Etc.). Vacuoles and their contents are considered as a compartment separate from the cytoplasm. There are digestive and contractile (pulsating) vacuoles that regulate osmotic pressure and serve to remove waste products from the body. Vacuoles are especially prominent in plant cells: in many mature plant cells they constitute more than half the cell volume. One of the important functions of plant vacuoles is the accumulation of ions and the maintenance of turgor (turgor pressure). A vacuole is a place where water is stored. Vacuoles develop from cisterns of the endoplasmic reticulum.

The membrane that encloses the vacuole is called tonoplast.

Vacuoles contain organic acids, carbohydrates, tannins, inorganic substances (nitrates, phosphates, chlorides, etc.), proteins, etc.

Literature

Organelles of a eukaryotic cell

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Synonyms:

See what “Vacuole” is in other dictionaries:

VACUOL- (from Latin vacuus empty, hollow), spherical spaces in the plasma of plant and animal cells, filled with liquid of various chemicals. composition. The size and number of V. vary greatly both in different cells and in the same cell in its different... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia

VACUOL, a cavity inside a cell CYTOPLASM, separated by a membrane. Depending on the organism, they contain water, gas, or food particles. Vacuoles perform various functions. Single-celled organisms such as amoebas contain pulsating vacuoles... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

Noun, number of synonyms: 2 cavity (27) phagosome (1) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Dictionary of synonyms

vacuole- and VACUOL and, g. vacuole, lat. vacuola Small, usually spherical cavities in the cells of animals, plants and single-celled organisms. ALS 2. Vacuoles appeared in the protoplasm, colored by similar films. Nature 1929 7 8 686. Vacuolization... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

vacuole- A cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell, bounded by a membrane, filled with liquid, including enzymes; Protozoa have digestive and contractile cells; multicellular organisms have autophagy (secondary lysosomes) and digestive cells; IN.… … Technical Translator's Guide

Vacuole vacuole. A cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell, bounded by a membrane, filled with a fluid including enzymes; Protozoa have digestive and contractile cells; multicellular organisms have autophagy (secondary lysosomes) and... Molecular biology and genetics. Explanatory dictionary.

Vacuole- (from Latin vacuus empty) a cavity in the protoplasm of a cell, filled with cell sap, in which salts, sugars and organic acids are dissolved, and also contains a number of pigments that color flower petals in red, blue and purple colors,... ... The beginnings of modern natural science

1. What are vacuoles? How are they formed?

Vacuoles are large vesicles or cavities, bounded by a hyaloplasmic membrane and filled predominantly with aqueous contents. Vacuoles are characteristic of plant cells, fungi and many protists; they are formed from vesicular extensions of the ER or from vesicles of the Golgi complex.

2. What substances are contained in the cell sap of plant cell vacuoles?

Cell sap is an aqueous solution of various inorganic and organic substances. The chemical composition and concentration of cell sap is very variable and depends on the type of plant, organ, tissue and age of the cell.

The cell sap of plant cell vacuoles may contain:

● Reserve substances that are temporarily removed from metabolism and can be used by the cell again. For example, salts, carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose, fructose), carboxylic acids (malic, citric, oxalic, acetic), amino acids, proteins.

● The end products of metabolism, which are excreted into the vacuole and thus isolated. For example, tannins (tannins), alkaloids, some pigments, calcium oxalate.

● Pigments, the most common of which are anthocyanins, which give cell sap its purple, red, blue or violet colors. Flavonoids close to anthocyanins color the cell sap in yellow and cream shades.

● Biologically active substances, for example, phytohormones (plant growth regulators), phytoncides (substances that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms), enzymes...

3. What functions do vacuoles perform in plant cells?

The main functions of vacuoles in plant cells:

● Storage and isolation of various substances (reserve, biologically active, end products of metabolism, etc.).

● Ensuring coloring of petals, fruits, buds, leaves, roots.

● Regulation of cell water balance, maintaining turgor pressure.

4. Which organisms have contractile vacuoles? What is their function?

Contractile (pulsating) vacuoles are characteristic of unicellular freshwater protists. Water continuously enters their cells by osmosis, the excess of which accumulates in contractile vacuoles. Pulsating vacuoles periodically contract due to the interaction of microtubules and microfilaments located around them. Water is expelled out through a special excretory pore and the cell maintains a more or less constant volume.

Thus, contractile vacuoles perform the function of osmoregulation in cells - they maintain water content and salt concentration at a certain level.

5. How do digestive vacuoles differ from other vacuoles in the cell?

Digestive vacuoles are secondary lysosomes in the cells of heterotrophic protists. They are formed by the fusion of lysosomes with phagocytic vesicles containing food particles. After food is digested and nutrients enter the hyaloplasm, undigested residues are removed from the cell by exocytosis, and the membrane of the digestive vacuole merges with the plasmalemma.

Thus, unlike other vacuoles, digestive vacuoles are not permanent, but temporary organelles; they serve to digest food particles and are formed by the fusion of lysosomes with phagocytic vesicles.

6. The amoeba and erythrocyte were placed in distilled water. What will happen to each cell? Why?

Unlike distilled water, the cytoplasm of amoeba and erythrocyte contains a certain amount of salts and other dissolved substances. Therefore, water will enter the amoeba cell and the red blood cell by osmosis. The volume of the red blood cell will increase, and then it will burst. The amoeba cell will maintain a more or less constant volume due to the intensive work of the contractile vacuole.

7. Prove the validity of the statement: “Single-membrane cell organelles are interconnected and form a single membrane system, each component of which is specialized to perform certain functions.”

Single-membrane organelles include the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes and vacuoles. Each of these organelles is a compartment (compartment) or a system of compartments, separate from other compartments and hyaloplasm. Each organelle contains or synthesizes certain substances and specific biochemical processes occur.

At the same time, single-membrane organelles are interconnected by the transport of substances and the ability to transfer the membranes of some organelles to the membranes of others. For example, vesicles that separate from the ER fuse with the membranes of the Golgi complex. In this case, substances synthesized on the membranes of the ER enter the Golgi complex for accumulation, modification and subsequent removal from the cell. Lysosomes containing digestive enzymes are detached from the cisterns of the Golgi complex. Vacuoles are formed from vesicles of the Golgi complex or vesicular extensions of the ER. All this indicates the specialization of single-membrane organelles according to the functions they perform, as well as their close relationship.

8. In marine protists, contractile vacuoles pulsate very rarely or are absent altogether. What is this connected with?

The main function of contractile vacuoles is to remove excess water from cells. In sea water, the salt content is the same as in the cells of protists, or higher. Therefore, water does not enter the cells of marine protists, but, on the contrary, can leave them by osmosis (if the salt content in the protist cell is lower than in sea water).

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Meaning of the word vacuole

vacuole in the crossword dictionary

Dictionary of medical terms

vacuole (vacuola cellularis, LNH; lat. vacuus empty, hollow)

a cellular inclusion that is a vesicle, usually with liquid contents.

New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

Wikipedia

Vacuole

Vacuole- a single-membrane organelle found in some eukaryotic cells and performing various functions (secretion, excretion and storage of reserve substances, autophagy, autolysis, etc.). Vacuoles develop from membrane vesicles - provacuoles. Provacuoles are derivatives of the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex; they fuse to form vacuoles. Vacuoles and their contents are considered as a compartment separate from the cytoplasm. There are digestive and contractile vacuoles that regulate osmotic pressure and serve to remove waste products from the body. Vacuoles are especially noticeable in plant cells: in many mature plant cells they make up more than half the cell volume, and they can merge into one giant vacuole. One of the important functions of plant vacuoles is the accumulation of ions and the maintenance of turgor (turgor pressure). A vacuole is a place where water is stored.

The membrane that encloses the vacuole is called tonoplast, and the contents of the vacuole - cell sap. Cell sap consists of water and substances dissolved in it, as well as monosaccharides, disaccharides, tannins, carbohydrates, inorganic substances and organic acids.

Examples of the use of the word vacuole in literature.

At first I didn’t understand what was happening, but then it dawned on me: the walls vacuoles began to secrete digestive enzymes.

Today we will have a test on the topic: vacuoles and their place in the educational process!

vacuoles

His stomach throbbed in his abdomen like a tortured amoeba, sending out pseudopods of pain and pain in all directions. vacuoles sour belching.

vacuoles

Plasma is a cast from the sea: in the egg it is a life-giving substance, resting in transparent, like crystal, vacuoles, and in sperm there is a life-giving force, the symbol of which is a running wave.

Then the visual sensations returned and the Guardian found himself in some kind of vacuoles.

After vacuole suddenly broke, burst, like an overripe fruit.

The body was vacuole, a tiny piece of eustatic medium enclosing a phased machine system.

Due to insufficient mobility, its contractile vacuole Shrunk to the size of a pinhead.

vacuoles, - Ene explained.

The six photographs handed to Blatch depicted the process that resulted in one fat, studded vacuoles amoeba immersed in a bath of salt solution, the result was two slender Gthetans.

The outline of one of the parts was clearly outlined, and granules and vacuoles- a complex mechanism, so complex that biologists have not yet studied it in detail, and all fitting into one microscopic piece of matter.

Air and light easily penetrate to such a depth, so the filling consists of vacuoles- buckminsterfullerene shells coated with a reflective aluminum layer so that they do not collapse all at once if the page is exposed to the sun.

Oh, and these aren't the kinds of things you can do with temporary vacuoles, - Ene explained.

All living beings on planet Earth have a cellular structure. This fact does not apply to extracellular life forms - viruses. One of the constituent parts of the cell is the vacuole. It is found in animals and plants, as well as in fungi, algae, and bacteria. What a vacuole is, its structure and functions will be described below.

The study of what a vacuole is should begin with the concept of eukaryotes - this is one of the types of cells in which there is a nucleus, separated from the cytoplasm by a double partition - a membrane or tonoplast.

Pay attention! The core is characterized by a significant numerical parameter. This is due to the DNA molecule it contains.

The cell contains a container that belongs to the category of organelles (or organelles) and is necessary for a living organism for specific needs. In appearance, the organelle resembles a sac. It is generally considered a closed structure. The vacuole is separated from other cellular components by a single membrane.

What is a vacuole, what is its origin. is formed from provacuoles - these are neoplasms in the form of tonoplast vesicles. The provacuole category belongs to the Golgi complex and the endoplasmic reticulum. Their fusion causes the appearance of organelles.

Let us list the main characteristics of vacuoles:

• the organelle of a plant cell prevails in quantitative terms over the organelle of an animal cell;
• an animal organelle has a temporary nature of existence, a plant cell has a permanent nature;
• plants contain a single organelle with a large size and significant reserves;
• An animal cell is characterized by many small organelles to perform digestive and excretory functions.

Vacuole of plant and animal cells

There is a division of vacuoles into the following categories:

1. Digestive vacuole: found in sponges, protozoa and animals, presented in the form of membrane vesicles as part of the cell cytoplasm; Formed as a result of ingestion of liquid droplets (or pinocytosis), formed cells or particles (or phagocytosis). Marked by an immediate change in shape and volume. It got its name due to the digestion process in its composition. The digestive process inside the organelle in relation to food particles is called cyclosis, during which enzymes responsible for the digestion process enter the organelle. As a result, the environment changes from acidic to alkaline. Residues that have not gone through the digestion stage are excreted through the powder.
2. Pulsating: found under the name contractile or excretory, present in unicellular organisms and has a star shape, promotes the accumulation and removal of decay results, is responsible for maintaining a stable level of osmotic pressure, and is necessary for the regulation of osmotic pressure.
3. Storage: present in seeds, fruits, plant rhizomes, animal tissues, it is characterized by growth with the absorption of cellular space, guarantees a water supply, accumulation of vitamins, minerals and nutrients.
4. Gas: found in the cells of duckweed, spirulina (floating microalgae), aquatic animals, promotes hydrogen and other gas enrichment, increases the degree of buoyancy / unsinkability of the body.
5. Toxic: observed in the cellular structure of fish, insects, plants, poisonous animals, contains polyphenols, alkaloids, promotes the accumulation of poisons that are used by plants to protect against insects and animals.

Structure and functions

Structure

Concepts such as the structure and function of the vacuole are considered interdependent.

Organelle structure:

• the outer layer is represented by a membrane, one of the names is tonoplast (from Latin - tension and Greek - shaped). Functions – transport and barrier;
• the inner part is cell sap, represented by a solution of vital substances that are the result of the activity of the protoplast, includes water, carbohydrates (disaccharides, monosaccharides, glycogen, starch), coloring pigments (tannin, melanin, anthocyanins), mineral salts (phosphates, nitrates, chlorides , polyphosphates), fats, polyhydroxybutyric acid, healing substances, gases to improve buoyancy, alkaloids, organic acids and other substances.

This cellular organelle is found in many cells, mainly fungi and plants. Scientists also diagnose its presence in bacteria and animals. This is due to the multifaceted functions of the organelle and its importance for a living organism.

Cell organelle

Functions

The organoid occupies from 0.05 to 0.9 cellular space. This is due to the significance and location of the vacuole within a particular organism.

The best option for studying the vacuole, its structure and functions is a table.

Function name	Functional meaning
Turgor type pressure	Creates a force on the cell wall. Allows plant structures to maintain rigidity
Development and growth	Provides cellular elongation. Achieved by absorbing water and creating turgor pressure on the cell wall. It is enhanced by the release of proteins necessary to reduce the degree of wall rigidity.
Accumulation	Promotes the storage of water, minerals, nutrients, enzymes, ions, molecules and pigments.
Molecular degradation	Achieved due to the acidic environment inside the organelle. Promotes degradation and destruction of large molecules; the destructive process is activated by enzymes through the influence of a low pH environment.
Detoxification	Guarantees the removal of toxic substances (herbicides and heavy metals) from the cytosol area.
Protection	Provides initial storage and subsequent release of chemicals that are potentially harmful to the body.
Transport	The accumulation and transport of ions is created.
Water-salt metabolism	Ensures the formation of the internal aquatic environment.

This table clearly and briefly presents information about the functions of the vacuole.

Useful video: types of vacuoles and their functions

Conclusion

The vacuole is found in both animals and plants. Its presence is noted in the composition of bacteria and fungi. Depending on the location, the composition of the organelle and the list of its functions change.

- a convenient organ where food is digested, broken down into simple compounds, which are then absorbed by the body and used for its needs. However, tiny ones - protozoa and sponges - of course, do not have a stomach. Its role is played by the phagosome, also called the digestive vacuole - vesicle, membrane. It forms around a solid particle or cell that the body decides to eat. A digestive vacuole also appears around the swallowed drop of liquid. The phagosome merges with the lysosome, enzymes are activated and the digestion process begins, which lasts about an hour. During digestion, the environment inside the phagosome changes from acidic to alkaline. Once all the nutrients have been extracted, the undigested food remains are eliminated from the body through the powder or cell membrane.

The digestion of solid food is called phagocytosis, and the digestion of liquid food is called pinocytosis.

Contractile vacuole

Many sponge representatives have a contractile vacuole. The main function of this organelle is the regulation of osmotic pressure. Through the cell membrane, water enters the cell of a sponge or protozoa, and periodically, at equal intervals of time, the liquid is removed out using a contractile vacuole, which, growing to a certain point, then begins to contract using the elastic bundles present in it.

There is a hypothesis that the contractile vacuole also takes part in cellular respiration.

Vacuole in a plant cell

Plants also have vacuoles. In a young cell, as a rule, there are several small pieces of them, but as the cell grows, they increase and merge into one large vacuole, which can occupy 70-80% of the entire cell. The plant vacuole contains cell sap, which contains minerals, sugars and organic substances. The main function of this organelle is to maintain turgor. Plant vacuoles are also involved in water-salt metabolism, breakdown and absorption of nutrients, and disposal of compounds that can harm the cell. The green parts of plants that are not covered with wood retain their shape thanks to a strong cell wall and vacuoles, which keep the cell shape unchanged and prevent deformation.