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Blood test for progesterone in dogs. Observations on estrus and pregnancy in a bitch

If owners of breeding animals decide to get offspring from them, sooner or later they will have to face the process of mating. There are different owners here and they act differently. In our practice, we often meet breeders who deny the full value of medical diagnostic preparation for breeding dogs. As a rule, they rely on many years of experience in knitting “day by day”.

Despite the frequent success of this method, at the reception we encounter a huge number of high-pedigreed bitches who were not able to breed on favorable days, and often this is not only the disappointed expectations of the owners, but also significant financial costs if, for example, the mating took place abroad. In this article we will try to consider all the methods for determining the fertile period (the period most favorable for fertilization and conception), both used by owners and recommended by veterinarians.

Determination of the optimal mating period with unproven effectiveness

Counting days

It is generally accepted that most bitches ovulate between 10 and 15 days after the start of estrus, so when planning matings, owners mainly focus on these dates. But the physiology of each dog is unique, and determining the mating period can be difficult, since in one dog the estrous phase lasts, for example, 2 days, and in another - 12 days.

It is also necessary to remember that the egg becomes capable of fertilization two days after ovulation. Focusing only on the standard count of days from the beginning of spotting, there is a high risk of missing a short period of truly fertile period for a single bitch.

Observation of the female genitals

As a rule, it is not difficult to recognize a bitch in heat. When stroking and scratching the croup and hips, the animal lifts its tail or moves its tail to the side, and when you touch the loop, it pulls it up, as if “blinking.” But a bitch can show all these signs in the pre-estrous phase, without allowing a male dog. The softness of the loop itself is also assessed - it is believed that after ovulation, when the level of estrogen decreases, the loop loses swelling and rigidity, becoming pliable and flabby, therefore, when focusing on this method, it is proposed to breed animals at the initial signs of softening of the loop.

Also, some owners focus on the color and smell of vaginal discharge, but this method is completely devoid of any logical justification.

Many breeders use a tester dog to determine by his behavior whether the bitch is ready for impregnation. Relying on the animal's keen sense of smell is reasonable, but a bitch can flirt with a male dog without allowing him to mount, long before ovulation begins.

It is also necessary to remember that males react very sharply even to females who are not in a state of heat, but suffer from inflammatory diseases of the reproductive sphere - vaginitis, endometritis. There are also often cases when a male, offered to a bitch for testing, somehow manages to mate her, accordingly disrupting all the breeder’s plans for the formation of genetic lines of the breed.

Study of animal biological fluids

Proponents of these methods of selecting the date of mating examine a drop of the dog’s saliva microscopically (it is believed that before ovulation, a “fern leaf”-type crystallization is observed in the dried smear of saliva). Another exotic method is the study of vaginal mucus with a strip for urine analysis (it is believed that before ovulation, an increased concentration of glucose is observed in the vaginal secretions, thus, if the test strip test is positive for glucose, ovulation can be expected as soon as possible).

There is also a special Polish-made device (Draminski heat meter), capable of determining the electrical resistance of vaginal mucus, but the author finds it difficult to characterize this research method due to mixed reviews from nursery owners and the lack of personal experience working directly with this device.

I would like to note that if all homegrown methods had significant effectiveness in diagnosing pathologies and determining the mating period, veterinary reproductive medicine would lose all meaning of existence. But in fact, it turns out that only laboratory and visual diagnostic methods, based exclusively on the principles of evidence-based medicine and confirmed by many years of clinical trials, can provide the maximum result.

Determining the optimal mating period with proven effectiveness

At the appointment, a reproductive specialist can offer the owner the following diagnostic procedures to determine the optimal mating period: vaginal cytology to determine the phase of the bitch’s reproductive cycle; blood test for progesterone levels to track the time of ovulation; Ultrasound of the ovaries to confirm the fact of ovulation. If necessary, he may recommend endoscopic examination, as well as the necessary therapy.

Ivanova Nadezhda Viktorovna Veterinarian. Specialization: therapy, reproduction

- the first laboratory research method used by a reproductive specialist to determine the optimal mating period. It involves staining a smear from a bitch’s vagina for visual assessment of the qualitative and quantitative ratio of epithelial cells and other components of the discharge.

By the beginning of sexual heat in bitches, under the influence of the hormone estrogen, the blood supply to the reproductive organs increases, the mucous membranes thicken, and become as if swollen. Cells located on the very surface of the epithelial layer quickly lose their ability to feed, their nucleus begins to gradually deteriorate, and eventually these cells exfoliate. When microscopying such a smear, it is easy to determine the level of estrogen exposure by the appearance of the cells, thus establishing the phase of the sexual cycle.

Proestrus (“pre-estrus”, the phase during which bitches experience bloody discharge from the loop, males begin to show interest in them, but the bitch does not allow mating to take place) is characterized by a significant number of large cells with a decreasing nucleus. During estrus, “true estrus,” the stage during which ovulation occurs, all cells in the smear are large, non-nuclear formations.

After ovulation, the phase of development of the corpus luteum begins, the level of estrogen decreases and nuclear cells and neutrophils reappear in the smear. During anestrus, a period of sexual rest, the cellular picture of the smear is poorly represented. Vaginal cytology also makes it possible to assess microbial contamination, the presence of inflammatory reactions and the possibility of dogs becoming infected with sexually transmitted diseases (for example, transmissible venereal sarcoma).

It should also be remembered that using exclusively the method of vaginal cytology, it is not always possible to achieve successful mating. This is due to the fact that in different animals, although ovulation occurs in one specific phase (estrus), the duration of this phase can vary from 1 to 10 days. Based on the cellular ratio, it is possible to approximately determine the phase favorable for mating, but not to determine the exact moment of ovulation.

Measuring blood progesterone levels

The second method that a fertility specialist uses to select the optimal mating period is to measure the level of progesterone in the blood. The hormone progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum of the ovaries. In dogs, unlike most mammals, the level of progesterone in the blood begins to rise even before ovulation, and measuring the level over time allows you to most accurately determine the onset of ovulation. The fertile period (the most favorable for conception) is considered to be the days of estrus, when the level of progesterone is in the reference value of 7-15 ng/ml (15-30 nmol/l).

Ultrasound examination of the ovaries

By examining the organs of the reproductive system using ultrasound diagnostics, a reproductive specialist can not only determine pathological conditions of the uterus and ovaries, but also monitor the growth and rupture of follicles. On the ultrasound screen, ovarian follicles appear as round, anechoic formations, so it is very important that the veterinarian can differentiate a growing follicle from an ovarian cyst.

Which is correct?

Based on our practice, we can confidently note that the most complete preparation for breeding bitches at a doctor’s appointment is a comprehensive study of the state of the reproductive system, including a cytological analysis of a vaginal smear, measuring the level of progesterone in the blood and tracking the growth and development of ovarian follicles using ultrasound machine.

In this situation, the risk of missing the most favorable period for mating is minimized. All these methods are based on evidence-based medicine and, using them together, the veterinarian can be confident in the highest diagnostic rates.

How do we do it?

We recommend taking a vaginal smear for microscopy on the 5th day from the start of bleeding. Depending on its result, the veterinarian either prescribes a repeat smear test in a few days or recommends immediately donating blood for progesterone and doing an ultrasound of the uterus and ovaries.

It should be noted that the most reliable results are the assessment of indicators not pointwise, but in dynamics, i.e. you need to remember that the same analysis will most likely need to be repeated several times to form a comprehensive diagnostic picture.

We wish you that every planned mating of your dogs ends with the birth of new healthy representatives of your favorite breed!

Birth act- a physiological process consisting in the removal of the fetus (fetuses) from the body of the woman in labor, the expulsion of membranes (afterbirth) and fetal fluid due to active, periodically repeated contractions of the uterine muscles (contractions) and rhythmic contractions of the abdominal muscles (pushing) with the participation of the entire body of the female and the fetus .

Length of pregnancy
The duration for bitches is about 63 days (range 56 to 72 days) from the day of first mating until birth. This discrepancy in timing is explained by the duration of behavioral estrus. The true duration of pregnancy, determined by endocrinological methods, is much less variable: birth occurs 65 ± 1 day after the preovulatory LH peak, i.e., 63 ± 1 day from the day of ovulation.
However, the gestation period may be shortened if the number of fetuses is small, but this fact needs to be confirmed. It is assumed that the length of pregnancy varies between breeds, although this assumption has not been reliably confirmed.

Litter size
The number of litters in dogs varies from one puppy in miniature breeds to 15 or more in large breeds. As a rule, young bitches give birth to a small number of puppies, but upon reaching 3–4 years of age, the number of litters increases, and then decreases again as the animal ages. A small litter size (one or two puppies) predisposes to dystocia due to insufficient uterine stimulation and the large size of the pups (“single puppy syndrome”). This phenomenon occurs in representatives of any breed, regardless of size.

Death of embryos in early pregnancy
The true prevalence of intrauterine fetal death (before 45 days of gestation) and spontaneous abortion in dogs is unknown and difficult to diagnose because it often occurs unnoticed by the owner. In the case of spontaneous abortion, the female, as a rule, eats the expelled fetuses, and the resorption of embryos until the 45th day of pregnancy has no visible signs.

Perinatal mortality
Based on the available data, it can be stated that the death of suckling puppies (before the weaning period) accounts for 10 to 30% (on average 12%) of the total mortality in dogs. In more than 65% of cases, the death of puppies occurs during birth and during the first week of life, a small percentage of deaths occur after 3 weeks of age.

Physiology of childbirth
Understanding the course and ensuring adequate regulation of the process of normal labor (eutocia) is necessary for timely diagnosis and treatment of labor disorders (dystocia). The exact mechanisms of initiating labor and maintaining labor are not well understood. Research in this area and data from other animal species provide insight into the physiological and endocrine changes necessary for normal labor.
Stress resulting from the lack of nutrition supplied to the fetus through the placenta stimulates the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which leads to the release of adrenaline and corticosteroid hormones, which trigger labor. An increase in cortisol levels (both in the mother and the fetus) apparently stimulates the release of prostaglandin F2?, produced by the placenta and having a luteolytic effect, leading to a decrease in the concentration of progesterone in the blood plasma. Increased concentrations of cortisol and prostaglandin F2 metabolites? was recorded in the prenatal period in female dogs. Progesterone supports the development of pregnancy; cessation of its secretion is a necessary condition for normal childbirth in both dogs and cats. Bitches treated with long-acting progesterone during pregnancy experience delayed labor. Simultaneously with the gradual decrease in progesterone concentration during the last 7 days of pregnancy, progressive qualitative changes in the electrical activity of the uterus are observed, most pronounced in the last 24 hours before birth. At this time, a final sharp decrease in progesterone concentration occurs. Changes in the estrogen/progesterone ratio are the main cause of placental separation and cervical dilatation. Estrogens increase the sensitivity of the myometrium to oxytocin, which causes active contractions of the uterus. Receptors in the cervix and vagina are stimulated as a result of the stretching that occurs as the fetus and fluid-filled membranes move forward. This afferent stimulation is transmitted to the hypothalamus, resulting in the release of oxytocin. Afferent impulses also enter the spinal cord, which stimulates the abdominal muscles to contract the abdominal wall. Relaxin relaxes the soft tissues of the pelvis and birth canal, facilitating the passage of the fetus. During pregnancy, this hormone is produced by the ovaries and placenta; its concentration increases in the second half of pregnancy. The level of prolactin, which ensures lactation, begins to increase 3-4 weeks after ovulation and increases sharply with the cessation of progesterone secretion immediately before childbirth.

Symptoms of approaching labor
A significant but unreliable sign of approaching labor is relaxation of the pelvic and abdominal muscles. A much more objective symptom should be considered a decrease in rectal temperature (Fig. 1), caused by a sharp decrease in the level of progesterone concentration. In the last week before birth, rectal temperature fluctuates and decreases sharply approximately 8–24 hours before birth (10–14 hours after peripheral progesterone concentrations have decreased to

Fig.1.
The most reliable sign of approaching labor in dogs is a decrease in rectal temperature. During the last week of pregnancy, as plasma progesterone concentrations decrease, temperature fluctuates due to the release of prostaglandins. During the first stage of labor, the decrease in rectal temperature is most pronounced, and 12 hours after reaching the lowest possible rectal temperature values, the female enters the second stage of labor. After which the temperature returns to normal

Stages of labor

Just like in humans, they give birth in several stages. During the birth process, 3 stages can be distinguished, and the last 2 are repeated at the birth of each puppy.

First stage
Normally, stage 1 lasts 6–12 hours, but it can extend up to 36 hours, especially in nervous primiparous animals. This duration is considered normal if the low rectal temperature remains during this time. The first stage of labor is characterized by relaxation of the vagina, dilation of the cervix and periodic contractions of the uterus without involving the abdominal muscles. The female shows signs of discomfort, looks around her stomach from time to time, and her anxiety gradually increases. Bitches experience shortness of breath, agitation, scratching at the bedding, and sometimes vomiting. Some females show no signs of labor approaching. Towards the end of the first stage, uterine contractions become more frequent and intense.
During pregnancy, the fetuses in the uterus have a caudal (50%) or cranial (50%) orientation, but during the first stage they change their position and turn longitudinally, taking on a characteristic posture (head, neck and limbs extended), resulting in 60% of puppies are born in cephalic and 40% in breech presentation. The membranes rupture above the fetal head due to contractions of the uterus.

Second stage
The second stage lasts from 3 to 12 hours, in rare cases lasting up to 24 hours. At the beginning of the second stage, the rectal temperature rises to normal, although it may rise slightly above normal. After the first fetus moves into the pelvic cavity, contractions of the uterus begin to be accompanied by tension in the abdominal muscles (pushing). When the fetus enters the birth canal, the chorioallontoic membrane ruptures, which is accompanied by the outflow of clear fluid. The first fetus, covered with the amniotic membrane, appears, as a rule, within 4 hours after the start of the second stage of labor. Normally, the female breaks the membrane, intensively licks the newborn and gnaws the umbilical cord. If the female needs help, the fetal membrane is opened and the newborn's airways are freed, after which a clamp is applied to the umbilical cord and cut with blunt scissors, leaving about 1 cm. In case of persistent bleeding, a ligature is applied.

Diagnosis of the second stage. It is extremely important to distinguish the second stage of labor from the first and promptly determine its onset. As a rule, inexperienced breeders become overly nervous during the first stage, not fully understanding its function, which is to prepare the birth canal (uterine contractions, relaxation of the birth canal and dilation of the cervix).

The beginning of the second stage of labor is indicated by a number of signs:
- Discharge of fetal fluid;
- Noticeable tension in the abdominal muscles;
- Increase in rectal temperature to normal.

The presence of one or more signs indicates the beginning of the second stage of labor.
Normally, before the birth of the first fetus, efforts may be weak and infrequent for 2–4 hours. If the female has strong, frequent attempts, and the birth of the puppy does not occur for more than 20–30 minutes, then this may be evidence of obstruction of the birth canal and an indication for contacting a veterinarian.


Fig.2.
Schematic representation of the fetus and amniotic sac in dogs

The following signs may serve as a reason for examination:
- the female has a greenish-brown discharge, but within 2–4 hours the birth of a puppy or kitten does not occur;
- the waters broke more than 2–3 hours ago, but labor has not begun;
- weak irregular attempts are observed for more than 2–4 hours;
- strong regular pushing lasts more than 20–30 minutes;
- more than 2–4 hours have passed since the birth of the puppy, but the next fetus has not appeared;
- the second stage of labor lasts more than 12 hours.

Third stage
The third stage of labor, during which the placenta is expelled and the uterine horns contract, usually follows 15 minutes after the birth of the next fetus. However, two or three fetuses may be born before the placenta is expelled. It is necessary to monitor the female, avoiding eating more than 1-2 placentas due to the risk of developing diarrhea and vomiting. Aspiration pneumonia caused by vomiting can be life-threatening. Lochia, i.e. postpartum discharge containing remnants of the placenta and amniotic fluid, is observed for 3 or more weeks, they are most abundant during the first week. Dog discharge has a greenish tint. In dogs, uterine involution is complete after 12–15 weeks.


Fig.3.
A) A puppy with intact amniotic sac, removed by cesarean section. B) The amniotic sac is opened and the puppy takes its first breath

A female needs to be examined if the following symptoms are present:
- not all placentas were delivered within 4–6 hours (although the number of placentas is sometimes difficult to determine, since the female usually eats them);
- lochia contains pus and/or has a putrid odor;
- there is prolonged bleeding from the external genitalia;
- rectal temperature above 39.5? C;
- the general condition of the female worsens;
- the general condition of puppies worsens.

Interval between births of puppies
The expulsion of the first fetus usually takes the longest. In uncomplicated labor, the interval between births is 15–20 minutes. In 80% of cases, fetuses are born alternately from both horns of the uterus. At the birth of a large litter and in bitches during labor, rest intervals of about 2 hours may be observed. The second stage of labor, and after it the third, resumes until all the fetuses are born.

Completion of labor
As a rule, labor is completed within 6 hours after the start of the second stage, but can last up to 12 hours. Prolonged labor (more than 24 hours) poses a threat to the mother and fetus.

DYSTOCIATION
Dystocia refers to complicated childbirth or the inability to expel fetuses through the birth canal without medical assistance.

Prevalence
Dystocia is a common problem and occurs in both dogs and cats. On average, dystocia occurs in approximately 5% of cases in dogs, but can occur in up to 100% of cases in some dog breeds, especially achondroplastic type breeds, as well as brachycephalic breeds (those with large head sizes).


Fig.4.
Normal birth, puppy in cephalic and breech presentation

Clinical assessment
To provide adequate assistance in the case of dystocia, it is necessary to have anamnesis and the results of a clinical examination. First of all, the onset of the second stage of labor should be established, focusing on three main criteria - the passage of amniotic fluid, the appearance of pushing and an increase in temperature to normal. Then an analysis of the general condition of the female is carried out and symptoms of labor disorders are identified. It is necessary to assess the animal's behavior, the nature and frequency of pushing, the condition of the vagina and perineal area, noting the color and amount of vaginal discharge, the degree of development of the mammary glands, including signs of congestion and the presence of milk. By palpation of the abdominal cavity, the approximate number of fetuses and the size of the uterus are determined. With the help of manual examination of the vagina using antiseptics, it is determined whether there are difficulties for the advancement of the fetus and the presence of the fetus in the pelvic canal is determined (Fig. 5). In the first stage of labor, the cervix of the uterus in most dogs is inaccessible to palpation, however, the degree of its dilatation and the tone of the uterus can be judged by the condition of the vagina. Pronounced vaginal tone indicates satisfactory muscular activity of the uterus, while vaginal laxity indicates its inertia. The nature of vaginal discharge also indicates the degree of dilatation of the cervix: when the canal is closed, scanty sticky discharge is observed, creating resistance when inserting a finger, and when the canal of the cervix is ​​dilated, the vagina is moistened with amniotic fluid, which plays the role of a lubricant. When the canal is closed, the vaginal walls tightly compress the finger; when the cervix is ​​opened, the cranial part of the vagina is more spacious.


Fig.5.
Assessment of fetal position in a bitch at the second stage of labor. By: Shill (1983)

X-ray and ultrasound examination in most cases makes it possible to identify deviations in the structure of the female pelvis, the number and location of fetuses, assess their size, the presence of birth defects, see dead fetuses (if any) or signs of intrauterine fetal death. In the latter case, the presence of gases can be detected 6 hours after the death of the fetus, and deformation of the skull bones and destruction of the spine - only after 48 hours. The viability and condition of the fetuses are assessed using ultrasound or cardiac monitoring. Normally, the heart rate is 180–240 beats/min; values ​​below normal indicate a deterioration in the condition of the fetus.

Diagnostics
Considerable variability in normal labor activity can make the diagnosis of dystocia difficult, especially for the inexperienced clinician. Below are criteria to make the diagnosis easier.

After a decrease, the rectal temperature rises again to normal in the absence of signs of labor;
- Greenish vaginal discharge is observed in bitches, however, the birth of puppies does not occur (the source of such discharge is the marginal hematoma of the placenta, which serves as a sign of the beginning of placental separation). Normally, such discharge appears during labor;
- There are no contractions, although the amniotic fluid broke 2–3 hours ago;
- Attempts are weak and irregular or absent for more than 2–4 hours;
- Attempts are strong and regular, but ineffective, lasting more than 20–30 minutes;
- Obvious signs of dystocia (pelvic fracture or partially visible fetus blocking the birth canal);
- Symptoms of toxemia (signs of general distress, generalized edema, shock) at the time of expected birth.

Dystocia caused by female pathologies
Traditionally, dystocia is considered the result of maternal or fetal pathology or a combination of both causes (Table).

Weakness of labor
Weakness of labor is the most common cause of dystocia in dogs. There are primary and secondary generic weakness.
With primary labor weakness, the uterus does not respond to signals coming from the fetus, either due to the small number of litters (1-2 puppies), the stimulation is insufficient to initiate contractions (single puppy syndrome), or due to excessive stretching of the myometrium due to too much the number of fetuses in the litter, excess amniotic fluid or large fetuses. Other probable causes of primary weakness include hereditary predisposition, unbalanced nutrition, fatty infiltration of the myometrium, age-related changes, deficiency of neuro-endocrine stimulation, and systemic diseases. With complete primary labor weakness labor does not begin on time. With partial primary labor weakness The activity of the uterus is sufficient to initiate labor, but does not ensure the normal birth of all fetuses in the absence of obstruction of the birth canal.
Secondary labor weakness is always caused by depletion of the myometrium caused by obstruction of the birth canal. It is necessary to differentiate primary labor weakness from secondary one.

Treatment. In the case of primary labor weakness, the breeder may attempt to induce contractions by encouraging the dog to engage in active movements (jogging or climbing stairs). Often births occur in the car on the way to the veterinary clinic. In most cases, the birth could have proceeded more calmly if the breeder had tried to induce contractions on his own. Birth at home without outside intervention is the best start in life for puppies.
Another method of stimulating contractions is massage of the dorsal wall of the vagina (Fig. 6). To perform the procedure, one or two fingers are inserted into the vagina and pushed along the dorsal wall of the vagina, stimulating its contraction (Ferguson reflex). The best results are provided by massage performed after correction of the fetal position.

In excitable, especially primiparous females, voluntary cessation of labor may occur, caused by psychological stress. The attention of the owner helps relieve nervousness. After the birth of the first fetus, labor activity usually returns to normal.


rice. .6.
Massage of the vaginal vault stimulates uterine contractions

With complete primary labor weakness, the female usually looks cheerful, there are no signs of contractions, and the rectal temperature is normal. The cervical canal is open and vaginal examination is easy due to the presence of amniotic fluid, although fetuses are usually absent from the birth canal. Before prescribing drug treatment, it is necessary to ensure the patency of the birth canal.
To treat labor weakness, a calcium solution and oxytocin are prescribed. Oxytocin has a stimulating effect on the entry of calcium into the myometrial cells necessary for contractions. In many cases, there is no reaction to oxytocin, so before it is administered, an injection of a calcium salt solution is given. 10 minutes before the injection of oxytocin, a 10% solution of calcium gluconate in an amount of 0.5–1.5 ml/kg of body weight is slowly (1 ml/min) injected into a vein, monitoring cardiac activity. The recommended dosage of oxytocin for dogs is 0.3– 5 ME IV or 1–10 ME IM. If necessary, the injection is repeated after 30 minutes. Female small breeds are particularly prone to developing hypoglycemia, particularly after prolonged contractions. In such cases, a diluted (10–20%) glucose solution is added to the calcium gluconate solution or administered separately intravenously in an amount of 5–20 ml. The response to oxytocin decreases with each repeated administration. Exceeding the recommended dosage or too frequent administration of the drug can cause prolonged contractions of the myometrium, preventing the expulsion of fetuses and disrupting uteroplacental blood flow. In addition, oxytocin can induce premature separation of the placenta and contraction of the cervical os. If there is no reaction after the second injection, it is necessary to immediately remove the remaining fetuses using forceps or cesarean section.

The sequence of procedures aimed at stimulating labor:

Stimulate contractions through physical activity (jogging) or massage of the vaginal vault;
- administer a 10% solution of calcium gluconate intravenously with simultaneous monitoring of cardiac activity;
- determine whether contractions began in response to the administration of calcium gluconate 30 minutes after the infusion. If necessary, reintroduce calcium gluconate alone or with oxytocin;
- if there is no effect on the administration of calcium gluconate, administer oxytocin intravenously or intramuscularly within 30 minutes;
- if contractions begin after 30 minutes, repeat the administration of the drugs if necessary, although the reaction decreases with each repeated administration;
- if contractions have not started after 30 minutes, the injections are stopped. The fetuses are removed using forceps or cesarean section.

Obstruction of the birth canal
Obstruction of the birth canal is explained by pathology of the mother or fetus. Maternal pathologies include the following disorders:

Torsion or rupture of the uterus is an acute, life-threatening condition that occurs in the last stages of pregnancy or during childbirth. Sometimes several fetuses are born before labor stops, after which the mother’s condition rapidly deteriorates. It is necessary to quickly make a diagnosis and immediately perform surgery.

Prolapse of the uterus under the skin as a result of an inguinal hernia is usually detected at 4 weeks of pregnancy, when, due to the enlargement of the uterus, distortion of the contour of the abdominal cavity becomes noticeable. Sometimes at an early stage this disorder is mistaken for mastitis of the last mammary glands. Treatment is surgical, including repositioning the uterine horns and suturing the hernial ring. If there is infringement and severe damage to its tissues, it is recommended to remove the uterus.

Congenital underdevelopment of the uterus - partial or complete aplasia or hypoplasia of one or both horns, body or cervix. Rarely seen. Symptoms depend on the nature and degree of underdevelopment. In the case of unilateral aplasia of the entire uterine horn, pathology can manifest itself in only a small number of pups in litters. Retention of fetuses due to obstruction of an area of ​​the uterus requires surgical intervention, so the final diagnosis is often made during surgery.

Soft tissue pathologies (neoplasia, vaginal septa, fibrosis of the birth canal) can cause obstructive dystocia. Neoplasia due to prenatal vaginal relaxation usually does not interfere with fetal advancement, especially if the tumor is pedunculated. Vaginal septations may be congenital and consist of embryonic remnants of the Müllerian duct or secondary to injury or infection. If the septum is large, it prevents the advancement of the fetus, although relaxation of the vagina often ensures normal childbirth. Fibrosis of the vagina or cervix usually develops secondary to trauma or inflammation and, if the cervix is ​​affected, can cause dystocia. In such cases, to save the litter, surgical intervention is necessary, during which the tumor or septum is removed. Surgical correction of fibrosis rarely leads to a complete cure due to the formation of scar tissue.

A narrow pelvic canal is one of the causes of dystocia. The pathology is the result of a pelvic injury, immaturity or congenital underdevelopment of the pelvis. Normally, the vertical diameter of the pelvis exceeds the horizontal (Fig. 7). Congenital narrowness of the birth canal is observed in some bracheocephalic breeds and terriers, which in addition have a relatively large skull and shoulder girdle. In the presence of achondroplasia (for example, in Scotch terriers), dorsoventral flattening leads to a distortion of the normal pelvic profile and creates obstruction of the birth canal. An excessively wide chest with a pronounced narrowing in the lower back (in bulldogs) leads to prolapse of the uterus during pregnancy and displacement of the birth canal at an acute angle. In addition, bulldogs often have sluggish abdominal muscles, for this reason uterine contractions and pushing are not enough to lift the fetus into the pelvic cavity.


Fig.7.
Normal dog pelvis. It is obvious that the interior of the cavity is oval in shape, and the diagonal is longer than the cross section

Dystopia caused by fetal pathology
Obstruction of the birth canal can be caused by the size, malposition or deformities of the fetus (such as hydrocephalus, swelling or various duplications). Intrauterine fetal death causes dystocia due to malposition or inadequate stimulation of the birth canal. During childbirth, a healthy fetus is active, stretches its head and limbs and turns. In most breeds, the abdominal cavity has the largest volume, while the bone parts - the limbs and head - are relatively small. Flexible and short limbs rarely cause severe obstruction when a normal-sized fetus is born.

Excessively large fruit
Fetal weight of 4–5% of maternal weight is maximum for uncomplicated labor. In the absence of congenital deformities, large fetal sizes are usually observed when the litter size is small. In breeds that tend to reduce the size of animals, there is often a significant variation in the size of the fruits of one litter (from small to large). In brachycephalic breeds (Boston Terrier), dystocia is explained by a combination of the large head of the fetuses with the flattened shape of the mother's pelvis
If the fruit size is excessively large, dystocia is caused by retention of one of the puppies in the vagina. In cephalic presentation, the obstruction is caused by the shoulders and chest of the fetus, while the head may protrude; with breech presentation, the hind legs and croup pass through.

Breech presentation
It is observed in 40% of cases and is considered normal; however, it can cause dystocia in case of insufficient dilatation of the cervix, especially during the birth of the first fetus. The expulsion of the fetus in a breech presentation is further complicated by its movement against the grain, as well as by the expansion of the chest as a result of pressure from the abdominal organs. In some cases, the fetus may catch its elbows on the bones of the pubic symphysis. After the fetus enters the pelvic canal, compression of the umbilical cord vessels, sandwiched between the fetal chest and the wall of the maternal pelvis, can cause hypoxia or reflex inhalation (entry into the respiratory tract) of amniotic fluid.

Breech presentation
It is a variant of breech presentation with the hind limbs tucked in and can cause serious complications, especially in dogs of medium and small breeds. Vaginal examination reveals the tip of the tail, sometimes the anus and pelvic bones of the fetus.

Deviation of the fetal head downwards or to the side
These are the two most common fetal erection disorders in dogs. The variation of the deviation is associated with breed characteristics, for example, a sideways deviation of the head is typical for breeds with a relatively long neck (short-haired collie), while its downward deviation is observed in breeds with an elongated skull and brachycephalic (Sealyham Terriers and Scotch Terriers). With lateral deviation, vaginal examination reveals one front paw located diagonally relative to the deviation of the head, i.e. if the head is turned to the left, the right front paw is detected and vice versa. When the head is deviated downwards, both forelimbs and sometimes the back of the head of the fetus are palpated, or if both forepaws are retracted to the side, only the fetal skull is palpated.

Front paws pointing backwards
This position is typical for weakened or dead fetuses and is sometimes combined with a deviation of the head, mainly downward. Bitches of large and even medium breeds are capable of giving birth to fetuses with one or both forelimbs bent.

Transverse position
In some cases, the fetus, instead of moving from the uterus through the cervix into the vagina, moves to the opposite horn of the uterus. Probably, this situation can be explained by the presence of obstruction of the birth canal or the attachment of the placenta close to the body of the uterus. Upon examination, the back, chest or abdominal wall of the fetus are detected. In such cases, manual correction is impossible, and the fetus is removed surgically.

The presence of two fetuses in the birth canal at the same time
Sometimes two puppies from both horns of the uterus move into the birth canal at the same time. This situation leads to obstruction of the birth canal. If one of the fetuses is in the breech position, it is moved forward if possible, since it takes up more space.

Methods for correcting fetal malposition
Once the fetus has been moved into the birth canal, adjustments may need to be made, either manually or using forceps. It is quite difficult to carry out such manipulations for small breed bitches, while the size of the vagina in large breed dogs allows for manual extraction of the fetus.
During natural birth, the puppy turns over almost completely, moving out of the horn of the uterus, passing the cervix, the vestibule of the vagina and the vulva, located 5-15 cm below the level of the pelvis. Therefore, along the birth canal, the fetuses move back and down.
Partial movement of the fetus into the pelvic canal is indicated by the characteristic protrusion of the perineal region of the female. By spreading the labia, you can detect the amniotic membrane and determine the nature of the presentation. Vaginoscopy or radiography are used as auxiliary diagnostic methods.
The narrowest part of the birth canal is the pelvic joint. If intervention is necessary, the fetus is pushed into the uterine cavity to facilitate manipulation. Manipulations are carried out at intervals between attempts, never making efforts to counteract the contractions of the uterus. It is important to remember that the widest cross-section of the pelvic cavity is the diagonal, so to ensure sufficient space for the passage of the fetus, sometimes you just need to turn it 45 degrees. A good result is achieved by generous use of lubricants (liquid paraffin, petroleum jelly or sterile water-soluble lubricants), especially in the case of a prolonged second stage of labor.
Depending on the position, the fetus is grabbed by the head or neck, from above or below (Fig. 8), or by the pelvic region and limbs. Grabbing the neck and limbs is carried out with caution, since they are easily injured when loaded. Correction of fetal position is also carried out by guiding the fetus through the abdominal wall with one hand, while simultaneously performing transvaginal manipulations with the other hand. To correct the position of the head, in some cases a finger is inserted into the fetal mouth. To correct the position of the limbs, a finger is inserted behind the fetal elbow or knee and the limb is rotated medially.
Gently rocking the puppy from right to left (Fig. 9), forward and backward, a diatonal turn in the pelvic cavity facilitates the passage of the shoulder girdle or pelvis. Light pressure on the perineal protrusion prevents the fetus from moving back into the uterus between contractions.


Fig.8.
At the moment when the puppy's head is within reach, grab the head using the index and middle fingers (top or bottom) According to: Shill (1983)


Fig.9.
The puppy is rocked from side to side, freeing the shoulders, and turned diagonally, increasing the space for extraction

Obstetric forceps (Fig. 10) are used only for removing a relatively large fetus, when, according to preliminary assessment, the remaining fetuses are smaller, or in the case when only 1-2 fetuses remain in the uterus. The advancement of the forceps is controlled with a finger and is never inserted beyond the body of the uterus, since there is a risk of serious damage to the wall of the uterus by the instrument. If the fetal head is within reach, forceps are applied to the neck (Pallson forceps) or cheeks. In a breech position, the bone structures of the pelvis are involved. If the limbs are reachable, use forceps to cover their upper parts, but not the metacarpus.


rice. 10.
Obstetric forceps. From left to right: Berlin forceps, hook forceps, Albrecht forceps, other Berlin forceps, Robertson forceps and two varieties of Palsson forceps

The effectiveness of obstetric intervention.
According to studies examining the effectiveness of birth interventions, forceps and/or drug treatment of dystocia is successful in only 27.6% of cases in dogs. Approximately 65% ​​of those admitted to a veterinary clinic will have a cesarean section.

C-SECTION
Indications
- complete primary atony of the uterus, lack of response to drug treatment;
- partial primary atony of the uterus, not amenable to drug correction;
- secondary atony of the uterus, expressed in insufficiency of pushing;
- disturbances in the structure of the pelvis or soft tissues of the birth canal in a female;
- if there is a suspicion of excessively large fruits in the litter;
- single puppy syndrome (when the fetus is very large) or fetal deformity;
- excess or lack of amniotic fluid;
- incorrect fetal position that cannot be corrected manually;
- intrauterine death of fetuses and their decomposition;
- toxemia of pregnancy and diseases of the female;
- lack of treatment for dystocia;
- prevention (based on the experience of previous births).

The ethics of prophylactic cesarean section are questionable, since the intervention contributes to the continuation of a breeding line that is not capable of spontaneous childbirth.
If indicated, the operation is performed immediately. Often several hours of labor can cause physical exhaustion, dehydration, acid-base imbalance, hypotension, hypocalcemia and/or hypoglycemia. Carrying out the operation no later than 12 hours after the start of the second stage of labor provides a favorable prognosis for the mother and fetus. After this period, the prognosis for the fetus should be considered doubtful. If the operation is performed more than 24 hours after the start of the second stage of labor, the litter usually dies; further delay creates a situation that threatens the life of the female.

Sections

Platonova N.P., candidate of agricultural sciences Sciences, senior researcher,
Chernushenko O.V., doctor of veterinary medicine, Veteko LLC
Satskaya L.V., student of NUBiP of Ukraine
The article was published in the journal “Suchasna Veterinary Medicine” No. 3, 2013

In the body of female mammals, progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum (CL) of the ovaries during the luteal phase of the reproductive cycle and remains with the onset of pregnancy, inhibits the formation of follicles and maintains pregnancy until the complete formation of the placenta, which takes part in the development of the fetus, and therefore the production of progesterone by CL gradually stops. This hormone is not produced in the body of males. Progesterone is a steroid hormone. Progesterone and its synthetic analogs used in humane and veterinary medicine under the general name progestins, or gestagens, are a powerful tool for correcting the reproductive function of both productive animals and hobby animals.

Progesterone inhibits the activity of the myometrium and stimulates the development of the endometrium of the uterus; it regulates the development of the mammary glands during the luteal phase of the sexual cycle. Progesterone drugs suppress the secretion of gonadotropic hormones, and, consequently, the follicular phase of the female reproductive cycle. High doses of progesterone have a sedating and stabilizing effect on the nervous system due to the fact that it is a precursor to the neurosteroid allopregnanolone, which has a pronounced antidepressant effect and is used in humanitarian medicine for the correction of neurological disorders.

Progesterone preparations are used in bitches:

  • to prevent estrus by subcutaneous or oral administration during anestrus and by subcutaneous or oral administration during proestrus;
  • for the treatment of clinical signs of false pregnancy (due to suppression of prolactin secretion);
  • for the treatment of estrogen-dependent breast tumors;
  • to prevent miscarriages, however, in this case it is necessary to compare the possible positive and negative effects of such prevention.

Progesterone preparations are used in males:

  • to suppress aggressive behavior;
  • to reduce sexual activity;
  • for the treatment of neoplasia and benign prostatic hyperplasia (alone or in combination with estrogens, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues and antiandrogens);
  • for contraception;
  • for the prevention of epileptic disorders.

The negative effects of progesterone administration vary in type and intensity, depending on the drug used. The most common are:

  • production of growth hormones, which leads to increased appetite and increased live weight; changes in temperament and increased drowsiness; the occurrence of antagonism with insulin and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus due to the immunity of peripheral insulin receptors;
  • enlargement of the mammary glands and lactation, the appearance of mammary neoplasia;
  • change in coat (may cause discoloration of the coat and hair loss at the injection site);
  • vesicular hyperplasia of the endometrium and pyometra (this pathology often occurs as a result of long-term use of progesterone (or use of long-acting progesterone), especially against the background of an increased concentration of estrogen - during estrus)). Some synthetic analogues of progesterone, such as prolygestone (Neonidan, Delvosterone, Depopromone, Covinan) or delmadinone acetate are largely devoid of the above disadvantages, but there are no drugs that are recommended for suppressing estrus in immature bitches;
  • the use of progesterone drugs during pregnancy can lead to inhibition of labor (especially when using long-acting drugs) and an increase in the number of cases of cryptorchidism in puppies;

In male dogs, the administration of progesterone drugs can cause changes in sperm quality and temporary or prolonged infertility. However, as a rule, short-term therapy with progesterone drugs in recommended doses does not significantly change the quality of sperm and fertility of male dogs.

Many owners of hobby animals turn to veterinary doctors with a request to prescribe a drug that will suppress estrus in mature bitches, since castration is an inhumane method for them. But, as stated above, synthetic progesterone analogues are recommended for short-term use, and their long-term use entails a number of negative consequences.

Rice. 1. Vesicular hyperplasia of the endometrium of the bitch’s uterus

Rice. 2. Closed pyometra

Rice. 3. Open pyometra

Rice. 4. Vesicular hyperplasia of the endometrium of the bitch’s uterus

Progesterone is a hormone produced in females during estrus and pregnancy and is classified as an estrogen. This is one of the most important components of successful fertilization and subsequent childbirth, since the condition of the uterus, name system, mammary glands and much more depends on the level of progesterone.

When the amount is high, the hormone allows embryos to attach to the uterus without problems, suppresses the immune system, preventing it from reacting to neoplasms as a danger, and is responsible for successful lactation in the future. Low levels during estrus or pregnancy will result in the inability to conceive and carry healthy, viable offspring.

Owners of breeding bitches carefully monitor the level of this estrogen in the pet’s blood during the breeding season, since it is this that determines the readiness to conceive.

Modern veterinary medicine makes it possible to carry out tests not only in the laboratory, but also independently at home, significantly saving breeders time and finances.

Why is research necessary?

A hormone test, which shows the quality of the reproductive system and the condition of the bitch, must be taken if you are planning to have puppies or the animal has recently suffered from illnesses associated with the pelvic organs. This will allow you to determine exactly what is happening to the animal.


Most often, a blood sampling procedure is prescribed to determine the level of progesterone in dogs in the following cases:

  • Determining the most favorable days of estrus for mating. It is necessary to accurately guess the moment of ovulation, since it does not last long relative to the time of manifestation of sexual desire in dogs.
  • To assess ovarian function. This is a mandatory procedure for young females who are going to be bred. It is also recommended to conduct it periodically to monitor the dog’s reproductive abilities. It is especially important not to forget to take the test after suffering infections and diseases of the genitourinary system.
  • To detect the state of estrus. If the appointed time has arrived according to the calendar, and there are no visible signs, it is likely that the animal is asymptomatic in this process, but this does not mean that it will not be able to become pregnant.
  • If it is not possible to establish the exact mating date, the level of the hormone in the blood will tell you the exact date of the upcoming birth.
  • After an abortion this procedure is necessary, since it allows you to evaluate the functions of the corpus luteum.
  • Also a deviation from the norm content This type of estrogen in the blood will allow timely detection of some diseases and neoplasms, such as luteal cysts.

For owners of titled bitches introduced into breeding, this analysis is extremely important; it helps to determine the exact time of ovulation, which greatly helps when using the method of artificial insemination or in the case when the groom lives far enough away, and it is necessary to notify his owner about the visit in advance.

Methods

The only way to determine the level of the hormone is a specialized blood test done using the enzyme immunoassay method.

Previously, it could only be carried out in a laboratory with specialized equipment. The entire process from collecting the material to obtaining the results took 24 hours, although 4 hours is enough to detect a reaction.


This is too slow and not financially profitable if you need to conduct several studies in a short time. During the period of estrus and gestation, especially if bitches have any problems with the reproductive system, it is necessary to determine the growth of progesterone several times over a fairly short period of time.

However, in recent years, a portable tester has been developed that allows you to take all measurements without leaving your home. It has become a real godsend for nursery owners who constantly need to carry out such analyzes.

Test strips are very easy to use:

  • All selections are removed from the outer part of the loop.
  • The tester is placed with the marked end close to the inside of the loop so that it comes into contact with it and is saturated with the released liquid.
  • After 10 seconds, the strip is pulled out and inspected for sufficient contact with the secretions.

The result will be visible immediately, but it is not very detailed, since the method is designed like a litmus test. The wetted field changes its color depending on the amount of hormones. The more there are, the darker the test becomes.

This method is ideal for use at home to determine ovulation and subsequent pregnancy, but it will not give accurate results to identify abnormalities and diseases.

Interpretation of results

It is very important to understand what the results of a blood test mean, because based on them, vital issues for bitches are decided. And we are talking not so much about the successful moment of estrus for mating, the duration of ovulation, but about determining the reasons for the subsequent failure of pregnancy or possible problems with the health of the ovaries.


It is also worth remembering that the results may vary slightly depending on the characteristics of laboratory equipment, age and breed of the bitch. Often the same individual during the same period has completely different indicators. The data obtained must be interpreted by a veterinarian who monitors the dog on an ongoing basis.

Indicator table:

Phase

Lower limit

Upper limit

nmol/l

ng/ml

nmol/l

ng/ml

Anaestrus

Luteal phase

Ovulation

Pregnancy

Less than 2 days before birth

The ideal diet for mating is calculated taking into account the method of fertilization:

  • In a real meeting, you need to wait until the reading is 15.5-16 nmol/l and mate within 48 hours.
  • With artificial insemination using chilled sperm, the same indicator is expected.
  • If pregnancy is caused by the introduction of previously frozen material, then wait until the level of 8 nmol/l and carry out the procedure within 5 days.

The benefits of laboratory tests for progesterone cannot be overestimated. After all, these studies not only help to track the most favorable period for conception, and therefore the production of high-quality offspring, but also helps to identify problems with conception and the functioning of the reproductive system.

Laetitia Barlerin

By controlling the reproduction of dogs, for a long time they were content with suppressing estrus in female dogs. The development of purebred dog breeding led to the emergence of real canine gynecology, developed in particular detail by Dr. Foitbonnet, a participant in the last CNVSPA congress.

In recent years, consultations regarding infertility in females have become widespread in the treatment of dogs. Currently, a combination of methods for radioimmunological determination of the level of progesterone in the blood (which is now possible in a clinical setting thanks to small kits that have become commercial) and taking vaginal smears makes it possible to accurately determine the optimal moment of mating and fertilization. This level of diagnostics allows us to resolve most of the problems associated with the fertility of the breeder. Indeed, 50-80% of these problems are the result of an incorrectly determined mating moment! There remain cases of infertility, where simply tracking the onset of ovulation is not enough: a number of studies have to be carried out, even of a preventive nature (for the fastest possible response without waiting for the next sexual cycle) throughout the entire period of estrus and pregnancy. Splen Fontbonnet (ENVL* Ecole Nationale Veterinaire a "Lyon) at the last CNVSPA congress in Lyon in December 1996 outlined the main features of in-depth observation of the bitch, the course of diagnosis, as well as possible therapy.

indications for in-depth observation

repeated infertility.

If, after several attempts, despite a reliable determination of the optimal mating moment carried out by classical methods, the bitch still becomes single, it is necessary to carry out a more complete cycle of observations of the stage of follicle maturation, as well as of possible pregnancy.

atypical and abnormal estrus

Atypical heat: excessively recurring (sometimes monthly), abnormal amount of bleeding (too much or too little); poor attraction of males; interrupted estrus (observed in packs of young bitches at the time of estrus in the dominant female; estrus of normal duration resumes after about a month).

Abnormal heat:

Duration: more than 25 or less than 7 days. “short” heats, however, are often the result of the owner’s incorrect determination of her first day; in the same way, some bitches are capable of fertilization even after the 25th day of their cycle (Berthe Alleman).

By the absence of ovulation diagnosed as a result of observations of previous estruses.

interestrus anomalies

In the case of a very short interval between successive long estruses, the presence of hyperestria due to an ovarian tumor or follicular cysts should be suspected. In the case of too long interestrus between prolonged estrus, one can think of hypogonadism syndrome (decreased hormonal activity of the gonads), associated with insufficient maturation of the follicles.

abortion and premature birth

Until the 40-45th day of pregnancy, the loss of embryos or fetuses is not always noticeable due to their intrauterine resorption: pregnancy monitoring should also include serological tests for Herpes virus.

deployment of in-depth surveillance

observing estrus

During the observation period, various studies are carried out.

Vaginal smears

The analysis is simple, but provides little for prognosis. Conducted to determine (by repeated, multiple tests) the rate of keratinization of vaginal cells, which indicates the action of estradiol produced by ovarian follicles. A low rate of keratinization (less than 50%) during proestrus and even estrus (when the female accepts a male) or, conversely, rapidly growing from the beginning of proestrus and after the end of estrus is a sign of an anomaly that requires study and, possibly, hormonal correction.

Vaginal smear


Quantitative determination of hormone content

The method for determining the concentration of estradiol (in practice - estradiol 17) is original in relation to the classical methods of monitoring ovulation. Used in the proestrus stage or during the maturation of follicles. On chart 1: Normally, the concentration of estradiol in plasma progresses during proestrus and reaches a peak (about 80-120 pmol/1* according to author’s and laboratory data) approximately 24 hours before the peak secretion of the luteinizing hormone LH (Prodan B). It then gradually decreases and settles at a low level during estrus. If the curve is “fine-toothed,” blood tests are resumed every 48 hours from the 3rd day of estrus.

The course of some curves indicates anomalies in follicle maturation, causing a lack of ovulation: a rapid increase in estradiol secretion to abnormally high values ​​(more than 400 pmol/l) indicates estrogenization of the body. On the contrary, an abnormally low curve (less than 50-60 pmol/l) is a sign of hypoestrogenism associated with insufficient maturation of the follicles.

Estradiol is an unstable hormone and is poorly preserved. A blood sample on an anticoagulant (eg, heparin) should be centrifuged within the next half hour; the plasma is then cooled; its further movements are made only in thermal containers. It is recommended to send sample bottles only to laboratories that specialize in determining hormones in dogs, since their concentration of estradiol is lower than in humans and is difficult to detect in a “classical” laboratory. Protesterone testing is done during estrus because it detects occasional ovulation abnormalities. On chart 1: In a normal cycle, progesterone levels, low during proestrus, increase immediately after LH reaches its peak and settle at a high level. During metaestrus it decreases very slowly (regardless of the presence of "a" or the absence of pregnancy "b") and reaches its minimum level approximately on the 60th day after ovulation. Determining progesterone levels is a classic method for monitoring ovulation to determine the optimal moment of mating. At the end of estrus (determined by vaginal smears), a final blood test is done to check the activity of the corpus luteum at this stage. A decrease in progesterone levels is evidence of the end of ovulation or premature failure of the corpus luteum.

Determination of the level of thyroid hormone T4 is indicated in cases of hyperthyroidism leading to ovulation abnormalities (probably through hyperlactinemia), premature birth or stillbirth.

Serology for Herpes Virus.

It is important to conduct research during proestrus, since during this period, herpes-infected bitches may experience reactivation of the virus with seroconversion. In case of a positive result, a repeat test must be done after 15 days to judge the dynamics of antibody development.

Echography (ultrasound) of the ovaries.

Carry out at the end of proestrus to detect follicular cysts.

from a practitioner's point of view

To conduct in-depth monitoring, it is necessary to take a series of blood samples from the onset of proestrus. The plasma is refrigerated and sent to the laboratory only if the bitch does not become pregnant within a month: thus avoiding waiting for a new heat and the need to investigate new random problems. The regimen recommended by Dr. Fontbonne:

Proestrus: blood samples taken on days 3,5,7,9 and 11, refrigerate and prepare samples 7 or 9 for serology for Herpes virus.

Estrus: prepare several samples for progesterone.

End of heat: taking a blood sample.

pregnancy monitoring

It is necessary, since pregnant females may not bring it to a natural end.

Determination of progesterone levels

1-2 tests per week during the first month of pregnancy will help identify insufficiency of the corpus luteum, leading to fetal resorption or abortion, and provide timely treatment.

Abdominal ultrasound

Conducted on the 18-20th day of pregnancy and repeated weekly to identify various pathologies: death of the litter without clinical signs, abnormal size of the fetus and membranes, smooth cystic hyperplasia, etc.

Ovarian cystosis


Serological studies

In case of fetal resorption or abortion, the presence of infection as a possible cause (Herpes virus, Brucella) should be checked.

Note: During estrus and pregnancy, if there is suspicious vaginal discharge, a bacteriological analysis of smears from the cervix is ​​performed.

treatment

hormone therapy

Insufficient maturation of follicles (hypoestrogenism) is a consequence of the impaired action of the pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone FSH (Prolan A) on the development of follicles. This is corrected with serum gonadotropin obtained from the blood of a pregnant mare (SFG, Folligon n.d.). Intramuscularly 30 mg/kg per day from the beginning of proestrus for 3-7 days - until 60% of vaginal smears with signs of keratinization are obtained.

A drug of “classical” medicine is used - Menotropin (Humegon ND) or hMG (Inductor ND) - a drug with a dominant effect of FSH and residual LH. The current trend is toward using highly purified FSH (such as Metrodin ND, not yet tested in dogs) because pure FSH produces better results than mixed FSH in women. Therefore, Dr. Fontbonnet does not recommend the use of hypothalamic releasing factor analogues (Receptal ND) in bitches, as they stimulate the dual release of Prolan A and B, which interferes with follicular maturation. During such treatment, there is no need to stimulate ovulation with hCG, since normally mature follicles ovulate on their own.

Hyperestrogenism and lack of ovulation, not amenable to classical treatment methods

Abnormally early and excessively abundant secretion of estrogen by the follicles causes a blockade at the level of the hypothalamus. In human medicine (in this case and with references to previously unsuccessful treatment), antiestrogens are used, for example Clomiphene (Clomid ND). Its effect, unfortunately, has not yet been tested on dogs.

Absence of ovulation without follicular insufficiency or prolonged estrus

Ovulation is stimulated by the use of drugs with the action of LH (Gonadotrophie chorionique Endo nd, Chomlon ND) - three intramuscular injections of 50 IU/kg with an interval of 48 hours.

Attention: The immunosensitizing effect of this glycoprotein in women and mares is well known! It is also capable of provoking ovulation disorders by blocking the peak of endogenous LH levels, therefore, unless absolutely necessary, it is better not to use it.

Functional deficiency of the corpus luteum

Violation of progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum is corrected by the use of this hormone:

Oral: Utrogestan nd, effective for bitches in a dose of 1-2 capsules morning and evening until the 58th day of pregnancy

Intramuscularly 1-2 times a week Tocogestan nd, Progest 500 nd. Since progesterone metabolism varies between bitches, 2-week monitoring of progesterone levels is recommended.

Note: In some bitches, the arrest of progesteronemia makes normal labor impossible and a cesarean section is necessary. It is useful to warn the owner!

antibiotic treatment

Quinolones (Entrofloxacine) are considered the most effective against mycoplasmosis.

The use of antibiotics for preventive purposes should not be systematic, but should be used in cases of true infertility of bacterial origin according to the indications of the antibiogram.

surgical treatment

Ovariectomy of one or both ovaries in breeding bitches is indicated if an ovarian tumor or follicular cysts are suspected.

conclusion

Thanks to the medicinal arsenal that a modern veterinarian has at his disposal, he can actually offer dog breeding research that is no less profound than in humane medicine, the correct diagnosis and treatment of gynecological diseases.

Gynecology "Veterinarian" - No. 0 1997