Runny nose

Factory workers adjective. Individualization of learning (ILE) Yu

Invention of the cotton gin

The revolution in textile technology could not ensure a true flourishing of the cotton industry as long as agricultural processing of the raw material itself, cotton, was still carried out using primitive manual methods. Almost all raw cotton was brought to England in the 18th century. from the southern states of Northern. America, where it was collected on plantations with the help of slave labor. Before the start of the Industrial Revolution, the cotton imported into the country was quite enough for English spinners. But with the invention of spinning machines, the consumption of cotton by new factories began to increase to such an extent that American plantations, despite the expansion of crops, did not have time to satisfy all demand. If in 1751 the import of American cotton to England was 3 million pounds, then in 1771 it increased to 4,760 thousand pounds, in 1781 - to 5,300 thousand pounds, in 1784 - to 11,422 thousand . pounds, in 1789 - up to 32,576 thousand pounds. Thus, over two decades of the industrial revolution, the import of raw cotton increased almost 8 times.

With the existence of hand tools, “the separation of one pound of cotton from the seeds cost on the average one day’s work” (Marx, Capital). In addition, manual cleaning of cotton was far from satisfactory in its quality results, which, naturally, was then reflected in the yarn and fabrics. Therefore, the problem of mechanizing cotton ginning operations and improving their quality became a problem by the end of the 80s. XVIII century priority for the American cotton industry. Marx wrote that “the revolution in paper-spinning production caused the invention of the gin, a machine for separating cotton fibers from seeds (my discharge, E. Ts.), thanks to which alone the production of cotton on the large scale now necessary became possible.”

This machine was invented in 1793 by an American teacher, later one of the pioneers of the American factory industry, Eli Whitney (Barlow, The History and principles of weaving). After constructing his machine, Whitney initially kept the invention secret, showing it only to close friends. He showed them the operation of a machine that deseeded so much cotton per day that previously required a month's labor of one person to process it. Among the planters of the state of Georgia, where Whitney lived, very soon, however, rumors about a new “miracle” spread. The secret was discovered and, before the inventor had time to protect his rights with a patent, hundreds of sets of his machine were put into operation. The simplicity of the design and the low cost of the invention made the machine an immediate and enormous success as soon as its extraordinary performance was discovered. No machine has ever supplanted hand tools as quickly as Whitney's gin.

The figure shows (in cross-section) a Whitney cotton gin.

Its main organs are: a nutrient funnel L, a wooden saw drum F, on which a circular saw J is mounted, and a hollow cylinder H with a row of cleaning brushes C mounted on its surface. The seed cotton is poured into the funnel L and from here falls onto the teeth of the saw drum. When the sharp ends of the saw rub against the grooved cutouts of the iron bars located above and below the drum, the seeds separated from the fibers turn out to be too large to pass between the teeth and the groove further to the cylinder, and therefore fall through the hole N of the funnel L onto the inclined board M; depending on the type of cotton and the size of the seeds, the through hole N can (by the action of a special screw) expand and contract. The drum teeth, loaded with seed-cleaned fibrous material, passing through the upper chute, then come close to the brushes C of cylinder H and transfer the cotton to them. The brushed (cleaned of dust) cotton goes from here to the inclined table O and finally falls into the receiving box P. A special box Q, covering the funnel, drum and cylinder and rotating around its hinges, serves to properly load the machine with raw material. Drum F and cylinder H rotate in different directions and are driven by a handle through a belt thrown over it and over the pulleys of both shafts (not visible in the figure). If the machine is driven by a water wheel with a capacity of 20 hp. it is capable of cleaning 5,000 pounds of seed cotton per day, being operated by one person (provided that the circular saw consists of 80 teeth) (Ure A., The cotton manufacture of Great Britain). The productivity of Whitney's small hand-held machines was also very great. “Thanks to his invention,” Marx points out, “one black woman can separate 100 pounds. cotton per day,” that is, the productivity of her labor, compared with the old method, increases 100 times when working on the gin.

The genius of Whitney's invention lay in the extreme simplicity and efficiency of his machine, which did not require any design improvements for half a century. Cottongin (a machine for separating seeds from fibers) “until recently underwent less significant changes than any other machine of the 18th century” (Marx, Capital).

The immediate result of the spread of “gin” on American cotton plantations was a sharp increase in the export of raw cotton to England.

If in 1789 English spinning mills consumed 32 million pounds of cotton, then in 1799 imports reached 43 million pounds, in 1800 it increased to 56 million pounds, and in 1802 to 60.5 million. f. The last figure shows that cotton consumption in England doubled in 14 years (due to Whitney’s invention), and 60 times in a hundred years (in 1701, only 1 million pounds of cotton was imported into England). This meant a brilliant rise in the cotton industry. The relatively modest amount of 360,000 pounds sterling, which was estimated at the export of English cotton fabrics in 1780, grows 20 years later to 5.5 million pounds. Art., and two years later it increases by another 40% (7.8 million pounds sterling - in 1802).

The introduction of “gin” gave a new impetus to the development of capitalist industry in England, but it simultaneously contributed to the strengthening of the slave plantation economy in America, since it gave slave owners a powerful means of extracting new masses of surplus product from slaves: “planters in America (as now in India) ", says Marx, "could have sown large areas; but they had no means of removing seeds from cotton paper. Some of them rotted on the field. This was put to an end by the invention of Cottongin. Part of the product is now converted into Cottongin; however, Cottongin not only reimburses its costs, but increases the surplus product” (Marx, Theories of Surplus Value).

Whitney's machine was the final link in the technical revolution in cotton production during the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century. What were the socio-economic consequences of the great inventions in textile technology? Engels gives a brilliant general answer to this question in his work “The Situation of England”. “These inventions sparked a revitalized social movement. Their immediate result was the emergence of English industry, primarily cotton processing. Although jenny made the production of yarn cheaper and thereby gave the first impetus to the ensuing expansion of the industrial market, it did not at all affect the social aspects of the form of industrial production. Only the machines of Arkwright and Crompton and Watt's steam engine sparked movement, creating the factory system. At first small factories arose, driven by horsepower or water power, but they were soon supplanted by larger factories driven by water or steam. The first steam spinning mill was built by Watt in Nottinghamshire in 1785. Others followed, and soon this system became universal. The spread of steam spinning, like all other modern or later industrial reforms, proceeded with incredible speed. The importation of raw material, which in 1770 amounted to less than 5 million pounds per year, rose to 54 million pounds (1800) and to 360 million pounds in 1836. The steam loom was now put into practical use and gave a new impetus to progress industry. All machines underwent numerous small, but ultimately very significant improvements, and every new improvement had a beneficial effect on the development of the entire industrial system. All branches of the cotton industry were revolutionized. The heel rose due to the application of mechanical force; At the same time, dyeing and bleaching have increased endlessly thanks to the advances of chemistry.”

“... Thanks to these inventions, which since then have been more and more improved every year, the victory of machine work over manual work in the main branches of English industry was decided, and the entire subsequent history of this latter tells only how hand work yielded one position to the machine after another."

Test on adjectives

1. Read. Select the adjectives and sort them out.

1) The wind hums between the red trunks of centuries-old pines, tilts slender spruce trees, shaking their sharp tops. (Seraph.) 2) The ice fields were approaching heavily. (Seraph.) 3) The polar night quietly slumbers over the calm sea. (Seraph.) 4) The winter night is long. (Ax.) Hunting concerns and dreams took possession of my imagination. (Ax.) The fox rarely digs a hole itself in places where there are marmot or badger holes. (Ax.) 7) Mother ordered to unlock grandfather’s office.

2. Rewrite. Identify the suffixes of adjectives.

Tower crane, true incident, stone fence, fiery feeling, name list, breeding cattle, painful phenomena, sparkling joy, leather. plant, family relations, station entrance, agitation. 1st point, division commander, glassware, silver cigarette case, sandy soil, clay cup, young athletes, ruddy apples.

Windy morning, windless day, windmill, wardrobe, cranberry juice, leafy alley, delicious question, leather sofa, rooster.. th cry, mouse fuss, mouse hall, old dial, hemp seed.

3. Form adjectives from these words with the suffix -k- or -sk-. Write them down along with appropriate nouns.

Sailor, Kazakh, Frenchman, well done, Odessa, Kazan, July, Soviets, weaver, Cossack, hero, January, Russia, harbor, German, Caucasus, December, June, Circassian, commandant, October, Kyrgyz, delegate, fisherman, Tajik, Siberia, horse, Ural, giant, village, Czech, Pole, institute, university, miner, Riga, candidate, Prague, passenger.

4. From the words given in brackets, form complex adjectives and write them together with nouns (place complex adjectives before nouns everywhere).

1) Machine (which cleans cotton); 2) a tube (which conducts steam); 3) paper (light sensitive); 4) factory (where ships are built) -, 5) factory (where silk is spun); production (average for the year); 7) culture (Ancient Rus') -, 8) wind (from the northwest); 9) workers (factories and factories); 10) dictionary (Russian and French); 11) state (bourgeois and landowner) -, 12) industry (leather and shoe making); 13) literature (on agriculture); 14) section (chess and checkers.)( 15) plant (where cars are repaired); 16) depot (wagon and locomotive).

5. Form compound adjectives from these words.

(Dark) brown suit, (light) green fabric, (pale) lilac color, (bright) red chintz, (blue) black hair, (yellow) orange tangerine, (pinkish) yellow fruits, (white) snow tablecloth, (blueish) ) blue sky, (matte) pale face, (silver) gray arctic fox, (cornflower blue) blue eyes, (amber) yellow lemons.

IGS

Before the suffix -sk- the letter ь is written only after l

(friendly, Ural), as well as in adjectives formed from the names of the month with -нъ and -ръ ( June, September, October etc., except January). Bu kva ь is also written in the phraseological unit day-day (all day).

3. Adjectives with the suffix -sk- (-ovsk -), formed from proper names, are written with a lowercase letter, for example: Onega epics, Pushkin's poems, Levitan's landscapes. Such adjectives are written with a capital letter only when they are part of names that have the meaning of “name, memory,” for example: Mendeleev readings, Vakhtangov Theater.

Note. From adjectives with the suffix -sk- (-ovsk-), formed from proper names, it is necessary to distinguish possessive adjectives with the suffixes -ev, -ov, in-, yn-, also formed from proper names, written with a capital letter, for example: Next is the dictionary, Olya’s notebooks.

In phraseological combinations in which the connection between the adjective and the noun has already been lost, a lowercase letter is used, for example: Sisyphean labor, Ariadne's thread.

245. Copy by inserting the missing letters. Mean the suffixes, explain (orally) their spelling.

1) I see the bottom. a house with a gallery of small, blackened wooden posts. (G.) 2) It was a clear January day, the silver sun sparkled everywhere. (M. G.) 3) Well done... you can hear the whistle. (N.) 4) At the porch of the commandant’s house, a Cossack was holding a beautiful white horse of the Kyrgyz breed by the bridle. (P.) 5) Its owner walked behind the cart, smoking from a small Kabardian pipe. He was wearing an officer's frock coat without epaulettes and a Circassian moss-filled hat. His dark complexion showed that he had long been familiar with the Transcaucasian sun. (JI.) 6) Suddenly he sees two nearby shadows. (P.) 7) It’s nice to infuriate a mistaken enemy with a bold epigram. (P.) 8) Dew peas shine in the meadows, which only happens early in the morning. (Ch.) 9) The long shadows of houses, trees, fences lay beautifully along the light dusty road. (JI. T.) 10) Break, break, night wave, and water the shore with foam in the foggy haze. (JI.)

246. Form adjectives from these words with the suffix som -k- or -sk-. Write them down along with appropriate nouns.

Sailor, Kazakh, Frenchman, well done, Odessa, Kazan, July, weaver, Cossack, hero, January, Rus', harbor, German, Caucasus, December, June, commandant, October, Kyrgyz, delegate, fisherman, Siberia, horse, Ural , giant, village, Czech, Pole, institute, university, miner, Riga, candidate, Prague, passenger.

247. Write it off. Explain the use of lowercase or uppercase letters.

Wonderful (JI, l) Ermontov’s prose, (G, Gogol’s satire, representative of (F, f) Amus society, (F, f) Edorino’s grief, (I, i) Van’s childhood, (H, h) Ekhov’s humor, ( T, t) Urgenev novels, (JI, l) Omonosov Prize, (P, p) Ushkin readings, (S, s) Onino’s happiness, (A, a) Hilles’s heel.

Adjectives with suffixes-ov-, -ev-, -chiv-, -liv-, -iv-, -chat-, -onk-, -enk-

1. After sibilants and ts, a suffix is written under stress

Ov-, without accent ----- ev-, for example: hedgehog, penny, pepper, plush, key, calico.

2. In the suffixes -chiv- and -liv- it is written and, for example: for arrogant, caring, persistent.

3. To distinguish suffixes-ev- and -iv- it should be remembered that the suffix -iv- can be a sub-stress, for example:

playful, flattering (but: merciful, holy fool). Suf fix -ev- written in unstressed position, for example: si

rhubarb, edge.

4. The suffix -chat- is written with the letter a, for example: stepped.

The word plank (from board) must be remembered.

5. In diminutive adjectives after g, k, x^ the affix -onk -^or -enk-^for example- is used^^

measure: quiet - quiet, light - light; V

in other cases - only -en'k-, for example: little white.

248. Form adjectives with suffixes from these words. Make two phrases with adjectives from each group.

1) -ov- or -ev-; lead, red, brocade, chintz, arctic fox, penny, reed, pear, plush, tile, gloss, canvas, thing;

6 - V. F. Grekov

2) -chiv- or -liv-: trust, calculation, serve, conceive, change, resist, drought, please, dodge, evade;

3) -ev- or -iv-: field, battle, fire, laziness, arrogance, lie, worm, apple tree, industry, nickel (place the emphasis on the adjectives);

4) -chat-: log, explosion, pattern, freckle, scatter.

249. Copy the examples, inserting the necessary suffixes instead of periods(chiv-, -liv-, -chat-, -ov-, -ev-, -onk-, -enk-, -sk-, -k-, -enn-, -ovat-

or -evat-). Identify the suffixes and explain (orally) their correctness in writing. Find metaphors and epithets.

I. 1) Lisa’s gaze was now pleading, soft, and at the same time trusting, affectionate. (Adv.) 2) The women turned out to be extremely hi..s, word-hungry. (G.N.) 3) Our official is bad and he won’t sweep the floors. (N.) 4) In winter, the society here is grey, uninteresting. (Ch.) 5) Right at the door there was a simple plank table covered with a blue tablecloth. (Adv.)

II. 1) In September evenings there are some special, thoughtful sunsets. 2) The first snow falls on the red stubble of the compressed fields. 3) The bluish morning light made its way through the long cracks of the barn. 4) Petya was a smart and talkative boy. 5) Frost decorated the windows with weird patterns. 6) Having passed the Gulf of Riga, the ship went out into the open sea. 7) We crossed a log bridge across a narrow river. 8) Birch and aspen firewood was brought to the warehouse. 9) The herd was guarded by guard dogs. 10) Everyone had a duffel bag behind their shoulders.

250. Read, indicate diminutive nouns and adjectives, determine their stylistic role. Copy it using missing punctuation marks.

1. Ilya Ilyich woke up in his small bed. He is only seven years old... How good he is... so handsome and plump... His cheeks are so round... so small that some naughty guy would pout on purpose, but he wouldn’t do something like that. (Gonch.)

2. - But what is Mr. Benkovsky? - He is blacker...sweeter...sweeter...quiet. He has a mustache, a sponge, a pen and a violin. He loves tender dogs and jam..tse. I always want to pat him on the face..ch. (M.G.)

3. (Despite the fact that more than eight years had passed in their marriage, each of them still brought the other a piece of an apple or a piece of candy or a nut and spoke in a touchingly gentle voice Razin soul... I'll fill your mouth... I'll eat this piece... It goes without saying that the mouth opened very gracefully on this occasion. (G.)

251. Write it down, inserting instead of dots the adjectives required by their meaning, given in brackets.

1) One of the doors was hung with huge... curtains made of crimson velvet. (Ven.) Thomas took with him from the old man... a feeling: He liked him, and at the same time he was disgusted. (M.G.) (double, dual) 2) I saw a small, middle-aged man with... a slightly sickly face. (V.K.) The blue shutters of three windows and... the lattice shutter of the attic window shone brightly. (M.G.) (ordinary, single) 3) My friend was the most simple and... person, although he was a poet. (P.) Karl Ivanovich, with glasses on his nose and a book in his hand, sat in his... place. (JI. T.) (ordinary, ordinary) 4) Around the lonely saxaul bushes rose... hills. (S.-M.) Levinson watched as a strong-headed, ... well-colored fish fidgeted in the bark. (F.) (sandy, sandy) 5) “The Past and Thoughts” - for a remarkable monument... to literature of the 19th century. Many buildings in Moscow have... plaques (memoir, memorial). 6) After the war, I decided to go to... work. (Primary) Varvara Dmitrievna turned out to be a sensitive woman. . . . (F.) (diplomatic, diplomatic)

7) ... the theater's repertoire was replenished with a new play. He [Werner] became so desperate and...excited that I absolutely could not control the laughter that was choking me. (JI.) (comedy, comic)

§ 45. SPELLING OF COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

1. Compound adjectives are written with l and t:

a) formed from complex nouns written together, for example: locomotive (locomotive), electro motor(electric motor);

b) formed from such combinations of words in which one word is connected with another according to the method of subordination (according to

vaniya, control, adjacency), for example: blue-eyed (blue eyes), nationwide (common for the people), rolling rail(rolling rails), dear

(who is deeply respected).

Complex adjectives, the first part of which is formed from adverbs, have a bookish character and are often terms, denoting a single, integral concept, for example: highly artistic(story), highly educated(person), above (example), easy-to-distill solution(material, substance), insignificant (fact), promising(experiment), following (review), seriously wounded (officer), narrowly practical(interest).

Note. Complex adjectives, which include an adverb, should not be mixed with the usual combinations of an adverb and an adjective (or participle), written separately, for example: diametrically opposed, childishly obvious, completely destroyed etc. In this case, the first part of the combination acts as a separate member of the sentence, answering the questions how? what kind of image? V

To what degree?

IN usually as the first part of such phrases

(directly opposite), sharply (sharply negative), mortally (deadly dangerous), strictly (strictly consistent)

etc.

R a d e l o are written as part of phrases, adverbs in

Ski-, for example: slavishly obliging, devilishly insidious, historically inevitable.

with a hyphen, for example: diesel engine, northwestern’,

b) formed from such combinations of words that are related by the method of composition, as equal concepts, for example: convex-concave glass (convex and curved glass), Russian-German-French dictionary (Russian, German and French), blue-white-red flag (blue, white and red) (in these cases, a conjunction and or but can be inserted between the words that make up a complex adjective);

c) denoting shades of colors, for example: pale pink, light blue, dark purple, bright green, yellow-red,silver white,brown-red,greenish blue, ash gray;

d) the first part of which is formed from foreign words and ends in -ico-, for example: chemical laboratory, physical and technical,mechanical engineering telial (but: Great Russian, high society).

Note. A number of complex adjectives are written with a hyphen, parts of which denote heterogeneous characteristics, for example: people's liberation movement (people's liberation movement), popular science magazine (popular scientific), educational but-production workshops (industrial training).

It should be borne in mind that among complex adjectives there are many traditional spellings, for example: world-historical (but: world famous) folk-ethical. Therefore, if you are in doubt about their spelling, you should consult a spelling dictionary.

3. In the first stem of compound adjectives one is written n, if it is formed from a noun with n, and is written nn, if it is formed from an adjective with nn, for example: car repair plant(wagon repair plant), but carriage-locomotive park (wagon and locomotive park).

4. Compound adjectives, the first component of which are numerals, are written with lit and no:Soro cagradus, twenty-five meters.

252. From the words given in brackets, form complex adjectives and write them down together with the nouns (place complex adjectives before the nouns everywhere).

1) Machine (which cleans cotton); 2) tube (which

paradise conducts steam); 3) paper (light sensitive); 4) factory (where ships are built); 5) factory (where silk is spun); 6) production (average for the year); 7) culture (of Ancient Rus'); 8) wind (from the northwest); 9) workers (factories and factories); 10) dictionary (Russian and French); 11) industry (leather and footwear); 12) literature (on agriculture); 13) section (chess and checkers); 14) factory (where cars are repaired); 15) depot (wagon and locomotive).

253. Form complex adjectives from these words.

(Dark) brown suit, (light) green fabric, (pale) lilac color, (bright) red chintz, (blue) black hair, (yellow) orange tangerine, (pink) yellow fruits, (white) snow tablecloth, ( bluish) blue sky, (matte) pale face, (silver) gray arctic fox, (cornflower blue) blue eyes, (amber) yellow lemons.

254. Write down to form compound adjectives.

1) The spruce goes with its tip into... bottomless (dome)-shaped blue. (Boon.) 2) The night before, fog appeared again from the (north)east direction. (Ars.) 3) Illuminated by the radiance of the moon, the tents of our bivouac seemed (blue) white. (Ars.) 4) Above the (in)visible steppe plain, where the highway ran towards the (transparent) green horizon, lilac clouds floated in the (pale) blue sky. (Boon.) 5) We swam in a continuous (milky) white shroud that covered the shore and the sea.(S.-M.) 6) The white constellation of Orion burned menacingly in the (black) blue sky. (Bun.) 7) The slopes of the hill that Alexey climbed were covered with a (low) tall oak tree. (V. Azh.) 8) Tatters of (yellow) gray clouds sadly crawled across the cold pale sky. (V. Azh.) 9) Beridze and the engineer approached the center of the site where they were digging a boiler

van for the building (pumping) diesel station. (V. Azh.) 10) (Yellow) winged butterflies fly from grass to grass. (JI. T.) 11) In a cramped harbor, (fishing) boats had (different) colored sails deployed to dry. (Paust.) 12) Until noon there was heavy, heavy dew. (Shol.)

255. Read. Indicate what mistakes were made in the use of adjectives. Copy, correcting the sentences.

1) The box was a careful owner. 2) Sobakevich’s living room was decorated with respectable people. 3) The partisans advanced in unsightly darkness. 4) It rained for the whole day. 5) Looking around fearfully, the woman carefully crossed the threshold and stopped. 6) X and Mia is a very interesting science. 7) A memorial monument was erected in the poet’s homeland.

opt..myst - opt..mystical; pessimism - dog..myst - dog..mystical; athlete - heavy..athlete - ..athlete; relay - relay..relay; climax - culmination..national; miniature - miniature; monument - m..monumental.

257. Write it down using punctuation marks. Explain their use. Make an outline of the highlighted sentence.

The Oka, one of the Volga streams, second in length only to the Kama, begins in (widely) deciduous forests significantly south of Moscow. In the upper reaches of the river you can get acquainted with (Belev) (Chekalin) (Kaluga) (Aleksin) (Ser Pukhov) and other old Russian cities. Chu de., the new shores near the city of Tarusa are depicted in paintings written by the artist.. (Polenov). There is no shortage of picturesque landscapes, however, neither in the lower.. nor in the middle.. of the Oka River. What (emerald) green meadows and oak groves there are here!

The Oka crosses the lands on which our ancestors settled (thousands of years ago) and therefore pictures of the heroic past are resurrected before us as we (travel..) along the river. Residents more than once had to fend off the onslaught of enemies against those who set foot in Russia.

258. Read an excerpt from A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Reflection in Water.” Mark the means of linguistic expression characteristic of this text. Name the epithets. Which of them are metaphorical? Copy by inserting the missing letters. Write a review of the story, expressing your attitude to the problems raised in it.

In the surface of a fast flow (n..) one can distinguish reflections of n.. close, n.. distant: even if (n..) it is cloudy, even if it is free of foam - in a constant... stream ripple , in the (n..) harmonious change of water, the reflections (n..) are correct, (n..) distinct, (n„) understandable.

Only when the flow through rivers and rivers reaches a calm, wide mouth, or into a plant, stopped, or into

a lake where the water (n..) is chilled, - only there we see in the mirror surface, every leaf of a coastal tree, and every feather of a thin cloud, and the poured blue depth of the sky.

So are you, so am I. If everything is still (n..)as (n..)see..m, everything (n..)as (n..)we reflect the immortal minted truth, is it not because, it means that still moving somewhere? Are we still alive?..

NUMERAL

§ 46. SPELLING AND USE OF NUMERALS

1. Cardinal numbers have five - nineteen, twenty and thirty is written at the end, and for numerals fifty - eighty, five hundred- de nine hundred - in the middle of the word.

2. The numerals three hundred and four hundred are written with the letter a at the end, ninety - with the letter o in the nominative and accusative cases and with a in other cases.

3. The cardinal numbers are written together, the last part of which is-ten, -hundred, -hundred, and ordinal numbers derived from them, for example:

seventy - seventieth, four hundred - four hundred, seven hundred - seven hundred.

4. Compound cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers derived from them are written separately, for example: seventy five - seventy-five, seven hundred seventy-five- seven hundred and seventy-five.

5. Complex adjectives, the first component of which are numerals, are written together:forty degrees, twenty-five meters.

Complex ordinal numbers are written together, the second part of which is the hundredth, -thousandth, -millionth, -billionth, for example: seven hundredth, five thousandth, eight billionth, one hundred thirty-five thousandth, one hundred eighty-three millionth etc.

Note. If before the element- hundredth, - thousandth, - millionth, - billionth If the quantity is expressed not in words, but in numbers, then a hyphen is placed after the number, for example: 7-hundredth,

5 thousandth, 3 millionth, 8 billionth, 135 thousandth, 183 millionth.

6. Words included in fractional numbers are written

separately, for example: 5 - - five and a half 3^ - three

and a quarter, 7 - - seven and an eighth, 3.5 - three point five

tens, etc.

In ordinal numbers, which include fractional notations and a half, a quarter etc., it is preferable to write the first part in numbers, and after

put a hyphen on them, for example: 5 million population,

3 thousand seats, etc.

259. Copy by replacing numbers with words.

11 (oranges, tangerines and lemons); 10 (apples); b pairs (boots, felt boots and boots); 4 pairs (stockings and socks); 500 (grams) vermicelli; 15 (kilograms) (tomatoes); 8 cans (eggplant, tomatoes); current strength is 5 (amps); voltage of 127 and 220 (volts); 16 (Georgian athletes); 60 (students - Tatars, Bashkirs, Turkmens); 300 (tourists - Bulgarians, Romanians, Hungarians); area 890 (hectares); distance is 480 (kilometers).

260. Write by replacing numbers with words.

1) How much do you get if you add 16,374 to 11,968? 2) Subtract 4587 from 8753. 3) Multiply 918 by 67 and add 4417 to the resulting product. 4) If 382 is subtracted from 976, then 594 remains. 5) The motor ship with 388 tourists set off on its next voyage. 6) There was in the book

480 pages. It was illustrated with 34 drawings and supplied with 29 drawings. 7) The motor ship with 468 passengers left the pier. 8) 286.7 hectares of arable land are occupied by wheat crops on the collective farm. 9) Mountaineering group in

A group of 11 people climbed a hard-to-reach mountain 3785 meters above sea level.

261. Write down, choosing the necessary numerals.

I. 1) At the forges, there were (two, two) dignity, and (three, three) those lay... 2) (Two, two) days... the snowstorm continued. 3) (Four, four) friends went on a hiking trip.

Device

Cotton gin is a wooden box in which two cylindrical shafts rotate. The front one has circular saws and the back one has brushes.

Above these two shafts there is a box, the bottom of which consists of a grate, in the holes of which the saws rotate when the gin is working. The work consists of the cotton with seeds falling into the box, the saws grab it from below with their teeth, push it through the grate and, when rotating (at 300 rpm), transfer it from behind to their brushes, which work 3-4 times faster, then eat at a speed of 1000-1200 revolutions or more, and form such a strong thrust that the cotton fibers quickly fly away from them and scatter in all directions in an open room.

Nowadays, almost all gins have special devices, so-called. condensers that collect all these flakes together and release them in the form of an endless web. The cotton seeds, which could not pass with the cotton through the holes in the gin lattice, are torn from the fiber and fall in the front of the gin. To facilitate the supply of cotton to the gin box, there are also so-called feeders, or feeders, that is, devices into which cotton is dumped, and from there it automatically falls into the box, that is, into the gin chamber.

History of invention

Although the patent for the invention was issued to Eli Whitney, some researchers dispute its authorship, pointing out that there is reason to believe that the invention, or at least the initial concept, belonged to Catherine Littlefield Greene, the landowner from whom Whitney leased the farm . Since American law at the time did not allow patents to be issued to women, she allegedly approached Whitney with a request to obtain a patent in his name.

However, there is even stronger evidence based on archival records of the US Patent Office indicating that a similar design was proposed two years earlier by mechanic Henry Holmes.

Socio-economic consequences of the invention

The invention had a significant impact on the world economy, greatly reducing the cost of the cotton production process.

For the USA, the effect of cotton gin was even more significant: on the one hand, the invention served as an impetus for the industrial revolution in the southern states, on the other, it sharply increased the economic efficiency of the slave economy.

A number of historians are of the opinion that the invention thereby extended the existence of the slave system in the south for several decades; without it, slavery would have died out much earlier due to economic insolvency.

Links

Eli Whitney Museum

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what a “Cotton Ginner” is in other dictionaries:

Capitalism- (Capitalism) Capitalism is a socio-economic formation based on private property, exploitation of wage labor and recognizing the primacy of capital. History of capitalism, models of capitalism, basic concepts of capital, formation... ... Investor Encyclopedia

This term has other meanings, see Whitney. Eli Whitney Eli (Eli) Whitney (eng. Eli Whitney; ... Wikipedia

Eli (Eli) Whitney (born Eli Whitney, 1765 1825) American inventor and industrialist. He invented the cotton gin (cotton gin), was one of the first to design a milling machine, and laid the foundations for organizing mass production in... ... Wikipedia

Here is a list of inventors who enriched the world and made inventions that are used by all humanity. In addition to the name of the inventor, the years of his life and the country (or countries) in which he lived and worked, as well as the most significant ... Wikipedia Wikipedia are given

Industrial revolution in the northeastern United States in the 19th century.- By the end of the 18th century. the technical prerequisites for the industrial revolution arise. The industrial revolution in the United States, as in England, began with the cotton industry. In 1790, Samuel Slater built a spinning mill based on the English model... World History. Encyclopedia

The launch of the Apollo 11 spacecraft from the Kennedy Space Center to the Moon in 1969. The technological and industrial history of the United States describes the formation of the most powerful and technological ... Wikipedia

Russian language lesson in 6th grade

Prepared by: Gaivoronskaya Marina Nikolaevna

Subject. Connecting vowels o-e in compound words

Target:

Know: about the formation of complex words from the stems of original words using connecting vowels o - e.

Be able to: choose the connecting vowels o – e correctly in complex words.

Developmental: develop the ability to independently acquire knowledge; develop cognitive and creative abilities through a variety of activities.

Educational: awakening cognitive interest in Russian language lessons and surrounding phenomena.

Lesson progress:

I.Checking homework:

1) Frontal survey – prefixes pre and pr.

2) Remember and write down the missing words, explaining the spelling of the vowels in the prefixes. (1 slide)

1) Lunch hour (…)

There was a stomping sound in the yard.

2) Someone is towering (...)

Yes, he was waiting for the owners.

3) I just broke the pie

Yes, a piece (...).

4) Cannons are firing from the pier,

The ship (...) is ordered.

5) Hello, my prince (...)!

Why are you as quiet as a rainy day?

6) (...) the fish asked him:

“What do you want, old man?”

II. Studying new material.

1) Solve riddles

Floats boldly in the sky,

Overtaking birds in flight.

Man controls it.

What's happened? (PLANE) (2 slides)

He has a rubber tail

With a canvas stomach.

How his engine hums,

He swallows both dust and rubbish. (VACUUM CLEANER) 3 (slide)

Swims bravely through the waves,

Without slowing down.

Only the hum of the car is important,

What's happened? (STEAMBOAT)(4 slide)

Every day comes out in the morning

On your daily hike.

Must know all the rules

On the roads...(pedestrian) (5 slide)

2) Conversation:

What do these words have in common?

What are these words called? So today we will talk about difficult words.

What do we know about the formation of compound words?

What is this method of forming words called?

Compound words are formed by adding stems using connecting vowels

o or e? They can do it without a vowel.

What else do we know about them?

What two groups can these words be divided into?

So the topic of our lesson is......

What should we learn in class?

Working with the textbook:
Who wants to be a teacher? Who can explain the topic of the lesson at the blackboard.
Conclusion.

III. Fastening:

1) Working with text (the children have printed text on the table)

Read the text. Underline difficult words. Fill in the missing letters. Steam is floating in the sea...moving. The sea water is blue and the deck is white. It’s very beautiful when white warmth floats in the blue sea. But then ice appeared in the northern seas... the Siberia stake - the pride of Russian seafarers. The decks and all superstructures of the ice...cola are orange. In snow...fall and sunny weather, the white ship is difficult to notice among the ice. And behind the ice...with a stake there is a caravan of ships. That's what the bright color is for.

2) Creative work(performed orally (6 slide)

Exercise: replace words with one compound word.

Drink tea
Help mutually
Love work
People of the same surname
Love freedom
The one who walks
Senior class
(tea party)
(mutual aid)
(namesakes)
(Love of freedom)
(pedestrian)
(high school student)

Well done, you did a great job.

3) Physical exercise

4) Form complex words according to the example: (7 slide)

Red breast - (what) red breast

Bright head-

Long legs-

Short tail-

Motley wings-

Floats on the water -

5) Incidental repetition (cards)

Task: match the words to the data antonyms . Explain the choice of connecting vowel.

Lazy student -
Serious young man -
Monotonous movement -
Hostility -
Conscientious
Frivolous
Diverse
friendly

6) Work in pairs.

Exercise: To match the words in the left column, select words from the right column that are suitable in meaning. Write down a complex word, graphically indicating the choice of connecting vowel.