Runny nose

Franceschetti syndrome maxillofacial dysostosis. Treacher Collins or Franceschetti-Klein syndrome

Treacher Collins syndrome was described in detail in 1900 by the British Edward Treacher Collins. It is found in 1 in 50 thousand children.

Treacher Collins syndrome is caused by a genetic mutation. In 93% of cases, the defect is found in the TCOF1 gene, located on the q-arm of chromosome 5. The POLR1C and POLR1D genes mutate less frequently.

The TCOF1 gene is responsible for encoding a nuclear transport protein, which is involved in the construction of many tissues during embryonic development, including the formation of the bones of the facial part of the skull. Mutational changes lead to the appearance of a stop codon, that is, to a premature stop in the synthesis of molecules and the self-destruction of the corresponding cells. As a result, children experience facial deformities.

Treacher Collins syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and has significant penetrance (high likelihood of symptoms). In 60% of cases, the disease is non-hereditary - a genetic mutation occurs after conception.

Symptoms

Treacher Collins syndrome is characterized by a variety of expressiveness: the severity of symptoms varies from subtle features of the facial structure to severe deformities in which features are completely erased.

In most cases, the following symptoms are present:

hypoplasia of the cheekbones and orbits on both sides - the face appears “sunken” or “bird-like”;
underdevelopment of the jaw bones (micrognathia) – small mouth and narrow chin;
anti-Mongoloid eyes - the outer corners are significantly lowered down;
Colobomas (triangular shape) of the eyelids.

Many children have deformations of the jaws and dentition:

very high (“Gothic”) sky;
"cleft palate";
“open bite” – the teeth are located at a considerable distance from each other;
lack of teeth.

In some cases, the tongue may not fit properly in the small mouth, creating a risk of choking.

As a rule, the symptoms of Treacher Collins syndrome are complemented by disturbances in the structure of the auditory canals and auricles. The main ones:

anotia or microtia – absence or underdevelopment of the ears, respectively;
atresia (absence) of the auditory canal;
abnormal structure of the middle ear structures - underdevelopment of the tympanic cavity and auditory bones;
hearing loss.

In some patients, deformations of the maxillofacial bones are combined with other developmental anomalies:

heart disease;
preauricular outgrowths;
absence of parotid glands;
choanal atresia (overgrowth of the nasal passages) and so on.

Diagnostics

Treacher Collins syndrome can be detected during the prenatal period using ultrasound or immediately after birth. The diagnosis is made based on visual signs - characteristic changes in the facial bones. A genetic test may be performed to confirm this.

During the diagnosis, the child’s hearing must be assessed. The method is chosen depending on his age. Basic methods:

registration of auditory evoked potentials;
speech or pure tone audiometry.

In addition, to determine abnormalities in the structure of the hearing organs, tomography of the temporal bones is performed.

Treacher Collins syndrome is differentiated from Goldenhar (hemifacial microsomia) and Nager (acrofacial dysostosis) syndromes.

Treatment

Treatment for Treacher Collins syndrome is carried out by various specialists. It is aimed at the comprehensive elimination of bone deformities and hearing disorders.

Main components of therapy:

Surgical operations during which facial defects are eliminated. As a rule, several complex surgical interventions are required.
Dental care aimed at correcting malocclusion.
Hearing replacement – implantation of hearing aids to enhance bone conduction of sounds.

In severe cases, tracheotomy and gastrostomy are performed to facilitate breathing and food intake, respectively.

In addition to operations and prosthetics, complex therapy for Treacher Collins syndrome includes correctional classes with a speech therapist and a teacher of the deaf.

Forecast

In most cases, bone deformities in Treacher Collins syndrome do not pose a threat to the child's life. Children with this pathology do not lag behind in intellectual development, provided that hearing impairment is corrected in a timely manner. Due to external defects, they may experience significant difficulties with social adaptation, so they require.

Prevention

Treacher Collins syndrome develops due to genetic mutations, for this reason it cannot be prevented. Couples with a negative family history are advised to consult with a woman when planning pregnancy.

There are many genetic diseases that result in severe abnormalities and mutations. One of these pathologies is Treacher Collins syndrome. This is a serious disease that leads to facial disfigurement. Pathology is detected at the initial stage of intrauterine development or after the birth of a child. Approximately 1 in 50 thousand newborns are affected by this mysterious disease. The pathology is still poorly understood, although there are now quite a lot of people living in the world with various stages of the disease.

What is Treacher Collins syndrome?

The pathology was named after the English ophthalmologist who first described it at the beginning of the 20th century. The disease is otherwise called maxillofacial dysostosis. It is a genetic congenital disease that has a dominant type of inheritance, that is, 100% inherited.

Treacher Collins syndrome is a developmental disorder characterized by defects in the development of the skull bones. In this case, the face turns out to be disfigured. Underdevelopment of the jaw bones, zygomatic, frontal and other bones leads to the appearance of characteristic deformities. The disease is congenital, so anomalies are visible immediately at the birth of the child, if they could not be detected during intrauterine development.

In most cases, the pathology is not life-threatening and does not affect the mental and physical development of the child. But sometimes the deformations of the skull are so severe that the child cannot breathe or eat on his own.

Why does the disease appear?

Treacher Collins syndrome occurs as a result of a genetic mutation. It appears in a group of genes responsible for the construction of tissues in the area of the skull and face. It is with the help of these genes that the child’s face is formed at an early stage of intrauterine development. But sometimes their work fails. Until now, scientists have not figured out the reasons for this pathology. In about half of cases, the disease is inherited from one or both parents. This symptom is dominant, so sick children will certainly be born in a family with this pathology.

But Almost 60% of children get the disease from healthy parents. It's difficult to say why this happens. Many factors can influence a child's genes. And the gene responsible for building the bones of the skull can be damaged for the following reasons:

when a woman uses alcohol, drugs or smoking in the early stages of pregnancy;
in serious stressful situations;
due to a woman being affected by infections, for example, toxoplasmosis or cytomegalovirus;
due to severe chronic diseases;
when taking certain medications.

Treacher Collins syndrome is a genetic disorder that runs in families.

Symptoms

The disease manifests itself differently in each person. There may be one or two symptoms, or a full range of symptoms. But a child with Treacher Collins syndrome can be recognized immediately. There are photos of sick children on the Internet; they often look alike. The disease may have the following external signs:

wide eye shape, underdevelopment of the lower eyelid, the upper eyelid can take on a triangular shape, and the outer edge of the eye is directed downward;
the nose is very large compared to other facial bones;
due to underdevelopment of the cheekbones, the face appears small, “bird-like”;
a very small chin, the lower jaw is sometimes absent, so the tongue often does not fit into the oral cavity;
“cleft palate” – absence of bones of the upper palate;
“cleft lip” – splitting of the bone of the upper jaw;
underdevelopment of auditory bones, absence of auricles;
hair growth on the cheeks;
deformation of the thumbs.

Stages of disease development

Signs of Treacher Collins syndrome can range from almost unnoticeable deformities to very severe deformities. In accordance with this, three stages of disease development are distinguished.

At the initial stage, bone deformations are almost invisible. Children with this pathology can lead a normal life.
The second stage is characterized by serious abnormalities in the development of the skull bones. These include pathologies of hearing, teeth, difficulty breathing or eating.
The third most severe stage of the disease is characterized by the almost complete absence of the child’s face.

In mild cases, the pathology is almost not very noticeable externally

Treatment

Often the anomaly is detected during intrauterine development. The mother is advised to terminate the pregnancy. If this does not happen, the child will face complex and lengthy treatment. But its peculiarity is that the deformity can only be corrected through surgery. Often multiple plastic surgeries are necessary. But it is not always possible to eliminate all anomalies. If the reconstruction of the facial bones is successful, children with Treacher Collins syndrome can lead a normal life.

In addition to operations to correct bone deformities, such patients often require hearing aids. After all, anomalies in most cases extend to the ear canal. Therefore, many patients suffer from hearing loss. And with severe deformation of the jaw bones, dental surgery is necessary to restore teeth and correct the bite. Sometimes patients require a tracheotomy because in severe cases they cannot breathe on their own.

Complications

Treacher Collins syndrome is dangerous due to its consequences. Most often it is hearing loss. After all, the disease is characterized by underdevelopment of the auditory bones, often the auricles are also absent. A serious consequence is underdevelopment of the oral apparatus. Deformation of the jaws and teeth, lack of salivary glands - this leads to the inability to eat independently. Respiratory function may also be impaired due to overgrowth of the nasal passages, underdevelopment of the upper palate and the large size of the tongue, which blocks the airways.

Sometimes this genetic pathology leads to developmental abnormalities of other organs, such as heart defects. Strabismus and dental diseases often develop.

How do children with the syndrome live?

The disease very often does not manifest itself with any other signs other than external facial deformations. Therefore, patients with Treacher Collins syndrome can successfully adapt to society and develop in accordance with age norms. Sometimes they need speech therapy help to correct speech problems due to jaw pathologies.

Some patients undergo long-term psychological rehabilitation because they see their ugliness and suffer because of it. Therefore, sometimes such children become depressed and have difficulty communicating.

Treacher Collins syndrome is a lifelong diagnosis. But many patients have come to terms with their pathology and lead normal lives.

The most important types of dysostosis: cleidocranial, craniofacial, maxillofacial and maxillocranial.

Clavicular-cranial dysostosis (Scheithauer-Marie-Sainton syndrome) is characterized by hypoplasia of the integumentary bones of the skull in combination with complete or partial underdevelopment of one or both clavicles, that is, a violation of the development of the so-called membranous bones. Dysostosis of this type is characterized by non-fusion or late fusion of cranial sutures and fontanels, brachycephaly (see full body of knowledge) with a predominance of expansion of the cranial vault in the lateral directions, a prominent forehead, hypoplasia of the facial bones, mainly the upper jaw, causing pseudoprogenia (apparent enlargement of the lower jaw) . Impaired jaw development is accompanied by delayed teething. The absence of clavicles or their partial underdevelopment with a defect in the inner, middle or outer parts leads to an increase in the mobility of the shoulder girdle, and in their complete absence - to complete contact of the shoulders (Figure 1).

The described changes are often accompanied by deformities of the spine, bones of the upper and lower extremities, feet, and pelvic bones. The anomaly is inherited in a recessive and dominant manner, and can be familial.

With cleidocranial dysostosis, x-rays reveal numerous changes in the skeleton, but the most characteristic are changes in the clavicles and bones of the skull. Clavicle defects are often symmetrical and can be of different sizes: from small to complete absence of clavicles. Most often, the acromial end of the clavicle is missing. The free end of the remaining part is rounded, covered with a closing bone plate and connected by a dense fibrous cord to the acromial process of the scapula. Bone inclusions are sometimes found along the fibrous cord.

An X-ray examination of the skull reveals brachycephaly: the skull is enlarged in diameter and reduced in anteroposterior size. The base of the skull is shortened in the transverse direction and somewhat elongated in the longitudinal direction. The bones of the vault, especially the frontal, are thinned and as if swollen, protruding significantly to the sides. The anterior fontanel remains unclosed. In places where the sutures intersect, additional fontanelles or additional bone inclusions in the sutures themselves may be observed. The bones of the facial skull are small, the maxillary sinuses are underdeveloped. The dimensions of the lower jaw are not changed. Anomalies in the bite, location, shape and timing of teeth eruption are detected.

When examining the skeleton of the torso and limbs, deviations in the development of a number of bones can be detected: reduced size of the shoulder blades, sacrum, pelvic bones with the absence of fusion of the pubic, ischial and ilium bones and underdevelopment of the pubic symphysis; underdevelopment of the proximal thighs with varus deformity; shortening or absence of nail tubercles at the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes; nonfusion of the vertebral arches.

With multiple skeletal lesions, the presence of characteristic changes in the clavicles makes the x-ray diagnosis reliable.

Craniofacial dysostosis (Crouzon syndrome, hypertelorism) - underdevelopment of the bones of the skull, brain and upper jaw in combination with premature closure of cranial sutures, exophthalmos (see full body of knowledge), strabismus (see full body of knowledge), nystagmus (see full body of knowledge) , visual impairment. The forehead in the area of the bridge of the nose is lumpy, the eyes are widely spaced (Figure 2), the nose is of a peculiar hook-shaped form (“parrot’s beak”), hypoplasia of the upper jaw, pseudoprogenia; in pronounced cases, a decrease in mental development is observed. Inherited in a dominant manner.

X-ray reveals changes in the skull. The characteristic deconfiguration of the head and the disruption of the normal relationships between the cerebral and facial skulls come to the fore: the first is reduced in size, has an almost spherical shape, the sutures are closed, and the digital impressions are strengthened. The bones of the cranial vault are thinned, protruding somewhat outward in the area of the anterior fontanel. The base of the skull is shortened and deepened, the area of the sella turcica is narrowed, and the orbits are flattened.

The bones of the facial skull are small: the upper jaw and nasal bones are underdeveloped, the lower jaw protrudes significantly forward, resulting in a sharp deflection of the nose inward.

Maxillofacial dysostosis (Berry-Francheschetti syndrome, Franceschetti-Zwalen syndrome) - hypoplasia mainly of the lower jaw and zygomatic bones, macrostomia (a kind of “fish” or “bird” face), wide oblique palpebral fissures (Figure 3), with everted and slanted eyelids and colobomas in the outer parts, blind fistulas from the corners of the mouth to the ears, lingual hair growth of the cheeks, disturbances in the development of teeth, deformation of the auricles, sometimes the middle and inner ear with the development of deafness, which can be eliminated by surgery. In contrast to Crouzon and Apert syndromes (see Apert syndrome), a strong development of the frontal sinuses is determined. Deformation of the chest and spine occurs. Inherited in a dominant manner.

Maxillocranial dysostosis (Peters-Hevels syndrome) - hypoplasia of the upper jaw, zygomatic arches, open bite, progeny (protrusion of the lower jaw), shortening of the anterior part of the base of the skull. The anomaly is inherited in a dominant manner.

There are other forms of cranial dysostosis: Gegenhar, Robin, Francois and others syndromes. The appearance of patients with various forms of dysostosis is characteristic. Dysostosis persists throughout life, cannot be corrected surgically, and requires almost no differential diagnosis with other diseases. In doubtful cases, an important diagnostic method is x-ray. study.

There are so-called incomplete types of the listed Dysostosis, when not all symptoms characterizing them occur. Individual symptoms can be combined in various combinations, forming, as it were, intermediate types of Dysostosis

The prognosis for life is favorable.

Are you categorically unhappy with the prospect of disappearing from this world forever? Do you not want to end your life in the form of a disgusting rotting organic mass devoured by the grave worms swarming in it? Do you want to return to your youth and live another life? Start all over again? Correct the mistakes made? Make unfulfilled dreams come true? Follow the link:

The first mention of the disease in medical practice dates back to 1912, when the anomaly was discovered and described by the pediatrician O. Crouzon.

The disease is genetically determined anomaly, in which there is deformation of the facial and cerebral parts of the skull.

Crouzon syndrome is accompanied not only by bone diseases, but also by associated damage to the organs of vision and hearing. Undoubtedly, this has the most negative impact on the quality of life of the baby.

How to recognize Down syndrome in a newborn? Find out about this from ours.

Characteristics of the pathology

Crouzon craniofacial dysostosis - photo:

The anomaly is considered quite rare, occurs in approximately 0.002% of cases.

The disease is congenital in nature, arising as a result of mutational processes, mainly of an autosomal dominant nature, however, it can also manifest itself as a consequence of spontaneous mutations that occur during the prenatal period of fetal development.

The human skull consists of a large number of individual bones, which, as the child develops, grow together to form the skull. In some cases the suture healing process is disrupted, the bones grow together prematurely, or, conversely, with some delay.

This leads to deformation of the skull, the occurrence of pathological processes in the brain, organs of vision and hearing.

In particular, with Crouzon syndrome, the child experiences not only external deformity, but also mental retardation, or, decreased visual acuity, hearing impairment.

Reasons for the development of the anomaly

The main cause of the pathology is considered hereditary factor. Thus, if one of the parents has a mutated gene, the risk that the disease will manifest itself in the unborn child is 50%.

However, a child does not always inherit the altered gene, that is, a sick parent has every chance of producing a healthy baby, but for this it is necessary to undergo a thorough genetic examination at the stage of pregnancy planning.

It can be concluded that the risk of having a baby with Crouzon syndrome increases If:

One or both parents have this anomaly.
The parent is a carrier of the mutated gene (even if the pathology does not manifest itself in any way).
The father's age at the time of conception exceeds 55-60 years.

Types of disease

The main sign of the development of pathology is a change in its shape. Deformation processes can be different, depending on this, the following forms of the disease are distinguished:

trigonokephaly. The child has an enlarged occiput and an abnormally narrow forehead;
scaphocephaly. There is an elongation of the skull and a narrow forehead. The child's skull is low-slung;
brachycephaly. The child's skull is shortened, the head is too wide;
hydrocephalic form. The baby's skull resembles a shamrock.

Clinical manifestations and signs

With Crouzon syndrome, the child experiences disorders not only of the skeletal system of the skull, but also of pathologies of the organs responsible for vision and hearing. Thus, clinical picture of the anomaly very bright and extensive.

Skeletal system	Hearing organs	Organs of vision
deformation of the skull; midface deformity; changing the shape of the nose; changes in the maxillofacial system, in which the jaws cannot fully close; the child’s lower lip is underdeveloped and located quite low; the child’s tongue periodically protrudes beyond the dentition; in some cases, specific smooth seams can be felt on the skull.	hearing impairment, deafness of varying severity; deformation of the internal auditory canal; decreased auditory conductivity of the skull bones; changes in the structure of the external auditory canal.	protruding eyes, protrusion of the eyes, in which the structure of the eyeball does not change; vibrations of the eyeballs that are involuntary; , in which the eyes seem to look in different directions; the distance between the inner corners of the eyes and the pupils is increased; incorrect placement of the lens of the eye or pupil, when it is not located in the center, as it should be; deformation of the iris (part of it may be missing) and cornea (increase in its size).

How dangerous is the disease?

Unfortunately, It is impossible to completely eliminate the manifestations of pathology, in most cases, the child experiences health and life-threatening consequences, such as:

Reduced visual acuity up to complete loss.
Since a child suffering from Crouzon syndrome cannot fully close his eyelids, the mucous membranes of the eye are dry, accompanied by the appearance of microcracks.
Delays in mental development, sometimes quite significant (mental retardation).
Significant deterioration in appearance, which leads to serious problems in communication and the impossibility of full social adaptation in society.

Diagnostics

The presence of pathology can be recognized in the prenatal period of fetal development, in the first days after the birth of a child, or in the first years of his life.

To make a diagnosis The doctor uses the following diagnostic methods:

visual examination of the child;
genetic testing;
tests to determine mental development;
consultations with an ENT and ophthalmologist to identify damage to the organs of vision and hearing;
X-ray of the head.

You will find specialists in correcting clubfoot in children on our website.

Treatment and correction

The main method of treatment is surgery.

Through surgical treatment, deformation of the bones of the skull and middle part of the face is eliminated, and the child’s maxillofacial system and the structure of the visual organs are restored.

Used as auxiliary treatment methods drug therapy.

Drug therapy in the treatment regimen

It is impossible to completely cure pathology with medications alone; medications are prescribed in order to improve the child's condition.

Group of drugs	Name	Peculiarities
Nootropics	Piracetam, Pantogam	The drugs normalize brain activity and prevent the development of mental retardation. Contraindications: kidney disease, tendency to allergies, age up to 12 months. Side effects: Overexcitement, irritability, sleep disturbance, appetite disturbance, tinnitus.
Vascular	Cavinton, Cinnarizin	Helps strengthen the walls of blood vessels, normalize blood circulation and metabolism in the brain, organs of vision, and hearing. Contraindications: heart disease, heart rate disorders, frequent changes, allergies. Side effects: sleep disturbance, rapid heartbeat, decreased blood pressure.
Diuretics	Lasix, Diacarb	Diuretics that help remove excess fluid from the body. Contraindications: kidney problems, difficulty urinating, diabetes mellitus, intolerance to the active components of the drug. Side effects: lethargy, weakness of muscle tissue, decreased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, drowsiness, dizziness.

Types of surgical operations

Although surgery is considered the most effective treatment, even surgery is not able to completely eliminate the pathology.

Treatment is symptomatic, that is, it reduces the manifestation of characteristic symptoms.

To date, the following are known types of surgeries to treat Crouzon syndrome:

Removal of some fragments of the bones of the skull, restoration of the shape of the head (expansion of the skull). The operation is recommended to be carried out as early as possible, otherwise brain damage with all the ensuing problems is possible.
Correction of bones in the eye sockets, elimination of bulging eyes.
Correction of the jaw, normalization of its appearance, restoration of the dentition.

Forecasts

Even the most experienced specialist will not be able to determine how the child will feel after the operation and how the disease will manifest itself in the future. It all depends on individual characteristics the body of a small patient, the severity and type of anomaly.

So, often after surgery a child completely loses vision and hearing.

However, many patients, despite external disadvantages, are able maintain ability to work and adapt to society.

Crouzon syndrome - photos before and after surgery:

The disease cannot be completely cured; there are no surgical methods or medications for this. not yet invented. There is also no universal method of prevention.

Crouzon syndrome - quite rare, but therefore no less dangerous a disease that cannot be completely cured.

Often pathology entails all sorts of complications and negative consequences that adversely affect the health and quality of life of the child.

Thus, children suffering from pathology may experience blindness, deafness, mental retardation. Treatment consists of surgery, correction of various manifestations of the anomaly, supplemented by drug treatment.

The forecasts are mixed. There are no methods to prevent the development of pathology.

What is Crouzon syndrome and what are its causes? consequences, you can find out from the video:

We kindly ask you not to self-medicate. Make an appointment with a doctor!

(d. mandibulofacialis; synonym Franceschetti-Zwahlen syndrome) D., characterized by hypoplasia of the lower jaw and zygomatic bones with impaired development of teeth, deformation of the auricles and sometimes the middle ear, as well as macrostomia (“fish” or “bird” face) ; inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.

- abnormalities of skeletal development...
Medical terms
- abnormal bone formation or bone formation in places other than where they should be...
Medical terms
- dysostosis - .Disturbance of bone development, most often there is damage to the bones of the skull in combination with other symptoms...
Molecular biology and genetics. Dictionary
- clinical form of A., characterized by the development of infiltrates in the neck and...
Large medical dictionary
- the general name for abnormalities in the development of skeletal bones that underlie family hereditary diseases of the skeletal system...
Large medical dictionary
- see Dysostosis cleidocranial...
Large medical dictionary
- D., characterized by non-fusion of the fontanelles of the skull, brachycephaly, hypoplasia of the facial bones, complete or partial underdevelopment of the clavicles...
Large medical dictionary
- see Gargoilism...
Large medical dictionary
- D., characterized by a narrow nose, shortening of the middle part of the upper lip, cleft tongue and upper palate, impaired development of teeth, underdevelopment of the phalanges of the fingers, etc....
Large medical dictionary
- D., characterized by hypoplasia of the upper jaw, zygomatic arches, progeny, shortening of the anterior part of the base of the skull...
Large medical dictionary
- D., characterized by a combination of underdevelopment of the skull bones with premature closure of cranial sutures, hypertelorism, exophthalmos, strabismus, visual impairment, hooked nose...
Large medical dictionary
- ...
- ...
Spelling dictionary of the Russian language
- ...
- ...
Together. Separately. Hyphenated. Dictionary-reference book
- “jaw-faces”...
Russian spelling dictionary

"maxillofacial dysostosis" in books

14.2. Maxillofacial fracture

From the book Ambulance. Guide for paramedics and nurses author Vertkin Arkady Lvovich

14.2. Maxillofacial fracture A maxillofacial fracture can be open (there is communication between the bone wound and the environment; all fractures within the dentition are considered open) or closed (fracture of the mandibular ramus, condylar and coronoid process,

Original obverse

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (PO) by the author TSB

Facial nerve

TSB

Facial pointer

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (LI) by the author TSB

Maxillofacial trauma

From the author's book

Maxillofacial trauma Maxillofacial injuries are divided into closed (bruises, hemorrhages, ruptures of muscles, tendons and nerves, closed fractures of the bones of the facial part of the skull, dislocations of the lower jaw) and open (wounds, open fractures). Bruises of the soft tissues of the face

Maxillofacial injuries

From the book Combat Training of Security Service Workers author Zakharov Oleg Yurievich

Maxillofacial injuries Apply an aseptic bandage to the injury site so that it does not cause suffocation. In case of nosebleeds, sit the victim down, squeeze the wings of the nose with your fingers, if the bleeding does not stop, insert into the nasal passages

LECTURE No. 1. Dentistry as a science. Anatomy of the maxillofacial region

author Orlov D N

LECTURE No. 1. Dentistry as a science. Anatomy of the maxillofacial region Dentistry is a relatively young discipline in medicine: as a separate branch it was formed only in the 20s of the 20th century. Its name comes from two Greek roots “stoma” - mouth, hole and

1. Anatomical structure of the maxillofacial region

From the book Dentistry: lecture notes author Orlov D N

1. Anatomical structure of the maxillofacial region The oral cavity is represented by the following organs and anatomical formations: oral fissure, vestibule of the oral cavity, cheeks, lips, hard palate, soft palate, tongue, gums, teeth, upper and lower

2. Anatomical structure of the maxillofacial region

From the book Dentistry author Orlov D N

2. Anatomical structure of the maxillofacial region The oral cavity is represented by the following organs and anatomical formations: oral fissure, vestibule of the oral cavity, cheeks, lips, hard palate, soft palate, tongue, gums, teeth, upper and lower

4. Innervation of the maxillofacial area

From the book Dentistry author Orlov D N

4. Innervation of the maxillofacial area The maxillofacial area is innervated by the following nerves: 1) trigeminal (V pair of cranial nerves), which, in addition to sensory innervation, also performs motor (for the masticatory muscles) and departs from the trigeminal ganglion as part of

author Ivanyuk Andrey

TRAUMATIC INJURIES OF THE MAXILLOFACIAL AREA

Bruises of the maxillofacial area

From the book Rehabilitation after fractures and injuries author Ivanyuk Andrey

Bruises of the maxillofacial area Wounds of soft tissues of the face Wounds are damage to soft tissues with a violation of the integrity of the skin or mucous membrane of the mouth. There are wounds: 1) superficial; 2) deep. In relation to natural cavities (oral cavity, wasp,

Physiotherapeutic methods used for injuries of the maxillofacial area

From the book Rehabilitation after fractures and injuries author Ivanyuk Andrey

Physiotherapeutic methods used for injuries of the maxillofacial area Among treatment, preventive and rehabilitation measures for diseases and injuries of the maxillofacial area, physiotherapeutic procedures are of great importance. They are shown

Features of nutrition of patients with maxillofacial injuries

From the book The Complete Guide to Nursing author Khramova Elena Yurievna

Features of nutrition of patients with maxillofacial injuries Feeding patients who have suffered trauma to the maxillofacial area (fractures of the facial part of the skull and lower jaw) presents special problems. In addition to a special diet, such victims need special

ACTINOMYCOSIS MAXILLOFACIAL

From the book Pain and diseases of teeth and gums. Treatment and prevention with folk remedies author Dubrovskaya Svetlana Valerievna

ACTINOMYCOSIS MAXILLOFACIAL This disease is a specific inflammatory process that occurs after the introduction of a pathogenic actinomycete fungus into the tissue. Typically this microorganism is present in deep carious areas, dental plaque,