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Summary and presentation of a biology lesson on the topic "Spinal cord. The importance of the spinal cord, its reflex and conductive functions" (8th grade)

The structure and functions of the brain and spinal cord in diagrams.

Developed the presentation

Biology teacher

GBOU gymnasium 1577 (SP2)

Deulina Irina Yurievna

Biology teacher

Deulina Irina Yurievna


Spinal cord

  • Spinal cord– the lower part of the central nervous system, located in the spinal canal

Biology teacher

Deulina Irina Yurievna


Spinal cord

GRAY MATTER

SPINAL SUBSTANCE

WHITE SUBSTANCE

Axons of ascending tract neurons

Axons of descending tract neurons

Motor neurons

Interneurons

Reflex function: involved in motor reactions

Conductive function: conducts nerve impulses.

Biology teacher

Deulina Irina Yurievna


Structure of the spinal cord

Gray matter

White matter

Posterior horn

Front horn

Posterior roots of the spinal nerve

Anterior roots of the spinal nerve

Spinal canal

Biology teacher

Deulina Irina Yurievna


Brain

  • Brain- the main department of the human central nervous system, is not only the substrate of mental activity, but also the regulator of all processes occurring in the body.

Biology teacher

Deulina Irina Yurievna


Brain structure

Cerebellum

Corpus callosum

Cerebellar peduncles

Meninges

First cervical vertebra

Cerebral cortex

Spinal cord

Brain stem

Medulla oblongata

Midbrain

Cavity of the third ventricle

Hypothalamus


Biology teacher

Deulina Irina Yurievna


Structural features

Medulla oblongata

Functions

Gray matter is located in separate clusters of nuclei

  • Reflex arcs pass through the nuclei: cough reflex, sneezing reflex, lacrimation reflex, etc.
  • The nuclei contain centers responsible for the act of swallowing, the functioning of the digestive glands, the regulation of respiration, and the activity of the heart and blood vessels.

Biology teacher

Deulina Irina Yurievna


Divisions and parts of the brain

Structural features

Bridge

Functions

Place where nerve fibers are located

  • The impulse is carried out to the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, medulla oblongata and spinal cord.

Biology teacher

Deulina Irina Yurievna


Divisions and parts of the brain

Structural features

Midbrain

Functions

  • Provides a reflex change in the size of the pupil and the curvature of the lens depending on the brightness of the light.

Biology teacher

Deulina Irina Yurievna


Divisions and parts of the brain

Structural features

Diencephalon

Functions

  • Conducts impulses in the cerebral cortex from skin receptors and sensory organs.
  • Responsible for the feeling of thirst and hunger, for maintaining a constant internal environment, for the functioning of the endocrine glands and the autonomic nervous system

Biology teacher

Deulina Irina Yurievna


Divisions and parts of the brain

Structural features

Functions

  • Consists of hemispheres and a worm connecting them.
  • The surface has numerous transverse depressions - grooves and narrow elevations between them - convolutions. This is the cerebellar cortex.
  • Takes part in coordinating movements, making them precise and targeted.
  • Provides body balance

Biology teacher

Deulina Irina Yurievna

Lesson plan Date Grade ____ 8th

Lesson 14 biology

Teacher

Lesson topic: WITH pin brain. Gray and white matter of the spinal cord, central canal. Nerves leaving the spinal cord. The significance of the spinal cord, its reflex and conductive functions(slide 1).

Lesson type: combined

Objective of the lesson: introduce students to the structural features and functions of the spinal cord.

Lesson objectives.

Educational: expand knowledge about the structure and functions of the nervous system; develop knowledge about the features of the external and internal structure of the spinal cord; consider the functions of the spinal cord;

Educational: continue to develop the ability to think logically, draw conclusions, compare, generalize;

Educational: continue to shape the scientific worldview of students.

Equipment: table “Spinal cord”, “Electronic manualin biology. 8th grade" Volkova T.V. (ISBN978-601-7438-01-2),presentation, flash videos “Brain substances”, “Reflex arc of the knee reflex”.

Lesson progress

Lesson stage

MO

FOPD

Preparation for VOUD, UNT

Tasks for the development of functional literacy

Individual correctional work

I . Org. moment

Organizational and psychological attitude.

Greetings. Preparing the class for work. Availability of students.

Collection

II . Examination

d/z:

A). Orally:

1. The role of the nervous system in the human body.

2.What cells form nervous tissue? What are its properties and meanings?

3. Why is a neuron considered a structural and functional unit of the nervous system?

4. What is the structure of a neuron?

5. List neurons by function and what is their significance?

6.What is a reflex? What reflexes do you know?

7. List the main parts of the reflex arc.

8.What does the somatic nervous system innervate?

9.How does the function of the autonomic nervous system differ from the somatic nervous system?

B). “Hot chair” strategy on concepts on the topic “Structure and functions of the nervous system. Reflex and reflex arc"(neuron, axon, dendrites, myelin sheath, nerves, nerve ganglia, neuroglia, synapse, transmitter, nerve impulse, reflex, reflex arc).

IN). Biological tasks (slide 2).

Working in groups, discuss and come to a common solution to a biological problem on the topic “Nervous system:

1 group

A leaf reaches towards the light, a worm crawls into the darkness, a frog looks for damp places, a dog answers a call, a man withdraws his hand from a hot object. Why?

Group 2:

The man was walking barefoot, stepped on a sharp object and his foot instantly withdrew; suddenly the phone rings and you reach out to the receiver; when turning on the light in a dark room, a person closes his eyes;in a dog eating, the sight of a cat causes the cessation of salivation; the newborn firmly grasps any object that falls into his hands.Which of the proposed examples are unconditioned reflexes, and which are conditioned? Explain your answer.

Group 3:

A mosquito landed on the face of a sleeping man. He drove the insect away with his hand without waking up. Why and how did such a reaction occur if the hand was at some distance from the face?

Group 4:

Newborns (especially premature babies) exhibit the Robinson reflex. The child firmly grasps any object that falls into his hands. Explain the meaning of this reflex. What happens to this reflex in the child in the future and why?

PP

Emergency

Frontal

Individual

Group work

+

+

III. AND learning new material.

The nervous system is formed by the brain and spinal cord, as well as all their branches - nerves and ganglia. The nervous system consists of more than ten billion coherently working cells - neurons.

The oldest and most durable part of the human nervous system isspinal cord.

Today in the lesson you will get acquainted with the structural features and functions of the spinal cord.

A). Spinal cord location (slide 3).

The spinal cord is a section of the nervous system that originally arose in skullless chordates.

Spinal cord located in the spinal canal and in adults it is a long (45 cm in men and 41-42 cm in women) cylindrical cord, weighing 30-40 g and about 1 cm in diameter.At the top it passes into the medulla oblongata, and at the bottom, at the levelI- IIlumbar vertebrae ends.

B). Meninges (slide 4).

The spinal cord is surrounded by three membranes:hard – the most external;arachnoid– average, softly aya - the innermost one is located inside the hard part and is protected by the spine.

Shell functions:

    serve to protect nervous tissue from mechanical damage;

    are a barrier that prevents the penetration of microbes and various substances into the brain;

    contains blood vessels involved in the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid.

IN). Structure of the spinal cord (slide 5).

On the anterior and posterior sides the spinal cord has deepanterior and posterior longitudinal grooves. They divide it into right and left parts.

The spinal cord consists ofwhite matter , located at the edges, andgray matter , located in the center and shaped like butterfly wings (flash video “Brain Substances”.In gray matter arenerve cell bodies , Ain white - their processes .

A cross section of the spinal cord shows thatnarrow central canal , filledcerebrospinal fluid (120 – 150 ml per day) .

The importance of cerebrospinal fluid (slide 6):

    conduction of nutrients to the cells of the spinal cord;

    shock absorber;

    takes part in the removal of exchange products;

    has bactericidal properties;

    can be updated up to 6 times a day.

The gray matter of the spinal cord consists offront, lateral and posterior horns (slide 7).

In the front horns gray matter aremotor neuron cell bodies , axons

which formanterior root.

In the hind horns locatedintercalary (intermediate, contact) neurons , which communicate between centripetal and centrifugal neurons.The posterior root is formed sensory cell fibers , body which are locatedin the spinal ganglia.

Through the dorsal roots, excitation is transmitted from the periphery to the spinal cord - these are sensory roots. Through the anterior roots, excitation is transmitted from the spinal cord to the muscles and other organs - these are motor roots.

Surrounding the gray matter is white matter, formed by long processes of neurons. They formpathways spinal cord.

Derived from the spinal cord31 pairs of mixed spinal nerves (8 pairs of cervical, 12 pairs of thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1–2 coccygeal). Each pair of spinal nerves begins with two roots: posterior (axons of sensory neurons) and anterior (axons of motor neurons)(slide 8).

8. Functions of the spinal cord : reflex and conductive(slides 9 -11).

1.Conductor

Conducting impulses from organs and tissues;

There is a connection between the spinal cord and the brain.

2 .Reflex (View flash video “Reflex arc of the knee reflex” with discussion).

Regulation of internal organs;

The centers of many unconditioned reflexes are located;

Performs voluntary movements.

Spinal cord injuries (slide number 9)

The spinal cord is very sensitive to damage. Unlike other parts of the body, the spinal cord cannot repair itself if it is damaged. Damage to the spinal cord can occur due to injury, disruption of the blood supply, compression, tumor, or infection.

Total Damage: There is a complete loss of sensation and muscle function below the level of damage.

Partial damage: body functions are partially preserved below the level of damage.

In most cases of spinal cord injury, both sides of the body are equally affected. Injuries to the upper cervical spinal cord can cause paralysis of both arms and both legs. If the spinal cord injury occurs in the lower back, it can cause paralysis in both legs.

R
IP
Emergency

BUT

Collection

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IV .

Consolidation

A). Orally (slide number 12):

1. Where is the spinal cord located?

2. What is the gray (white) matter of the brain, where is it located in the spinal cord, what functions does it perform?

3.What are the spinal nerves and their anterior and posterior roots formed by?

4. How are the reflex and conduction functions of the spinal cord carried out?

5.What causes spinal cord injuries? What types of spinal cord injuries do you know?

B). At the board:

Label what is indicated in the picture “Structure of the spinal cord” with numbers 1-11 (slides 13-14).

IN). Fill in the missing words (slide number 15):

The spinal cord looks like a cord with a diameter of about ... and a length of about 42-45 cm. It starts from ... ... and is located inside ... .... On the anterior and posterior sides of the spinal cord there are two deep..., which divide it into right and left parts. In the center of the spinal cord there is a narrow ... ... running along its entire length. It is filled with... liquid. The spinal cord consists of...segment. A pair of … … departs from each of them. They begin with two... - front and back.

Answer:

1 cm, oblong, spinal canal, grooves, spinal canal, spinal, 31, spinal nerves, roots.

Emergency

Frontal

Individual

Individual

+

+

V.

Summing up

Spinal cord (slide number 16):

    a cylindrical cord located in the spinal canal;

    surrounded by three shells: hard, arachnoid and soft;

    31 pairs of spinal nerves arise;

    the anterior roots of the spinal nerves are formed by the axons of motor neurons, and the posterior roots are formed by the axons of sensory neurons;

    ensures movement of all parts of the body, limbs, innervating skeletal muscles, causes skin sensitivity;

    performs conductive and reflex functions.

    The work of the spinal cord is carried out under the control of the brain.

Collection

+

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VI. D/Z:

(slide number 17):

Paragraph 14

Answer the question in writing:

There is an opinion that taking cerebrospinal fluid from the spine is a very dangerous procedure. Confirm or refute this point of view. For what purpose do neurologists analyze this fluid?

PP

Individual

VII.

Reflection

(slide number 18):

Today in class I...

learned...

it was interesting...

it was difficult...

my feelings...

I liked it the most...

Individual

Literature and Internet sources:

    R. Alimkulova, R. Sagimbekov, A. Solovyova. Biology. 8th grade. Almaty “Atamura”, 2008, 288 p.

    E.A.Rezanova, I.P.Antonova, A.A.Rezanov. Human biology in tables and diagrams, “Published – School”, M., 1998, 204 p.

    T.L. Bogdanova, E.A. Solodova. Biology, M., “AST – PRESS”, 2001, 815.

    A.G. Khripkova, D.V. Kolesov. Biology. Man and his health. M., “Enlightenment”, 1997, 208 p.

    G.L.Bilich, V.A.Kryzhanovsky. Biology for university applicants. M., “Onyx”, 2008, 1088 p.

    A.M.Tsuzmer, O.L.Petrishina. Biology. Man and his health, M., “Enlightenment”, 1990, 240 p.

    M.R.Sapin, Z.G.Bryskina. Human anatomy and physiology, M., “Enlightenment”, 1998, 256p.

    A.G. Khripkova. Human physiology. M., “Enlightenment”, 1971, 159 p.

    R.G. Zayats, I.V. Rachkovskaya, V.M. Stambrovskaya Biology, Minsk, “Higher School”, 2000, 524 p.

    O.A. Pepelyaeva, I.V. Suntsova. Lesson developments in biology (Human). "VAKO", M., 2005, 416 p.

    G.M.Murtazin. Active forms and methods of teaching biology. M., “Enlightenment”, 1989, 193 p.

    V.A. Lipchenko, R.P. Samusev. Atlas of normal human anatomy. M., “Medicine”, 1988, 320 p.

    Z.A.Vlasova. Biology. School Student's Handbook. M., 1995, 574 p.

    I.D. Zverev. A book for reading on human anatomy, physiology and hygiene, M., “Enlightenment”, 1978, 239s

    ›

summary of other presentations

“Features of the structure of the brain” - Parts of the diencephalon. Divisions of the brain. General information. Lobes of the cerebral cortex. The structure of the large brain. Location of gray and white matter. Dictionary. Location of the brain. Label the parts of the brain. The hypothalamo is the pituitary system. Cranial nerves. Functions of the medulla oblongata. Structure of the brain. Brain stem. Epiphysis Repeat and remember. Cerebellum. Thalamus.

“Subcortical nuclei of the brain” - Functions of the hypothalamus. Modern ideas about the functions of the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic connections Ventroposteriomedial nucleus of the VPM. Mediators. Striopallidal system. Basal ganglia. Motor core. Information analysis. Afferent influences. Integrative Center. Motor nuclei. Projection kernels. Feeling centers in the hypothalamus. The thalamus is the highest pain center. Cerebral cortex. Inhibition in the nuclei of the thalamus.

“Divisions of the spinal cord” - 31 pairs of spinal nerves. The meaning of cerebrospinal fluid. Knowledge of the structure and functions of the nervous system. Spinal cord injuries. The spinal cord is surrounded by three membranes. Brain. Boundary of gray and white matter. Spinal cord. Functions of the spinal cord. Consolidation of the studied material. Cylindrical strand. Structure of the spinal cord.

“Structure of brain regions” - Absolute mass. Turgenev. Brain. Location of the brain. The brain in numbers. Midbrain. Cerebellum. Brain stem. Human brain. Pons. Brain functions. Structure of the brain. Medulla oblongata. Divisions of the brain. Head. General characteristics. Hemispheres of the brain.

"Human spinal cord" - Spinal cord. Spinal cord of a frog. The spinal cord consists of 31 segments. Interneurons. Functions of the spinal cord. Paralysis of a specific muscle group. Movements become impossible. Repetition. Simple motor reflexes. Conduction of impulses. Structure of the spinal cord. Simple experiments. Damage to the spinal nerves. Nerve. The spinal cord consists of white matter. Mixed character.

“The brain and its structure” - Axons. Hindbrain. Neuron. Forebrain. Sensory stimuli. Human brain. Human nervous system. Midbrain. The brain and its structure. Cerebral cortex. Thalamus and hypothalamus. Structure of the brain. Cell bodies of neurons. Brain.

The spinal cord is a cylindrical, elongated cord, somewhat flattened from front to back, located in the spinal canal. The length of the spinal cord in men is about 45 cm, in women cm. The mass of the spinal cord is about 30 g, which is 2.3% of the mass of the brain. The upper edge is at the level of the first cervical vertebra, the lower edge is at the level of the first and second lumbar vertebrae. External structure of the spinal cord


The spinal cord is divided into 5 sections: Cervical Thoracic Sacral Coccygeal Each section is divided into segments according to the number of exiting pairs of spinal nerve roots. The cervical region has 8 segments (C1-C8), thoracic-12 (Th1-Th12), lumbar-5 (L1-L5), coccygeal-1.2 segments (Co1-Co2). The spinal cord has 2 thickenings along its entire length: Cervical - corresponding to the exit of the spinal nerves going to the upper limbs. Lumbar - corresponding to the exit of the nerves innervating the lower limbs.




Gray matter The gray matter of the spinal cord is formed by neuronal cell bodies, unmyelinated and thin myelinated fibers and neuroglia. The bodies of the largest neurons of the spinal cord (μm in diameter) are located in the anterior horns (columns). They form five nuclei (clusters). These nuclei are the motor (motor) centers of the spinal cord. The axons of these cells make up the bulk of the fibers of the anterior roots of the spinal nerves. The gray matter of the dorsal horns (columns) is heterogeneous. In addition to neuroglia, the dorsal horns contain a large number of interneurons, with which some of the axons coming from the sensory neurons in the dorsal roots contact.


White matter The white matter of the spinal cord and brain consists mainly of clusters of nerve fibers, processes of nerve cells that have a myelin sheath (hence the white color of the fibers and substance). The white matter has pronounced segmentation. Thus, the posterior, anterior and lateral grooves are separators that form the so-called cords: Anterior cord. Anatomically, the anterior columns are located between the anterior horn of the gray matter and the anterior median fissure. Posterior cord. Anatomically, the posterior cords are localized between the posterior and anterior horns of the gray matter of the spinal cord. Lateral cord. Anatomically, it is located between the posterior and anterior horn. This cord contains both ascending and descending pathways.


Meninges of the spinal cord The spinal cord is covered along its entire length by 3 meninges. The first (inner) membrane of the spinal cord is called soft. It carries arterial and venous vessels that provide blood supply to the spinal cord. The second (middle) is the arachnoid (arachnoid). Between the inner and middle membranes there is a subarachnoid (subarachnoid) space containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). When performing a spinal puncture, the needle must enter exactly this space so that the cerebrospinal fluid can be taken for analysis. The third (outer) membrane of the spinal cord is dura. The dura mater continues to the intervertebral foramina, accompanying the nerve roots.


Functions of the spinal cord The spinal cord performs two important functions - reflex and conduction. Each of its segments is associated with specific organs, ensuring their functionality. The conduction functions of the spinal cord consist of conducting an impulse along the ascending path to the brain, and from there along the descending path in the form of a return command to some organ. Reflex functions are simple reflexes inherent in nature.


Reflex function The nervous system functions according to reflex principles. A reflex is the body’s response to an external or internal influence and spreads along a reflex arc. A reflex arc is a chain consisting of nerve cells; the path traversed by nerve impulses during the implementation of a reflex. It consists of: A receptor - a nerve link that perceives irritation. The afferent link carries out the transmission of impulses. The central link is the nerve center. Efferent link - carries out transmission from the nerve center to the effector. The effector is the executive body. Its activity changes as a result of a reflex. The executive body puts the body into action. There are 2 types of reflex arc: Monosynaptic two-neuron reflex arc. Polysynaptic reflex arc (3 or more neurons)



Conductor function The conductor function of the spinal cord is to transmit impulses from the periphery (from the skin, mucous membranes, internal organs) to the center (brain) and vice versa. The conductors of the spinal cord, which make up its white matter, transmit information in the ascending and descending directions. An impulse about an external influence is sent to the brain, and a certain sensation is formed in the person. The brain receives impulses not only about touch, but also about the position of the body in space, the state of muscle tension, pain, and so on. Descending impulses allow the brain to “guide” the body. Thus, what a person intends is carried out with the help of the spinal cord.




Pathologies and traumatic lesions of the spinal cord: Spinal compression: Spinal stroke occurs due to vascular blockage, aortic aneurysm, myocardial infarction, tumor processes or vertebral osteochondrosis. Painful symptoms are supplemented by sensory disturbances, pelvic disorders, flaccid paralysis; Myelitis is a spinal inflammation involving gray and white matter that occurs with vaccine allergies, spinal injuries or general infections. Pain and fever are accompanied by paralysis of the limbs; An epidural abscess is characterized by fever, pain, and paralysis; Compression myelopathy is a group of pathologies associated with external factors (osteochondrosis, intervertebral hernia, consequences of radiation, alcohol or other intoxication). Manifested by degenerative changes, spinal ischemia, mechanical compression; Myelomatosis is a proliferative growth of myeloma cells, not only in the spine, but also in other parts of the skeleton. Pain and weakness are complemented by indicators of leukemia in the tests; Syringomyelia – destruction of the brain substance with the formation of a fistula, which causes loss of motor and tactile function in the limbs; Spinal tumors are divided into metastatic (more common) and primary (can be located directly in the medulla or put pressure on it from the outside); Spinal trauma with displacement or fracture causes pain and paralysis in the area below the injury;


Inflammatory myelopathy Acute myelitis, which occurs primarily as a result of infection or secondarily as a complication of focal infection in other organs, is accompanied by fever and progressive paralysis; Infectious myelopathy is a consequence of a viral infection, polio or HIV.


Conclusion The spinal cord is a very important anatomical structure. Its normal functioning ensures all human life. It serves as an intermediate link between the brain and various parts of the body, transmitting information in the form of impulses in both directions. Knowledge of the structure and functioning of the spinal cord is necessary for diagnosing diseases of the nervous system.



tree of life

tree of life


Lesson topic:

Structure of the spinal cord.


Basic terms and concepts:

Neurons are nerve cells that have different shapes.

The processes of neurons are axons (long) and dendrites (short).

Synapses (contacts) are the junctions of nerve cells.

Nerves are bundles of long processes of nerve cells.

Nerve ganglia are clusters of neuron bodies outside the central nervous system.


LET'S REPEAT: neuron structure

dendrites


LET'S GET TO KNOW: types of neurons:

Sensitive

Executive

Conduct

information from

body surface

and internal

organs to the brain

Carry signals

from the brain

to the organs.

Insert

(mixed)

Analyze

information and

produce

solutions


WE WILL BE SURPRISED:

synapse-the place of contact of neurons with each other and with other cells


Let's check ourselves:


Structure of the nervous system

Nervous system

Peripheral

nervous system

Central

nervous

system (CNS)

nerve

Nervous

nodes

Nervous

graduation

Dorsal

brain

Head

brain


Spinal cord (posterior view)

The spinal cord lies in the spinal canal. It is a cord with a diameter of about 1 cm. At the top it passes into the brain, at the bottom it ends in the lumbar region. The spinal cord is found in the cerebrospinal fluid. 31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from it.



Reflex arc – the path along which nerve impulses are carried out during a reflex


Functions of the spinal cord:

  • Reflex – here are the centers of unconditioned reflexes.
  • Conductive - the white matter of the spinal cord provides communication between all parts of the central nervous system.

BRAIN

REGULATES THE WORK OF THE SPINAL!!!



Group 5. Knee reflex

1- receptors

2 – sensory neuron of the spinal cord

3 – motor neuron

4 – axon of a motor neuron

5 – nerve endings in muscles


Group 4. Cross section of the spinal cord

1 – white matter

2 – gray matter

3 – spinal canal

4 – nerve node

6 – spinal nerve roots


Group 1 . Correct answers: 2, 3.

Group 2. Fill in the missing words.

The spinal cord is a long cylindrical cord located in the spinal canal. At the top, the spinal cord passes into the brain, at the bottom it ends at the level of the second lumbar vertebra. The spinal cord is found in the cerebrospinal fluid. The central canal runs through the center of the spinal cord.


Group 3. Spinal injury. How is it dangerous? Why can't an Olympic champion feel her legs after a spinal injury? How to transport a victim with a spinal injury?



Take a position:

"Yes" or "No"

1. DIVING HEAD DOWN INTO A BODY OF WATER IN UNKNOWN PLACES IS VERY DANGEROUS. 2. THERE IS NOT A SINGLE ART OF THE BODY IN THE HUMAN BODY WHERE THERE ARE NO NERVE ENDINGS. 3. HOW MUCH INVENTIVENESS AND WIT OUR FOOL TRAINERS SHOWED! THE BEAR IS A ROPE WALKER, MICE-PASSENGERS AND MANY OTHER “ARTISTS” SHOW THEIR NUMBERS, WHICH THEY DEVELOPED ON THE BASIS OF UNCONDITIONED REFLEXES. 4. THE SPINAL CORD IS CONNECTED WITH THE BRAIN THROUGH THE CEREBELLUM.


  • Study paragraph 44.