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Psychological structure of personality. Mental properties All about psychology

The behavior of a person is the implementation of his mental regulatory qualities in a socially significant sphere of life.

Human behavioral acts are interconnected and systemic. Activities and behavior arise on the basis of needs, their implementation begins with motivational motives. At the same time, consciousness is directed to objects that are essential for activity - they become objects of cognition: individual properties of objects are reflected (sensations), objects and situations in a holistic form (perception), a system of natural connections between phenomena (thinking), the development of a situation is predicted (imagination), and taken into account previous experience (memory).

Movement towards a goal is regulated by the will, and the sensory reflection of the current significance of phenomena and the emergency reactions associated with it are carried out by the mechanism of emotions. All regulatory components of human activity - cognitive, volitional and emotional processes - function in an inextricable unity and constitute human mental activity, the features of which act as mental personality properties.

When highlighting the structural components of personality, it is necessary to consider them as complexes of the individual’s psychoregulatory capabilities. Personality is a holistic mental formation, the individual elements of which are in natural relationships. Thus, the natural capabilities of an individual (the type of his higher nervous activity) naturally determine his temperament - general psychodynamic characteristics. These features serve as a general mental background for the manifestation of other mental capabilities of the individual - cognitive, emotional, volitional. Mental capabilities, in turn, are associated with the orientation of the individual, his character—generally adaptive modes of behavior. When we give a general classification of mental phenomena (mental processes, mental states, mental properties of a person), we abstract, artificially differentiate, and separate these phenomena. When we talk about the structure of a person’s mental properties, we integrate mental phenomena and unite them personally.

Temperament, character, value orientations of an individual are all manifestations of complexes of an individual’s regulatory capabilities. The properties of a personality constitute a dynamic system of its functional capabilities.

Mental properties are multisystem: they manifest themselves differently in different systems of relationships. It is possible to highlight the properties of the individual as a subject of cognition, work activity, and communication.

The totality of mental properties forms the mental makeup of a person. When solving life problems, a person proceeds from his mental capabilities, applies his own ways of interacting with the environment, and implements an individual style of life.

Individual mental properties of an individual, entering into systemic interaction with each other, form personality traits. These mental qualities of a person are traditionally divided into four groups: 1) temperament, 2) orientation, 3) abilities and 4) character.

The system of these mental qualities forms personality structure.

Chapter 2. Temperament

The concept of temperament. Main types of temperaments

Temperament (from the Latin temperamentum - ratio, mixing of parts, proportionality) is a complex of psychodynamic properties of an individual, manifested in the characteristics of his mental activity - intensity, speed and pace of mental reactions, emotional tone of life.

Temperament is a naturally determined tendency of an individual to a certain style of behavior. It reveals the individual’s sensitivity to external influences, the emotionality of his behavior, impulsiveness or restraint, sociability or isolation, ease or difficulty of social adaptation.

The psychodynamic features of human behavior are determined by the characteristics of his higher nervous activity. I. P. Pavlov identified three main properties of nervous processes - strength, balance and mobility. Their various combinations form four types of higher nervous activity, which underlie the four temperaments (Fig. 89).

The name of temperaments was first introduced by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (460–377 BC), who associated the types of temperaments with the predominance of various fluids in the human body: blood (sanguis) - in sanguine people, yellow bile (chole) - in choleric people, mucus (phlegm) - in a phlegmatic person and black bile (melaina chole) - in a melancholic person.

The set of properties of nervous activity, integrated in temperament, determines a number of mental characteristics of the individual:

1. Speed and intensity of mental processes, mental activity, muscle-motor expressiveness.

2. Predominant subordination of behavior to external impressions (extraversion) or its predominant subordination to the inner world of a person, his feelings, ideas (introversion).

Rice. 89. Types of higher nervous activity and their corresponding temperaments.

3. Plasticity, adaptation to external changing conditions, mobility of stereotypes, their flexibility or rigidity.

4. Sensitivity, sensitivity, receptivity, emotional excitability, strength of emotions, their stability. Emotional stability is associated with levels of anxiety and tension.

In certain types of temperament, there is a “mixing” of the considered qualities in individual proportions.

As already noted, there are four main types of temperament: sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic.

Sanguine temperament. I. P. Pavlov gives the following description of the characteristics of the sanguine temperament: “A sanguine person is an ardent, very productive figure, but only when he has a lot of interesting things to do, that is, constant excitement. When there is no such thing, he becomes boring, sluggish"*.

* Pavlov I. P. Twenty years of experience in the objective study of higher nervous activity (behavior) of animals. M., 1951. P. 300.

A sanguine person is distinguished by easy adaptability to changing living conditions, increased contact with people around him, and sociability. The feelings of a sanguine person arise easily and quickly change, his stereotypes are quite flexible, conditioned reflexes are quickly consolidated. In a new environment, he does not feel constrained, is capable of quickly switching attention and activity, and is emotionally stable. People with a sanguine temperament are most suited to activities that require quick reactions, significant effort, and distributed attention.

Choleric temperament.“The choleric type,” notes I. P. Pavlov, “is clearly a fighting type, perky, easily and quickly irritated. It follows that he works himself to the point where everything is unbearable for him."**

* Pavlov I. P. Decree. Op. pp. 299–300.

** Pavlovsk Wednesdays. T. 2. M.-L., 1949. P. 533.

A choleric person is characterized by increased emotional reactivity, fast pace and abruptness in movements; The increased excitability of a choleric person under unfavorable conditions can become the basis for hot temper and even aggressiveness.

With appropriate motivation, a choleric person is able to overcome significant difficulties, devoting himself to work with great passion. It is characterized by sudden changes in mood. A person with a choleric temperament achieves the greatest effectiveness in activities that require increased reactivity and significant simultaneous effort.

Phlegmatic temperament.“A phlegmatic person is a calm, always even, persistent and persistent worker of life”*.

* Pavlov I. P. Decree. Op. P. 300.

The reactions of a phlegmatic person are somewhat slow, the mood is stable. The emotional sphere is outwardly little expressed. In difficult life situations, a phlegmatic person remains quite calm and self-possessed; he does not allow impulsive, impetuous movements, since his processes of inhibition always balance the processes of excitation. Correctly calculating his strength, a phlegmatic person shows great persistence in seeing things through to the end. His switching of attention and activity is somewhat slow. His stereotypes are inactive and his behavior in some cases is not flexible enough. A phlegmatic person achieves the greatest success in those activities that require uniform effort, perseverance, stability of attention and great patience.

The foundation of the entire psychological structure of a person and its content is its mental properties: orientation, temperament, character and abilities.

1. Personality orientation- this is her mental property in which the needs, motives, worldview, attitudes and goals of her life and activities are expressed. It includes the needs, motives, worldview, attitudes and goals of the individual.

Man is a social being, inextricably linked with the social environment in which he lives and without which he cannot exist. He receives everything he needs from society as a result of his purposeful activities, guided by certain goals and objectives.

Human activity, his actions in society are always subjectively determined, express everything that requires

he has his own satisfaction. Actions also reveal characteristics of the personality that have developed in the process of life and upbringing, i.e. her characteristic attitude towards society as a whole and towards her activities and behavior in a given social environment, in particular.

Direction expresses in an integrated form many of the above-mentioned personality traits. It focuses on the main meaning of the actions and behavior of the individual.

Personal needs – it is the need she feels for something. Every living organism, in order to live, needs certain conditions and means provided to it by the external environment. For example, for its normal growth, a plant needs sunlight, heat, moisture and nutrients, which it receives from the soil. Man, like other living beings, also needs certain conditions and means for his existence and activity. He must have communication with the outside world, individuals of the opposite sex, food, books, entertainment, etc.

Unlike the needs of animals, which are more or less stable in nature and limited mainly by biological needs, human needs constantly multiply and change throughout his life: human society creates for its members more and more new needs that were absent in previous generations.

Social production plays a significant role in this constant renewal of needs: by producing more and more new consumer goods, it thereby creates and brings to life new needs of people. A person’s needs express the nature and degree of his dependence on specific conditions of existence. Moreover, the external environment itself can actualize various needs in human life.

The specific needs are:

– specific content, usually associated either with an object that people strive to possess, or with any activity that should give a person satisfaction (for example, a certain job, game, etc.);
– more or less clear awareness of this need, accompanied by characteristic emotional states (attractiveness of an object associated with a given need, displeasure and even suffering from unsatisfied needs, etc.);
– the presence, although often poorly realized, but always present, of an emotional-volitional state, focusing on the search for possible ways to satisfy needs;
– weakening, sometimes complete disappearance of these states, and in some cases even turning them into opposites when satisfying previously realized needs (for example, a feeling of disgust at the sight of food in a state of satiety);
– re-emerging need when the need underlying it makes itself felt again.

Human needs are diverse. They are usually divided into material (needs for food, clothing, housing, warmth, etc.) and spiritual, associated with human social existence: needs for social activity, work (a person does not satisfy his material needs instinctively, but with the help of labor, assimilating in in the process of life, a certain system of actions necessary for this), communicating with each other (a person cannot live without communicating with other people), acquiring knowledge, studying the sciences and arts, in creativity (along with the development of society, human aspirations for learning, numerous and complex types of art: painting, sculpture, architecture, music, literature, theater, cinema, etc.), etc.

Motives - these are those internal forces that are associated with the conscious, meaningful and felt needs of the individual and encourage him to certain activities. Motives appear when a need or lack of something arises and reflect the initial stage of mental and physical activity. Motivation is an inducement to activity by a certain motive, the process of choosing reasons for a certain direction of action. It is accompanied by certain experiences, positive or negative emotions (joy, satisfaction, relief, fear, suffering). There is also a certain psychophysiological tension, i.e. processes are accompanied by states of excitement, agitation, influx or loss of strength.

Motives are conventionally divided into inferior(biological) and higher(social). Biological motives are the drives, desires, and desires of a person, usually reflecting his physiological needs. Social motives are the interests, ideals, and beliefs of an individual that play a much more significant role in her life.

Motivation has its own physiological basis. Needs, developing into motivation, activate the central nervous system and other potentials of the body. In turn, motivation activates the work of the corresponding functional systems, primarily afferent synthesis and the acceptor of action results. It creates a special state of the functional system - pre-launch integration, which ensures the body’s readiness to perform the appropriate activity. Under the influence of this, the tone of the sympathetic nervous system is excited (increased), as a result of which vegetative reactions intensify and the actual search activity of the human body increases. In addition, subjective emotional experiences arise, which have a predominantly negative connotation until the corresponding need is satisfied. All of the above creates conditions for optimal achievement of what you want.

Due to their diversity, unequal needs often coexist simultaneously, prompting a person to different actions, therefore, dominant motivational arousal plays a role in the implementation of the desired action. According to the principle of dominance, formulated by A. A. Ukhtomsky, at any given moment in time, the motivation that is based on the most important need prevails. The dominant motivational arousal, which induces certain goal-directed behavior, persists until the need that caused it is satisfied.

In addition, the excitation of motivational subcortical centers, having arisen, accumulates to a critical level, after which the cells begin to send certain discharges and maintain such activity until the need is satisfied. This is where the neural mechanisms of motivation come into play.

Needs are experienced by a person in two ways: on the one hand, as unique experiences of real needs that urgently require their satisfaction, on the other hand, as an awareness of needs in the form of certain ideas. Such awareness of needs was a condition for the formation of interests as qualitatively special motives of the individual.

Interests- these are the motives of a person, expressing his special focus on understanding certain phenomena of the surrounding life and at the same time determining his more or less constant tendency to certain types of activities.

Features of interest are:

– activation of not only cognitive processes, but also creative motivational efforts of a person in various fields of activity;
– greater than usual specification of the goals and operations of the activity;
– expansion and deepening of a person’s knowledge in this special area and the development of relevant practical skills and abilities;
– a kind of emotional satisfaction that encourages long-term engagement in relevant activities.

Interest, in addition, is characterized by the speed of its occurrence and the relative ease of maintaining voluntary attention. It includes curiosity as the initial stage of its emergence, which is characterized only by the general emotional tone of the cognitive process in the absence of a clear selective attitude towards the objects of knowledge. In the process of its further formation, preserving the emotional manifestations of cognitive needs and enriching them with diversity, interest acquires a clear, constant focus on its object. Interest is always specific: to certain objects, phenomena, types of activities (interest in a car, political event, music, sports, etc.).

The direction of interest largely depends on the person’s inclinations and abilities. The only thing that is interesting is what is new: the old, long-known, tested (even in entertainment), if it does not appear in a new light, in new combinations and connections, it is of little interest, quickly becomes boring, and leads to satiety and neuropsychic fatigue. However, not everything new is of interest, but only what is connected with what is already known and has at least a distant significance for any human activity: something new in higher mathematics that interests an engineer will not cause any interest, for example, among an art critic. In this regard, a prerequisite for the emergence of interest is preliminary knowledge and practical experience in a certain type of activity.

Covering all aspects of life, all types of activity of an individual, the interests to which his knowledge extends can be very diverse.

1. Interests differ in their content, relating to different areas of knowledge and activity: interest in mathematics, chemistry, history, literature; interests: technical, design, scientific, sports, musical, social (to the life of society), etc.
2. Interests are divided into types depending on qualitative psychological characteristics that do not need a detailed explanation and can be effective and ineffective, stable and unstable, deep and superficial, direct and indirect, strong and weak, active and passive.

Interests must be formed in a directional manner. First of all, for this it is necessary to show the significance of the information received from the object of interest for the knowledge of the object itself and the acquisition of knowledge that is important and necessary in the activities of the individual.

The basis of a person’s motivation is her worldview, which is an established system of beliefs, scientific views on nature, society, human relationships, which have become her internal property and deposited in her consciousness in the form of certain life goals and interests, relationships, positions. The worldview of an individual person is always determined by the historical era and social consciousness. In society, first the material conditions of life, productive forces and production relations change, and only then and in accordance with them the worldview of people.

1) the content of a person’s worldview, his psychological essence, which manifests itself in the specific influence of individual and socio-psychological qualities of a person on behavior, actions and deeds;
2) the degree of integrity of worldview and beliefs, the absence or presence of contradictions in them, reflecting the opposing interests of different layers of society; the integrity of the worldview is violated if a person is guided or influenced by conflicting interests, the bearer of which he suddenly finds himself due to various kinds of social circumstances;
3) the degree of awareness of a person’s place in society; it very often happens that a person cannot find his place in society for too long due to various circumstances, which does not allow his worldview to finally take shape and manifest itself effectively;
4) the content and nature of needs and interests, the stability and ease of their switchability, their narrowness and versatility; being quite changeable, the needs and interests of the individual, while weakly formed or narrow, greatly limit a person’s worldview.

Personality settings- this is her internal disposition (predisposition) to carry out a particular activity or inhibit her own activity. Attitudes have important functional significance: they act as states of readiness that allow an individual to more effectively perform certain activities. Their main functions:

– determination of the sustainable nature of the activity;
– liberation of the individual from the need to make decisions and arbitrarily control the progress of activities in standard situations.

Goals- these are the most significant objects, phenomena, tasks and objects for a person, the achievement and possession of which constitute the essence of his life and activity. Goals realize the needs of the individual and act as images of the final result of the activity.

2. Temperament– this is a mental property of a person, characterized by the dynamics of mental processes. Temperament reflects the dynamic characteristics of a person’s activity and behavior, which is expressed not so much in their final result, but in their course. I.P. Pavlov believed that temperament is a genotype, i.e. an innate, natural feature of the nervous system.

Currently, psychology distinguishes the following main features of the manifestation of temperament:

– sensitivity(increased sensitivity), which is judged by the least force of external influences necessary to cause some kind of mental reaction;
– reactivity, emotionality, whose function is determined by the strength of a person’s emotional reaction to external and internal stimuli;
– resistance, those. resistance to unfavorable conditions that inhibit activity;
– rigidity-plasticity, in which the first property is characterized by inflexibility of adaptation to external conditions, and the second is the opposite of it.
– extroversion-introversion, characterized by what a person’s reactions and activities largely depend on - on external impressions at the moment (extroversion) or, conversely, on images, ideas and thoughts associated with the past and future (introversion);
– excitability of attention, which is activated even in the presence of a minimal degree of novelty of objects, phenomena, people found in the reality surrounding a person.

Temperament is the result of a specially organized GNI in the human cerebral cortex, which is formed under the influence of a different ratio of two main nervous processes: excitation and inhibition. Excitation is the functional activity of nerve cells and centers of the cerebral cortex. Inhibition is the attenuation of the activity of nerve cells and centers of the cerebral cortex.

Nervous processes of excitation and inhibition, in turn, are characterized by strength, balance and mobility. The strength of nervous processes characterizes the human nervous system from the point of view of its ability to withstand prolonged or very strong excitation without passing into a state of extreme inhibition. The balance of nervous processes indicates the peculiarities of the relationship between the processes of excitation and inhibition in humans. The mobility of nervous processes shows the ability of excitation and inhibition to quickly replace each other. Different combinations of these indicators are inherent in different types of human GNI.

The type of nervous system is a physiological concept, and temperament is a psychological concept. Temperament is a psychological manifestation of mud as a complex of properties of GNI. I.P. Pavlov identified four distinct types of GNI and, in accordance with this, four types of temperament.

1. Strong. In a person who is characterized by this type, the processes of excitation and inhibition are strong. There is a balance between them. This type of GNI corresponds sanguine temperament, whose representatives are distinguished by great mobility, but a person who possesses it more easily adapts to changing living conditions. Sensitivity in sanguine people is insignificant, so disruptive factors of activity do not always negatively affect their behavior. In this case, we can talk about quite significant resistance. A sanguine person is usually in high spirits, characterized by quick and effective thinking, and great productivity. He gets along with people quickly and is sociable. A sanguine person’s feelings arise and change easily. His facial expressions are rich, mobile, expressive. At the same time, in the absence of serious goals, deep thoughts, and creative activity, a sanguine person can develop superficiality and inconstancy.
2. Rampant. Excitation and inhibition in this type of VND are very strong and dynamic. However, these processes are not balanced. Corresponds to the unrestrained type choleric temperament, whose representatives are characterized by increased excitability and unbalanced behavior. They often experience cyclical activity, i.e. transitions from intense activity to a sharp decline due to decreased interest or depletion of mental strength. A choleric person is distinguished by fast and sharp movements, general motor mobility, his feelings are clearly expressed in facial expressions and speech. He is impressionable, often looks arrogant and arrogant. The feeling of mental balance that is easily given to a sanguine person is completely unfamiliar to a choleric person: he finds peace only in the most intense activity. The manifestation of choleric temperament largely depends on the orientation of the individual, which in people with social interests manifests itself in initiative, energy, and integrity. Where there is no richness of spiritual life, choleric temperament often manifests itself negatively: in irritability, efficiency.
3. Inert. The processes of excitation and inhibition here are strong, balanced, but inactive. This type of GNI corresponds phlegmatic temperament, whose representatives demonstrate weak excitability, sensitivity, and rigidity. Despite the fact that the mental processes of such a person proceed slowly, after a long period of “getting used to” he can persistently work in the same direction. At the same time, people of this type are not known for their initiative, so they often need guidance in any activity. The presence of strong inhibition, which balances the process of excitation, helps the phlegmatic person to restrain his impulses and not be distracted when exposed to distracting stimuli. At the same time, the inertia of nervous processes gives rise to rigidity of dynamic stereotypes and insufficient flexibility in actions. A phlegmatic person, as a rule, is completely alien to anxiety. His usual states are calmness, quiet satisfaction with those around him. New forms of behavior in a phlegmatic person are developed slowly, but are persistent. Usually he is even-tempered and calm, rarely loses his temper, and is not prone to emotions. Depending on the conditions, in some cases a phlegmatic person may develop positive traits (control, depth of thoughts, etc.), in others - lethargy and indifference to the environment, laziness and lack of will.
4. Weak. The processes of excitation and inhibition in this case are weak. They are inactive and unbalanced. This type of GNI corresponds melancholic temperament, whose representatives are distinguished by high emotional sensitivity, sensitivity, and increased vulnerability. They react painfully to a sudden complication of the situation, experience strong fear in dangerous situations, and feel insecure when meeting strangers. With a tendency towards stable, long-term moods, a melancholic person outwardly weakly expresses his feelings. In him, the process of inhibition predominates, so strong stimuli lead to extreme inhibition, which entails a sharp deterioration in activity. Melancholic people are characterized by tightness in movements, hesitation and caution in decisions. His reaction often does not correspond to the strength of the stimulus; external inhibition is especially active in a melancholic person. It is difficult for him to concentrate on something for a long time, and strong influences often cause him to have a prolonged inhibitory reaction. Under normal living conditions, a melancholic person is a deep, meaningful person. Under unfavorable conditions, he can turn into a withdrawn, fearful, anxious person.

Representatives of different types of temperament exhibit different psychological characteristics in activities and communication with other people. Sanguine and phlegmatic people are quite balanced in such relationships, rarely engage in interpersonal confrontation, and soberly assess their place and role in group and social processes. In contrast, choleric people are the most conflicted individuals, always sorting out relationships with other people. They do not tolerate any group or authoritarian pressure from outside, although at the same time they show quite a lot of sociability and social activity. Melancholic people, in turn, are unsociable. They are also characterized by a fear of expanding contacts and a painful perception of failures in social communication and interaction.

3. Character- this is a mental property of a person that determines a person’s line of behavior and is expressed in his relationship to the world around him, work, other people, and himself. Character is a set of relatively stable and constantly manifested personality traits and qualities (volitional, emotional, intellectual), which determine the characteristics of its individual and social behavior and interaction with other people. To know character means to correctly and clearly perceive those essential traits of a person that are manifested in his actions with a certain logic and internal consistency.

Despite the fact that character is made up of many different traits, it is not a mechanical sum of the latter. Connected with each other, these traits create a holistic structure that can be considered in general psychological, typological aspects, as well as in the aspect of individual characteristics. At the same time, the character structure includes such interrelated essential traits that are common to all people:

– focus, expressed in the ideological purposefulness of a person’s behavior, in the fact that the motives that motivate him to activity stem from the main, guiding ideas that become the main goal of his life;
– initiative, which is a person’s ability to exercise independent will, expressed in independently setting goals and organizing actions aimed at achieving them;
– activity, those. a complex character trait that manifests itself in a person’s active attitude to work;
– discipline, which is expressed in the precise and unswerving subordination of one’s actions to the established rules and requirements of duty;
– determination, those. a person’s ability to make independent decisions and steadily carry them into actions associated with difficulties or dangers;
– durability, expressed in perseverance, perseverance, desire to achieve the goal at all costs;
– courage, those. lack of fear of obstacles and dangers;
– excerpt– the ability to endure great stress, overcome feelings of fatigue, and endure pain patiently;
– perseverance, will to win(persistent people do not retreat from setbacks; on the contrary, temporary setbacks further stimulate their energy and desire to win).

Character traits determine the psychological characteristics of the individual himself:

1. Attitude to the world and life influences the worldview and attitude of the individual, which represent an understanding of the surrounding world, humanity, society, the value of one’s life and attitude towards them; perception of surrounding social existence and attitude towards it; understanding of the need for self-realization and self-affirmation in life and society and attitude towards it. This is the world in a person’s mind and understanding of oneself in the world, which depends on a person’s general intellectual abilities, the specific manifestations of the mechanism of social perception, social experience, education and social preparedness of knowledge about the life of society and one’s life in it.
2. The attitude of the individual to the goals and prospects of life in society affects the motivation of her achievements in self-realization and self-affirmation. What a person strives for in life, what he wants to achieve, what needs he wants to satisfy, what interests him especially, whether he strives for the peak of his capabilities - these are the main indicators of the manifestation of this attitude and this socio-psychological characteristic of the individual.
3. Attitude to the achievements and values of human culture influences the civilization of the individual, which represents the assimilation not of social experience in general, but of experience that meets the level of modern human civilization, the high achievements of culture, science, technology, education, intelligence, morality, humanism, democracy, ecology, the settlement of interstate and interethnic relations, etc.
4. Relations with society determine citizenship (or social integration) and are reflected in the socio-psychological characteristics that characterize the individual as a member of society.
5. Relationships with the group affect group integration, which is the identity of the individual’s psychology with the psychology of a specific group or community, the coincidence of its intentions and actions with group dynamics, and the understanding of unity with the people in the group.
6. Relationships with people influence an individual's communication skills. Sociability is sociability, openness, friendliness, benevolence, humanism, democracy, justice, decency, honesty, empathy (the ability to understand and experience the states and feelings of another person), sensitivity to someone else’s misfortune, altruism (selfless concern for others).
7. Attitude towards personal participation in public life, group life, and improving one’s lifestyle affects the social activity of the individual. These characteristics express the main source of subjectivity of social relations - their dependence on the individual himself.

Character is closely interconnected with orientation, which is manifested in the active selective attitude of the individual to the requirements of the real world and thus influences human activity.

Features of temperament also leave an imprint on a person’s character and social behavior. However, which side of temperament (positive or negative) will become a character trait depends on the conditions of its formation.

Formed under the influence of social conditions as a result of activity, character is at the same time a manifestation of an integral personality, therefore it is necessary to imagine its individual development throughout the entire life path.

There is a certain connection between character traits and human physiology. In particular, even at the dawn of the development of psychological science, there were typologies where individual and socio-psychological characteristics were considered as a result of the influence of physique (its anatomical and physiological uniqueness) on character. Based on this, the following categories of people were identified: picnics, athletes and asthenics.

Picnics– these are people who are overweight, have large internal organs, and thick and short upper and lower limbs. They are usually distinguished by a high degree of interpersonal contact and adaptability to the social environment, the desire to build relationships with all other people in a certain way, which allows them to defend their interests and passions without entering into serious conflicts with others. As a rule, they do not pursue the goal of gaining increased authority, but at the same time, they quite easily defend their own positions, “without losing their face” and without experiencing great anxiety.

Athletics- These are people of athletic build, with internal organs of medium size, with thick but long upper and lower limbs. They are very sociable and socially active, strive to be the center of attention and gain dominant positions among other people, and are often characterized by ebullient expressiveness. They may exhibit a desire for both positive and negative social achievements and interest, which is often perceived with hostility by other people, since not everyone and does not always like their impulsive and uncontrolled activity that prevails over other people’s interests.

Asthenics– these are people with a “frail” physique, small internal organs, long and thin upper and lower limbs. They are usually uncommunicative , reserved in cooperation with other people, cautious in active relationships in a group, very sensitive to changes in their status or social position, and suffer from claustrophobia. Asthenics, as a rule, unnoticed by those around them, strive to gain public recognition for themselves and never allow anyone to lower it; they react painfully to any attempts of this kind.

In 20–50% of people, some character traits are so sharpened, so overdeveloped to the detriment of other qualities, that a kind of “skew” or “accentuation” occurs. The severity of character accentuations can vary: from mild, noticeable only to the immediate environment, to extreme options, when you have to wonder if there is a disease - psychopathy, i.e. painful deformity of character (while maintaining the person’s intelligence), as a result of which relationships with surrounding people are sharply disrupted. Psychopaths can even be socially dangerous to others. Unlike psychopathy, character accentuations do not appear constantly; over the years they can completely smooth out and approach the norm.

Accentuations of character are more common in adolescents and young men (50–80%) than in adults, since these are the most critical periods of life for the formation of character, the manifestation of one’s uniqueness and individuality. Then, over the years, accentuations can smooth out or, on the contrary, intensify, developing into neuroses or psychopathy.

Of great interest is the identification, based on accentuation, of 12 personality types that are well known to many people from practical experience.

1. Demonstrative type its carriers are characterized by confrontational behavior, the manifestation of such socio-psychological qualities as suspicion, excessive interpersonal aggressiveness and others, which are the reason for their eternal confrontation in relation to other people and causing pronounced dislike on the part of the latter. Representatives of this type strive to be in the center of attention and achieve their goals at any cost: scandals, faking illnesses, boasting, unusual hobbies, lies. They easily forget about their unseemly deeds, and they are characterized by high adaptability to people.
2. Pedantic type characterized by increased social rigidity, constant direction of personal preferences and orientations, weak ability to adjust one’s social behavior, conscientiousness, accuracy, seriousness, reliability in business and expression of feelings. Representatives of this type are attractive to others for their conscientiousness, accuracy, seriousness, and reliability in business and relationships. However, such people also have repulsive traits: formalism, “cunning”, “boringness”, the desire to shift important decisions to others, obsessiveness.
3. "Stuck" type characterized by excessive persistence of strong emotional experiences and a tendency to form overvalued ideas, inflated self-esteem compared to others. People of this type cannot forget grievances and “settle scores” with their offenders. They have official and everyday intractability and a tendency to protracted squabbles. In a conflict, these people are most often an active party and clearly define for themselves a circle of enemies and friends. The interlocutors like their desire to achieve high results in any business, the manifestation of high demands on themselves, a thirst for justice, integrity, strong, stable views. At the same time, people of this type have traits that repel others from them: resentment, suspicion, vindictiveness, ambition, arrogance, jealousy, a sense of justice inflated to the point of fanaticism.
4. Excitable type The main features of its carriers are increased social impulsivity, weakened control over their emotions, impulses and actions, ultimately leading to conflicts and difficulties in communicating with other people. Representatives of this type exhibit increased irritability, lack of restraint, gloominess, and boringness, but flattery and helpfulness are also possible (as a disguise). They actively and often conflict, do not avoid quarrels with their superiors, are difficult to get along with in the team, and are despotic and cruel in the family. People around them do not like their irritability, short temper, inappropriate outbursts of anger and cruelty, and weakened control over their behavior.
5. Introverted type whose representatives are characterized by low sociability and isolation. They usually stay away from everyone and interact with other people when necessary. Most often, such people are immersed in themselves, in their own thoughts. They are characterized by increased vulnerability, but they do not tell anything about themselves and do not share their experiences. They even treat their close people coldly and reservedly. These people love solitude and prefer to be in solitude rather than in a noisy campaign. They rarely enter into conflicts, only when other people try to invade their inner world. Representatives of this type have a strong emotional coldness and weak attachment to loved ones. People around them like them for their restraint, sedateness, thoughtfulness of actions, strong convictions and adherence to principles. However, persistently defending their unrealistic interests, views and having their own point of view, which is sharply different from the opinion of the majority, pushes people away from them. Loneliness, intrusiveness, unceremoniousness and rudeness of others increase the isolation of representatives of this type.
6. dysthymic type, whose representatives are constantly in a low mood, sad, withdrawn, taciturn, and pessimistic. These people are burdened by noisy societies and do not get along closely with their colleagues. They rarely enter into conflicts; more often they are a passive party in them. They greatly value those people who are friends with them and tend to obey them. People around them like seriousness, high morality, conscientiousness and justice in these people. However, such traits as passivity, pessimism, sadness, slowness of thinking, “separation from the team” repel others from getting to know and befriend them. Conflicts are observed among these people in situations that require vigorous activity. Changing their usual lifestyle has a negative impact on them.
7. The anxiously fearful type among its carriers there are constantly individuals who overestimate the likelihood of danger from the social environment, who have a tendency to excessive social experiences, timidity and fearfulness. People of this type are characterized by low mood, timidity, and lack of self-confidence. They constantly fear for themselves and their loved ones, experience failure for a long time and doubt the correctness of their actions. They rarely enter into conflicts and play a passive role in them. People around them like their friendliness, self-criticism and diligence, but timidity and suspiciousness due to the defenselessness of these people often turn them into an object of jokes.
8. Cyclothymic type whose representatives are characterized by cyclically changing periods of ups and downs in mood, tiring them, making their behavior less predictable, contradictory, leading to adventures. During periods of high mood, cyclothymics are persistent and energetic. During a period of recession, they perceive troubles more acutely, even to the point of committing suicide. These frequent changes in mental states tire such people and make their behavior unstable and impossible to predict.
9. Hyperactive type characteristic of people with a peculiarly accepted experience of anxiety and happiness, frequent changes of moods (their rapid transition from one to another, from positive to negative), exaggerated perception of various kinds of events (for example, the manifestation of delight in connection with joyful events and despair in case of troubles) . Representatives of this type are very energetic, independent, strive for leadership, risk, and adventure. They do not respond to comments, they lack self-criticism. People around them do not like their frivolity, tendency to immoral acts, frivolous attitude towards the responsibilities assigned to them, and excessive irritability.
10. Emotive type characteristic of sensitive and impressionable people, whose moods are distinguished by a special depth of manifestation, the “subtlety” of the flow of emotions and feelings, and social interests are focused primarily on increased attention to the spiritual aspects of public life. Representatives of this type are overly vulnerable and deeply experience the slightest troubles. They are overly sensitive to comments and failures, preferring a narrow circle of friends and loved ones and like-minded people. They do not splash out their grievances, but hide them within themselves. People around them like their altruism, compassion, pity, and expression of joy over other people's successes. These people are very efficient and have a high sense of duty.
11. Exalted type, whose representatives are characterized by very changeable moods, talkativeness, and increased distractibility to external events. Their emotions are clearly expressed and are reflected in falling in love. Traits such as altruism, a sense of compassion, artistic taste, artistic talent, brightness of feelings and affection for friends are liked by interlocutors. But excessive impressionability, pathos, alarmism, and susceptibility to despair are not the best qualities of people of this type.
12. Conformal type. People of this type are highly sociable, talkative to the point of talkativeness. Usually they do not have their own opinion and are very dependent, they strive to be like everyone else and not stand out “from the crowd.” These people are disorganized and prefer to obey; when communicating with friends and in the family, they cede leadership to others. Those around these people like their willingness to listen to the “confession” of another, their diligence. At the same time, these people “without a king in their heads” are subject to the influence of others. They do not think about their actions and have a great passion for entertainment. Conflicts are possible in situations of forced loneliness and lack of control.
4. Capabilities- this is a mental property of a person, reflecting the manifestations of such characteristics that allow him to successfully engage in and master one or more types of activity. Under equal external conditions, different people will acquire knowledge, skills and abilities with unequal degrees of efficiency. Where one person grasps everything on the fly, another spends a lot of time and effort. One reaches the highest level of skill, while the other, with all his efforts, reaches only a certain average level. There are some activities, such as art, science, sports, in which only a person with certain abilities can achieve success.

Abilities can be special or general. Special are opportunities for the development of individual mental processes and personality traits for a specific type of activity (professional). For example, the ability to develop pedagogical attentiveness is a necessary special ability of a teacher. Are common abilities are favorable opportunities for the development of characteristics of the human psyche, which are equally important for many types of activities. Such general abilities, for example, are the ability to develop a person’s resourcefulness, intelligence, etc.

The totality of general and special abilities characteristic of a particular person is giftedness, which determines a person’s particularly successful activity in a certain area and distinguishes him from other persons studying this activity or performing it under the same conditions.

A high degree of talent realized by a person in a certain area is called talent, expressed in an extremely high level of development of qualities and in the special originality of manifestations of individual personality characteristics.

A high level of talent, expressed in results achieved simultaneously in a number of areas of activity, is considered genius. The work of a brilliant person has historical and necessarily positive significance for society. The difference between genius and talent is not so much in the degree of giftedness, but in the fact that a genius creates an era in the field of his activity.

Each person at birth develops certain prerequisites for his abilities - makings, which are the innate anatomical and physiological characteristics of the body that facilitate the development of abilities. The makings are multi-valued. A variety of abilities can be formed on the basis of one inclination. The latter are determined by the environment, the nature of the requirements that are presented to a person’s chosen activity. For example, an inclination such as a mobile nervous system can contribute to the development of many abilities in any type of activity associated with the need to quickly respond to changing situations, actively adapt to new actions, change the pace and rhythm of work, etc.

The study of man within the framework of psychology involves a systematic analysis of the levels of human organization. This level structure is described in most detail in the works of B. G. Ananyev. The scientist presented a detailed examination of four interconnected levels: individual → personality → subject of activity → individuality.

Individual, human biological characteristics

The attribution of a particular person to his biological species is reflected in the concept of “individual,” which characterizes a person as a bearer of biologically determined properties and qualities. B. G. Ananyev also proposed and described in detail a classification of human biological properties, which includes the primary level of realization of the individual’s properties, the secondary level and the highest. The primary level includes:

Class of gender and age properties:

age-related characteristics that are consistently revealed in the process of individual development;
the structural division of human biological properties in accordance with sexual dimorphism, that is, the distinction between two qualitatively different forms of individuals: male and female. The manifestation of personality traits caused by sexual dimorphism is considered within the framework of the psychology of sexual differences (gender psychology), where it is noted that the biological sex of an individual is only a prerequisite for psychological sex, since the formation of sexual identity occurs in the process of human socialization.

Class of individual-typical properties of an individual:

constitution: physique, distinctive features of the figure, biochemical individuality;
brain activity, features of neurodynamics, functional organization of brain activity.

Individual properties of the secondary level are a kind of result of the mutual influence of properties of the primary level, manifested in human needs and psychophysiological functions: sensory, mnemonic, etc.

The highest level of a person’s individual properties includes temperament, character, and inclinations (as a prerequisite for the development of abilities). These properties can already be considered in relation to the individual as a subject of activity.

Personality and mental properties

Having been born as an individual, a person almost immediately becomes part of a system of social interactions, which leads to the formation of a special social quality - he becomes a person. The reason for this phenomenon can also be considered the fact that a person acts as a subject - a bearer of consciousness, formed and manifested in the process of activity.

The properties that form the mental make-up of a person include: temperament, character, including the level of development of qualitative characteristics of mental processes, emotional, moral and volitional characteristics, worldview and ideals, abilities and inclinations of the individual.

Temperament and its types

Among the personal individual psychological characteristics that manifest themselves in behavior and various dynamics of mental processes, temperament is to a greater extent included. This property of the psyche is determined by biological individual characteristics and cannot be trained or adjusted in ontogenesis. Temperament is manifested in sensory sensitivity and reactions to experienced events.

The founder of the doctrine of different types of temperament is the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (460–377 BC), who believed that there are four fluids in the human body: blood (from the Latin “sangus”), lymph (from the Greek “sangus”). phlegm"), bile (from the Greek “schole”) and black bile (from the Greek “malas schole”). When one of the fluids predominates in the body, a sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic or choleric temperament manifests itself. Later, the doctrine of temperament was considered in the works of the Roman physician C. Galen (c. 130–200), and in the twentieth century by the Russian physiologist I. Pavlov (1849–1936), the German psychiatrist E. Kretschmer (1888–1964), etc. .

To date, the concept of temperament in psychology comes down to the following.

Definition

Temperament is an individual property of the psyche that characterizes the dynamics of a person’s mental activity, behavioral characteristics, balance and the strength of reactions in various life situations. Temperament is innate, determined by the mutual influence of the qualitative characteristics of the nervous system.

In psychology, there are four types of temperament.

Sanguine temperament is determined by a stable, balanced and mobile nervous system, in which the process of inhibition balances the process of excitation. Individuals with a sanguine temperament are distinguished by high rates of mental processes and quick reactions to internal and external stimuli. Such people are sociable, have rich facial expressions, fast and expressive movements, and a fast pace of speech. They are characterized by high and conscious discipline, deliberate actions, optimism and at the same time variability of feelings, interests, views and attachments. They are pronounced extroverts and pay more attention to external factors than to a subjective idea of the past and future.

Phlegmatic temperament characterized by a strong, balanced, but inert nervous system. Individuals with this type of temperament demonstrate a slow reaction to stimuli and inertia; the expression of emotions is always restrained, it is difficult to disturb a phlegmatic person from a state of balance. Facial expressions, movements and glances are mostly unemotional, but only informative.

People with a phlegmatic temperament are moderately sociable, even in their relationships with others, not touchy, not talkative, do not like to have abstract conversations, do not like to change friends, life routines and habits, are distinguished by social passivity and are strong introverts.

Choleric temperament correlates with an unbalanced nervous system, characterized by increased excitability and the predominance of the excitation process over the inhibition processes. Imbalance is manifested in the behavior of the individual and is associated with a high speed of reaction to stimuli, which is manifested in sudden movements, impatience, hot temper and thoughtlessness of actions. At the same time, individuals with a choleric temperament have expressive facial expressions and gestures.

Choleric people easily come into contact with others and adapt to new conditions of life and activity without much difficulty. When communicating with others, they tend to interrupt their interlocutors; they take the initiative in a conversation, ardently defending their views and positions.

Melancholic temperament due to the weakness of the processes of excitation and inhibition, the lack of balance between them with a predominance of inhibition and increased inertia of nervous processes. A person with a melancholic temperament is characterized by the perception of even weak stimuli as a strong influence, which can inhibit the activity of the melancholic person to the point of stress.

A melancholic person is characterized by isolation and unsociability. It is difficult for him to get close to people; this takes a lot of time. In communication he behaves warily, tries to be in the “shadow”, when interacting with new people he is embarrassed and lost when establishing contact with them, he is shy and indecisive. Such people are characterized by restrained and uncertain facial expressions, quiet speech and cautious, timid movements.

Character

Any person has the most pronounced traits and properties, which are more or less clearly manifested in communication and activity. A stable correlation of such properties forms the character of a particular person.

Definition

Character (from the Greek “trait”, “seal”) is a set of stable human traits that make up his individuality and are manifested in individual mental states, behavior, habits, mentality, emotional and volitional properties. Such a set of traits determines all aspects of human behavior, forms a stable perception of the surrounding world, other people, work, oneself, and expresses the individual uniqueness of the individual in activity and communication.

This set is represented by a number of features that are classified into groups:

a group of intellectual traits (flexibility and logical thinking, perception, imagination, observation, absent-mindedness, etc.);
a group of moral traits (sense of duty, collectivism, honesty, humanity, individualism, deceit, etc.);
a group of emotional traits (cheerfulness, cheerfulness, confidence, despondency, sarcasm, pessimism, etc.);
a group of strong-willed traits (initiative, endurance, independence, determination, courage, determination, passivity, cowardice, indecision, etc.);
a group of traits associated with temperament (extraversion - introversion; calm - anxiety; restraint - impulsiveness; lability - rigidity);
a group of traits that determine a person’s actions (rationality, prudence, worldview and ideals).

These traits are manifested in individual behavioral acts, states, habits, behavior patterns and activities. They act as the basis for active, purposeful, indecisive or submissive-imitative and other behavior, and can constitute strong or weak, hard or soft, heavy or light and other characters.

Abilities and inclinations

Personality properties that depend both on innate qualities and on their training, development and improvement and that influence the success of a person’s performance of activities are considered using the concept of “ability.”

Definition

Abilities are individual psychological characteristics of a person that determine the success of an activity, determine the ease and speed of learning new ways and techniques of work (creativity), but cannot be reduced to knowledge, skills and abilities.

In psychology it is customary to distinguish:

general abilities - abilities that determine a person’s success in a wide variety of activities (mental abilities, developed memory, perfect speech, subtlety and accuracy of manual movements, abilities in interacting with people);
special abilities - abilities that determine a person’s success in specific types of activities, the implementation of which requires inclinations of a special kind and their development (musical, mathematical, linguistic, technical, operational, etc.).

A prerequisite for the development of abilities is inclinations.

Definition

Inclinations are morphological and functional features of the structure of the brain, sensory organs and movement, which act as natural prerequisites for the development of abilities.

In conclusion, it is necessary to characterize individuality as the last level of human organization. Individuality is an integral property of a person that unites all the properties of the individual (appearance, body features) and mental properties of the individual (temperament, character, abilities and inclinations), including as a subject of activity.

Difference from temperament

Manifestations of character

In the system of personality relationships, four groups of character manifestations are distinguished, forming symptom complexes:

a person’s attitude towards other people, towards the team, towards society: individualism; collectivism (sociability, sensitivity and responsiveness, respect for others - people and the opposite traits - isolation, callousness, rudeness, contempt for people);
traits that show a person’s attitude to work, to his business (hard work, a penchant for creativity, conscientiousness in work, a responsible attitude to work, initiative, perseverance and the opposite traits - laziness, a tendency to routine work, dishonesty in work, irresponsible attitude to work , passivity);
traits that show how a person relates to himself (self-esteem, correctly understood pride and the self-criticism associated with it, modesty and its opposite traits: conceit, sometimes turning into arrogance, vanity, arrogance, touchiness, shyness, egocentrism as a tendency to consider in the center of events oneself and one’s experiences, selfishness is the tendency to care primarily about one’s own personal good);
traits that characterize a person’s attitude towards things (neatness or sloppiness, careful or careless handling of things).

1) character is formed during life, and temperament arises biologically (at birth).

2) temperament is stable, character is constantly changing.

3) character depends on motives and will, temperament does not.

16. Personality- a concept developed to reflect the social nature of a person, consider him as a subject of sociocultural life, define him as a bearer of an individual principle, self-revealing in the contexts of social relations, communication and objective activity. By “personality” we understand: 1) the human individual as a subject of relationships and conscious activity (“person” in the broad sense of the word) or 2) a stable system of socially significant traits that characterize the individual as a member of a particular society or community. Although these two concepts - face as the integrity of a person (Latin persona) and personality as his social and psychological appearance (Latin regsonalitas) - are terminologically quite distinguishable, they are sometimes used as synonyms.

As relatively independent components of the personality structure (its substructures), we can distinguish: 1) the dynamics of its mental processes - temperament; 2) mental capabilities of the individual, in certain types of activities - abilities; 3) personality orientation - its characteristic needs, motives, feelings, interests, assessments, likes and dislikes, ideals and worldview; 4) manifesting itself in appropriate generalized modes of behavior, orientation determines the character of the individual.

17. Stages of personality development. At the stage of infancy, the mother plays the main role in the child’s life; she feeds, cares, gives affection, care, as a result of which the child develops basic trust in the world. Basic trust is manifested in the ease of feeding, the child’s good sleep, normal bowel function, the child’s ability to calmly wait for the mother (does not scream or call, the child seems confident that the mother will come and do what is needed). The dynamics of trust development depend on the mother. A severe deficit in emotional communication with the baby leads to a sharp slowdown in the child’s mental development.

The 2nd stage of early childhood is associated with the formation of autonomy and independence, the child begins to walk, learns to control himself when performing acts of defecation; Society and parents teach the child to be neat and tidy, and begin to shame him for having “wet pants.”

At the age of 3-5 years, at the 3rd stage, the child is already convinced that he is an individual, since he runs, knows how to speak, expands the area of mastery of the world, the child develops a sense of enterprise and initiative, which is embedded in the game. Play is very important for a child's development, i.e. forms initiative, creativity, the child masters relationships between people through play, develops his psychological capabilities: will, memory, thinking, etc. But if parents strongly suppress the child and do not pay attention to his games, then this negatively affects the child’s development and contributes to the consolidation of passivity , uncertainty, guilt.

At primary school age (4th stage), the child has already exhausted the possibilities of development within the family, and now the school introduces the child to knowledge about future activities, transmits the technological egos of culture.
If a child successfully masters knowledge and new skills, he believes in himself, is confident, and calm, but failures at school lead to the emergence, and sometimes to the consolidation, of feelings of inferiority, lack of faith in one’s abilities, despair, and loss of interest in learning.

During adolescence (stage 5), the central form of ego-identity is formed. Rapid physiological growth, puberty, concern about how he looks in front of others, the need to find his professional calling, abilities, skills - these are the questions that arise before a teenager, and these are already society’s demands on a teenager about self-determination.

At the 6th stage (youth), it becomes important for a person to search for a life partner, close cooperation with people, strengthening ties with the entire social group, a person is not afraid of depersonalization, he mixes his identity with other people, a feeling of closeness, unity, cooperation, intimacy appears with certain people. However, if the diffusion of identity extends to this age, the person becomes isolated, isolation and loneliness become entrenched.

7th – central stage – adult stage of personality development. Identity development continues throughout your life; there is influence from other people, especially children: they confirm that they need you. Positive symptoms of this stage: the individual invests himself in good, beloved work and care for children, is satisfied with himself and life.

After 50 years (8th stage), a completed form of ego-identity is created based on the entire path of personal development; a person rethinks his entire life, realizes his “I” in spiritual reflections on the years he has lived. A person must understand that his life is a unique destiny that does not need to be crossed, a person “accepts” himself and his life, realizes the need for a logical conclusion to life, shows wisdom, a detached interest in life in the face of death.

Genesis of criminal behavior- this is the origin, the history of the origin of criminal behavior. Crime is the most dangerous part of offenses, which has an acute antisocial orientation. A crime is a volitional, conscious, socially dangerous, illegal and punishable by law action.

Criminal behavior arises as a result of a complex interaction of objective and subjective factors, general and particular causes, prerequisites and conditions. In a legal analysis of the structure of criminal behavior, as is known, there are four components: 1) object; 2) objective aspects of the crime; 3) subjective aspects of the crime; 4) the subject of the crime. Psychological analysis of the formation of criminal behavior involves revealing the origin of criminal behavior and the formation of its constituent aspects. Here the questions come to the fore: why is a crime committed, what led a person to a crime, what is the internal mental content that externally manifested itself in a criminal act?

The answers to these questions cannot be simple and unambiguous.

Some claim “that crime is generated to such and such a degree by one factor, to such and such a degree by another factor, and to such and such a degree by a third.” The causes of crime are a complex phenomenon, and they require systemic analysis.

Each crime is an extremely individual and multifactorial phenomenon. To theoretically cover the genesis of criminal behavior, it is necessary to analyze the most common types of criminal behavior. Crimes can be intentional and unintentional, long-term prepared and committed spontaneously, impulsively natural for a given person and accidental. They can be committed in the sphere of economic relations, in the social and everyday sphere and in the sphere of general civil and official duties.

A systematic approach to human psychology means overcoming the idea of personality as a receptacle of psychological processes, states and properties. Personality is a single holistic formation, the individual elements of which are in natural relationships. Thus, the natural characteristics of an individual - the type of his higher nervous activity - naturally determines his temperament. Temperament manifests itself in all actions of an individual. The type of higher nervous activity and a person’s temperament determine to a certain extent his abilities. A person’s abilities determine the possibility of his inclusion in certain types of activities, therefore they influence the formation of the personality’s orientation. A person's orientation, ability and temperament are refracted in character traits.

Mental properties are multisystem, that is, they manifest themselves differently in different systems of relationships. It is possible to highlight the properties of the individual as a subject of cognition, work activity, and communication.

Thus, in the process of cognition, the gnostic properties of the individual acquire paramount importance: sensory-perceptual, mnemonic and intellectual (cognitive). In the process of work activity, the corresponding abilities and character are of paramount importance, and in the process of communication - character and communicative properties (speech characteristics, contact, reflexivity, suggestiveness, conformity, psychological compatibility, etc.).