will determine the intensity of metabolic processes and the state of resistance on average for all animals in the population.

The analysis of these indicators should be carried out in dynamics over a number of recent years. It gives an idea of ​​the general condition of a population or population group, the most likely causes of metabolic disorders and other animal diseases. However, they must be taken into account in a comprehensive manner, since only a set of indicators can give a complete picture of the status of a herd or farm; in addition, the indicators of one or more animals in a given population may overlap with the indicators of most other animals and thus do not reflect the true position of the herd.

Analysis of production indicators on farms and dairy production complexes includes:

milk productivity analysis,

feed costs per unit of production,

incidence of livestock with non-communicable and contagious diseases,

calf yield per 100 cows,

live weight of newborns,

stillbirth rate

death of calves for the first days of life and their forced slaughter,

degree of cow culling,

duration of the service period.

In fattening cattle breeding farms, they take into account the duration of the herd assembly on the farm, its distance from the supplying farms, the welfare of infectious diseases and the live weight of incoming calves, the average daily increase in live weight, the safety of young animals, the average weight of livestock sold, and the duration of the technological cycle.

When analyzing production indicators in pig farms, the cost of live weight gain, the number of piglets produced from one sow and their average live weight at birth and weaning, the duration of the suckling period and the number of farrows per year are taken into account.

Based on the level of these indicators, populations are divided into healthy, premorbid and sick.

Analysis of feeding and housing conditions for animals

1 Feeding analysis

When analyzing the influence of animal feeding on the level of metabolic processes and the state of natural resistance of the herd, the degree of satisfaction of the need for basic nutrients, biologically active substances in the diet, and the level of animal needs are determined. In addition, the level and type of feeding, as well as the structure of the diet, are determined. The level of feeding is established by comparing the nutritional value of the diet with the norms accepted for a given type of livestock. The type of feeding is determined by finding the percentage of different types of feed in terms of nutritional value in the total amount of feed fed per year, and the structure of the diet - by calculating the percentage of each feed in the total number of feed units.

When analyzing the energy nutritional value of feed, it is necessary to take into account that in some feeding standards it is expressed in megojoules (MJ) of metabolic energy, in others the calorie content of diets is rationed in oat feed units. Energy nutritional value is an indicator of feeding intensity.

The volume and palatability of the diet is determined by the presence of dry matter in it. The productivity of an animal is directly proportional to the concentration of energy, nutrients and biologically active substances in 1 kg of dry matter

On average, per 100 kg of live weight, animals consume the following amount of dry matter (kg): cattle - 2.5-3.5; horses - 2.5; sows and boars - 2.0-3.0; young animals for fattening - up to 4.0; sheep - 3.0-4.0.

When analyzing the protein nutritional value of a diet for pigs, one should take into account its biological usefulness, which depends on the content of essential amino acids (lysine, methionine, tryptophan) in the protein. It is necessary to know that cystine can compensate for 40 - 50% of the need for methionine, therefore the total amount of methionine and cystine should be normalized. The normal content of lysine in crude protein in pig diets is 4.24.8%, and methionine with cystine is 2.5-3.2%. The protein nutritional value of diets depends not only on the protein supply of the latter, but also on the technology of canning and feeding feed.

When assessing the carbohydrate nutritional value of diets, it should be taken into account that their excess inhibits the activity of rumen microfauna, the digestibility of feed deteriorates, and the development of acidosis is possible. At the same time, their deficiency leads to disruption of protein-fat metabolism and the development of ketosis.

The lipid nutritional value of the diet is of great importance in the life of the body. Fat in diets is not only a source of energy and the formation of fatty tissue, but also plays a critical role in the transport and normal absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. It contains essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic), which are not synthesized in the body. With their deficiency, the body's natural resistance decreases. Therefore, when analyzing feeding during clinical examinations, it should be taken into account that with an excess of feed fat in the diets, syndromes of hyperfunction of the thyroid gland, kidney and liver disorders, and impaired reproductive function may appear in animals of the examined population. At the same time, the lack of feed fat causes the development of enterocolitis in animals, due to the development of hypovitaminosis A and a decrease in the activity of digestive enzymes.

In the process of analyzing animal feeding rations, the closest attention is paid to the content of macro- and microelements in it, and cause-and-effect relationships are found between the pathologies present in the population and the composition of the diet. It is taken into account that such common diseases as osteodystrophy, nutritional anemia of young animals, parakeratosis of pigs, endemic goiter, pasture tetany, acobaltosis, etc. are consequences of a violation of the mineral nutrition of animals. The need of dairy cows for minerals depends on productivity. Thus, the need for table salt per 1 feed unit for dairy cows, depending on productivity, is from 6.5 to 7.4 g, calcium - from 6.5 to 7.4 g, phosphorus - from 4.5 to 5 .3 g, magnesium - from 1.5 to 2.4 g, potassium from 6.7 to 8.1 g, sulfur - from 2.1 to 2.8 g, iron - 80 mg, copper - 8-11 mg , zinc - 55-70 mg, cobalt - 0.7-1 mg, manganese 55-70 mg, iodine - 0.7-1 mg. If there is a deficiency of certain minerals, appropriate mineral supplements are included in the diet. However, their antagonistic and synergistic relationships should be taken into account. In particular, calcium and phosphorus act oppositely on the parathyroid gland, which is one of the main regulators of calcium-phosphorus metabolism.

Therefore, an excess of one of them leads to the development of a corresponding form of osteodystrophy; in addition, an excess of calcium or phosphorus can lead to hypomagnesemia. Excess potassium in feed promotes the excretion of magnesium from the body, while magnesium in excess in feed impairs the absorption of potassium. Excess sodium also affects the absorption of potassium, and an increase in copper content disrupts iron metabolism. Excess zinc and lead in the diet makes it difficult for the body to accumulate calcium and phosphorus. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that there are elements of synergy. For example, a high level of zinc in the body leads to an increase in lead in the blood and thereby to a more severe manifestation of lead toxicosis. The body's absorption of potassium, sodium, and zinc is activated under the influence of increased iron content in the diet.

When analyzing the mineral nutrition of animals, it should be borne in mind that some plants (cabbage, rapeseed, rapeseed, some types of clover) contain certain substances that inhibit the inclusion of iodine in the synthesis of thyroxine.

In addition to the above-described criteria for assessing the usefulness of feeding, to characterize the latter, such data as feed costs per unit of production, live weight, and milk fat content for the analyzed period in comparison with previous years are also taken into account.

In the process of medical examination, great importance should be given to the analysis of the conditions of keeping animals, since violation of the latter entails the occurrence of a number of pathologies, including the respiratory system, digestion, and metabolism. In the process of work, the zoohygienic condition of farms, ventilation, sewerage, manure removal, as well as the technology of keeping animals, distribution of feed, temperature, humidity and gas composition of the air on livestock farms are assessed and a zoohygienic passport of the premises is compiled.

Along with the temperature, humidity and gas composition of the air in livestock buildings, attention is paid, especially in calf barns, to the quality of bedding material, since its failure to meet the requirements is the cause of non-contagious, infectious and invasive diseases.

In the process of analyzing living conditions, they provide a hygienic assessment of the ventilation and heating installations of livestock premises, and carry out sanitary and hygienic control over the sources of water supply and watering for animals. It should be taken into account that with a lack of air exchange, improper distribution of supply air, as well as with aerodynamic resistance created by internal engineering equipment, aerostasis (air stagnation) occurs in the animal room. In aerostatic air, the temperature is 580 above normal, humidity is close to complete saturation, mobility is less than 0.1 m/sec, the concentration of ammonia and carbon dioxide is 2-5 times higher than normal, microbial contamination is 3-10 times higher than normal, which is the reason animal diseases (G.A. Sokolov).

Clinical Animal Study

The diagnostic stage of medical examination includes a clinical examination or clinical examination of animals. A clinical examination involves determining the general condition of the animal, some indicators of the functioning of the respiratory (respiratory movements, nature of nasal discharge, cough), and digestive systems (appetite, food intake). Depending on the type and age of the animals, certain adjustments may be made to this scheme.

During a clinical examination, a more complete examination of the animal's body systems is carried out. However, not all animals are studied, but certain control groups, which are formed depending on age and physiological state, since clinical and biochemical parameters depend on productivity, gestational age and age.

The nature of the medical examination, as well as the clinical examination of different types of animals, has certain features.

Note: Local temperature for newborn piglets in the 1st week is -28-30°C, 2nd week -26-28°C, 3rd week - 24-26°C, 4th week - 22-24°C.

During clinical examination of dairy cows and heifers, 4 control groups are formed:

) cows in the first three periods of lactation;

) cows 6-7 months of lactation;

) dry animals;

) heifers 2-3 months before calving.

On large farms, a full clinical examination of 10-20% of the cows and heifers is carried out. In the process of a clinical study, along with a general examination, the nature and quality of the pulse, heart sounds, respiratory sounds, frequency of contractions of the rumen, condition of the teeth, mesh, and liver are determined. Particular attention is paid to the symptoms of metabolic disorders.

When clinically diagnosing disorders of mineral metabolism, attention is paid to the nature of movement and the condition of the musculoskeletal system and joints (frequent stepping of limbs, tense gait, lying down, difficulty standing up, soreness of the bones, condition of the last caudal vertebrae, transverse costal processes, horny processes).

If protein metabolism is disrupted, due to excess protein in the diet, clinical examination reveals obesity, tachycardia, muffled heart sounds, increased breathing, enlarged liver boundaries, arthrosis, and decreased reproductive function. Lack of protein is accompanied by a decrease in body weight, weakening of heart sounds, hypotension of the gastrointestinal tract, and low natural resistance.

Clinically, carbohydrate metabolism disorders are manifested by hypoglycemia in newborn piglets, ketosis, obesity, exhaustion, and diabetes.

1 Laboratory analysis of blood, urine, milk, rumen contents

Clinical examination of animals is accompanied by the collection of blood, urine and milk for laboratory testing, which allows one to get an objective idea of ​​the level and state of metabolism, carry out early diagnosis of various diseases, and monitor the activity of various organs and systems.

2 Blood test

Before taking blood, a clinical examination of animals is carried out. Blood is taken from clinically healthy animals in the morning into two dry tubes, intended - one for hematological studies (whole blood), and the other for biochemical studies (serum production). An anticoagulant is added to a tube intended for obtaining whole blood. The addition of anticoagulants in excessive doses can cause hemolysis of the blood.

When counting formed elements, stabilized blood can be stored in the refrigerator for up to 3 days. The blood is sent to the laboratory on the day it is drawn. The study is carried out using uniform unified methods.

General indicators during clinical examination are: hemoglobin content, number of erythrocytes and leukocytes, reserve alkalinity, total serum protein, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, carotene; specific - ketone bodies, sugar, magnesium, trace elements, vitamins A, C, E and others.

From cattle on farms with the same type of feeding, blood is taken from 20 - 30 cows of the control group (5-7 animals in each group), from bulls at breeding enterprises, the blood of all animals is examined once a year, and quarterly - from 15 - 20 animals, in young animals during the period of growing, rearing and fattening, the blood of calves of control groups at 6 and 12 months of age is examined (15 - 20 samples). In pigs from pregnant and suckling sows, blood is taken from 8 - 10 animals for testing , which most fully reflect the condition of the livestock, a laboratory blood test of piglets in the farrowing, rearing and fattening shops is carried out from 8 to 10 piglets from several litters, which most fully reflect the condition of the livestock.

When conducting medical examinations of sheep, in each room where ewes are located, a reference group of 20 - 30 animals (2 - 3% of the number of livestock in the shed) is created. Blood tests are carried out from 8 to 10 animals in each control group.

3 Examination of urine, milk and rumen contents

Urine examination is mandatory during medical examination, since changes in it associated with metabolic disorders appear quite quickly. Changes in urine are sometimes a fairly characteristic symptom of certain pathologies.

Urine is taken from clinically healthy animals in the morning and immediately sent to the laboratory, since its untimely delivery causes changes in pH, destruction of leukocytes and rejected epithelial cells, and the development of microflora. In cattle, urine from 10 - 20% of cows in control groups is examined.

In urine, the reaction (pH), the presence of ketone bodies, as well as protein, bilirubin, sugar are determined, and, if necessary, microscopy of urine sediment is performed.

During clinical examination, milk examination is most often limited to determining the presence of ketone bodies and fat content. However, if necessary, the range of studied indicators expands, including the determination of the physical properties of milk (acidity, density), chemical composition (protein, vitamin A, carotene, sometimes micro- and macroelements).

The study of scar contents involves determining the physical and chemical properties and microflora. Samples of ruminal contents are obtained using an oro-esophageal probe in the morning, 3 to 4 hours after feeding. The samples taken are filtered through a sieve into several layers of gauze, preserved with 6-8 drops of chloroform or toluene, and for counting ciliates with a 10% formaldehyde solution. Of the physicochemical indicators, pH, the level of lactic acid, ammonia are of diagnostic importance, and of the microflora - the number of ciliates, their mobility and species composition.

Analysis of the data obtained, conclusion and suggestions

When analyzing the results of a clinical study, the number of animals with lesions of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive systems, symptoms of osteodystrophy, ketosis and other pathologies is calculated as a percentage.

For each group of animals, the percentage of positive reactions to the content of ketone bodies, protein, and sugar in the tested urine and milk samples is determined.

A conclusion about the results of medical examination is made based on a comparison of data from clinical and laboratory studies, analysis of feeding and livestock management, taking into account production veterinary and zootechnical indicators. The conclusion should reflect the nature of existing metabolic disorders, the suspected causes of their occurrence, as well as other diseases encountered. Here you should also present a set of therapeutic and preventive, zootechnical and hygienic measures aimed at eliminating the identified deficiencies.

References

1.B. M. Anokhin, V. M. Danilevsky: Internal non-communicable diseases of farm animals / Ed. V. M. Danilevsky - M.: "Agropromizdat", 1991 - pp. 183-185.

.N. B. Bakirov, A. I. Isaev: Geography of the Kyrgyz Republic / Ed. V. Grechko - Bishkek “Mektep”, 1992 - pp. 43-46.

.Professor A.V. Vasiliev: Diagnosis of internal diseases of domestic animals / Ed. A. V. Kuzmichev - M.: "Selkhozgiz", 1956 - pp. 210-212.

.Nogoibaev M.D. manager Department V.B.Zh., Doctor of V.S. Professor, Tokoev K. K. Ph.D., Associate Professor, Sarygulov U. Zh. Art. teacher: Methodical instructions / Ed. K. K. Kerimov - Kut-Ber LLC, Bishkek, st. Mederova No. 68, Bishkek 2011

.Nogoibaev M.D. manager Department V.B.Zh., Doctor of V.S. professor, Mederbekova M.S.: Zhash maldyn ichki ylandary - Kut-Ber LLC, Bishkek, st. Mederova No. 68, Bishkek 2011

.I. G. Sharabrin, V. A. Alikaev: Internal non-communicable diseases of farm animals / Ed. I. G. Sharabrina - 6th ed., revised. and additional - M.: "Agropromizdat", 1985 - pp. 149-151.

— a method of injury prevention, which includes both diagnostic and therapeutic, as well as preventive measures.
Due to the fact that traumatism is the root cause of the most common surgical diseases in animals, surgical medical examination should be an essential component of veterinary services for industrial livestock farming and specialized farms and include comprehensive clinical examinations in surgery, orthopedics, ophthalmology and andrology.
A comprehensive medical examination of animals involves a clinical examination to determine the integrity of the skin, mucous membranes, mouth and teeth, eyes, the presence of open and closed injuries, diseases of the limbs and hooves, the genital area in bulls and cows, feed injuries and metal carriers.

Tests for the presence of skin diseases. The condition of the skin (elasticity, moisture and pain sensitivity), folding and immobility of the skin are determined. Pay attention to the presence of mechanical damage (abrasions, scratches, wounds, macerations), baldness, peeling of the epidermis, eczema, dermatitis, neoplasms, ulcers, fistulas, folliculitis, boils and carbuncles.

Tests for the presence of eye diseases. Pay attention to possible lacrimation, color, consistency and nature of eye discharge (serous-mucous, purulent), the presence of foreign bodies in the conjunctival sac and under the third eyelid, the condition of the skin of the eyelids (wounds, abrasions, tumors, dermatitis, eczema), the presence of eversion and turning up the eyelids. In cases of widespread eye disease and if an infectious nature of the disease is suspected, animals are isolated and the diagnosis is clarified through special studies.

Oral and dental examinations begin with determining the nature of food intake and appetite, carefully examine the oral cavity, teeth, the condition of their chewing surface, mucous membrane of the gums, hard palate, oral cavity and tongue, determine the presence of foreign bodies, etc. Inspection of the oral cavity should be carried out using a reflector (illuminator ), yawner.
When conducting a comprehensive clinical examination, a clinical examination identifies animals with open and closed mechanical damage (wounds, hematomas, lymphatic extravasation, hernias, fractures, etc.). Sick animals are given first aid and their treatment is organized.

Research for presence diseases of the limbs are carried out taking into account the conditions of keeping and feeding the animals, the nature of the position of the limbs, the presence, type and degree of lameness, the state of muscle tone, tendons, synovial sheaths and bursae are determined. Particular attention is paid to the condition of the hoof horn and diseases of the hooves, their shape, the condition of the horny wall, sole, crumb, the presence of deformation, etc. are determined.
If diseases are detected in the area of ​​the corolla, the arch of the intercliff fissure, the wall, the sole, or the crumb, the diagnosis is clarified, the causes are clarified, treatment is organized, and preventive measures are developed.

Research for the presence feed injuries make it possible to detect blockage of the esophagus, traumatic reticuloperitonitis, pericarditis, foreign bodies in the oral cavity, etc. The frequency of cases and sources of this type of injury are determined and measures are taken to eliminate them.

When examining for the presence of sexual trauma in male farm animals (bulls, boars, rams), the scrotum, testes, spermatic cords and penis are examined by inspection and palpation in order to detect possible swelling, wounds, abrasions, erosions, ulcers, pain sensitivity, prolapse of the penis (paraphimosis, paralysis) or its failure to remove it (phimosis), etc. If posthitis or balanoposthitis is detected in bulls, differential diagnostics are carried out for trichomoniasis and vibriosis.

The final stage of comprehensive medical examination is the state of the act, which should reflect the detected animal diseases and reveal their causes. In the final part of the act, they indicate a list of measures and proposals to eliminate the deficiencies identified during the medical examination and appoint specific persons responsible for their implementation.