People who doubt their own abilities should definitely familiarize themselves with the achievements of famous disabled people. True, most people with disabilities who have achieved success can hardly be called disabled. As their inspiring stories prove, nothing can stop a person from achieving high goals, leading an active life and becoming a role model. So let's take a look at the great people with disabilities.

Stephen Hawking

Hawking was born an absolutely healthy man. However, in his youth he was given a terrible diagnosis. Doctors diagnosed Stephen with a rare pathology - amyotrophic sclerosis, which is also known as Charcot's disease.

Symptoms of the disease quickly gained momentum. Closer to reaching adulthood, our hero became almost completely paralyzed. The young man was forced to use a wheelchair. Partial mobility was preserved only in some facial muscles and individual fingers. To make his own life easier, Stephen agreed to undergo throat surgery. However, the decision only brought harm, and the guy lost the ability to reproduce sounds. From that moment on, he could communicate only thanks to an electronic speech synthesizer.

However, all this did not prevent Hawking from being included in the list of people with disabilities who have achieved success. Our hero managed to earn the status of one of the greatest scientists. This person is considered a real sage and a person who is capable of turning the most daring, fantastic ideas into reality.

These days, Stephen Hawking is engaged in active scientific work in his own residence away from people. He devoted his life to writing books, educating the population, and popularizing science. Despite his physical handicap, this outstanding man is married and has children.

Ludwig van Beethoven

Let's continue our conversation about people with disabilities who have achieved success. Without a doubt, Beethoven, the legendary German composer of classical music, deserves a place on our list. In 1796, at the height of his world fame, the composer began to suffer from progressive hearing loss caused by inflammation of the inner ear canals. Several years passed, and Ludwig van Beethoven completely lost the ability to perceive sounds. However, it was from this time that the author’s most famous works began to appear.

Subsequently, the composer wrote the famous “Eroica Symphony” and captured the imagination of classical music lovers with the most complex parts from the opera “Fidelio” and the “Ninth Symphony with Chorus”. In addition, he created numerous works for quartets, cellists, and vocal performers.

Esther Vergeer

The girl has the status of the strongest tennis player on the planet, who won her titles while sitting in a wheelchair. In her youth, Esther required spinal cord surgery. Unfortunately, surgery only made the situation worse. The girl lost her legs, depriving her of the ability to move independently.

One day, while in a wheelchair, Vergeer decided to try playing tennis. The incident marked the beginning of her incredibly successful career in professional sports. The girl was awarded the title of world champion 7 times, repeatedly won high-profile victories at the Olympic Games, and won prizes in a series of Grand Slam tournaments. Moreover, Esther holds an unusual record. Since 2003, she has managed not to lose a single set during the competition. At the moment there are more than two hundred of them.

Eric Weihenmayer

This outstanding man is the only climber in history who managed to conquer Everest while completely blind. Eric became blind at the age of 13. However, thanks to his innate focus on achieving high success, Weihenmayer first received a high-quality education, worked as a teacher, professionally engaged in wrestling, and then devoted his life to conquering mountain peaks.

An artistic film was made about the high achievements of this disabled athlete, which was called “Touch the Top of the World.” In addition to Everest, the hero climbed the seven highest peaks on the planet. In particular, Weihenmayer conquered such daunting mountains as Elbrus and Kilimanjaro.

Alexey Petrovich Maresyev

At the height of World War II, this fearless man defended the country from invaders as a military pilot. In one of the battles, Alexei Maresyev’s plane was destroyed. Miraculously, the hero managed to stay alive. However, severe injuries forced him to agree to amputation of both lower limbs.

However, receiving a disability did not bother the outstanding pilot at all. Only after leaving the military hospital did he begin to seek the right to return to aviation. The army was in dire need of talented pilots. Therefore, soon Alexei Maresyev was offered prosthetics. Thus, he made many more combat missions. For his courage and military exploits, the pilot was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Ray Charles

Next on our list is a legendary man, an outstanding musician and one of the most celebrated jazz performers. Ray Charles began suffering from blindness at the age of 7. Presumably, this was caused by medical negligence, in particular improper treatment of glaucoma.

Subsequently, Ray began to develop his creative inclinations. Reluctance to give up allowed our hero to become the most famous blind musician of our time. At one time, this outstanding person was nominated for as many as 12 Grammy awards. His name is forever inscribed in the hall of fame of jazz, rock and roll, blues and country. In 2004, Charles was included in the top ten most talented artists of all time according to the authoritative publication Rolling Stone.

Nick Vujicic

What other people with disabilities who have achieved success deserve attention? One of these is Nick Vujicic, an ordinary person who has suffered from a rare hereditary pathology called tetra-amelia since birth. When he was born, the boy was missing his upper and lower limbs. There was only a small appendage of the foot.

In his youth, Nick was offered surgery. The purpose of the surgical intervention was to separate the fused fingers on the only process of the lower limb. The guy was extremely happy that he had the opportunity, at least half-heartedly, to manipulate objects and move without outside help. Inspired by the change, he learned to swim, surf and skateboard, and work on a computer.

In adulthood, Nick Vujicic got rid of past experiences associated with physical disabilities. He began traveling around the world giving lectures, motivating people to new achievements. Often a man speaks to young people who have difficulty socializing and finding the meaning of life.

Valery Fefelov

Valery Andreevich Fefelov is famous as one of the leaders of the social movement of dissidents, as well as a fighter for the recognition of the rights of people with disabilities. In 1966, while working as an electrician at one of the Soviet enterprises, this man suffered an industrial injury that led to a fracture of the spine. Doctors told Valery that he would remain in a wheelchair for the rest of his life. As often happens, our hero received absolutely no help from the state.

In 1978, Valery Fefelov organized the Initiative Group to protect the rights of people with disabilities throughout the entire Soviet Union. Soon the social activities of the organization were recognized by the authorities as such that they threatened the security of the state. A criminal case was opened against Fefelov, accusing him of resisting the policies of the country's leadership.

Fearing reprisals from the KGB, our hero was forced to move to Germany, where he was granted refugee status. Here Valery Andreevich continued to defend the interests of people with disabilities. Subsequently, he became the author of a book entitled “There are no disabled people in the USSR!”, which caused a lot of noise in society. The work of the famous human rights activist was published in English and Dutch.

Louis Braille

As a child, this man received an eye injury, which developed into severe inflammation and led to complete blindness. Louis decided not to lose heart. He devoted all his time to finding a solution that would allow visually impaired and blind people to recognize text. This is how the special Braille font was invented. Nowadays, it is widely used in institutions that rehabilitate people with disabilities.

The text of the work is posted without images and formulas.
The full version of the work is available in the "Work Files" tab in PDF format

Introduction

Subject:“There are no people with disabilities, only technology is limited”

Target: to attract public attention to creating conditions for the inclusion of disabled children in a more active life.

Hypothesis: Even physical disabilities cannot prevent a person with disabilities from living an active and fulfilling life, achieving their goals, creating, and being successful.

Tasks:

find out who disabled people are;

study the causes of disability;

find out which people with disabilities in our country have managed to make a huge contribution to the development of sports;

evaluate the existing modern equipment of the gymnasium to improve the lives of wheelchair users;

conduct a survey of high school students on this issue and draw conclusions.

Expected results: improving the system of social, material and technical support for disabled children.

Relevance of the topic

The problem of loss of health and disability is one of the most acute today. A special tragedy and pain of our state are disabled children. Such a child is also studying in our gymnasium. He is a wheelchair user. Limited health capabilities make the life of a disabled person extremely difficult, often negatively determining his present and future. And this despite the fact that there are quite a lot of talented people among disabled people. But their disabilities often make it difficult for them to access health care and education, leading to isolation and discrimination. Therefore, in our project we want to find out what are the chances of such people being involved in regular work activities and what are the possibilities of a gymnasium for educating disabled children.

Research methods

An integrated approach to the use of research methods was carried out.

1. Theoretical (study of scientific literature on this issue)

2. Sociological (conversations, questioning of high school students)

3. Analysis of the modern equipment of the gymnasium for disabled children

3.Mathematical (diagramming)

4. Photography method.

2. Main part

2.1. Who are disabled people

Disabled person - a person whose opportunities for personal functioning in society are limited due to his physical, mental, sensory or mental disabilities.

Disability (lat. invalidus- lit. "not strong" in- “not” + validus- “strongman”) is a state of a person in which there are obstacles or restrictions in activity.

In modern society, the concept of “disabled person” is considered to be the more correct term “person with disabilities.” The concept of “person with disabilities,” which has become widely used in Russia, is broader and more general, but at the same time includes only persons with disabled status. In world practice, there are different, delicate approaches to defining people with disabilities. An example of such a general concept is the term “children with special educational needs”. It is currently used in Western Europe and the USA; they do not put an end to the person as a whole; this approach still captures a certain initial deficiency, which does not allow such people to be put on a par with conditionally healthy people. In recent years, much has been done in the world and in Russia to make it possible to train people who have abilities and sufficiently high mental potential, but have physical disabilities, in higher educational institutions. From the point of view of pedagogy and ethics, for people who have “limited health capabilities”, but have a fairly high level of intelligence, it is necessary to introduce a new, more correct definition that does not limit the understanding of personal freedom, does not indicate inferiority .

2.2. Causes of disability

Officially, the following reasons can be given:

General illness - this can be a chronic illness or injury.

Occupational diseases. As a rule, they are associated with exposure to certain occupational hazards.

Injuries received during participation in hostilities or military service.

Disability since childhood. May be associated with congenital developmental abnormalities, consequences of diseases suffered in childhood. Such a reason is always established if the disability initially occurred before the age of 18.

Exposure to radiation, including among people who took part in the liquidation of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident.

2.3. Disability status

determined by several groups:

for diseases of motor functions (associated with dysfunction of the spinal cord, brain stem, pathology of motor neurons, etc.);

for circulatory diseases (associated with intrauterine development disorders, infections: congenital heart defects, myocarditis, endocarditis, pericarditis, etc.);

for diseases of the digestive and respiratory systems (associated with infections, allergens: liver cirrhosis, tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis, etc.);

on metabolic disorders (associated with pathologies of the metabolic level: rickets, diabetes mellitus, spasmophilia, etc.);

for hearing impairment (associated with intrauterine development disorders, infections such as meningitis, etc.);

on mental state disorders (associated both with somatic diseases or defects in physical development, and with various unfavorable social factors and stress affecting the psyche).

Unfortunately, getting a disability today is not a rare case; it can arise as a result of an accident, occupational or congenital disease. There is three disability groups:

1st group- when a person cannot take care of himself, he constantly needs outside help. The establishment of disability group 1 includes in the list of diseases persistent disorders of the organs of vision, throat, nose and hearing, defects and deformations of the limbs, some neuropsychiatric diseases, and persistent disturbances in the functioning of internal organs.

2nd group- characterized by moderate severity of the disease, when a person does not always require the help of other people. For disabled people of the 2nd group, some types of activities are available, subject to the provision of a specially equipped workplace and in compliance with certain working conditions. To establish group 2 disability, the list of diseases includes persistent disorders of the musculoskeletal system, gastrointestinal tract functions, some neuropsychic and surgical diseases, anatomical defects, some diseases of the hearing and vision organs, heart and kidney failure.

3rd group- when a person does not need the help of other people, but at the same time, cannot carry out work in his main specialty, and is limited in the choice of place of work. To establish disability group 3, the list of diseases also includes some diseases of the central nervous system and cardiovascular system, renal failure, a number of diseases resulting from injuries received during professional activities or at home, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, lungs and gastrointestinal tract.

2.5. How people with disabilities managed to make a huge contribution to the development of sports

The history of the Olympic Games is well known to many. Unfortunately, the Paralympic Games, the Olympics for people with physical disabilities and disabilities, are much less known. Meanwhile, they have been held for more than half a century. In recent years, the scale, role and significance of the Paralympic Games have increased significantly. Today they have become a kind of humanistic philosophy of the 21st century. The moral potential of the fact that Russia has become one of the leaders of the world Paralympic movement turned out to be extremely high. This is evidenced by the results of Russian athletes at the latest Winter Paralympic Games in Sochi. This Paralympics showed that these people have UNLIMITED POSSIBILITIES!

78 Russian athletes were selected to participate in the competition. Of the current Paralympic team, 13 athletes took part in the 2010 Games, and four won gold - Irek Zaripov, Maria Iovleva, Mikhalina Lysova and Kirill Mikhailov. 66 athletes from the national team took part in the Games for the first time. The average age of athletes on the Paralympic team is 27 years. The youngest athlete is 16 years old (alpine skiing), the oldest is 48 years old (curling). The Russian Paralympic team included athletes from 17 constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

As a result, Russia won the Winter Paralympic Games and took first place in them! In our piggy bank 80 medals and the Russian team is in first place with HUGE lead in gold medals. For these people, a terrible diagnosis did not become an obstacle to winning medals in sports. These people are real examples worth emulating.

The need to simultaneously accommodate tens of thousands of people with disabilities in Sochi gave rise to a major project to create a barrier-free environment. The entire urban environment of Sochi was adapted for comfortable use by people with various types of disabilities.

3. Practical part

3.1. Barrier-free gymnasium environment

Today, many wheelchair users who are homeschooled experience psychological problems after leaving school. When it comes to entering various vocational educational institutions, it turns out that the quality of their education suffers, they do not know how to communicate, and their speech is not developed.

Now in our city there are more than 100 disabled people, including children in wheelchairs who study at home. They have almost three times fewer classes than in regular schools. Thus, the quality of education suffers. Although most can easily cope with the general school curriculum. But, alas, they cannot cope with stairs and other inconveniences at school.

3.1.1. Study of equipment for wheelchair users at the municipal educational institution “Gymnasium No. 10”

Education is an inalienable human right. However, not all children with disabilities have the opportunity to study in mainstream schools. Almost all schools are completely inaccessible to people with disabilities who have mobility difficulties. We found out how things are in our gymnasium and whether wheelchair user Stepan Yavorsky, a 4th grade student, can fully study with us. While he is studying in the classroom (located on the first floor) with his classmates. What will happen next year, when he will have to use a wheelchair throughout the school to different rooms?

How is the gymnasium building adapted so that such a student feels most comfortable there?

Let's start with the entrance to the gymnasium. The entrance to any school usually begins with stairs, which are a serious or even insurmountable obstacle for children with musculoskeletal disorders who use a wheelchair when moving. In order for these children to be able to get to school, it is necessary to install a ramp at its entrance (see Appendix No. 1). Our gymnasium has it and this first plus . In addition, it meets all the necessary standards: its slope, width (at least 90 cm), enclosing sides and round handrails.

Interior of the school. The width of doorways must be at least 80-85 cm, otherwise a person in a wheelchair will not pass through it. A study of the doorways of our gymnasium showed that they correspond to the norm. And this second plus (see Appendix No. 2).

In order for a person in a wheelchair to be able to climb to the upper floors, a lift must be provided in the school building. Our gymnasium also has this expensive equipment. And although Stepan is now studying in elementary school and his classroom is on the first floor, in the future, that is, next year, he will be able to use it. And this third plus. (see Appendix No. 3)

In school toilets one specialized toilet stall must be provided for people with disabilities with musculoskeletal disorders (including wheelchair users) measuring at least 1.65 m by 1.8 m. A free area must be provided in the cabin next to one side of the toilet to accommodate a wheelchair to ensure the possibility of transferring from the chair to the toilet. The cabin must be equipped with handrails, bars, hanging trapezoids, etc. All these elements must be firmly fixed. At least one sink in the toilet should be provided at a height of 80 cm from the floor. Our research also confirmed the presence of these elements of the gymnasium. And this is another one - fourth plus (see Appendix No. 2)

Of course, the gymnasium is not yet fully equipped for such children, but many steps have already been taken towards the normal education of disabled children.

3.1.2. Study of the psychological climate in the classroom as one of the factors in creating a comfortable and successful educational environment for a disabled person

Children with disabilities often face negative attitudes towards themselves: they are most often viewed as sick children who need constant special attention and, most importantly, are unable to study at school. But this is not our option. After talking with Stepan, we found out that he really loves going to school, loves to study, and most importantly, that he has many friends in his class. According to him, they often help him with difficult lessons, are very friendly and are proud of his success, just like the teachers. And this is very important, this is the key to success: Stepan is not only a good student and reads a lot, he is also a very creative person. The child plays music (plays the flute) and makes paintings from blanks (see Appendices No. 4, 5).

3.2. Questioning of high school students

What do the students of our gymnasium think about disabled children? In order to find out this, we have compiled a research questionnaire. which consisted of 6 questions. 40 people were interviewed. The average age of the respondents was 11 years - 15 years, these are quite conscious people who can have a personal opinion and present it in an accessible form. Despite the difficult topic, there was not a single person who evaded the answer or ignored the question.

o Person with disabilities- 33 people

o Just a miserable man- 2 people

o Person who needs help- 5 people

o An ordinary person, just like me- 0 people

Thus, some consider disabled people to be people with disabilities, others - people who need the help of others, and others - that they are simply an unhappy person. Officially, a disabled person is considered a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions, caused by diseases, consequences of injuries or defects, leading to limitation of life activities and necessitating his social protection. Every tenth resident of Russia is disabled (see Appendix No. 6, question 1).

Opinions about how often people with disabilities can be found in everyday life were shared when answering the following question:

o Quite often- 6 people

o Sometimes- 18 people

o Rarely- 16 people

o I've never met- 0 people

Thus, every respondent had met a disabled person at least once. The minority answered that this happens quite often, the majority - rarely or sometimes. Of course, you don't see a disabled person every day. But it is important not only to see, but also not to pass by if a person needs help (see Appendix No. 6, question 2).

Your attitude towards disabled people. High school students are classified as disabled:

o With pity, sympathy- 27 people

o With hostility- 0 people

o Doesn't matter- 2 people

o Kindly- 9 people

o Other- 2 people

Several people treat disabled people kindly, and the vast majority of readers surveyed treat them with pity and sympathy, which is understandable. On the other hand, there is probably no need to consider disabled people as second-class citizens or to feel sorry for them. These people just need a little communication, support and attention from society. A disabled person is the same person, he is just limited in his capabilities. Although it can hardly be said that their capabilities are limited. After all, they know how to do things that ordinary people cannot do (see Appendix No. 6, question 3).

The students’ opinions are also interesting about how, in their opinion, disabled people themselves relate to healthy people.

o With hostility, with resentment- 5 people

o Doesn't matter- 4 people

o Wary- 3 people

o Kindly- 24 people

o Other- 4 people

The majority believe that disabled people treat physically healthy people kindly, without malice. However, a small part of the readers we surveyed think that disabled people are wary of other people, and some believe that disabled people can accumulate hostility and resentment (see Appendix No. 6, question 4).

Since we were interviewing schoolchildren, we asked how they would feel about the fact that disabled people would study with them. Here are their answers:

o It’s quite normal, I’ll try to make friends with them-37 people

o Be careful, you'll have to take a closer look- 2 people

o Negative, I'll try to leave the class- 1 person

Most of the respondents will react normally to living next to a disabled person and will try to immediately make friends with him, perhaps trying to take the disabled person under his wing and protect him from some external influences or problems. A small part of the respondents will be wary of the appearance of a disabled person in their class and will try at first to take a closer look at the newcomer, his behavior and relationship with other students. One of the respondents answered that he would have a negative attitude towards a disabled person (see Appendix No. 6, question 5).

To the last question, “If a disabled person asks you for help on the street or in public transport, will you help him?”, the answer was:

o Yes, sure-34 people

o I'll think about it first- 3 people

o No- 0 people

o I find it difficult to answer - 3 people

Almost all of those surveyed would have helped disabled people at their first request and responded to one or another request on their part. On the other hand, complaints and requests are not common among disabled people. It is important to always be ready to provide the necessary help and support to a person in need. (See Appendix No. 6, question 6).

Conclusions

The majority of respondents do not experience hostility or aggression towards disabled people; on the contrary, in many cases there is a desire to help in a given situation. On the other hand, some students expressed certain concerns when interacting with people with disabilities, a certain wariness and apprehension that manifests itself towards them. In relation to disabled people, respondents experience different feelings, the predominant ones being compassion and pity.

Perceive people with disabilities as active members of society.

Help people with disabilities understand that they can achieve a lot, and not just watch what is happening.

Conduct classes in schools on the topic “Our friends are children with disabilities” and joint events with disabled children.

Organize cooperation between the gymnasium and special boarding schools and orphanages to provide charitable assistance to disabled children.

5.Conclusion

We would like the gymnasium to have as many facilities for children in wheelchairs as possible. For a disabled child, studying at school is a way to break out of isolation, to prove that he is the same as everyone else. And for “ordinary” children - an opportunity to understand and change the existing opinion about people with disabilities, learn not to feel sorry for and humiliate them, but to respect and consider them equal, full-fledged people.

In preparing this project, we were convinced that physical disabilities cannot prevent a person with disabilities from living an active and fulfilling life. People with disabilities are people just like the rest of us. And you shouldn’t separate these people.

The work carried out within the framework of the project important and necessary For

understanding and correct assessment of the prospects for future life, a tolerant attitude towards various members of society, the ability to live in a multinational society.

References

• Akatov, L.I. Social rehabilitation of children with disabilities: psychol. basics: textbook. manual for universities / -M.: VLADOS, 2003. -364 p.

  Isherwood M.M. Full life of a disabled person. / - M., Infra-M, 2001

  Kiryakova A.V. Theory of personality orientation in the world of values ​​/ - Orenburg, 1996.

  Leontyev D. A., Aleksandrova L. A. The challenge of disability: from problem to task // 3rd All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference on Existential Psychology: Materials of messages / - M.: Smysl, 2010.4. Lutsenko, E.L. Sociocultural rehabilitation of disabled people. / - Khabarovsk. 2007. - 120 p.

Appendix No. 1. Studying the entrance to the gymnasium. Availability of a ramp.

Appendix No. 2. Study of the internal space of the school, equipped for wheelchair users.

Appendix No. 3. Lift.

Appendix No. 4. Conversation about psychological comfort in the classroom

Appendix No. 5. Creative works of Stepan.

Appendix No. 6. Survey results.

The view and attitude of society towards a special category of the population, which are people with disabilities, has changed over many centuries, going from categorical non-recognition to sympathy, support and loyalty. In essence, this is an indicator, a decisive factor determining the degree of moral maturity and economic viability of a harmonious civil society.

Treatment of persons with special needs over the centuries

The literal meaning of the term “disabled” is identified with words such as “unfit”, “defective”. During the era of reforms by Peter I, former military personnel, people with disabilities who were injured or sick during hostilities, began to be called disabled. At the same time, the general definition of such a group of individuals, i.e., all persons with physical, mental or other disabilities that impede normal, full-fledged life activities, appeared in the post-war period - in the middle of the twentieth century.

A significant breakthrough in the difficult path of disabled people to acquire their own rights was the adoption of an important document at the international level. Refers to the Declaration of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, signed in 1975 by UN member states. According to this multilateral treaty, the concept of “disabled person” has come to mean the following: this is any person who, due to congenital or acquired physical or mental limitations, is unable to realize his or her own needs without assistance (full or partial).

System for supporting the socialization of people with disabilities

In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, today absolutely all people with disabilities can be called disabled. To establish the appropriate group, MSEC is scheduled to be carried out by a specialized civil service.

Over the past few centuries, attitudes towards such people have changed dramatically. If just two hundred years ago everything was limited to routine care, today things are different. An entire functioning system has been created, which includes a complex of organizations designed for the specific care of disabled people, rehabilitation centers and much more.

It is impossible not to mention the well-established performance of educational institutions in which disabled children can receive a decent education, as well as institutions whose graduates are ready to devote their lives to helping people with disabilities. It covers not only physical, but also psychological and moral aspects.

Labor market problems

It is also important to highlight such an important point as work for people with disabilities. Modern labor markets for people with disabilities are a separate spectrum in the state economy, depending on special factors and patterns. It is impossible to resolve this issue without the help of government governing bodies. Citizens who do not have sufficient competitiveness are in dire need of government assistance in finding appropriate work.

It is possible to determine at what level in society people with disabilities are located by taking into account a number of objective and subjective points:

• financial income and level of material security;
• availability of education or possible potential for obtaining it;
• satisfaction with social guarantees provided by the state.

The lack of permanent employment and unemployment among people with disabilities is a rather acute problem throughout the country due to the scale of the likely negative consequences.

Why are disabled people not successful people?

Often the low status in society occupied by disabled people is easily explained by the lack of proper psychological rehabilitation. In particular, this applies not only to people who have been injured in adulthood, but also to people with disabilities from childhood. As a result, such people do not pursue clear life goals and do not have specific attitudes due to missing professional skills, knowledge and abilities.

The current situation is significantly aggravated by the fact that most entrepreneurs, to put it mildly, are not ready to provide positions for disabled people. Employers are reluctant to hire such people, since providing them with jobs equipped to suit their needs and a full package of preferential conditions is extremely unprofitable. After all, working hours and productivity requirements will have to be reduced in accordance with Russian legislation, and this is fraught with losses for businessmen. Despite the large number of existing regulations governing job quotas at enterprises and the employment mechanism, current managers of firms, organizations, and companies, as a rule, find good reasons to refuse to hire people with disabilities. In general, we can distinguish a single system consisting of several factors that determine the specifics of employment of persons with physical disabilities.

Stereotypical barriers

People with disabilities are perceived stereotypically by employers. Most managers unconditionally believe that people with disabilities cannot have decent professional experience, they are not able to fulfill their job responsibilities in full, and they will not be able to build good relationships in the team. In addition, health problems are fraught with frequent sick leave, instability, and sometimes inappropriate behavior. All this, according to employers, indicates a person’s professional unsuitability, his insolvency.

The prevalence of such stereotypes has a large-scale impact on the attitude towards persons with disabilities, discriminating against them and depriving them of the chance to adapt in official labor relations.

Choosing a profession that does not correspond to opportunities

A small percentage of disabled people can correctly build a personal strategy for professional growth. The first stage in this process is making the right decision about choosing a future specialty and its likely prospects. When entering universities to study their chosen specialties and areas, people with disabilities often make the main mistake here. Not all disabled people are able to sensibly assess their abilities and physiological capabilities based on the severity of their health condition, accessibility, and study conditions. Guided by the principle “I can and I want,” without taking into account the realities of the current labor market, many of them do not think about where they will be able to find employment in the future.

This implies the need to develop an additional vector in the activities of employment services, which will give results during the implementation of preventive measures to overcome unemployment of people with disabilities. It is important to teach such people to look at employment through the prism of their own potential.

Lack of working conditions for disabled people

An analysis of statistical data on the most in-demand and popular vacancies for people with disabilities has demonstrated that such people are mainly offered jobs that do not require a highly qualified approach. Such positions provide low wages, a simple monotonous work process (watchmen, operators, assemblers, seamstresses, etc.). Meanwhile, one cannot categorically state that this state of affairs is due only to the limitations of persons with special needs.

The underdevelopment of the labor market plays a significant role in creating the necessary conditions for the activities of people with disabilities.

Fighting for the rights of persons with special needs

At the moment, many public, charitable and volunteer associations are implementing their activities, regularly advocating close attention to the difficult fate of people with disabilities. Their main task is to increase the level of social security of this category of the population. In addition, over the past few years, it is impossible not to notice a positive trend towards the widespread inclusion of people with disabilities in public life, using their limitless potential. Disabled communities have a difficult journey, breaking down barriers and destroying stereotypes.

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

The above-mentioned Declaration of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is not the only document regulating the rights of such people. Several years ago, another international treaty acquired legal significance, in no way inferior in importance to the previous one. The 2008 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is a kind of call to states to solve numerous problems in this social sphere as soon as possible. Creating a barrier-free environment - this is how this project can be informally called. People with disabilities must have full physical accessibility not only in the literal sense - to buildings, premises, cultural and memorial places, but also to information, television, places of employment, transport, etc.

The 2008 UN Convention outlines the rights of people with disabilities, which must be ensured at the state level in terms of healthcare, education, and important political decisions. An important point of the international document is that it affirms the fundamental principles of non-discrimination, independence and respect for such people. Russia was no exception among the countries that ratified the Convention, having taken this important step for the entire state back in 2009.

The significance of the adoption of this international document for our state is invaluable. The statistics are not reassuring: a tenth of Russians have a disability group. More than two-thirds of them are occupied by patients with cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Following them were carriers of diseases of the musculoskeletal system and the musculoskeletal system.

State activity in solving the problem

Over the past few years, the main areas of support for people with disabilities have been work on regulatory, financial, and organizational social security. The question of how to help raise incomes and improve the lives of people with disabilities deserves special attention. Considering that the implementation of social programs aimed at supporting people with disabilities continues, we can already draw an interim result:

• public organizations of disabled people receive government subsidies;
• disability pension has doubled in recent years;
• More than 200 rehabilitation centers for the disabled and about 300 specialized institutions for children have been created.

It cannot be said that all problems in this area have been solved. Their list is quite long. Among them, a whole variety can be distinguished, namely: regular failures in the operation of the MSEC mechanism, difficulties arising during rehabilitation activities for disabled people, the presence of conflicts in regulations denoting the rights of disabled people to sanatorium-resort treatment.

Conclusion

The only fact that evokes only a positive attitude is the realization that modern Russia has determined the course and direction for the long-awaited transition from the current social system to new principles, according to which all obstacles and barriers must be eliminated.

After all, human capabilities are not limited. And no one has the right to interfere with full effective participation in public life and make important decisions on an equal basis with others.

Introduction

The main goal of attracting disabled people to regular physical education and sports is to restore lost contact with the outside world, create the necessary conditions for reunification with society, participation in socially useful work and rehabilitation of their health. In addition, physical education and sports help the mental and physical improvement of this category of the population, contributing to their social integration and physical rehabilitation. In foreign countries, physical activity is very popular among disabled people for the purpose of relaxation, entertainment, communication, maintaining or acquiring good physical shape, the required level of physical fitness. Disabled people, as a rule, are deprived of the opportunity to move freely, so they often experience disturbances in the functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Physical education and health activity in such cases is an effective means of prevention and restoration of normal functioning of the body, and also contributes to the acquisition of the level of physical fitness that is necessary, for example, for a disabled person to be able to use a wheelchair, prosthesis or orthosis. Moreover, we are talking not just about restoring normal body functions, but also about restoring ability to work and acquiring work skills. For example, in the United States, 10 million disabled people, constituting 5% of the population, receive government assistance in the amount of 7% of the total national income. One can argue with the statement that it was the sports movement of disabled people in the West that stimulated the legislative recognition of their civil rights, but there is no doubt that the sports movement of wheelchair users in the 50s - 60s. in many countries has drawn attention to their capabilities and potential. The World Program of Action for Persons with Disabilities states: “The importance of sport for persons with disabilities is becoming increasingly recognized. Member States should therefore encourage all types of sporting activities for persons with disabilities, in particular by providing adequate facilities and proper organization of these activities.”

physical education limited opportunity health

Definition of "person with disabilities"

The term person with disabilities appeared in Russian legislation relatively recently.

In accordance with the Federal Law of June 30, 2007 No. 120-FZ on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation on the issue of citizens with disabilities, the words “with developmental disabilities” used in regulatory legal acts ... are replaced by the term “with OVZ".

This is how the concept of “person with disabilities” was introduced. However, the legislator did not provide a clear normative definition of this concept. This has led to the term being perceived as equivalent or similar to the term “disabled people”. It is necessary to specifically note the fact that these concepts are not equivalent. The fact that a person has the legal status of a disabled person does not mean the need to create additional guarantees for him to realize the right to education. And a person with disabilities, without being recognized as a disabled person in the manner prescribed by law, may have special educational needs. They also imply the possibility of studying at a university according to an adapted educational program. The concept of “persons with disabilities” covers the category of persons whose life activities are characterized by any limitations or lack of ability to carry out activities in a manner or within the framework considered normal for a person of a given age. This concept is characterized by excess or insufficiency compared to usual in behavior or activity, and can be temporary or permanent, as well as progressive and regressive. Persons with disabilities are people who have deficiencies in physical and (or) mental development, have significant deviations from normal mental and physical development, caused by serious congenital or acquired defects and, therefore, need special conditions for training and education. Thus, the group of people with disabilities includes persons whose health condition prevents them from mastering all or individual sections of the educational program outside of special conditions of education and training. The concept of limitation is considered from different points of view and, accordingly, is designated differently in different professional fields related to a person with developmental disabilities: in medicine, sociology, the field of social law, pedagogy, psychology.

In accordance with this, the concept of “person with disabilities” allows us to consider this category of persons as having functional limitations, incapable of any activity as a result of illness, deviations or developmental deficiencies, atypical health conditions, due to the lack of adaptation of the external environment to the basic needs of the individual, from -for negative stereotypes and prejudices that highlight atypical people in the sociocultural system.

1) persons with hearing impairments (deaf, hard of hearing, late-deafened);

2) persons with visual impairments (blind, visually impaired);

3) persons with speech impairments;

4) persons with intellectual disabilities (mentally retarded children);

5) persons with mental retardation (MDD);

6) persons with musculoskeletal disorders (CP);

7) persons with disorders of the emotional-volitional sphere;

8) persons with multiple disabilities.

Many people who have suffered some kind of injury or illness, as a result of which there are obvious, visible or hidden impairments in the functioning of the body/organism, receive the status of “DISABLED”, for STATE SOCIAL SERVICES. This status allows a person to receive all the benefits, rehabilitation equipment and other support provided by state social programs. At the same time, the definition of “Disability” is divided into at least three groups (as well as by type and type of “illness”), each of which has its own specific support program.

After people begin to receive the “benefits” provided for them, a PART of such people see in this “all the delights of life” and the benefits that can be derived from the state in which they find themselves. A great desire develops to receive the “benefits” the subject needs everywhere and in everything, even in those aspects where they are NOT provided. As a result of such “conveniences”, developing wishes and the possibility of manipulating others, a stable, latent, and sometimes quite conscious REluctance to strive for restoration or treatment (in those cases in which this is possible and necessary) rapidly develops. Why do or change something if everything you need will be given? If somewhere, something is NOT given, you can take advantage of the DISABLED status and appeal to people to conscience and justice, while clearly manipulating. Oddly enough, but it works. And so, the question becomes relevant;

What attitude is formed towards such “fair manipulators” as a result of their actions? As a rule, contacts with such people are gradually stopped, and then reduced to the possible minimum. In general, when people communicate and one of the parties periodically defines himself as “disabled,” this immediately alarms the second interlocutor, whose reaction is aimed at completing the dialogue as quickly as possible, so as not to be subjected to manipulation and moralizing.

Thus, the “disabled person,” “thanks to” manipulations, appeals to pity, sympathy and justice, receives the desired benefits from the social and close environment. But it is precisely these actions that become the MAIN reason that society begins to suppress possible contacts and further push the person away. And the reason for this, as it turned out, is not injury or disease at all.

A person with LIMITED PHYSICAL CAPABILITIES (PHC). Who are they, and how do they differ from disabled people? Externally, physically and physiologically - nothing. The difference lies, first of all, in their psychology and mentality. In the way people perceive themselves, in their attitude towards themselves, personal aspirations and positioning in front of society.

A FEV person has all the same rights and opportunities as part of the provision of State Social Services. But at the same time, his aspirations and desires to develop as a person do not stop.

Having lost certain functions, it is engaged in their restoration.

If it is impossible to restore what was lost (for example, after amputation), he searches for alternative options that make it possible to realize his needs independently.

Looks for and finds new opportunities to restore social status and role. Of course, sometimes this requires not only physical, but also material costs.

Appeals to society really look like appeals, and NOT demands.

People's FEV maintains and increases their circle of friends, acquaintances and acquaintances.

They are able not only to receive, but also to give. They are able to understand and respect people close to them, as well as in society, to accept their opinions and points of view, which in fact forms an attitude towards them that is opposite to that which is formed in relation to people with disabilities.

So, as can be seen from what has been described, the difference between a disabled person and a person with FEV is just a person’s manifestation of himself. And depending on this manifestation, the attitude of the social environment towards a particular person will be formed.

Popeskul Alexander.