Biology presentation on humoral regulation. Presentation on the topic "humoral regulation"
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Humoral regulation of the body's vital functions. Human endocrine system.Slide 2
You can often hear the expression that everything in the body is controlled by the nervous system. How is this control carried out? We often use the term “biologically active substances” in biology lessons. What substances are considered biologically active? What body functions do they affect? Support your answer with examples. Think and answer!
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1902-1905 W. Bayliss and E. Starling discovered hormones. Hormones - (from the Greek hormáo - I quote) are substances produced by the endocrine glands. About 30 hormones are now known.
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action at a distance from the place of production; specificity of action - the effect of each of them is not adequate to the effect of another hormone; high rate of formation and inactivation, which is responsible for the short duration of their action; high biological activity - the desired effect is achieved at a very low concentration of the substance; the role of an intermediary (messenger) in the transmission of information from the nervous system to the cell. Basic properties of hormones
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Fill out the table Name of the gland Type of secretion Hormones Physiological action of the hormone Diseases and prevention
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The endocrine brain was discovered by Canadian pathophysiologist Hans Selye. This is one of the most sensational discoveries in medicine of the 20th century. According to modern data, at least three parts of the central nervous system have hormonal activity: the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and pineal gland. Endocrine brain
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Produces several hormones. One of the most important is somatotropic hormone - growth hormone. Pituitary
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Pineal gland The pineal gland produces a number of biologically active substances that regulate the activity of the immune system, growth, puberty, pigment and water-salt metabolism. Their chemical structure and role in the body have yet to be clarified. Most information today is about melatonin, which regulates biological rhythms. This is that elusive hormone of youth, the search for which the best minds of humanity have been busy for many years.
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In 1915, thyroxine was discovered in the tissue of the thyroid gland, in 1952 another hormone was found - triiodothyronine, in 1962 - thyrocalcitonin, which is involved in the calcium metabolism occurring in the body. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine regulate the processes of growth and development, affect the nervous system, heart and gonads, increase the intensity of all types of metabolism, in particular oxidative reactions in cells, leading to the release of heat. Thyroid gland
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In the Tyumen region, the population lacks iodine, which is necessary for the normal functioning of life processes. Therefore, it is recommended to eat foods that contain iodine, such as seafood. Sea kale salad is delicious and very healthy! This is important to know!
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The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone, a hormone that regulates the exchange of calcium and phosphorus in the body, the intensity of which determines the transmission of nerve impulses, bone formation, muscle contraction and many other physiological processes of the body. Parathyroid
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The size of the gland is only 16-22 cm, weight - 70-120 g. The founder of the study of this organ is the scientist Langerhans. The part of the gland that produces hormones began to be called the islets of Langerhans in its honor. They secrete insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels: insulin lowers it, and glucagon increases it. With a lack of insulin, diabetes mellitus develops. Pancreas
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Hormones of the adrenal cortex - corticosteroids help the body adapt to extreme conditions and are responsible for adaptive reactions. The adrenal medulla produces two hormones - adrenaline and norepinephrine. They also participate in the regulation of the functions of the cardiovascular system and influence the metabolic processes of carbohydrates. The body releases these hormones at times of strong emotional stress, for example during a football match or a heated discussion of an exciting event. This is a system that helps to mobilize the body’s internal resources and get out of a difficult situation. Adrenal glands.
Lecture outline:
1. Features of humoral regulation of functions
2.Characteristics of hormones
3. Regulation of hormone release
4. Hypothalamic-pituitary system.
5. Pituitary hormones
Features of humoral regulation
The information carrier is chemical
substances (hormones, hormone-like substances and metabolic products)
The path of information transmission is liquid media (through blood
– endocrine regulation; through the intercellular fluid - paracrine)
Slow regulation
Does not have an exact addressee(addressed to the entire body,
but is perceived by target cells that have receptors for this chemical)
The purpose of humoral regulation is to ensure general reactions that do not require urgent responses
Endocrine system
1. Endocrine glands
PITUITARY physis (adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis)
ADRENAL GLANDS (cortex and medulla in-in)
THYROID GLAND
PARATHYROID GLANDS
EPIPHYSUS
2. Organs with endocrine tissue
PANCREAS
GENITAL GLANDS
3. Organs with endocrine cell function
PLACENTA
THYMUS
KIDNEYS
HEART
Gastrointestinal tract
Glands
internal secretions and their hormones
Endocrine glands or endocrine glands so named because, unlike the exocrine glands, they do not have excretory ducts and secrete the substances formed in them directly into the blood. Substances secreted by the endocrine glands are called hormones.
Properties of hormones
They have a distant effect, i.e.
entering the bloodstream, they can affect the entire body, organs and tissues located far from the gland where they are formed.
Strict specific action
High biological activity
(very small amounts of hormones have significant physiological effects)
Types of action of hormones
Metabolic (effect on metabolism);
Morphogenetic (growth and
differentiation of organs and tissues)
Kinetic (including certain activities of executive organs);
Corrective (changing
intensity of organ and tissue function).
Chemical nature and pathways of action of hormones
Simple and complex proteins - through membrane peptides - hormones, pituitary receptors and secondary hormones, pancreas, etc.
1 Glands endocrine apparatus
3 Endocrine
4 Mixed secretion
Endocrine apparatus and humoral regulation
human body
Biology teacher
Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 9, Bui
Kostroma region
Chukhriy Vera Vasilievna
General plan of the location of the endocrine and mixed secretion glands
male gonads
female gonads
pancreas
adrenal glands
(thymus) thymus gland
thyroid gland
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The pituitary gland is a brain appendage under the hypothalamus
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Thyroid gland - two lobes made of vesicles and connected by a bridge over the thyroid cartilage of the larynx
The adrenal glands are two-layered glands above the surface of the kidneys.
Gonads
female gonads - ovaries
male gonads - testes
is placed behind the sternum and consists of 2 lobes. It has the greatest mass in newborns; after puberty, its development stops and the gland gradually atrophies.
The role of the gland: T-lymphocyte precursor cells multiply and differentiate in it. Mature T-lymphocytes (responsible for the development of immunity) from the thymus populate peripheral lymphoid organs
Epiphysis –
in the diencephalon
(on the roof). Pineal gland associated with the epithalamus
Pancreas –
located in the abdominal cavity below the stomach (on the left). “Islands” of cells (islets of Langenhars) located in different places of the gland
Parathyroid - paired formations closely adjacent to the thyroid gland
adrenal glands
(thymus) thymus gland
thyroid gland
Endocrine glands
Exocrine glands - do not produce hormones
Three pairs of salivary glands. Saliva contains digestive enzymes
The liver is the largest digestive gland. Stomach, intestinal
Sweat and sebaceous glands
male gonads
female gonads
Glands of mixed secretion
pancreas
Click on the pictures of glands - these are reference triggers
Choose and solve problems
Security questions
Compare, explain
Use sources
Prepare a message
- Why are vital organs called small organs of great importance? What is their function in the body?
- Explain which exocrine glands produce biologically active substances: 1) local disinfecting action; 2) local catalytic action
- Describe the structure of the thyroid gland according to plan:
- location in the body;
- external structure and shape;
- dimensions;
- what hormones does it produce, their significance
Crossword
1. Consider the fact:
In runners before a performance, just like in animals when there is danger, the level of adrenaline in the blood increases. Explain: a) how organ functions and physiological processes change in connection with this; b) what significance do these changes have for the body in a situation of tension (stress).
2. Biologically active substances - enzymes, vitamins, hormones - have a strong impact on the vital activity and health of the body. Compare these substances and explain the differences between them
In former times, people suffering from diabetes, low blood pressure, and cardiac failure were doomed to death. Explain:
a) what assistance does medicine now provide in these cases;
b) what achievements of physiological science have made it possible to provide medical care to humans in these cases;
c) what significance do these scientific achievements have for refuting religious views on the cause of the disease?
Hormone insulin in the blood
Hormone glucagon
Pancreas
Adrenal
1 glucose
glycogen
2 glucose
glycogen
protein
Hormone norepinephrine in the blood
Hormone adrenaline in the blood
1 Increased heart rate and strengthening
2 Vasoconstriction and increased pressure
- The active principle of the hormone thyroxine is:
2. With a lack of thyroid hormone, the disease develops:
3. The main hormonal processes in the body are controlled by:
4. Endocrine glands produce hormones that enter:
5. The adrenal medulla produces the hormone:
6. Hypofunction of the pancreas leads to the disease:
cretinism
bloodstream
adrenalin
diabetes mellitus
2 One of the manifestations of thyroid hormone deficiency
5 Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism
6 Paired endocrine gland
7 Adrenal hormone
8 Excessive function of the endocrine gland
9 Hormone that regulates blood sugar
10 A disease that occurs due to excessive secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland
11 Disease associated with dysfunction of the pituitary gland
12 Endocrine gland located at the base of the brain
13 Insufficient function of the endocrine gland
1 Adrenal medulla hormone
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Dysfunction |
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External secretion: Lacrimal, digestive, sweat, milky, sebaceous, salivary |
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Internal secretion: |
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Growth, regulatory |
Gigantism, acromegaly, dwarfism |
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Serotonin, melatonin |
Puberty disorder |
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Thyroid |
Thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin |
Myxedema, Graves' disease, cretinism |
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Parathyroid |
Parathyroid hormone |
Bone disorders, seizures |
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Thymus (thymus) |
Calcium and carbohydrate metabolism |
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Adrenal glands |
Corticoids, adrenaline, norepinephrine |
Puberty disorders. Bronze disease |
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Mixed secretion: |
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Pancreas |
Insulin, glucagon |
Diabetes mellitus |
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Testosterone, androsterone, estrogens, etc. |
Intersexuality |
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Sources used:
1. Bogdanova T.L. "Biology". Moscow. "AST-PRESS SCHOOL". 2003
2. Kolesov D.V., Mash R.D., Belyaev I.N. "Human". M.: Bustard. 2004 (drawing of a man with glands located)
3. Murtazin G.M. “Active forms and methods of teaching biology. Man and his health", M.: "Enlightenment", 1990
4. Panfilova L.A. "Anatomy, physiology and hygiene of humans." Notebook with printed base. Saratov. "Lyceum". 1999
5. Gain of M.G. "Human Anatomy". Moscow. "Medicine". 1985
6. Sonin N.I., Sapin M.R. "Biology. Human". M.: Bustard. 2014
7. Yarygin V.N. "Biology". Moscow. "Graduate School". 1998
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HUMORAL REGULATION - (from the Latin humor - liquid), one of the mechanisms for coordinating vital processes in the body, carried out through the fluid media of the body (blood, lymph, tissue fluid) with the help of biologically active substances secreted by cells, tissues and organs during their functioning. An important role in G. r. hormones play. In highly developed animals and humans, G. r. is subject to nervous regulation, together with the cut it forms a unified system of neurohumoral regulation, ensuring the normal functioning of the body in changing environmental conditions.
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1) The humoral or chemical mechanism of regulation is phylogenetically more ancient. It is carried out due to chemical substances found in the fluids circulating in the body, i.e. in blood, lymph and tissue fluid.
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Factors of humoral regulation of functions can be:
I) physiologically active substances - hormones produced by the endocrine glands and some other organs and cells of the body (for example, the hormone adrenaline is produced by the endocrine gland - the adrenal medulla, as well as chromaffin cells located in the nerve ganglia, the wall of blood vessels and other organs); 2) some specific products of cell metabolism, including mediators (acetylcholine, norepinephrine, etc.); 3) some nonspecific products of cell metabolism (for example, CO2 has an exciting effect on the cells of the respiratory center of the medulla oblongata); 4) some substances that come with food, through breathing, through the skin (for example, nicotine inhaled through tobacco smoke reduces the excitability of nerve cells and has a negative effect on the activity of many cells and tissues).
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The most important type of humoral regulation of functions is
hormonal regulation carried out through hormones produced by the endocrine glands. In addition, hormone-like substances are secreted by some other organs and cells of the body that, in addition to the endocrine one, perform another specialized function (kidneys, placenta, cells of the mucous membrane of the digestive tract, etc.). These substances are called tissue hormones. Endocrine glands (from the Greek endon - inside, crino - secrete) do not have excretory ducts and secrete hormones into the internal environment of the body, as a result of which they received the second name - endocrine glands.
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Main features of humoral regulation:
1.Low speed of regulatory influence, associated with the low speed of currents of the corresponding body fluids. 2. Slow increase in the strength of the humoral signal and slow decrease. This is due to a gradual increase in the concentration of PAS and their gradual destruction. 3. Absence of a specific tissue or target organ for the action of humoral factors. They act on all tissues and organs along the fluid flow, in the cells of which there are corresponding receptors.
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Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland in vertebrates that stores iodine and produces iodine-containing hormones (iodothyronines) involved in the regulation of metabolism and the growth of individual cells, as well as the body as a whole - thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine, T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The synthesis of these hormones occurs in epithelial follicular cells called thyrocytes. Calcitonin, a peptide hormone, is also synthesized in the thyroid gland: in parafollicular or C cells. It compensates for bone wear by incorporating calcium and phosphates into bone tissue, and also prevents the formation of osteoclasts, which in an activated state can lead to the destruction of bone tissue, and stimulates the functional activity and proliferation of osteoblasts. Thus, it participates in the regulation of the activity of these two types of formations; it is thanks to the hormone that new bone tissue is formed faster. The thyroid gland is located in the neck under the larynx in front of the trachea. In humans, it is shaped like a butterfly and is located under the thyroid cartilage.
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Pineal gland
The pineal body (epiphysis, pineal gland, superior cerebral appendage) is a small oval glandular formation that belongs to the diencephalon and is located in a shallow groove between the superior colliculi of the midbrain and above the thalamus. The mass of the gland in an adult is about 0.2 g, length 8-15 mm, width 6-10 mm, thickness 4-6 mm. On the outside, the pineal body is covered with a soft connective tissue membrane of the brain, which contains many anastomosing (connecting to each other) blood vessels. The cellular elements of the parenchyma are specialized glandular cells - pineocytes and glial cells - gliocytes. The pineal gland produces primarily serotonin and melatonin, as well as norepinephrine and histamine. Peptide hormones and biogenic amines were found in the pineal gland. The main function of the pineal gland is the regulation of circadian (daily) biological rhythms, endocrine functions, metabolism (metabolism) and the body's adaptation to changing light conditions.
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Pituitary
The pituitary gland is a brain appendage in the form of a round formation located on the lower surface of the brain in a bone pocket called the sella turcica, produces hormones that affect growth, metabolism and reproductive function. It is the central organ of the endocrine system; interacts closely with the hypothalamus. Functions: In the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, somatotropocytes produce somatotropin, which activates the mitotic activity of somatic cells and protein biosynthesis; lactotropocytes produce prolactin, which stimulates the development and function of the mammary glands and corpus luteum; gonadotropocytes - follicle-stimulating hormone (stimulation of ovarian follicle growth, regulation of steroidogenesis) and luteinizing hormone (stimulation of ovulation, formation of the corpus luteum, regulation of steroidogenesis) hormones; thyrocytes - thyroid-stimulating hormone (stimulation of the secretion of iodine-containing hormones by thyrocytes); corticotropocytes - adrenocorticotropic hormone (stimulation of the secretion of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex). In the middle lobe of the pituitary gland, melanotropocytes produce melanocyte-stimulating hormone (regulation of melanin metabolism); lipotropocytes - lipotropin (regulation of fat metabolism). In the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, pituicytes activate vasopressin and oxytocin in storage corpuscles Hormones of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland asparotocin vasopressin vasotocin valitocin glumitocin isotocin mesotocin oxytocin
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Pancreas
The human pancreas is an organ of the digestive system; a large gland with exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine function of the organ is realized by the secretion of pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes. By producing hormones, the pancreas takes an important part in the regulation of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Functions: The pancreas is the main source of enzymes for the digestion of fats, proteins and carbohydrates - mainly trypsin and chymotrypsin, pancreatic lipase and amylase. The main pancreatic secretion of duct cells also contains bicarbonate ions, which are involved in the neutralization of acidic gastric chyme. Pancreatic secretions accumulate in the interlobular ducts, which merge with the main excretory duct, which opens into the duodenum.
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Adrenal glands
The adrenal glands are paired endocrine glands of vertebrates and humans. In humans, they are located in close proximity to the upper pole of each kidney. They play an important role in the regulation of metabolism and in the body’s adaptation to unfavorable conditions (reaction to stressful conditions). The adrenal glands are composed of two structures - the cortex and the medulla - which are regulated by the nervous system. The medulla serves as the main source of catecholamine hormones in the body - adrenaline and norepinephrine. Some of the cells of the cortex belong to the “hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex” system and serve as a source of corticosteroids. The adrenal glands are triangular glands located at the top of the kidney. The outer part of the adrenal glands is called the cortex and produces steroid hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone. The inner part of the adrenal gland produces adrenaline and norepinephrine. When your glands produce more or less hormones than your body needs, you can get sick.
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Thymus
The thymus (thymus gland) is an organ of lymphopoiesis in humans and many animal species, in which maturation, differentiation and immunological “training” of T-cells of the immune system occur. The thymus gland is a small organ of pinkish-gray color, soft consistency, and its surface is lobulated. In newborns, its dimensions are on average 5 cm in length, 4 cm in width and 6 cm in thickness, and weighs about 15 grams. The growth of the organ continues until the onset of puberty (at this time its size is maximum - up to 7.5-16 cm in length, and its weight reaches 20-37 grams). With age, the thymus undergoes atrophy and in old age is barely distinguishable from the surrounding adipose tissue of the mediastinum; at 75 years of age, the average weight of the thymus is only 6 grams. As it involutions, it loses its former color and, due to an increase in the proportion of stroma and fat cells in it, becomes more yellow. Functions: Produces T-lymphocytes and hormones: thymosin, thymalin, thymopoietin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), thymic humoral factor , they are all proteins (polypeptides). With hypofunction of the thymus, immunity decreases, as the number of T-lymphocytes in the blood decreases.
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Thank you for your attention!!!
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