Photograph on paper of Fox Talbot 1840. History of photography
Talbot (William Henry Fox Talbot) was a British scientist and photographic innovator, best known for his invention of paper that was impregnated with salt and the use of calotype processes. He had a wide range of interests in many subjects such as chemistry, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, classics and art history, although he eventually became known as a pioneer in the art of photography, which was still in its infancy in the mid-19th century. His invention of the photographic process of calotype was a significant improvement over the daguerreotype of French inventor Louis Daguerre. Talbot was the first to develop a photographic negative, thus making it possible to take multiple photographs. In the 1840s he worked extensively on photomechanical reproduction, which led to the development of the photoengraving process. Intelligent and curious at a young age, Henry developed his interests in a variety of subjects. After completing his studies at the prestigious Trinity College in Cambridge, the young man wrote several works that he presented to the Royal Society. Thus, Talbot began a series of experiments in photography. Over the next few years, he contributed several important aspects to the creation of photography, the most significant of which were the invention of salt paper and the negative. The Royal Society presented him with an award for his discoveries.
The great creator of photography was born on February 11, 1800 in Dorset, England. He was the only child of William Talbot and his wife Lady Elizabeth Fox. The father died when the boy was still a child. He lived in several families with his mother until she married in 1804. Henry was a bright boy with an innate curiosity and desire to learn. He received his primary education at Harrow School. He went to study at the prestigious Trinity College, Cambridge after completing his schooling. In 1821 he submitted documents to the Royal Society. Many of his works were devoted to mathematical subjects, although he also took a keen interest in the sciences and wrote articles on topics in physics and astronomy. This man had good artistic thinking, had a vivid imagination and therefore it is not surprising that he became interested in photography, a field that at that time was in the early stages of its development. Photography classes offered many opportunities for experimentation and discovery.
He began his optical research while still a very young man and published the article “Some Experiments on Colored Flames” in the Philosophical Journal in 1826. The article "Monochromatic Light" was published a year later. While visiting Lake Como in Italy in 1833, Talbot attempted to sketch the landscape but was unable to capture its full beauty. So he started thinking about a machine that could capture images on light-sensitive paper. The scientist began work on this project upon returning home. The photographer served briefly in Parliament (1833-34) and spent much of the 1830s experimenting with photography. He created salt paper by wetting the sheets with a solution of common table salt, onto which he applied a strong solution of silver nitrate. This made the paper sensitive to light. Continuing the development of the photographic process, the calotype method was used. It used paper coated with silver iodine, a process patented in 1841. His work The Pencil of Nature (1844-46) is considered an important and influential work in the history of photography. It was the first published book illustrated with photographs.
Henry Fox Talbot married Constance Mundy in 1832 and they had four children: Ela, Rosamond, Matilda and Charles. Photographer William Henry Fox Talbot suffered from ill health in his final years and died on 17 September 1877, aged 77.
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William Henry Fox Talbot(Talbot, William Henry Fox). (1800-1877), English physicist, chemist, inventor of the negative-positive process in photography (calotype from the Greek words kalos - beautiful and typos - imprint), later he was given the name tolbotype. Born 11 February 1800 in Melbury Abbas (Dorset). He studied first with private teachers, then in Harrow. Graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge University. He studied mathematics, botany, crystallography, and deciphering cuneiform texts. He was elected a member of the Royal Astronomical Society, the Linnean Society, and the Royal Society of London. The idea of the photographic process originated with the scientist in 1833. Talbot tried to copy views of nature using a camera obscura. But he had no drawing skills. Therefore, he wanted to record the image that he saw in the camera obscura. Talbot knew that light could affect the properties of various materials, and invented such a light-sensitive material. |
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In 1835, Talbot recorded a sunbeam. It was a photograph of the lattice window of his house. Talbot used paper impregnated with silver chloride. The exposure lasted for an hour.
Talbot received the world's first negative film. By applying light-sensitive paper prepared in the same way to it, he made a positive print for the first time. The inventor called his method of photography calotype, which meant “beauty.” So he showed the possibility of replicating photographs and connected the future of photography with the world of beauty.
At the end of January 1839, he asked Faraday to show his work at a meeting of the Royal Society of London, and on January 31, 1839, he made a report there, “Some conclusions about the art of photogenic drawing, or about the process by which natural objects can draw themselves without the help of an artist’s pencil.” He was afraid that Daguerre's invention would turn out to be the same as his own, and did not want to lose his priority. However, Talbot did not realize that Daguerre had developed a completely different process. John Herschel called Talbot's invention photography and coined the words "negative" and "positive."
In 1840, a scientist discovered that if iodized photographic paper (paper with a layer of silver nitrate soaked in a solution of potassium iodide) is sensitized with gallic acid and then exposed for a short time in a camera, a latent image will appear on it, which can then be developed with a mixture of gallic acid and nitrate silver Talbot called his invention calotype.
Talbot's calotype and Daguerre's daguerreotype had fundamental differences. The daguerreotype immediately produced a positive, mirror image on a silver plate. This simplified the process, but made it impossible to obtain copies. In calotype, a negative was first made from which any number of positive prints could be made. Therefore, calotype is much closer to modern photography, despite the fact that the quality of daguerreotypes was much higher than that of calotypes.
In 1843 he first carried out positive printing with magnification; in the same year he opened a printing house for the production of printing plates for his book The Pencil of Nature, 1844–1846 - the world's first publication illustrated with photographs. In 1851, Talbot pioneered very low-exposure photography, and the following year he patented a method of photographing by superimposing a “screen” on a photographic plate, which became the forerunner of the method of obtaining a raster halftone image.
Fox Henry (Fox, first Lord Holland) - English politician (1705-1774). He was brought up at Eton, where he met Pitt the Elder and Fielding. Capable but frivolous, F. squandered a significant part of his fortune in his youth. He was elected to the House of Commons in 1735. Here he became close to Walpole, who appointed him Minister of Public Works. Re-elected to parliament in 1741, F. received the post of Lord of the Treasury in Pelgam's cabinet; in 1746 he was appointed Minister of War. In 1751 he fought with extreme energy against the Regency bill, opposing Pitt; He expressed equally strong opposition to the Marriage Bill of 1753. He soon made peace with Pitt and entered into an agreement with him against the ministry of Lord Newcastle. The latter attracted F. to his side, who, having broken with Pitt, became the leader of the House of Commons and subsequently joined the ministry (1755). In 1756, F. resigned and received an offer to form a cabinet together with Pitt; when the latter rejected this combination, F. was content with the position of general collector, which was not part of the cabinet, but extremely profitable. In 1762, F. again became the leader of the lower house. Having then entered Bute's cabinet, he pledged to the king to obtain from Parliament consent to conclude peace with France. To achieve the latter goal, F. did not spare anyone and fiercely persecuted his former political friends, depriving them of positions and honorary titles. When peace was signed in 1763, F. was elevated to lord, but general hatred was retribution for his unprincipled activities. Until 1765, F. retained the position of general collector, which brought him large incomes. When in 1769 the Lord Mayor of London presented a petition to appoint an investigation into F.'s activities as collector general, the king tried to hush up the matter. From then on, however, F. left the political field. Few of the statesmen of England were as hated by their contemporaries as Henry F. Possessing a lively mind, great oratorical abilities and a bold, decisive character, F. was completely devoid of any moral principles: the main goal of his life was profit and pleasure, politics was only one of the means to which F. resorted with complete illegibility and shamelessness. An excellent description of F. was made by McCauley in his “Essay” about Pitt the Elder.
Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - S.-Pb.: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907 .
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William Henry Fox Talbot(English) William Henry Fox Talbot; January 31 (February 11) - September 5 (17) - English physicist and chemist, one of the inventors of photography. He invented calotype, which for the first time made it possible to replicate photographs by first producing a negative image on a photosensitive material, and then an unlimited number of positive copies.
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Literature
- N. D. Panfilov, A. A. Fomin. A little history // A short reference book for amateur photographers / N. N. Zherdetskaya. - M.: “Iskusstvo”, 1985. - P. 5-13. - 367 p. - 100,000 copies.
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Passage characterizing Talbot, William Henry Fox
Platon Karataev must have been over fifty years old, judging by his stories about the campaigns in which he participated as a long-time soldier. He himself did not know and could not determine in any way how old he was; but his teeth, bright white and strong, which kept rolling out in their two semicircles when he laughed (which he often did), were all good and intact; There was not a single gray hair in his beard or hair, and his whole body had the appearance of flexibility and, especially, hardness and endurance.His face, despite the small round wrinkles, had an expression of innocence and youth; his voice was pleasant and melodious. But the main feature of his speech was its spontaneity and argument. He apparently never thought about what he said and what he would say; and because of this, the speed and fidelity of his intonations had a special irresistible persuasiveness.
His physical strength and agility were such during the first time of captivity that it seemed that he did not understand what fatigue and illness were. Every day, in the morning and in the evening, when he lay down, he said: “Lord, lay it down like a pebble, lift it up into a ball”; in the morning, getting up, always shrugging his shoulders in the same way, he said: “I lay down and curled up, got up and shook myself.” And indeed, as soon as he lay down, he immediately fell asleep like a stone, and as soon as he shook himself, so that he could immediately, without a second of delay, take up some task, like children, getting up, taking up their toys. He knew how to do everything, not very well, but not badly either. He baked, steamed, sewed, planed, and made boots. He was always busy and only at night allowed himself conversations, which he loved, and songs. He sang songs, not as songwriters sing, who know that they are being listened to, but he sang as birds sing, obviously because he needed to make these sounds as much as it is necessary to stretch or disperse; and these sounds were always subtle, gentle, almost feminine, mournful, and at the same time his face was very serious.
Having been captured and grown a beard, he apparently threw away everything alien and soldierly that had been imposed on him and involuntarily returned to his former, peasant, folk mindset.
“A soldier on leave is a shirt made from trousers,” he used to say. He was reluctant to talk about his time as a soldier, although he did not complain, and often repeated that throughout his service he was never beaten. When he spoke, he mainly spoke from his old and, apparently, dear memories of “Christian”, as he pronounced it, peasant life. The sayings that filled his speech were not those, mostly indecent and glib sayings that soldiers say, but they were those folk sayings that seem so insignificant, taken in isolation, and which suddenly take on the meaning of deep wisdom when they are spoken opportunely.
Often he said the exact opposite of what he had said before, but both were true. He loved to talk and spoke well, decorating his speech with endearments and proverbs, which, it seemed to Pierre, he himself was inventing; but the main charm of his stories was that in his speech the simplest events, sometimes the very ones that Pierre saw without noticing them, took on the character of solemn beauty. He loved to listen to fairy tales that one soldier told in the evenings (all the same ones), but most of all he loved to listen to stories about real life. He smiled joyfully as he listened to such stories, inserting words and making questions that tended to clarify for himself the beauty of what was being told to him. Karataev had no attachments, friendship, love, as Pierre understood them; but he loved and lived lovingly with everything that life brought him to, and especially with a person - not with some famous person, but with those people who were before his eyes. He loved his mongrel, he loved his comrades, the French, he loved Pierre, who was his neighbor; but Pierre felt that Karataev, despite all his affectionate tenderness towards him (with which he involuntarily paid tribute to Pierre’s spiritual life), would not for a minute be upset by separation from him. And Pierre began to feel the same feeling towards Karataev.
Platon Karataev was for all the other prisoners the most ordinary soldier; his name was Falcon or Platosha, they mocked him good-naturedly and sent him for parcels. But for Pierre, as he appeared on the first night, an incomprehensible, round and eternal personification of the spirit of simplicity and truth, that is how he remained forever.
William Henry Fox Talbot (11 February 1800 – 17 September 1877) was an English physicist and chemist, one of the inventors of photography. He invented the negative-positive process, that is, a method for producing a negative image on a photosensitive material, from which an unlimited number of positive copies can be obtained.
William Henry Fox Talbot.1864.
Born on 11 February 1800 in Melbury Abbas (Dorset), he was the only child of William Davenport Talbot (1764-1800) and Elizabeth Theresa Talbot (1773-1846), second daughter of the Earl of Ilchester. When William Talbot was only 5 months old, his father died. Four years later, her mother married Charles Fielding (1780-1837). Talbot actively used family connections in scientific and political circles, which caused strong indignation among his opponents. He studied first with private teachers, then at Harrow. Graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge University. He studied mathematics, botany, crystallography, and deciphering cuneiform texts. He was elected a member of the Royal Astronomical Society, the Linnean Society, and the Royal Society of London.
Portrait of Talbot 1844
In 1823, during his first trip to Italy, Talbot used a camera obscura to sketch landscapes from life. He sincerely admired the beauty of a foreign country and, observing the daily life of foreigners, dreamed of capturing everything he saw. The inventor did not plan to engage in any particular genre; there was no such thing as genre photography at that time. However, in his famous calotype album “Pencil of Nature” (1844-1846) there is a photograph “Additional Ladder”, in which the everyday subject typical of a genre photograph is clearly visible.
“Additional Ladder” from the album “Pencil of Nature”, 1844-1846.
In 1835, he created the first negative; Talbot used paper impregnated with silver nitrate and a salt solution as an image carrier. He photographed the inside of his library window with a camera with an optical lens only 8 cm in size.
Portrait of a Footman, 1840, exposure 3 minutes
In 1840, he discovered a method for creating a positive copy on salt paper from a paper negative, with which you can create any number of subsequent copies. This technology combined high quality and the ability to copy images (positives were printed on similar paper). Talbot called this technology "calotype", and it was informally dubbed "talbotype".
Portrait of Ela, Talbot's daughter. early 1840s
The inventor of the Daguerreotype, Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre, presented almost the same discovery to the scientific council in 1939, but unlike the Talbot process, the daguerreotype was created on glass and not on paper. Despite the fact that by 1839 Talbot had long known about this method of obtaining prints, his discovery was not recognized as the first. However, history has dotted all the i's, and photography for the last 100 years has been carried out using the technique discovered by William Henry Fox Talbot. In addition, the negative-positive process allows you to make copies from a negative, but this cannot happen in daguerreotype (there is no negative).
Carpenters at work. 1842
In 1841, Talbot registered a patent for a negative-positive method of creating photographs. For photography, he uses iodine-silver paper and develops it with silver nitrate. Fixes with sodium thiosulfate. He puts the resulting negative into a container with wax, which makes the picture transparent. He then places the clear negative on clear silver iodine paper, exposes it, and produces a positive copy after developing and fixing it.
Lecoq Abbey. 1842
In 1844, Talbot published the first book with photographic illustrations: The Pencil of Nature; in doing so, he uses hand-drawn calotypes.
Cover of the book The Pencil of Nature
He also discovered the Talbot effect - self-reproduction of the image of a periodic lattice. In an article published in the Philosophical Magazine in 1836, he describes experiments in which he discovered periodic changes in color in the image of a diffraction grating when he moved away from it the focusing lens used for observation. His work contains neither quantitative measurements nor an attempt to explain what is observed.
Suspension bridge in Rouen, France.1843
Talbot died in Laycock Abbey (Wiltshire) on September 17, 1877.
Lady Elizabeth Teresa Fielding. 1843
Sleeping Nicholas Henneman. 1843
Portrait of Horatia Maria Fielding and Thomas Gasford.1843
Portrait of a young man. 1843
Open door, 1843
London street 1845
Portrait of Neville Storey-Maskelyne.1845
Market Square, 1845
Fruit merchants.1845
City street.1845
Fox Talbot with his assistants at work, 1845
Talbot's photographic studio. 1845
Street in Frankfurt, cloudy day, 32 minutes in the cell 1846
Russell Street 1848
Holy Trinity Church, Oxford Road, 1848
