In which settlement did the Poles settle? Walking for three centuries
Almost all of Moscow was divided into numerous settlements, the number of which in the 17th century. reached one and a half hundred. In each settlement there lived people united according to some characteristic. Streltsy and soldiers settled in settlements located along the wall of Zemlyanoy Gorod and in Zamoskvorechye. At the entrances to the city there were Yamsky settlements. In a special settlement in Sokolniki lived people assigned to the royal falconry. There were many craft settlements. In Bronnaya Sloboda there lived craftsmen who made military armor, in Basmannaya there were bakers who baked a special type of bread - “basman”, in Khamovnaya there were weavers, in Kadashevskaya there were linen craftsmen. There were also Kuznetskaya, Kozhevennaya, Goncharnaya, Taganskaya, Povarskaya, Myasnitskaya, Syromyatnicheskaya, Kolpachnaya and other settlements. Moscow artisans mastered hundreds of specialties, and their products were well known by residents of many Russian cities. Moscow gunsmiths, jewelers, carpenters, and woodcarvers were especially famous. Next to small handicraft production in Moscow, manufactories (larger enterprises) arose, fulfilling mainly government orders - the foundry Cannon Yard, the Mint Money Yard, the weaving yard in Kadashi, the Velvet Yard, the Printing Yard, the Big Gunpowder Factory, etc. Often the workers of these manufacturers also lived in special settlements.
Polish map of Moscow 1611
Moscow to seek wealth - they settled in the German Settlement. It was located near the Yauza River and its tributary Kokuya. Greeks, Armenians, Georgians and Tatars also had their own settlements in Moscow. In a special settlement lived people who came from Ukraine and Belarus, mostly city dwellers. This settlement was named Meshchanskaya.
Each Moscow settlement usually occupied one or several streets and had its own parish church. All settlements were divided into “white” and “black”. Residents of the former were exempt from state duties, which caused constant envy among the inhabitants of the latter. In general, the suburban structure was one of the most striking features of medieval Moscow and gave the capital’s life a special diversity.
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Moscow during the Great Troubles and later (XVII century)
At the beginning of the 17th century. Moscow had to go through difficult times of the Troubles and foreign intervention. After the expulsion of the Poles, Moscow presented a terrible and pitiful sight. On the site of many buildings of Zemlyanoy and White Towns there are wastelands overgrown with weeds. Everything that could burn was burned; even in the Kremlin, palaces and cathedrals stood without roofs. The degree of ruin is evidenced by the following fact: the mother of the newly elected Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich complained that the young Tsar had nowhere to settle in the Kremlin. The Swedish ambassador Petrei de Erlesunda wrote about Moscow at that time: “This was the terrible and menacing end of the famous city of Moscow.”
Moscow is being built up again. Muscovites quickly rebuilt their city. After 10-12 years, Moscow was built up again. The vast majority of construction, as before, was wooden, relatively fast and inexpensive. In Moscow there were several markets for “standard log houses”, and the assembly of houses was carried out in 2-3 days. The development of Moscow continued to proceed spontaneously and chaotically. The townspeople returning to Moscow set up their yards in the old place. The only order from the authorities regarding the layout of the city's streets was adopted after the May fire of 1626, which caused enormous damage to Kitay-Gorod and the Kremlin. It concerned the expansion of streets and alleys in the Kremlin and surrounding areas. But, despite the absence of any specific plan, the previously outlined radial-ring system of city planning was not only preserved, but also received even more distinct expression.
Moscow's buildings gradually became denser, although the sizes of estates could be very different. In any estate, even the smallest, the front part of the yard was usually allocated for buildings, the back for a vegetable garden and a garden, which were an indispensable part of even the poorest house.
Several more log houses were often added to the main frame of the house, and the result was a jumble of buildings of different types and types, with windows of different sizes, several entrance doors, several staircases, etc. Dwellings could consist of one hut, even without a vestibule, but at the same time their most common type was preserved - twins, i.e. two log buildings connected by a vestibule. They lived in one of them in winter, in the other in summer. The first was called a hut, the second a cage, it was not heated. Due to the high cost of land, log houses were built with second and even third floors. The windows were either with wooden shutters or mica; In rich houses, glass ones were also used. The roofs were made with a steep slope, so that rainwater rolled off them as easily as possible. Inside the house, diagonally from the stove, there was red corner, in which household icons were placed and in which the owner usually received dear guests.
Stone houses also began to appear - large, beautiful, decorated with carvings on white stone or brick. Thus, during the construction of the beautiful chambers of boyar Volkov (the palace of Prince Yusupov) in Bolshoy Kharitonyevsky Lane, a combination of red brick with white stone carved details was used.
Quite a significant construction was carried out by the treasury. First of all, fortifications were restored and repaired. The Kremlin in the 17th century. gradually lost its defensive significance; it was more of a palace rather than a fortress. However, in difficult, “rebellious” times, the Kremlin walls protected the palace from rebels, and they also gave the royal residence majesty. Therefore, in the middle of the 17th century. The question arose about the general repair of the Kremlin walls. The repairs took a long time and were completed only by the end of the century. The main towers of the Kremlin walls - Frolovskaya, Nikolskaya, Tainitskaya and others - were decorated with tents.
A new clock appeared on the Frolovskaya Tower, which was renamed Spasskaya. They were made under the direction of the English architect Christopher Galovey by Russian blacksmiths and watchmakers Zhdan, Shumilo and Andrei Virachev, and 13 bells were cast by foundry maker Kirill Samoilov. Time was counted not from midnight or noon, but from sunrise to sunset and from sunset to sunrise. Since in Moscow the longest daylight hours are determined by 17 hours, there were 17 divisions on the dial in the form of an azure circle. The time was shown by a stationary hand, depicting a sunbeam, and the dial itself rotated. Above the dial there was a two-tier octagon (octagonal cylinder) with bells, which housed the hour bells. The watchmaker set the first hour at sunrise and sunset. Above the clock, the Spasskaya Tower was decorated with “blockheads” - sculptures of people and animals made of white stone. For reasons of morality, the idols were dressed in single-row cloth caftans.
By that time, there was no longer any water in the ditch of the Kremlin wall; part of the ditch near Neglinnaya turned into a menagerie - strange animals sent as a gift to the tsar were housed there.
The walls and towers of Kitai-Gorod, after the devastation at the beginning of the century, also needed repairs, which was recorded in a list specially compiled in 1629 of everything that needed repairs. According to this evidence, cracks were found in the wall, stones and bricks fell out almost up to half the wall, and the battlements collapsed in many places. The Nikolsky and Ilyinsky Gates have had shell holes left since 1612. Residential buildings were adjacent to the wall, and enterprising Muscovites picked out bricks from the wall and set up “pechuras” (excavations) for wood warehouses, sheds, etc. Of course, the wall of Kitay-Gorod was in clearly deplorable condition, but sources do not report whether repairs were made or not.
Much attention was paid to the maintenance of external fortifications: the construction of a new grandiose earthen rampart with ditches on the inside and outside was undertaken. Construction proceeded quickly, and already in 1638 the circle of the repaired Zemlyanoy City was closed.
Large stone construction was underway on the territory of the Kremlin and Kitay-Gorod. The royal tower palaces and command buildings were restored and rebuilt. First of all, as before, churches and monasteries were restored and decorated. Red Square was also improved, and it was not for nothing that it was in the 17th century. she received this name - Red, beautiful. Previously, the place to the east of the Kremlin wall was called Fire, Trade. Bridges from the Spasskaya and Nikolskaya towers were built across the moat near the Kremlin wall. St. Basil's Cathedral became even more beautiful, receiving spectacular hipped porches. The Moscow authorities tried, albeit unsuccessfully, to free Red Square from small wooden shops. A new spacious Gostiny Dvor was erected in Kitay-Gorod - the center of the “merchant rank”.
The appearance of Moscow in the 17th century. The appearance of the rest of Moscow in the 17th century. was very unique. In addition to the characteristic radial-ring layout, one can note clusters of settlements of the suburban type, scattered over a large territory. Such settlements were Moscow in the 17th century. numbered more than 140. In addition to the already mentioned settlements, many new ones appeared outside the Zemlyanoy City. These were Basmannaya, Novaya Kuznetskaya, Goncharnaya Sloboda. People assigned to the royal hunt with birds of prey lived in Sokolniki. Weavers lived in Khamovniki, and carpenters lived near the Smolensky Gate, who had the parish church of St. Nicholas the Plotnik. Taganskaya Sloboda was inhabited by craftsmen who made tagans - tripods for cauldrons. The settlements of the military department were mainly located along Zemlyanoy Gorod, as well as in Zamoskvorechye. At the entrances to Moscow on the most important roads there were Yamsky settlements.
In addition to such settlements where people united by occupation, settlements appeared in Moscow in which foreigners lived. Residents of the areas subject to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth who came to Moscow during the Time of Troubles and did not want to return there after the Deulin truce, founded the populous Meshchanskaya Sloboda. The Armenians who settled in Moscow formed a settlement, from which the name of the current Armenian Lane remains. Georgian streets got their name due to the fact that many Georgians settled here. In the second half of the 17th century. In Moscow, the number of foreigners who entered the service of the Russian state increased. These were officers, doctors, pharmacists, masters of many professions from England, Holland, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, whom the Russians collectively called “Germans”. They were all settled in a special German settlement, which was initially located near the Pokrovsky Gate, and then transferred to the Yauza and its tributary Kukuy. When leaving the road to Vladimir, there was a Greek settlement.
The settlements were separated from each other by vast empty spaces, vegetable gardens, arable lands, and pastures. Curious descriptions of boundary marks between them have been preserved, which were small pits with different contents: in one of them - “a pot of coal”, in another - “a mare’s head and stones”, in the third - “pot skulls”, in the fourth - “brick rubble”, etc.
In the middle of the 17th century. Another innovation appeared in Moscow - a stone bridge across the Moscow River. In 1643, a chamber affairs master from Strasbourg, a certain Christler, was invited to build such a bridge. The new bridge was supposed to replace the previous wooden floating All Saints Bridge opposite Polyanka Street. According to Christler's design, a wooden “sample” was made, i.e. a model of the bridge, after which the clerks of the Stone Order gave Christler a strict examination. As a result, he was not trusted to build the bridge. Its builder was the Russian master Elder Filaret.
In the 17th century Moscow is picturesquely spread over seven low hills, but most of the streets and houses were far from picturesque. Hills, rivers and ravines made the streets winding and uneven. In the summer, they were covered with a thick layer of dust, which easily turned into mud, so during, for example, a religious procession or other important processions, about a hundred sweepers walked ahead, clearing the road with brooms and sprinkling it with sand. However, despite the narrow dirty streets and unsightly shacks of Posad, Moscow at the end of the 17th century. made a more favorable impression on foreigners than at the beginning of the century. For example, the companion of the Patriarch of Antioch Macarius, Pavel of Alepsky, wrote about her with admiration.
Development of crafts and manufactories. The population of Moscow in the 17th century. was about 200 thousand people and was different in different periods: frequent fires and epidemics were accompanied by huge casualties. Thus, in 1654, during the plague epidemic, more than half of the inhabitants of the settlements died. However, the city grew steadily; Peasants and artisans from surrounding areas flocked to Moscow.
The city firmly retained its reputation as the largest center of crafts and trade in the country. Specialists from more than 250 crafts lived and worked in Moscow, producing their products both to order and for the market. These people lived in both tax and property settlements. Tyaglov settlements were called, where the artisans who inhabited them paid taxes to the treasury, and settlements, where the artisans lived on the land of the feudal lord, were called owner-occupied settlements, and the tax did not apply to them. Tax in Russia in the 15th – early 18th centuries. monetary and natural state duties of peasants and townspeople were called. In addition, settlements developed that were under the jurisdiction of the treasury: masons, brick makers and others, as well as those that served the royal palace - weavers, gunsmiths, jewelers. Blacksmiths produced a wide variety of products: from nails and axes to military armor, famous for its durability. Chain mail and locks for hand-held firearms became works of art. The names of outstanding specialists in the copper, silver, gold, and Pushkar industries are still alive. This is, for example, Dmitry Sverchkov, who made a copper-casting tent for the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin and gilded the head of the bell tower of Ivan the Great. The art of the goldsmiths was amazing; Wood carvers created world-class masterpieces, such as the wooden palace in Kolomenskoye and the iconostasis of the Novodevichy Convent. Even everyday things - dishes, ladles, caskets, chests, decorated with ornaments and inscriptions, became works of art. Russian leathers were highly valued on the foreign market. The big city consisted of many people associated with the production of food: bread makers, Kalashniks, kvass workers, etc.
Manufactures also developed. Manufactory(from lat. manus- hand and faktura- manufacturing) is an industrial enterprise based on a slight division of manual labor and manual craft equipment. Manufacturing production prepared the transition to machine production. In the early 40s. XVII century At the Cannon Yard, which played an important role in the production of cannons and bells for the whole country, stone rooms were built instead of wooden ones. Several hundred workers already worked at this manufactory, and its territory turned into a small fortress: on the left bank of the Neglinnaya there was a wall with towers, enclosing a large courtyard; Inside there was a tall tower with a cone-shaped top for casting cannons and another, slightly smaller one, for casting bells. In blacksmithing they began to use the water energy of the Neglinnaya River. Many craftsmen worked at the Money Yard. “Rude business”, i.e. The production of linen was concentrated mainly in Kadashevskaya Sloboda, which belonged to the palace department. The linen and products made from it were supplied primarily to the needs of the palace. The wives, sisters, and daughters of weavers took part in its production. In 1632, the Velvet Court began to operate on the territory of the Kremlin. In 1655, a so-called paper mill appeared on the Pakhra River near Moscow, and a glass factory appeared in the palace village of Izmailovo.
Trade development. The main marketplace of Moscow was still Kitay-Gorod. Benches, huts, sheds and other trading points were located not only in Gostiny Dvor, but also on Nikolskaya Street, on Varvarka, and in other places. All shopping arcades were specialized. There were already more than a hundred of them: almost 20 clothing ones, including lock, needle, knife and others; jewelry rows, distinguished by the cleanliness and “knowledge” of the sellers; icon row; a bleaching row where Streltsy wives and widows traded; edible rows: apple, melon, cucumber, cabbage rows stood separately. The grain trade was carried out mainly on the banks of the Moscow River. On the bridge spanning the moat from the Kremlin's Spassky Gate, books, manuscripts, and popular prints were sold. There was also something like a labor exchange for clergy. They were hired to serve a prayer service or baptize a baby for a reasonable fee. While waiting for clients, these clergy behaved like an ordinary worldly crowd: they fought, fought with fists, teased and ridiculed each other. They traded, of course, in other places, for example, in the squares at the gates of the White and Zemlyanoy cities, but there the trading was much less lively.
Development of culture. Russian culture during this period becomes more worldly, as if freeing itself from the influence of the church. The Church could no longer claim exclusive possession of minds. The spiritual development of society increasingly goes beyond the narrow framework limited by religious dogmas and acquires “worldly”, secular content. Opposing freethinking, the clergy sought to instill obedience to the authorities among the people; meekness was regarded as the greatest virtue. Such instructions filled out not only religious treatises and teachings, but also school copybooks, which were then widespread in Moscow. However, time took its toll, and the churchmen often had to retreat.
Among the trade and craft people of Moscow, the number of literate people has increased significantly, judging by the handwritten signatures under the verdicts of suburban gatherings, as well as during court proceedings. Literacy training was usually done at home, i.e. children were given into the service of master literates, so that they could teach the children to read and write along the way. The petition of a certain eight-year-old Yakushka, who was given by his father to a master to learn writing, has been preserved. The master beat the boy “innocently,” which is why Yakushka ran away, but, judging by the petition, he managed to learn to read and write.
There were a few schools attached to churches. In 1688, at the Church of St. John the Evangelist, a “gymnasion” was opened for the study of Slavic, Greek and Latin languages, as well as for the study of other sciences - “free teachings”. At the expense of the state, a school was maintained at the Zaikonospassky Monastery on Nikolskaya Street, headed by the learned monk, writer and poet Simeon of Polotsk. In 1680, a state school was opened at the Printing House, preparing servants both for the Printing House itself and for the Ambassadorial Prikaz.
In 1687, the first higher educational institution appeared in Moscow - the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, the founding of which was caused by the need for a more systematic education. The Greek brothers Ioannikis and Sophronius Likhud, who graduated from the University of Padua (Italy), were invited to teach at the academy. The Academy trained priests and officials. The first students of this academy were some students of the printing school and young people from boyar and noble families. They studied grammar, philosophy, theology, physics, rhetoric and many other sciences.
Handwritten and printed books were in use. Only in the second half of the 17th century. The printing house in Moscow published 450 thousand primers and other educational books, not counting church literature. Some institutions (for example, the Ambassadorial Prikaz) and individual individuals (V.V. Golitsyn, A.S. Matveev) had quite large libraries containing books in Russian and foreign languages. The Ambassadorial Prikaz received periodicals published in Germany, England, France, and Holland.
The most popular was the primer by Vasily Burtsev, which cost a penny. A circulation of 2,400 copies was sold out in 1651 within one day, which indicates the interest of Muscovites in literacy. In 1648, “Grammar” by Meletius Smotritsky was published. At the end of the century, Karion Istomin’s “Azbukovnik” appeared, making it easier to master literacy thanks to the abundance of skillfully selected illustrations. At that time, there was no uniform spelling throughout the country, but the Moscow, capital letter was becoming increasingly popular. In 1682 the multiplication table was printed. This publication had a name that indicated the practical purpose of the table.
As for literature, literary works in prose and poetry had great success among Muscovites. Reading the lives of saints could no longer fully satisfy inquisitive Muscovites. In literature, a worldly direction is increasingly emerging: Muscovites liked simple, everyday works - “About grief-misfortune”, “About Savva Grudtsyn”, “The Tale of Shemyakin’s Court”, “ABC about a naked and poor man”, written in expressive colloquial language, permeated with folk humor, depicting the life of the townspeople and their difficult lot. The genre of songs and laments was very popular. For example, among the townspeople, a song about the death of Prince M.V., filled with the civic pathos of the struggle against foreign invaders, arose. Skopin-Shuisky.
In the 17th century The last chronicles were created. The “New Chronicler” outlined the events from the death of Ivan the Terrible to the end of the Time of Troubles. It proved the rights of the new Romanov dynasty to the royal throne. The central place in historical literature was occupied by historical stories that had a journalistic character, for example, such as “The Temporary Book of Clerk Ivan Timofeev”, “The Legend of Abraham Palitsyn”, “Another Legend”, which were a response to the events of the Time of Troubles.
The history of the Moscow theater dates back to 1664, when a comedy was staged in the Embassy House on Pokrovka by a troupe invited from the West. And in 1672, Alexey Mikhailovich ordered the construction of premises for a theater in the village. Preobrazhensky, where on October 17 the first performance took place - “The Artaxerxes Action”. The troupe, which was made up of Germans and specially trained Russian young people, was led by Lutheran pastor I.G. Gregory. Male and female roles were performed by men. In winter, performances were staged in Miloslavsky’s former home, the Amusement Palace. The performances were very long, sometimes lasting for several days, but were given rarely, on major holidays. For the king, an armchair was placed in front of the stage; members of the household watched the play from neighboring rooms through specially constructed bars, since it was believed that it was indecent for members of the royal family to show curiosity in public. It is interesting that theatrical performances on the themes of the Holy Scriptures were often performed in Russian costumes and all the props were close to the life of the spectators in the 17th century. But after the death of Alexei Mikhailovich, the theater ceased to exist for some time. It should be noted that this court theater did not leave any noticeable mark in the history of Russian culture.
For the people, puppet shows and performances were still favorite spectacles Skomorokhov – traveling actors who performed in various genres: singers, wits, musicians, trainers, acrobats. Historical sources mention them from the 11th century, but they were especially known in the 15th-17th centuries. Buffoons, so beloved by the people, were persecuted by the church and secular authorities. The meeting of foreign embassies also aroused great interest. On this occasion, smartly dressed greeters were allocated from the boyars' courtyards, while for the royal family a secret “lookout” was set up in the Trinity Tower, from where they watched the magnificent entry of the ambassadors. Masses of people were also attracted by royal and patriarchal appearances.
In the 17th century journalism was born, which was marked by one of the first newspapers - “Chimes”. It was prepared in the Ambassadorial Prikaz to familiarize the Tsar with foreign news. “Chimes” were written by hand in one copy on narrow strips of paper up to several meters long. They were replaced in the 18th century. The printed newspaper Vedomosti arrived.
Architecture and painting of the 17th century. In the architecture of this time, a unique Moscow style flourished, characterized by the fact that stone architecture used techniques characteristic of wooden construction: tents, weights, zakomaras, kokoshniks. The Moscow style is characterized by simplicity of form, combined with spectacular staircases, vaulted ceilings, and intricate stone carvings. The colors are mainly white and red.
In the 17th century A unique carved wooden structure was also created - the royal palace of Alexei Mikhailovich in Kolomenskoye, which was called the “eighth wonder of the world.” This palace had 270 rooms and about 3 thousand windows and small windows. It was built intermittently during the 40-80s. XVII century The work was supervised by carpenters Semyon Petrov and Ivan Mikhailov. Wooden carvings were made by Belarusian masters Klim Mikhailov, Semyon Dementiev and others. The palace existed until the middle of the 18th century, when it was dismantled under Catherine II due to dilapidation.
The most beautiful stone civil building was the Terem Palace in the Kremlin. It embodied the most characteristic features of Russian architecture and applied art of that time - simplicity of forms, combined with spectacular staircases and terraces, vaulted ceilings, intricate stone carvings of window frames and parapets, bright colors, picturesque relief tiles. The stone palace was built by apprentices Antip Konstantinov, Bazhen Ogurtsov, Trefil Tarutin and Larion Ushakov.
The “patterned” style also began to appear in the construction of church buildings. At the Varvarsky Gate of Kitay-Gorod, at the expense of the merchant Nikitnikov, the Trinity Church was built, competing in beauty and elegance with the palaces and cathedrals of the Kremlin. In Putinki (corner of M. Dmitrovka Street) a light, skyward Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary appears, with three decorative tents placed in a row and a hipped bell tower. Other examples of architecture of the second half of the 17th century. are the churches of Gregory of Neocaesarea on Polyanka, Trinity in Ostankino. The crown of 17th century architecture. - an amazingly beautiful Church of the Intercession in Fili, built in the 90s. XVII century It was built by L.K. Naryshkin, uncle of Peter I, on his estate in Fili. According to legend, he vowed to build a church during the Streltsy riot, which was terrible for the Naryshkins. The church turned out to be unusually intricate, with whimsical patterns, a bright combination of red brick and white stone, surprisingly slender and harmonious. The building is included in the UNESCO lists as a particularly important ancient monument. She approved the style, which received the name Naryshkin Baroque (after the surnames of the main customers), or Moscow Baroque. It became widespread in Moscow at the end of the 17th century. Its main features are the significant height of the buildings, which have rich decor, carved window frames, graceful columns in the corners and stone “scallops” on the roof. The combination of red brick and patterned white stone belts was also widely used in the reconstruction of some Moscow monasteries - Novodevichy, Donskoy and others, the walls and towers of which had already lost their defensive significance.
Religious canons continue to dominate in painting, but even here a desire for the worldly begins to be felt. There was a stubborn struggle between supporters of the old and new rules of icon painting. The new direction in icon painting was most clearly manifested in the work of the artel of icon painters of the Armory Chamber, headed by Simon Ushakov. In 1657, they painted the “Great Bishop” icon, on which, instead of the standard face, the beautiful face of a living person is depicted, and instead of the usually dark tones, a real color scheme is depicted. The first picturesque images of the Moscow Kremlin appeared (on the icon “Metropolitan Alexei at the Moscow Kremlin”). Samples of painting from the 17th century. preserved in the fresco paintings of the Kremlin cathedrals, on the walls of the Trinity Church in Nikitniki.
Layout of Moscow settlements in the 17th century
Turning to the plan of old Moscow with the designations of various settlements marked on it, one can see some features in their location. Thus, almost all palace and state settlements were located outside the White City; Some of these settlements were even located at a considerable distance from Zemlyanoy Val, since they were formed from the suburban palace villages. The densest group of these settlements stood in the western part of Zemlyanoy Gorod, in the area behind what is now Arbat Square. Being located not far from the Kremlin, with which they were connected by the Smolenskaya road-street (later Vozdvizhenka, and now Kalinin Street), they served the colossal economy of the royal court.
Names of settlements in this part of Moscow: Dining room, Tablecloth room (formerly Sentry room), Cook's room, Bread room, Stable room, etc.- in themselves speak about the occupation of their population. The reason why the Yam settlements were located on the outskirts of the city, outside its ramparts, is clear. It is also clear why craft settlements, like Goncharnaya, Kuznechnaya, etc., with workshops that used fire, in most cases were also located on the then periphery of the capital and, if possible, not far from the water.
Almost all of the military settlements were located within the Zemlyanoy City, at its gates, and, as we will see later, for strategic reasons, most of them were occupied by Zamoskvorechye. Monastic settlements were located near monasteries, except for the settlements of the Chudov and Voznesensky monasteries, which were located in the Kremlin. Monasteries stood everywhere: in Kitai-Gorod, in the White City, in Zemlyanoy Gorod and beyond, and usually they had settlements and settlements.
The settlements of Alekseevsky, Petrovsky, Savinsky, Novodevichy, Novinsky, Simonovsky and other monasteries are known. One settlement of the Kremlin Chudov Monastery stood in the Rozhdestvenka area (now Zhdanova Street), another worker settlement of this monastery in the 17th century was located not far from Devichye Pole; the memory of her is preserved in the name of Chudovki street. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Trinity-Sergius Monastery had a settlement in Zaneglimenye, outside the Sretensky Gate of Zemlyanoy Town (behind the current Kolkhoz Square). All the patriarchal settlements lay in Zemlyanoy Gorod and beyond its boundaries. So, the Patriarchal Kozya Sloboda lay where the Pioneer Ponds (formerly Patriarchal) are now; the memory of this settlement is preserved in the names of Bolshoy and Maly Kozikhinsky lanes. Not far from Vosstaniya Square (formerly Kudrinskaya) there was another patriarchal settlement, Novinskaya, the center of which was the New, or Novinsky, monastery; next door the Stable Patriarchal Courtyard was built - grooms lived next to it, which is why the whole area was called Konyushki.
The memory of this vast settlement, stretching to Presnensky Ponds, where there was a large fishery, is preserved in the names of Konyushkovskaya Street, Konyushkovskiye and Novinskiye Lanes. Near the present Kievsky station lay the patriarchal settlement of fishermen - Berezhki, which Berezhkovskaya embankment reminds of. Opposite this settlement, on the left bank of the Moscow River, in the 15th century there was a farmstead of the Rostov bishop with workers' settlements around; the memory of the archbishop's courtyard and its settlements is preserved in the names of modern Rostov lanes and embankments.
As for the “black” settlements, only seven such villages were located within the boundaries of the White City, most of them stood outside its walls, and seven were located even outside the boundaries of the Zemlyanoy City.
It is impossible to compile a complete list of “black” settlements and hundreds in Moscow for the 16th century, but in general it is possible to restore the areas occupied then by “black” townspeople. Judging by the names of the settlements and the documentary data of the 17th century, these territorial associations can be traced in the form of a series of villages from Chertolya (now the area of Kropotkinskaya Square) to Pokrovka; further, in the area of Vorontsova Pole (now Obukha Street) and Zayauzya there were groups of settlements, in Zamoskvorechye there were the Horde Sotnya, Kozhevnicheskaya and a number of other fishing villages.
In administrative and police terms, old Moscow was divided into special areas. From the Sofia and Voskresenskaya chronicles we learn that they were installed by decree of Ivan III back in 1504, mainly to prevent fires.
In the 17th century, Moscow was divided first into 12, and later into 17 such sections, which were under the jurisdiction of bypass heads. These officials from the service nobility kept order, sorted out minor litigation, conducted preliminary inquiries regarding local affairs, took care of fire safety measures, etc. The number and size of plots were not constant, they were determined, says S.K. Bogoyavlensky, current needs: “...in calm times the number of plots was reduced and each plot increased in size, and in turbulent, “rebellious” times the number of plots increased and their sizes decreased. Only the Kremlin invariably constituted one section. Kitay-Gorod, a small area, was also usually under the jurisdiction of one head, but during unrest it was divided by Ilyinka (Kuibysheva Street - V.S.) into two sections. In the White City there were usually 4 plots, and when necessary, their number increased to 7. The Earthen City, with its restless population, consisting mainly of artisans and small traders, was subject to more frequent and bizarre redistributions; there were from 7 to 11 plots here.”
After the Kremlin site, Kitay-Gorod was considered the most important, because in the shopping arcades, gostiny dvors, cellars and warehouses of Kitai-Gorod, a mass of various goods, “soft junk” (furs), overseas wines, etc. were stored. In accordance with this, an experienced person was always appointed here , usually one of the clerks, assigning to him a clerk, an old clerk, three young ones, several lattice clerks and 10-12 archers, and sometimes, instead of them, Chernoslobodtsy.
Currently, the topographical location of any city property is determined by indicating the administrative police district, street (alley or square) and house number. Judging by the deeds of sale of the 17th century, old Moscow then had its own topographical designations, namely: part of the city based on its fortified features (Kremlin, Kitai-Gorod, etc.), the name of some tract (Kuchkovo Field, Swamp, Lousy Hill etc.), the name of the parish church and settlement. The street, as a rule, was not indicated, since only large streets firmly retained their names, while others either did not have them at all, or lost them, or changed them. It even happened that in the same official document the same street was called differently. Thus, in the scribe book of the Kazenny Sloboda (where Bolshoi and Maly Kazenny Lanes are now) the courtyards in Dvoryankin Lane were described, and it is immediately said that these courtyards are located on Vinokurov Street.
Moscow in the 17th century did not skimp on leaving its memory in architecture. But let’s give the floor to other monuments - far from being so spectacular and impressive, and at first glance, completely boring. Let's give the floor to state papers of the 17th century.
The Moscow city census of 1620 is the most ordinary and the most unusual. Ordinary because it listed everyone who lived in the city, paid any taxes and taxes, owned weapons and had weapons in case of war. Unusual because it was the first after the fires and devastation of the Time of Troubles, when the most benevolent of foreign observers were forced to admit the death of the Russian capital. “This was the terrible and menacing end of the famous city of Moscow,” the Swedish merchant Petrei Erlesunda wrote these words in 1611, looking at the sea of fire raging throughout the city.
Just about nine years - and again the same streets, the same church parishes - the main territorial unit of the medieval city. The yards remained within their old land boundaries. Even if the owner did not manage to rebuild the houses, the land remained his property. But different people didn’t have time to rebuild.
On Drachovaya Street, the horn-maker Ivashko sold his unfinished yard to a caftan owner. What remains empty is the burdensome place of Bogdashka, the caterpillar who has left to “feed in the world”...
There were many professions - the census listed about two hundred and fifty of them. There were iron makers, boiler makers, saber makers, needle makers, taverns, pancake makers, pies makers, and honey makers. There were shoulder makers and money makers. There were also printers, word writers, bookbinders, and translators. There was also a “peryushnova master” - a hairdresser who made wigs. So judge here about the usual idea that wigs appeared in Russian use in the time of Peter the Great, and even then they were brought from abroad!
What about the census? Inventories of property in boyar houses of the same years confirm: “long false hair” was often found. And doesn’t it speak for itself that he was a local, Russian, “peryushnova master”, although, perhaps, the only one in the city. However, the only one left in Moscow, judging by the census, was the foreigner Olferiy Olferyev. The only one among the ore throwers who “opened the blood” were specialists in medicinal herbs - potion makers. He had his own courtyard “in Kazennaya Street from Euplaus the Great on the other side on the right” (this is how the exact Moscow address was determined at that time) and healed not the royal family, but the townspeople who turned to him.
This was the case with doctors in 1620, and after some 18 years, doctors appear on many streets of Moscow and all in their own yards, in other words, settled for a long life. By the 1660s, they could be found throughout the city, including doctors, a title that marked the highest level of medical knowledge, with half of the doctors being Russian specialists. On Sretenka, in Kiselny Lane, the doctor Ivan Gubin has a courtyard, at the Myasnitsky Gate there is a “pharmacy doctor” Fedot Vasiliev and a foreign doctor Frol Ivanov. From Sretenka to Pokrovka there are doctors Karp Grigoriev and Dmitry Mikitin, on Pokrovka “doctor” Ivan Andreev and doctor Ortemya Nazarev, and so on throughout the White and Zemlyanoy cities.
Where could this unexpected desire for and trust in medicine come from? What does this mean - about some national Russian characteristics or something completely different - about a direct connection with the processes taking place in the lives of the peoples of all European countries, be it France, Holland or England? After all, it was during these decades that anatomy and physiology became the subject of universal fascination; their successes are too clear and understandable to everyone. The names of doctors begin to compete in popularity with the names of statesmen, and collections of anatomical preparations constitute the first public museums.
And in Moscow, not only is the number of medical scientists rapidly growing, but the number of ore throwers is also decreasing. There are even fewer potion drinkers becoming significantly smaller. But the Pharmacy Chamber, where medicines were prepared under the “inspection” of doctors, is expanding.
If anyone could compete with doctors in terms of rapid growth in numbers, it was only the masters of the printed book business. In the eighteen years since the first census, their number has increased almost sevenfold. And indirect evidence of respect for the profession: land for their yards is allocated not just anywhere, but next to the Moscow nobility and eminent foreigners, at the mouth of the Yauza.
But still, the need for printers outstrips any construction, so at first many people have to settle in a crowd, just to have a roof over their heads.
The ratio of professions is like a barometer of how and what Moscow lived. In 1620 there were as many printers as icon painters, and as many musicians as singers.
By the end of the 1630s, there were four times more singers, five times more musicians, seven times more printers, but only three times more icon painters. Their number will remain unchanged until the years of Peter the Great, and this despite the fact that the population of Moscow was constantly increasing. This means that the need for some other type of fine art made itself felt more and more clearly.
In another quarter of a century, there will be twice as many singers, but the number of musicians will increase more than four times. But this is truly amazing! Even if we adhere to the usual point of view that choristers are associated only with the structure of the church service, this in no way allows us to draw a conclusion about some kind of increase in religiosity. After all, the census lists a huge number of musicians who have never, under any circumstances, been associated with Orthodox worship. This means that we can make an assumption about a sharp increase in secular, “worldly” sentiments and needs.
Mysteries arose one after another. In what directions, in what orders and archival storage did reflections on censuses lead!
Shah of Persia - Sovereign of Moscow
Once again the Moscow sovereign sent ambassadors to Persia with tempting offers and rich gifts. Until now, proposals had been listened to, gifts had been accepted—the Shah himself had not remained in debt—but the agreement that the Muscovites were striving for was still missing. Now the falconer F. Ya. Miloslavsky was bringing Abbas II, among other offerings “to seduce”, a completely unusual thing - an organ. And not some small, portable one, but a real, large instrument, finished with rare care and art. The description of the embassy property says the following:
“...The organs are large in black German wood with carvings, about three voices, the fourth voice is groovy, self-playing; and there are 18 boxes in them, and on the boxes and on the organs there are 38 gilded herbs..."
The idea of the gift belonged to Alexey Mikhailovich himself. But the main complication was not the conditions of shipment, although the instrument could only be transported disassembled on a special barge - the embassy’s route to Isfahan lay along the Moscow River, Oka, Volga and Caspian Sea. Everything depended on the master, who could not help but accompany him in order to collect him on the spot and “show the action.” On the occasion of the special responsibility of the case, the best of the masters, also the musician Simon Gutovsky, had to sacrifice himself, and the Tsar was worried: whether due to his departure there would be a delay in the “structure” of other instruments - after all, the journey in one direction alone took almost a year .
The documents do not leave the slightest doubt: the organ was “built” in Moscow, in a workshop that was located in the Kremlin, had many craftsmen and was inundated with orders. Both organs and harpsichords were “built” here for the royal use - for example, each of the royal children had harpsichords made according to their age: from the smallest, semi-toy ones, to ordinary instruments. They were also made for outside customers. They often served as gifts.
Princess Sophia ordered for her favorite Vasily Golitsyn a very complex bureau-“office” in design, in one wing of which a small harpsichord was placed, in the other - an equally small organ. But there was already a tribute to fashion here.
The success of F. Ya. Miloslavsky's embassy exceeded all expectations. In the fall of 1664, more than two years after leaving Moscow, it returned with complete victory: Shah Abbas allowed Russian merchants to trade duty-free on all lands belonging to him. It is unknown what role the Moscow body played in this unexpected decision. But it is known that the Shah’s special request was to send him a second similar instrument. Moreover, Abbas was ready to pay any price for it. In an immediate decree, Alexey Mikhailovich ordered to begin “building” a new organ, this time with 500 pipes and 12 registers. The Shah was not satisfied with this either. A few years later, the Persian ambassadors were looking for another organ in Moscow for private purchase.
Was the Moscow organ the first in Asian countries? Quite possible. And in any case, he brought great fame to the Moscow workshop in the East. While waiting for an embassy from the Russian Tsar, the Bukhara Khan, in violation of accepted diplomatic etiquette, orders himself a gift in advance: he needs an organ and an organist. In 1675, Russian ambassadors took both the instrument and the “game player” to Central Asia. This time the choice fell on Fedor Tekutyev’s “Connecter’s Feed Yard”.
Fyodor Tekutyev was not a city musician. There was never a note about this profession against his name. But playing the organ required not only special training - it presupposed the possibility of practicing the instrument. And if today only the largest concert halls in the country have organs (and there are really so many of them!), then what could an ordinary official count on three hundred years ago?
And in the interval between the embassies to Persia and Bukhara, in 1671, the Moscow city chronicle notes an unremarkable incident. The guards stopped several carts on which musicians with their instruments - an organ and a harpsichord - were traveling from the German settlement. The musicians identified themselves as slaves of the Vorotynskys and Dolgorukys, who, with the permission of their masters, play in different houses “argans, cymbals, and violins and feed on that.” The explanation was accepted without objection...
Inventories of the property of boyar houses compiled during the same period - sometimes in connection with inheritance, sometimes due to the confiscation of "menia" by tsar's decree - say that the organ was a common part of the furnishings of the dining chambers, following the example of the Faceted Chamber of the Kremlin, where all the solemn "sovereign functions" took place. tables."
The average cost of an organ ranged from 100 to 200 rubles (the courtyard with outbuildings of a wealthy Moscow artisan cost the same) - the price was quite affordable for the boyars and serving nobility.
Nevertheless, it was not only the Moscow aristocracy that had expensive and complex instruments. The organs were the property of many city musicians, not connected either with the royal court or with the boyar houses, who found listeners-customers among much less wealthy citizens.
Organist is a common profession for Moscow censuses. There were foreigners among them, but much more Russians, like Yury, who lived on Ilyinskaya Street in Kitai-Gorod, aka “Tsynbalnik” - a harpsichordist.
But the organ was used completely differently than it is today. Sometimes it sounded alone, but more often several organs formed a kind of orchestra. At the wedding of the jester Shansky alone in the early years of the 18th century, twenty-one organists played, of which fourteen were Russians and seven were foreigners, all with their own organs. Timpani players and trumpet players also often performed with the organ, but only the trumpet players opened a very special page in Moscow life.
From horn to bassoon
The fact that the goose-keeper Bogdashka and the horn-maker Ivashka from Drachovaya Street never rebuilt their yards was not surprising: you never know how people’s destinies turned out. But why didn’t other Moscow guslar and horn players restore their houses? By the middle of the century there are very few of them in the city. Maybe they decided to leave Moscow, maybe they weren’t able to earn the necessary money and from the owners of the yards they turned into “neighbors”, “sub-neighbors”, or even “backyard owners”, as those who used a house on someone else’s land, part of a rented house, were called or lived in the same room with the owner's family. In addition, there were many people without families - bobyls - in Russian cities at that time, sometimes more than half of them were men.
Be that as it may, one thing is true - the demand for this kind of music in Moscow was clearly falling. But among the city musicians there are more and more trumpet players who played not some primitive instruments, but... the oboe and the French horn. In other words, Muscovy simultaneously shared with Europe its passion for musical innovations.
Independent, quite prosperous - each with their own courtyard - some in military service (“reitar trumpet makers” were in every regiment long before the appearance of musicians from the Preobrazhensky and Semyonovsky regiments under Peter I), trumpet makers most often “fed from the townspeople.” Among them were recognized virtuosos - pipe makers. There were specialist teachers with whom students lived. The first state music school was also created for brass players - the “sovereign’s congress courtyard for trumpet teaching”, the memory of which remains the name of the lane near the current Vosstaniya Square - Trubnikovsky.
The censuses preserved one more seemingly insignificant detail, which nevertheless speaks more clearly than any examples of how respected pipe players were among other musicians. Guselnikov and horn players were always called derogatory names without patronymics, much less surnames. Organists deserved their full name, but that was all. But pipe workers were always called by their first and patronymic names, and often by their last names. Such an honor had to be earned in the 17th century.
It was precisely trumpet players who were willingly invited from abroad - a way to get acquainted with new music, and with improved instruments, and with a fashionable style of performance. For this reason, they did not skimp on payment in order to detain, at least for a short time, those musicians who came as part of the most magnificent embassies.
But the horn players continued to disappear. By the 30s of the 18th century, they were no longer in Moscow or in the surrounding villages. Despite the strict order of Anna Ioannovna, which threatened all punishments, only four of them were found for the amusing wedding, and even then “in years.” By this time, the Guselniks will remain only among the court musicians. The city census will forget about this profession.
But still, the most surprising thing was that the German Settlement was never mentioned in the documents in any connection with organists or wind players. But it is with her, and only with her, that it is customary to associate the appearance of everything “Western” in Muscovy, which means these instruments.
The Legend of the German Settlement
“It is well known that...” - this formula cannot be avoided when referring to the textbook history of the German Settlement. Indeed, too famous, too memorized from school years.
It is well known that the settlement existed throughout the 17th century. That they accommodated all foreigners who came to Moscow. That the settlement constituted its own special little world, carefully fenced off from Moscow life. That the prejudice against the “Germans” was too strong and contacts with Muscovites could always be dangerous for them. That, finally, proximity to the settlement helped Peter in his time to get acquainted and get comfortable with the forbidden West, and not only Peter.
That's it. But what if, in fact, throughout almost the entire 17th century, the German settlement, the same one on the Yauza, not far from the village of Preobrazhensky and Peter’s beloved palace, simply... did not exist? Burnt to the ground in the fires of 1611, it remained ashes until 1662.
What to do if among the 200 thousand inhabitants of Moscow in the middle of the 17th century, there were 28 thousand foreigners, and this was before the restoration of the German Settlement? Could a seventh part of the city be behind some kind of Chinese wall and where did such a wall go?
And what about the petitions preserved in city documents with requests to limit the number of foreigners in the center of Moscow, especially English merchants - Russian merchants do not want to compete with them - then their number in certain areas.
No action was taken on the petitions. And what measures could there be when in the main legislative document of the time of Alexei Mikhailovich - the “Code” - Chapter XVI directly stated that within the Moscow district, the exchange of estates “of all ranks of people with Moscow people of all ranks, and with city nobles” was allowed once and for all and with boyar children and with foreigners, quarter to quarter, and residential to residential, and empty to empty...” But, in addition to everything else, this chapter claimed that foreigners owned these lands...
More than that. City documents show that foreigners lived all over Moscow, settling depending on their occupation - where it was more convenient, where they were able to buy a yard. And this is at the same time that “German” - foreign - settlements existed long before the 17th century, scattered throughout the city and not separated from it by any walls or barriers. From time immemorial, between the current Gorky and Chekhov streets (Tverskaya and Malaya Dmitrovka), the settlement itself was located. Vorontsov Field has Inozemskaya, which back in 1638 had 52 courtyards. At the old Kaluga Gate (current Oktyabrskaya Square) there is Panskaya. On Nikolo-Yamskaya - Greek. In Zamoskvorechye there are Tatarskaya and Tolmatskaya, where translators have long settled. And in the Meshchanskaya Sloboda that appeared after the capture of Smolensk, where people from Polish and Lithuanian lands settled primarily, already in 1684 - 12 years after its founding - there were 692 households.
The ambassadorial order noted in detail the arrival and departure from Muscovy of every foreigner, and, judging by his affairs, they went to Moscow willingly - both at the invitation to the royal service, and of their own free will. Not to mention good conditions and rich earnings, there was another important reason for that century, because of which people were drawn from all sides to the Russian state - its religious tolerance, known throughout Europe.
While the echoes of religious wars, constant clashes between Catholics, Protestants, Lutherans, Calvinists, and Mohammedans finally made life in their native places impossible for many, the Russian government was only interested in profession. Nobody stopped a good master from living his own way.
(Another thing is that for the Muscovites themselves, everything looked completely different. The Orthodox Church was not going to give up its positions. “Foreign” churches were not allowed to be built in the city center. In foreign settlements, they were also forced to make do with a kind of prayer houses, without any external decoration for divine services, without bells and musical instruments, especially organs. And in any case, there could be no talk of heterodox preaching. The mystic and “spirit seer” Kulman from Breslav, who appeared in Moscow for this purpose and was persecuted everywhere, was burned in the log house along with his own. fellow merchant Nordman in 1689 for the fact that “they perpetrated many heresies in Moscow and deceived their fellow foreigners.”)
Who hasn't lived in Moscow! The British, Italians, Danes, French, Greeks, Swedes, Dutch, Germans, Persians, Turks, Tatars and the Poles, who were considered almost their own, despite all the wars that ended and continued. But the range of professions was much more limited.
From the very beginning of the century, military specialists were constantly needed. There were no difficulties in inviting them to Russian service, since after the 30-year war that had just ended in Europe, many of them were left idle. Builders, architects, engineers, doctors, musicians and very rarely artists, even applied artists, came. The composition of the Novonemetskaya Sloboda on the Yauza was formed in the same way, otherwise - on the Kokuy.
Two-thirds of the newly built settlement consisted of officers. Craftsmen settled in Novonemetskaya Sloboda very reluctantly. There were no artists or musicians at all, just as there were no organs. This did not bother the local residents. They were quite satisfied with the services of city musicians.
Well, so many facts were collected that it remained to admit: the legend about the German Settlement did not stand up to their scrutiny...
“We don’t know yet, we already know.” Knowledge from almost all types of sciences, except history, naturally fits between these boundaries. For historical science, another, intermediate stage arises: as if we know. Proving a fact and, therefore, drawing conclusions from it, as science develops, becomes an increasingly complex and acute problem. “It is common knowledge that...” is not enough. How is it known, how, how is it established, what exactly is confirmed and proven - otherwise a legend will inevitably begin to be woven into the fabric of knowledge. A journey into the past can only become a real journey if in it the “well-known” is documented and verified without the slightest adjustment for conjecture and conjecture. If everything corresponds to reality, which has been separated from us for centuries, which has served as the basis for countless fantasies and legends and yet is being reborn before our eyes in its true existence.
Central State Archive of Ancient Acts (TSGADA), fund of the Ministry of Justice, “Census of Moscow households in 1620”, “Census book of Moscow 1638”, “Census books of Moscow 1665-1676”.
N. Moleva, candidate of art history
History of the foundation of the temple. Pechatnaya Sloboda
(clergy and parishioners in the first half of the 17th century)
The history of Pechatnaya Sloboda, where a wooden church in the name of the Dormition of the Blessed Virgin Mary was built at the beginning of the 17th century, begins earlier and is connected with the history of the emergence of printing itself in Rus'. As you know, back in 1553, Ivan the Terrible, on the advice of Metropolitan Macarius, decided to set up a book printing plant in Moscow, for which he ordered the construction of a special house on Nikolskaya Street, in Kitay-Gorod, called the Printing House. Pyotr Timofeev (Mstislavets) and deacon of the St. Nicholas Cathedral in the Kremlin Ivan Fedorov were appointed heads of the sovereign's affairs. The new enterprise required many workers; hired craftsmen came to Moscow from different places to learn printing. Many printers lived initially on Nikolskaya Street, near the Printing House itself, and some in the Kremlin, not far from. The printers also had one more parish church - the Assumption of the Mother of God at the Chizhevsky courtyard. Initially, it was built as a chapel to the Church of the Holy Myrrh-Bearing Women of the monastery of the same name at the “St. Nicholas Cross” (crossroads) opposite the Printing Yard. Back in the early 17th century, the Church of St. Michael Malein stood close to the Myronositsa Church (probably also formerly a monastery). Both churches were wooden and burned down in 1626, and in 1647 the new owner of the estate, M.M. Saltykov, built the stone Myrrh-bearing Church with the chapel of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. At the same time, the Assumption Church is considered a house church, and Mironositskaya is considered the parish church of the Printing House, books are consecrated here.
But at this time there was already a wooden church behind the stone Sretensky Gate of the White City, where land was granted to printers at the end of the 16th century. The first mention of it dates back to 1631-32.
Printers settled on the earth, where settlements had already existed since the mid-16th century. Since ancient times, the street, which later received the name Ustretenskaya(Vstretenskaya) or Sretenskaya was part of the big road to the northern cities of Rostov-Suzdal Rus'. From the 14th century it became the road to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, and from the second half of the 16th century it became the road to the White Sea and its main port, the city of Arkhangelsk, built in 1584. It was along this road that the son of a Kholmogory peasant, Mikhailo Lomonosov, was traveling to Moscow.
It is interesting that near these places, further along Lubyanka, which until the 19th century was entirely called Sretenka, in the 16th century lived Novgorodians and Pskovians, brought out by Vasily IIIfrom his homeland in 1510. The events of this time are intertwined with the history of some temples. Thus, the church of Archdeacon Eupla was built by IvanIIIin memory of the conclusion of peace with the Novgorodians (1471), and the Church of the Presentation on the Field was built in 1482 by Pskov craftsmen.
The road, which later became Sretenskaya Street, led to a stone gate, built like the walls of the White City in 1586-1593. Before the raid on Moscow by the Crimean Khan Dovlet-Girey and the fire in 1571, some streets of the White City ended with bars that were locked at night, and near which “circumventive heads” were on duty. On Lubyanka, such a lattice stood at the Church of the Presentation of the Virgin Mary, in Pskovichi, at the intersection of modern Bolshaya Lubyanka and Kuznetsky Most streets, where the estate of Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky was located. Here, at the “Vvedenskaya Grille”, near his parish church, on March 19, 1611, together with the gunners of the Cannon Yard, Pozharsky repelled the Poles advancing from Kitay-Gorod and, as it was said about him, “exhausted from wounds, he fell to the ground.” These streets were predominantly inhabited by the nobility - boyars and nobles in the royal service, which is why the entire land was called white, that is, free from taxes. In order to better protect the city from enemy raids and from fires, under Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, the famous architect Fyodor Savelich Kon built a massive fortress wall with ten gates and many towers. In Moscow at that time there were a lot of small rivers and nameless streams. (see Fragment of Sigismund's plan, bargaining on the Neglinnaya River, 1610) . All of them (for example, the tributaries of the Neglinnaya from the future Rozhdestvensky Boulevard) were released into a ditch built near the walls of the White City. Behind its walls was located Wooden city or Soon, here all the buildings were wooden and were built hastily, because... were more often exposed to fires and were the first to suffer from enemy attacks. The city was also called wooden because in 1592-1593. Boris Godunov built an earthen rampart around it with a wooden wall and a ditch in front. There were 34 towers with gates and more than a hundred blind towers in the wall. The walls of the earthen rampart burned many times. The first time - in 1571, then - in 1611, during the Polish intervention, even before the mention of the temple in Pechatniki. In 1638-1641, when a wooden church already existed, the rampart was strengthened, and in 1659 a new wall was built - a “fortress” made of a row of thick pointed logs. Since 1683, a duty was collected at the gates on firewood and hay brought into the city. Unlike the residents of the White City, the population of Skorodom was called black, because... was taxed on land property, and the settlements located here were subject to black hundreds. ( see Skorodom Plan. Election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the throne, 1613)
By the time of occurrence Pechatnaya Sloboda at the beginning of Sretenskaya Street there were courtyards of many artisans and merchants who had previously moved beyond the Sretenskaya Gate. The entire area between the future Trubnaya Street and Kostyansky Lane was called “behind the Ustretensky Gate in the Wooden Town of Novaya Sloboda.” The land in the area of Kostyansky Lane at the beginning of the 17th century belonged to Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky, who lived nearby, on Lubyanka; in general, many courtyards of the settlement, “lying empty” after the fire of 1611, were given by the government to noble court people for vegetable gardens.
By the time the printers settled here, there were more than 60 households in the settlement, and in them there were many people, representatives of a wide variety of professions. Among them: rag makers, carpenters, furriers, shoemakers, caftan makers, saddle makers, tar makers, cinquefoil makers, fishmongers, tinsmiths, silversmiths... In the center of Sretenka there was a vast Pushkarskaya settlement, where gunners - artillerymen lived. The settlement, located closer to the walls of the earthen rampart, on both sides of Sretenka, was called the Pankratyevskaya black settlement, after the temple of the same name that existed there. Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, courtyards of the archers of the order (regiment) settled here were established in Pankratyevskaya Sloboda. In 1698, Peter liquidated the Streltsy army and evicted all the Streltsy and their families from Moscow.
In the 17th century, there were many butcher shops near the Sretensky Gate, which were later moved closer to Sukharevskaya Square, and the lane retained the name Myasnoy for a long time. In the area of the future Kolokolnikov Lane, since 1680 there was a bell factory of F.D. Motorin (since 1730, which cast the Tsar Bell). In general, the entire area for a long time retained the trade and craft character of the suburb, which determined the future layout of Sretenka - extremely rugged with alleys, typical of settlements of the 16th-17th centuries, and small households. Until the end of the 18th century, “bazaars” were held here, which attracted the surrounding peasants; on other days, people crowded the street so much that it was impossible to drive or walk along it, until finally, at the request of the police, the auction was moved behind Zemlyanoy Val, to the Sukharev Tower .
The printers settled along the stream that flowed between Sretenka and Trubnaya streets, in the Moat, under the walls of the White City, i.e. in the 17th century, the settlement also occupied the territory of Rozhdestvensky Boulevard. Around 1630, a wooden church already existed in the settlement, from that time called “in Zemlyanoy Gorod”, “in Pechatnaya Sloboda at the Sretensky Gate”, “behind the Ustretensky Gate of the White City, in Pechatniki”, etc., and nearby - in Pushkarskaya in the settlement - the Church of St. Sergius and the Transfiguration of the Savior (both “in Pushkari”) is already listed, then along Sretenka - the Trinity in Listy (or “on Listy” and Pankratievskaya.
The Archives of the Order of the Printing House preserved documents that allow us to get an idea of the first clergy and parishioners of the Assumption Church. All that is known about the first rector of the temple is that he, together with the Assumption deacon, was one of the buyers of the Study Psalter (1632 edition). The names of these clergy: priest Joseph And Deacon Erofei. Book distribution took place in different ways: through the Printing House shop and through book sales. Usually books were given to shopping malls (grain stores, cereal stores...) in several copies. There were 18 such rows in the White City, and the place on Sretenka was considered the most “bookish”. In the 40s of the 17th century, the Assumption Church was mentioned more than once among the parishes that bought books from the Printing House. And it is not surprising that among the Moscow churches that acquire a particularly large number of books, our temple and the church of St. Nicholas of Gostunsky stand out, these are the temples of the first printers, and the masters of the printing house live here.
Printers were respected people, many specialties required true skill and sufficient literacy, but among them there were also many newcomers who arrived in Moscow to earn money, could not cope with the work, fell, as they were said then, into “sorrow” (known to the Russian a person's illness) and those who quickly fell behind. From the Census Book of 1638 and from the documents of the Printing Order (RGADA), the names of printers who lived in Pechatnaya Sloboda, in the parish of the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, in Pechatniki, are known. This Census Book itself is interesting because the special task of the census was to identify the presence of weapons among the population in case of a possible enemy attack. It turns out that out of one hundred and two people (male population), 63 keep arquebuses or spears with them, and only 39 do not have a gun and do not want to cook in the future. It is said about the printers that they “didn’t say they had any guns.” In the settlement in 1638 there were 27 households of printers (35 people) and three church households, one of which belonged to the already mentioned priest Joseph. There are also two sextons in the parish - Frol Osipov And Afanasy. Among the printers mentioned here are craftsmen of various specialties: typesetters (the most qualified), bulldozers, batyshchiki (or batyrshchiki), bookbinders; there are also carpenters and watchmen.
Not only printers lived in Pechatnaya Sloboda. The census book mentions other households in the Assumption parish:
sovereign craftsmen of various ranks (for example, Yamsky Prikaz clerk Danil Vasilyev, Local Prikaz clerk Mikita Golovnin, State Court clerk Fyodor Antipin, Petition to the Prikaz watchman Ivashka Ivanov, Kamenny Prikaz watchman Klimka Kondratyev, sytnik Afanasy Vilyashev and others);
Moscow nobles (princes Peter and Boris Vyazemsky, Gavrila Ostrovsky);
foreign residents (“Grechenins”, “Nemchins”, “foreigners”), as well as the courtyard of the Greek interpreter (translator) - Dementy Charntsov.
In 1654, under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, Moscow suffered a terrible pestilence. It is unknown to what extent it affected the Assumption Church, but the chronicle of those years brought to us information that almost the entire population in Moscow died out. In the Kremlin cathedrals there remained: in the Assumption - 1 priest, 1 deacon, in the Annunciation - 1 priest, from the Archangel Cathedral the archpriest “fled to the village.” 182 monks died in the Chudov Monastery (16 remained), and 90 nuns died in the Ascension Monastery (38 remained).
It is known that by 1659 the former wooden church had become very dilapidated, and in its place was erected on the old site. The priest who served here in 1679 is also mentioned - Pimen Mironov.
Finally, at the end of the 17th century (as stated in the Klirovye Gazette, around 1695), the residents of Pechatnaya Sloboda built a one-domed stone church in honor of the Dormition of the Blessed Virgin Mary without chapels, with a refectory and a tent-shaped bell tower. This event took place during the reign of Peter the Great, under Patriarch Adrian (d. 1700). Unfortunately, the Charter of the Temple for the stone church has not survived. Clergy reports report that until the 18th century, next to the Assumption, behind the Sretensky Gate, there was another one, the Znamenskaya Church, also wooden, but in 1722 it no longer exists, and its fate is unknown.
Other Census Books have been preserved for the second half of the 17th century. For example, the Census Book of 1665 - 76. (The census, apparently, was necessary for some control of the population, especially among Slobozhans, for which special tens were elected - “outgoing heads”, who monitored the conservation of fire and theft. In Pechatniki there are such tens: lacemaker Simonka Stepanov, baty worker Yurka Alekseev, typesetter Senka Gavrilov. Printers live not only in Pechatnaya, but also in the neighboring Pankratievskaya Sloboda, closer to Zemlyanoy Val, which still exists in its entirety until the beginning of the 18th century, although it no longer plays the role of a fortification. I will name a few names: flag bearer Fyodor Ankidinov, icon draftsman (draftsman) Afonka Fomin, boyar Prince Ivan Petrovich Pronsky, boyar Prince Ivan Alekseevich Vorotynsky, Prince Nikita Vasilyevich Yeletsky, steward Prince Moses Grigorievich Lvov, steward Afanasy Denisovich Fonbisin.
At the end of the century, nearby churches were also made of stone:
Trinity in Listy – 1661
Transfiguration of the Savior in Pushkari - 1683
Sergius in Pushkari - 1689
Martyr Pankratius - 1700
Unfortunately, at the time of the construction of the stone church and the first decade of the 18th century, we know nothing about the clergy and the clergy.
The Church of St. Nicholas of Gostun in the Kremlin was built in 1506; before the miraculous icons from the village of Gostun were transferred to it, it was called the Church of St. Nicholas of the Linen. It was demolished in 1816.
