CD3 T lymphocytes are elevated in the child. T lymphocytes

In the process of evolution, humans have developed two immune systems - cellular and humoral. They arose as a means of combating substances that are perceived as foreign. These substances are called antigens. In response to the introduction of an antigen into the body, depending on the chemical composition, dose and form of administration, the immune reaction will be different: humoral or cellular. The division of immune functions into cellular and humoral is associated with the existence of T- and B-lymphocytes. Both lineages of lymphocytes develop from a lymphatic stem cell in the bone marrow.

T lymphocytes. Cellular immunity. Thanks to T-lymphocytes, the body's cellular immune system occurs. T lymphocytes are formed from hematopoietic stem cells that migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus gland.

The formation of T lymphocytes is divided into two periods: antigen-independent and antigen-dependent. The antigen-independent period ends with the formation of antigen-reactive T lymphocytes. During the antigen-dependent period, the cell prepares to encounter the antigen and multiplies under its influence, resulting in the formation of various types of T cells. Antigen recognition occurs due to the fact that on the membrane of these cells there are receptors that recognize antigens. As a result of recognition, cells multiply. These cells fight against antigen-carrying microorganisms or cause rejection of foreign tissue. T cells regularly move from lymphoid elements into the blood and interstitial environment, which increases the likelihood of them encountering antigens. There are different subpopulations of T-lymphocytes: T-killers (i.e. fighters), which destroy cells with antigen; T helper cells, which help T and B lymphocytes respond to antigens, etc.

T-lymphocytes, upon contact with an antigen, produce lymphokines, which are biologically active substances. With the help of lymphokines, T lymphocytes control the function of other leukocytes. Various groups of lymphokines have been identified. They can both stimulate and inhibit the migration of macrophagocytes, etc. Interferon produced by T lymphocytes inhibits the synthesis of nucleic acids and protects the cell from viral infections.

B lymphocytes. Humoral immunity. During the antigen-dependent period, B lymphocytes are stimulated by the antigen and settle in the spleen and lymph nodes, follicles and reproduction centers. Here they are converted to plasma cells. The synthesis of antibodies - immunoglobulins - occurs in plasma cells. Humans produce five classes of immunoglobulins. B lymphocytes take an active part in the immune processes of antigen recognition. Antibodies interact with antigens located on the surface of cells or with bacterial toxins and accelerate the uptake of antigens by phagocytes. The antigen-antibody reaction is the basis of humoral immunity.

During an immune response, both humoral and cellular immunity mechanisms are usually at work, but to varying degrees. Thus, with measles, humoral mechanisms predominate, and with contact allergies or rejection reactions, cellular immunity predominates.

Blood is one of human and animal. It consists of three types of cells, which are also called blood cells. It also contains a large amount of liquid intercellular substance.

Blood cells are divided into three types: platelets, erythrocytes and leukocytes. Platelets take part in the process. Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. And the function of leukocytes is to protect the human or animal body from harmful microorganisms.

What are leukocytes?

There are several varieties, each of which performs its own specific functions. So, leukocytes are divided into:

• granulocytes;
• agranulocytes.

What are granulocytes?

They are also called granular leukocytes. This group includes eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils. The former are capable of phagocytosis. They can capture microorganisms and then digest them. These cells are involved in inflammatory processes. They are also able to neutralize histamine, which is released by the body during allergies. Basophils contain a large amount of serotonin, leukotrienes, prostaglandins and histamine. They take part in the development of immediate allergic reactions. Neutrophils, like eosinophils, are capable of phagocytosis. A large number of them are located at the site of inflammation.

Non-granular leukocytes

Monocytes and lymphocytes are types of agranular (non-granular) white blood cells. The former, like agranulocytes, are capable of absorbing foreign particles that enter the body.

Lymphocytes are also part of the immune system of humans and animals. They are involved in neutralizing pathogenic microorganisms that enter the body. Let's talk about these cells in more detail.

Lymphocytes - what are they?

There are several varieties of these cells. We will look at them in more detail a little later.

We can say that lymphocytes are the main cells of the immune system. They provide both cellular and humoral immunity.

Cellular immunity lies in the fact that lymphocytes come into direct contact with pathogens. Humoral is the production of special antibodies - substances that neutralize microorganisms.

The level of lymphocytes in the blood depends on the amount of pathogenic bacteria or viruses in the body. The more there are, the more immune cells the body produces. Therefore, you probably already guessed what they mean. This means that a person is currently experiencing an acute or chronic form of an inflammatory disease in the body.

Lymphocytes: what are their types?

Depending on their structure, they are divided into two groups:

• large granular lymphocytes;
• small lymphocytes.

Lymphocyte cells are also divided into groups, depending on the functions they perform. So, there are three types of them:

• B lymphocytes;
• T lymphocytes;
• NK lymphocytes.

The former are able to recognize foreign proteins and produce antibodies to them. An increased level of these cells in the blood is observed in diseases that occur only once (chickenpox, rubella, measles, etc.).

There are three types of T lymphocytes: killer T cells, helper T cells and suppressor T cells. The first destroy cells affected by viruses, as well as tumor cells. T helper cells stimulate the production of antibodies to pathogens. T-suppressors inhibit the production of antibodies when there is no longer a threat to the body. NK lymphocytes are responsible for the quality of the body's cells. They are able to destroy cells that differ from normal ones, such as cancer cells.

How do lymphocytes develop?

These cells, like other blood cells, are produced by the red bone marrow. They are formed there from stem cells. The next important organ of the immune system is the thymus or thymus gland. Newly formed lymphocytes arrive here. Here they ripen and are divided into groups. Also, some lymphocytes can mature in the spleen. Further, fully formed immune cells can form lymph nodes - clusters of lymphocytes along the lymphatic vessels. Nodes can increase during inflammatory processes in the body.

How many lymphocytes should there be in the blood?

The permissible number of lymphocytes in the blood depends on age and the condition of the body. Let's look at their normal level in the table.

These indicators do not depend on gender: for women and men the norm of lymphocytes in the blood is the same.

Indications for studying the level of lymphocytes

To find out their amount in the blood, a general blood test is used. It is prescribed to children in the following cases:

1. Preventive medical examination once a year.
2. Physical examination of chronically ill children two or more times a year.
3. Health complaints.
4. Prolonged treatment of non-serious diseases, such as acute respiratory infections.
5. Complications after viral diseases.
6. To track the effectiveness of treatment.
7. To assess the severity of certain diseases.

For adults, a general blood test is indicated in the following cases:

1. before employment.
2. Preventive medical examination.
3. Suspicion of anemia and other blood diseases.
4. Diagnosis of inflammatory processes.
5. Monitoring the effectiveness of treatment.
6. Lymphocytes in the blood of women are very important to monitor during pregnancy, especially in the first and second trimesters.

Elevated lymphocytes

If their amount in the blood is higher than the specified norm, then this indicates a viral disease, some bacterial diseases, such as tuberculosis, syphilis, typhoid fever, cancer, and severe chemical poisoning. Especially for diseases to which strong immunity is developed. These are chickenpox, measles, rubella, mononucleosis, etc.

Decreased lymphocytes

An insufficient amount of them in the blood is called lymphopenia. It occurs in the following cases:

• viral diseases in the early stages;
• anemia;
• oncological diseases;
• chemotherapy and radiation therapy;
• treatment with corticosteroid drugs;
• lymphogranulomatosis;
• Itsenko-Cushing's disease.

How to prepare for a blood test?

There are several factors that can affect the number of lymphocytes in the blood. If you do not prepare properly for a blood test, it may give incorrect results. So, you need to follow the following rules.

• Do not lie down for a long time before donating blood for analysis. A sudden change in body position can affect the number of lymphocytes in the blood.
• Do not take a blood test immediately after medical procedures such as x-rays, massage, punctures, physiotherapy, etc.
• Do not take a blood test during or immediately after menstruation. The optimal time is 4-5 days after its completion.
• Don't worry before donating blood.
• Do not take a blood test immediately after exercise.
• It is best to donate blood for analysis in the morning.

If these rules are not followed, there is a high probability that the test results will be interpreted incorrectly and an incorrect diagnosis will be made. In such cases, a repeat blood test may be prescribed for a more accurate diagnosis.

Finally, I have all the test results for my immune status and food allergies. If you have not looked at the first part of the article, please read it to avoid unnecessary questions.

To be honest, when I saw the results, at first I was very upset, then I was happy, then I was upset again, but not as much as the first time: D So, let's get started.

Let's not drag you know who for you know what. Indicators for which the results exceed the norm are highlighted in red, and results in green are below the norm.

Study	Meaning	Norm
0-lymphocytes, %	10,9	16 – 24
0-lymphocytes, x10*9/l	0,119	0,3 – 0,5
B1 lymphocytes CD19+5+, %	0,8	0,5 – 2,1
B1 lymphocytes CD19+5+, % of CD19+	35,242	4,1 – 17,5
B1 lymphocytes CD19+5+, x10*9/l	0,009	0,022 – 0,115
B2 lymphocytes CD19+5-, %	1,47	6,5 – 14,9
B2 lymphocytes CD19+5-, % of CD19+	64,758	82,1 – 96,3
B2 lymphocytes CD19+5-, x10*9/l	0,016	0,081 – 0,323
CD16+ CD56+ (NK cells), %	2,46	5 – 20
CD16+ CD56+ (NK cells), x10*9/l	0,027	0,2 – 0,4
CD16+ CD56- (NK cells), %	3,79	1,1 – 2,9
CD16- CD56+ (NK cells), %	3,13	2,7 – 5
CD19+ (B-lymphocytes), %	2,4	8 – 19
CD19+ (B-lymphocytes), x10*9/l	0,026	0,19 – 0,38
CD3+ (T-lymphocytes), %	86,7	58 – 76
CD3+ (T-lymphocytes), x10*9/l	0,949	1,1 – 1,7
CD3+CD25+(activated T-lymphocytes), %	5,45	up to 6
CD3+HLA-DR+, %	5,31	2 – 12
CD3+HLA-DR+, x10*9/l	0,058	0,03 – 0,2
CD4+ (T-helper cells), %	47,3	36 – 55
CD4+ (T-helper cells), x10*9/l	0,518	0,4 – 1,1
CD4+ / CD8+	1,429	1,5 – 2,5
CD4+25+127- bright (T-reg), % of CD4+	1,16	1,65 – 5,75
CD4+25+127- bright (T-reg), x10*9/l	0,006	0,009 – 0,078
CD8+ (T-suppressed/cytotoxic), %	33,1	17 – 37
CD8+ (T-suppress./cytotox.), x10*9/l	0,362	0,3 – 0,7
CAF (number of active phagocytes)	2,692	1,6 – 5
Phagocytic capacity of blood	24,228	12,5 – 25
Phagocytic number	7,2	5 – 10
Phagocytic index, %	80	65 – 95

It’s not for nothing that I highlighted the indicator CD4+ / CD8+. What it is, what it is eaten with and why it is so important - more on that below.

How is nonspecific ulcerative colitis characterized? From the point of view of the immune nature of the disease, UC occurs due to an excessive amount of antibodies against one’s own cells, mistaking them for foreign ones. Further in the text there will be many definitions, I will try to present them in a more digestible and understandable form.

CD4 characteristic of helper T cells, also present on monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Helper T cells are inducers of the immune response. They regulate the strength of the response to a hostile antigen and control antigenic self-regulation.

Causes of elevated CD4 levels:

• Autoimmune diseases.
• Liver cirrhosis, hepatitis.
• Waldenström's disease.
• Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Reasons for decreased CD4 levels:

• Congenital immunodeficiencies.
• Malignant tumors.
• Ionizing radiation.
• Treatment with cytostatics and immunosuppressants.
• Malnutrition.

We filter out the excess and get a possible reason for the decrease in CD4 levels: cytostatics (,).

CD8 characteristic of suppressor and/or cytotoxic T cells, most of thymocytes. The task of suppressor T lymphocytes is to suppress the body’s immune response. They inhibit the production of antibodies of various classes due to a delay in the proliferation and differentiation of B-lymphocytes, as well as the development of delayed-type hypersensitivity. With a normal immune response to a foreign antigen entering the body, maximum activation of T-suppressors is observed after 3-4 weeks.

Reasons for increased CD8 levels:

• Infections with a chronic and protracted course.
• Tuberculosis, leprosy, HIV infection.
• Severe burns, extensive injuries.
• Ionizing radiation.
• Malnutrition.

Reasons for decreased CD8 levels:

• Congenital immunodeficiencies.
• Autoimmune diseases.
• Liver cirrhosis, hepatitis.
• Thrombocytopenia, acquired hemolytic anemia.
• Waldenström's disease.
• Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
• Activation of anti-transplant immunity.

My CD8 is normal.

The ratio of T-helpers (CD4) and T-suppressors (CD8) is of key importance in assessing the state of the immune system. in the blood, since the intensity of the immune response depends on this. WITH a decrease in the function of T-suppressors leads to a predominance of the stimulating effect of T-helpers, including those B-lymphocytes that produce autoantibodies (the same excess ones). At the same time, their quantity can reach a critical level, which can cause damage to the body’s own tissues.

O-lymphocytes (null lymphocytes)- These are lymphocytes that differ in their surface properties from both B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. Some of these cells carry receptors for on their surface, destroying any cells on the surface of which this class is present. O-lymphocytes also include natural killer cells that act regardless of the presence of antibodies.

The main functions of O-lymphocytes:

1. Providing antitumor immunity.
2. Providing anti-infective immunity.

What does the decrease in indicators indicate? That's right, about weak protection against the above-mentioned problems with oncology and infections. I assume that the cause is Remicade, the last IV of which I received was in November 2015.

Next on the list are B-lymphocytes, or more precisely the CD19 group.

CD19 present on B cells, their precursors, follicular dendritic cells, and is considered the earliest marker of B cell differentiation. Regulates the development, differentiation and activation of B-lymphocytes.

Reasons for CD19 decline:

• Neoplasms of the immune system.
• Treatment with cytostatics and immunosuppressants.
• Splenectomy.
• Ionizing radiation.
• Humoral deficiency.

What we see: from all indicators CD19 (“B1 lymphocytes CD19+5+, %”, “B1 lymphocytes CD19+5+, % of CD19+”, “B1 lymphocytes CD19+5+, x10*9/l”, “B2 lymphocytes CD19+5-, %”, “B2 lymphocytes CD19+5-, % of CD19+”, “B2 lymphocytes CD19+5-, x10*9/l”, “CD19+ (B-lymphocytes), %” and “CD19+ (B-lymphocytes), x10*9/l”) is overestimated for me, almost twice, only the second one (“B1 lymphocytes CD19+5+, % of CD19+”). Yes, this may indirectly confirm that I have UC. As for the indicators below normal - again, hello to Azathioprine and Remicade.

CD3– a surface marker specific for all cells of the T-lymphocyte subpopulation. Mature T-lymphocytes are responsible for cellular immune reactions and carry out immunological surveillance of antigenic self-regulation in the body. T lymphocytes perform two important functions in the body: effector and regulatory.

Effector function of T lymphocytes– specific cytotoxicity towards foreign cells. Regulatory function (T-helper/T-suppressor system)– control over the intensity of the development of a specific reaction of the immune system to foreign antigens.

Reasons for increased CD3 levels:

• Immune hyperactivity.
• Acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
• Sézary's syndrome.

Reasons for decreased CD3 levels:

• Congenital immunodeficiencies.
• Infections with a chronic and protracted course.
• Tuberculosis, leprosy, HIV infection.
• T-cell lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia.
• Severe burns, extensive injuries.
• Ionizing radiation.
• Treatment with immunosuppressants.
• Insufficiency.

Of the five positions with CD3, one indicator is too high, one is too low, and the others are normal. What can an increase in “CD3+ (T-lymphocytes), %” indicate? As a result of simple screening, hyperactive immunity remains.

Overactive or hypersensitive immune system– this is an undesirable increased reaction of immunity to any substance. The immune system reacts aggressively and inadequately to completely harmless substances.

Lymphocytes are an important component of blood. This part of the blood composition has no permanent meaning. For this reason, when the lymphocyte count increases/decreases, it is possible to determine possible inflammatory processes occurring in the body. Most biochemical types of blood tests include a point for determining the concentration of a given component.

Altered lymphocytes are important in detecting the presence of certain diseases or injuries.

In the body of a healthy adult there are up to 35-40% T-lymphocytes, relative to the total mass of all lymphocytes. A decrease in the concentration of lymphocytes is called lymphopenia. An off-scale indicator relative to the maximum permissible norm is leukocytosis.

Watch a video about the work of T-lymphocytes

In this regard, it is worth talking about these bodies in more detail.

Education and activation

Site of lymphocyte production - bone marrow. After reproduction, lymphocytes are concentrated in the thymus gland, called the thymus. Here lymphocytes undergo a series of changes, leading to their division into several subtypes. T lymphocytes provide invaluable assistance to the immune system by fighting viral antibodies. When any pathologies or viral infections appear, T-lymphocytes are activated, the function of which is activated through IL-1 and CD-3 receptor connections.

Functions of T lymphocytes

When acquiring a particular viral or infectious disease, T-lymphocytes are brought into active action.

Ask your question to a clinical laboratory diagnostics doctor

Anna Poniaeva. She graduated from the Nizhny Novgorod Medical Academy (2007-2014) and Residency in Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (2014-2016).

Depending on the type of viral cells, certain types of “T” type leukocytes are included in the work. The type of leukocytes under the letter “B” has an impressive memory for various “enemy” microbodies. The function of leukocytes of this group is precisely to remember infected “guests” who have already visited, and to give a signal for the activation of T-lymphocytes.

T lymphocytes in the process of differentiation and proliferation, they form subpopulations that differ from each other in their functions: some perform regulatory, and others - effector functions. Regulators include T helper cells (Th)(from the English helper) or assistants. Among them the following subpopulations are distinguished:

Th1 secrete cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, -interferon) under the influence of which the formation of effector cells is activated - T-killers, lymphocytes that carry out cellular immune reactions and stimulate immunity against viruses and intracellular bacteria.

Th 2 secrete IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and stimulate B-lymphocytes, promoting the transformation of B-lymphocytes into plasma cells, cells that produce antibodies (activate humoral immunity reactions). Antibodies are involved in protecting the body from bacteria, bacterial toxins, viruses and other pathogens.

T h 3 belong to regulatory cells: they regulate the functions of Th1 and Th2, secrete IL-10 (suppressor factor), TGF- (transforming growth factor-), regulating the development of both cellular and humoral immune responses.

Also known:

T-reg(from the English T-regulator) or T regulatory cells –cells  CD4 + CD25 + . They contain Foxp3 protein, which suppresses the activity of other T cells;

T s (from the English T-suppressor) or T -suppressors inhibit too strong and too prolonged immunological reactions.

Effector T lymphocytes include:

Tk (from English T-killer) or T-killers (killers) – lymphocytes that destroy malignant, transplanted, mutant, modified, aging, virus- and bacteria-infected cells.

T-effectors of inflammation – carry out cellular immune reactions of inflammation.

From the general population of T-lymphocytes, they also isolate Immunological memory T cells are long-lived Th and Tk, descendants of cells that encountered Ag and retained receptors for them. These long-lived antigen-stimulated cells provide a faster and more pronounced immune response when encountering the same antigen again - secondary immune response.

29.6. BCR – B-lymphocyte receptor

B cell receptor- BCR (from EnglishB – cellularreceptor) capable of recognizing unprocessed antigen. B lymphocytes use immunoglobulin bound on the cell surface as a receptor. The specificity of this receptor is the same as the specificity of the immunoglobulin that lymphocytes secrete after their activation. B lymphocytes are capable of recognizing the following antigens, presented in soluble form:

proteins (both conformational determinants and determinants formed after

denaturation)

nucleic acids

polysaccharides

some lipids

small molecular weight compounds (haptens)

Mature B lymphocytes, which undergo all stages of maturation in the bone marrow, express so-called membrane immunoglobulins on the membrane: IgMAndIgD. The first cellular receptor to appear on a B lymphocyte is IgM. Unlike the pentameric IgM secreted by the plasma cell in the form of antibodies, the receptor immunoglobulin is a monomer, so it is often referred to as mIgM. It is always found on the membrane of the B lymphocyte. The main function of the B-cell receptor is to bind to antigen and conduct an activation signal into the B-lymphocyte cell. To do this, the IgM receptor has a short cytoplasmic tail involved in interaction with the complex, which carries out the activation signal (signals about the appearance of the antigen and the need for an immune response to it) into the cell. The complex is represented by four transmembrane polypeptides (Fig. 29.6-1).