Presentation of food infections and poisoning. Food poisoning

First aid for poisoning

Teacher of Makeevka Lyceum No. 2 “Prestige”

Pershina Inna Georgievna

Poisoning. Causes of poisoning.

A poison is any substance that, when ingested, causes poisoning, illness or death. The consequences of poisoning depend on various factors:

Type of toxic substance (or substances);

Amount of toxic substance;

The time when the poisoning occurred;

Duration of contact with a toxic substance;

Physiological characteristics of the victim (age, weight);

Method of entry into the body.

Ways of toxic substances entering the human body:

• digestive tract;
• respiratory tract;
• skin (dermal method);
• as a result of injection.

Poisoning through the digestive tract:

Poisoning through the digestive tract occurs when toxic substances enter the body through the mouth or when these substances come into contact with the lips or mucous membranes of the mouth. These could be: medications, detergents, pesticides, mushrooms and plants. Many substances in small quantities are not poisonous and only lead to poisoning when taken in a significant dose.

Inhalation poisoning:

Gaseous or inhaled toxic substances enter the body through inhalation. These include gases and vapors, such as carbon monoxide coming from a car exhaust or from poor exhaust in a furnace or heating device, nitrous oxide (laughing gas), and substances used in manufacturing.

Dermal method of poisoning:

Toxic substances that penetrate the skin may be contained in some plants, solvents, and insect repellents. Injectable toxic substances enter the body through bites or stings from insects, animals, and snakes, or through syringe injection of medications or drugs.”

Signs and symptoms of poisoning:

The most important thing is to determine that poisoning has occurred. Look for anything unusual at the scene, such as a foul odor, flames, smoke, open or overturned containers, an open first aid kit, or an overturned or damaged plant.

The main signs and symptoms of poisoning include:

General painful condition or appearance of the victim; signs and symptoms of a sudden attack of illness;

Nausea, vomiting;

chest or abdominal pain;

Breathing disorders;

Sweating;

Salivation;

Loss of consciousness;

Muscle twitching;

Convulsions;

Burns around the lips, on the tongue or on the skin;

Unnatural skin color, irritation, wounds;

Strange behavior of the victim.

Principles of first aid:

Follow basic first aid principles for any emergency situation involving poisoning. Interview the victim or witnesses and try to find out:

What type of toxic substance was taken;

In what quantity?

How long ago.

If the toxic substance is unknown, collect a small amount of vomit for subsequent medical examination.

First aid for oral poisoning (when a toxic substance is ingested through the mouth)

Call an ambulance immediately. Find out the circumstances of the incident (in case of drug poisoning, present the medicine wrappers to the arriving medical worker).

If the victim is conscious

Provide gastric lavage. Let's drink a glass of clean water at a temperature of 18-20 C. For one liter of water, it is advisable to add a dessert spoon of salt (10 g) and a teaspoon of baking soda (5 g). After drinking every 300-500 ml of water, you should induce vomiting by touching the root of the tongue with your fingers. The total volume of liquid taken during gastric lavage should be at least 2500-5000 ml. Gastric lavage is carried out until “clean lavage waters”. If you are unconscious, do not rinse your stomach!

If the victim is conscious

Dissolve 10-20 tablets of activated carbon in a glass of water until it becomes a paste. Give the victim something to drink (as an absorbent).

Determine the presence of a pulse in the carotid arteries, the reaction of the pupils to light, and spontaneous breathing.

If the victim is unconscious

If there is no pulse, breathing or pupillary response to light, immediately begin CPR.

If the victim is unconscious

Place the victim in a stable lateral position.

If the victim is unconscious

Wrap the victim in warm blankets and clothes. Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance and ensure that the victim is transported to a medical facility.

First aid for inhalation poisoning (when a toxic substance enters through the respiratory tract)

Signs of carbon monoxide poisoning:

• pain in the eyes;
• tinnitus;
• headache;
• nausea;
• vomit,;
• loss of consciousness;
• redness of the skin.

Signs of household gas poisoning:

• heaviness in the head;
• dizziness;
• tinnitus;
• vomit;
• severe muscle weakness;
• increased heart rate;
• drowsiness;
• loss of consciousness;
• involuntary urination;
• paleness (blue discoloration) of the skin;
• shallow breathing;
• convulsions.

First aid:

Make sure that neither you nor the victim is in danger, take the victim to a safe place or open the windows and ventilate the room. Call an ambulance.

First aid:

Determine the presence of a pulse in the carotid arteries, the presence of pupillary reaction to light, and spontaneous breathing.

First aid:

If there is no pulse, breathing or reaction of the pupils to light, immediately begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

First aid:

When spontaneous breathing and heartbeat are restored, place the victim in a stable lateral position. Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance and ensure that the victim is transported to a medical facility.

In the autumn season, cases of mushroom poisoning become more frequent. What to do if this does happen? Depending on the nature of the poisonous nature inherent in certain mushrooms, three types of poisoning are distinguished:

• the first species is associated with a group of mushrooms from the fly agaric genus - toadstool and related varieties containing amanithemolysin, amanitotoxin, and phalloidin.
• the second type is associated with the consumption of red, panther, porphyry and other varieties of fly agarics containing muscarine, mycoatropine, mycotoxin and other poisons.
• the third type is poisoning with strings that contain helvella acid, which destroys blood cells (hemoglobin) and the liver.

Toadstool poisoning

In recent years, the pale toadstool has come to be called a real killer, because until its “umbrella” cap opens, it is mistaken for a semi-edible or edible mushroom. This is the most poisonous of all mushrooms. The poison amanite, contained in the toadstool, decomposes liver cells. If timely assistance is not provided, the person quickly dies. All other mushrooms are small fry compared to this pale monster. Even cadaveric poison is much weaker than the poison of the pale grebe. Up to 90% of those poisoned by this mushroom die. This occurs, as a rule, due to the external similarity of this mushroom to edible mushrooms - russula, rows and champignons. For serious poisoning, it is enough to eat half or even a third of the mushroom, especially for children who are hypersensitive to mushroom poisons.

Toadstool poisoning

In the clinic of acute poisoning with toadstool, 4 periods can be distinguished.

1. The latent period lasts from 8 to 24 hours after eating mushrooms. All this time, the person feels practically healthy, although the poisons are already absorbed into the blood, making their way to the vital centers.

2. During this period, lasting from one day to 6 days, the poison affects the gastrointestinal tract. The body begins to quickly lose water due to nausea and vomiting. There are stomach pains, frequent and loose stools, sometimes mixed with mucus and blood. In children, this period is very difficult, since the poison quickly penetrates the liver, from which they can die against the background of acute liver failure.

3. Impaired function of both the liver and kidneys. This usually happens on days 5–6. If during this period the patient does not have time to receive the entire complex of antitoxic therapy, then most often death occurs. If effective assistance was provided, then the 4th period begins.

4. The recovery period, when all body functions are gradually restored.

symptoms of toadstool poisoning :

• the appearance of sudden pain in the abdominal area,
• vomit,
• diarrhea (sometimes cholera-like type - “rice water”),
• severe general weakness,
• cyanosis (cyanosis) of the skin and mucous membranes,
• decrease in body temperature,
• convulsions.
• jaundice and liver enlargement may occur.
• The pulse is thread-like, weakly filled, up to 120-140 beats per minute.
• Blood pressure is significantly reduced.
• Possible loss of consciousness.

Fly agaric poisoning

Main signs of poisoning : nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea, profuse sweating, salivation and lacrimation. Signs of neuropsychic disorders appear quite quickly: dizziness, confusion, hallucinations, delirium. The pupils are dilated. In severe cases, a coma with loss of consciousness develops.

Stitch and morel poisoning

Strings and morels belong to the category of conditionally edible mushrooms. They are poisonous to those who do not know how to handle them. Toxicity is destroyed with appropriate processing. These spring mushrooms contain helvella acid, a poison that can cause fatal poisoning. But boiling for 10–20 minutes completely neutralizes the poison, since helvella acid passes into the decoction. Stitches are also rendered harmless by drying; in this case, helvelic acid is oxidized by air and inactivated. Poisoning occurs when they are eaten unprocessed, undercooked or underdried.

Symptoms of poisoning develop after 6-10 hours of the incubation period: weakness, pain in the epigastric region, nausea, vomiting mixed with bile, and occasionally diarrhea. In severe cases, on the second day signs of jaundice appear, an enlarged liver and spleen, severe headaches, loss of consciousness, stupor, and convulsions are observed. Red blood cells are destroyed, that is, hemolysis occurs, in which hemoglobin leaves the red blood cells. As a result, the blood becomes transparent red (“lacquer blood”).

Symptoms of poisoning

develop after 6-10 hours of incubation period:

• weakness occurs
• pain in the epigastric region,
• nausea,
• vomiting mixed with bile,
• occasional diarrhea.
• in severe cases, on the second day signs of jaundice appear, an enlargement of the liver and spleen is observed,
• severe headaches,
• loss of consciousness,
• numbness,
• convulsions.
• red blood cells are destroyed, that is, hemolysis occurs, in which hemoglobin leaves the red blood cells. As a result, the blood becomes transparent red (“lacquer blood”).

External signs of poisoning:

Signs of poisoning are detected several hours after eating. Initial manifestations:

• stomach ache;
• nausea, vomiting;
• loose stools;
• headache and dizziness.

If poisoning with toadstool occurs, then on the second day the body temperature may rise, the liver may enlarge, and jaundice may develop. Symptoms such as rapid heartbeat and low blood pressure cannot be excluded. The most common causes of death are acute liver failure and damage to other vital organs.

First aid:

• First you need to make sure that it is really mushroom poisoning. At the first sign of it, you should immediately cleanse and rinse the gastrointestinal tract. Several tablets of activated carbon should be given internally to bind poisons. It is better to give it in the form of an aqueous suspension. After rinsing the stomach, the patient must be put to bed, after doing a cleansing enema. If for some reason it was not possible to administer a cleansing enema, you can limit yourself to a laxative - castor oil or bitter salt. With any poisoning, the patient loses a lot of fluid (with vomiting, diarrhea), and along with it, mineral compounds necessary for the normal course of metabolic processes are washed out of the body. Therefore, the loss of fluid and salt must be replenished, for which the victim is given small sips of salted water or strong tea. They also reduce the feeling of nausea and vomiting. Even with a clear improvement in the condition, the patient should not be allowed to drink alcohol. Alcohol in any concentration promotes faster dissolution and absorption of poisons into the body. Typically, those suffering from poisoning need cardiovascular medications. You can introduce camphor (2 ml of a 20% oil solution), cordiamine (1 ml). For convulsions, it is recommended to give one of the sedative medications. In all cases of mushroom poisoning, bed rest is required; in severe conditions, hospitalization is indicated.
• If poisoning is suspected or the first symptoms appear after eating mushrooms, it is necessary to induce vomiting and perform gastric lavage. To do this, drink a large amount of liquid and irritate the root of the tongue with your fingers, which will lead to reflex vomiting. After repeating the washing, you need to take activated carbon or carbolene orally. You can take white clay, milk, saline laxative. Lay the victim down and warm his legs with heating pads. Give plenty of fluids (tea, water are suitable for this). It is necessary to call an ambulance team and hospitalize the victim, as the condition may worsen.

First aid in case of poisoning household chemicals

First aid for poisoning by mouth.

Induce vomiting by sticking your finger down your throat. Vomiting should not be induced if the victim:

• is unconscious;
• is in a state of convulsions;
• pregnant woman;
• swallowed a caustic substance (acid or alkali) or a product containing petroleum (kerosene or gasoline);
• has heart disease.

When vomiting, only part of the ingested toxic substance is eliminated, therefore:

After vomiting, give the victim 5-6 glasses of water to reduce the concentration of the toxic substance in the stomach;

If necessary, induce vomiting again;

Call an ambulance.

First aid for poisoning by gaseous inhaled toxins:

• Make sure the scene of the accident is safe.
• Isolate the victim from exposure to gas or vapors. In this case, you need to take the victim out into fresh air and call an ambulance. Monitor airway, breathing and pulse and administer first aid if necessary.
• Help the victim get into a comfortable position until the ambulance arrives.

First aid for skin poisoning

First aid for poisoning through the skin from contact with poison is to thoroughly rinse the damaged area with water for 20 minutes. First of all, remove clothing contaminated with a toxic substance and try not to touch it until it is washed. If there is a wound, such as a burn, apply a clean or sterile, moist dressing.

Help at later stages after contact with a poisonous plant includes the following:

1. If a rash or blisters form on the skin, wash the affected area with a solution of baking soda for 20 minutes to reduce itching.

2. If the victim's condition worsens or a large area is damaged, consult a doctor who can prescribe medication.

First aid for skin contact with dry or liquid chemicals:

• Remove dry chemicals. Try not to damage the skin. Avoid contact of chemicals with your eyes and skin.
• Rinse the damaged area under running water. Although dry chemicals may cause a reaction when they come into contact with water, generous and prolonged rinsing under running water will quickly remove them from the skin.
• Wear protective gloves when providing assistance.

First aid for poisoning through food or air:

Respiratory cessation as a result of contact with a highly toxic substance occurs when it enters the human body through food or air. In this case, it is not recommended for the first aid provider to perform mouth-to-mouth artificial ventilation. The rescuer can only do the following:

1. Carry out artificial ventilation of the lungs

"mouth to nose", which can be somewhat

reduce the risk of infection.

2. Wait for the ambulance team to arrive,

which will apply special

ventilation device.

First aid for poisoning with acids and caustic alkalis:

Poisoning with acids and caustic alkalis (acetic essence, soldering liquid, bath washing liquid, carbolic, oxalic acid, caustic soda, ammonia). Signs of poisoning are burns of the lips, oral mucosa, pain in the larynx, excessive salivation, and bloody vomiting. Before the ambulance arrives, saliva and mucus should be removed from the victim’s mouth. To do this, wipe the oral cavity with a piece of gauze or napkin wrapped on a teaspoon. If signs of suffocation appear, begin artificial respiration. Usually the mouth-to-nose method is used, since the mucous membrane of the mouth is burned. Victims often vomit blood. Since this can lead to acid or alkali entering the respiratory tract, which will worsen the condition, the victim should be given 2-3 glasses of water (no more) to drink to reduce the concentration of the caustic liquid and reduce its destructive effect. You should not try to neutralize the poisonous liquid with soda, as this leads to the formation of a large amount of carbon dioxide, which stretches the stomach, increases pain and bleeding.

Poisoning with industrial fluids usually develops after ingestion in large quantities. Signs of poisoning are agitation, redness and then paleness of the face, the smell of alcohol on the breath, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, unconsciousness, and sometimes convulsions. If the patient is conscious, then you should immediately clear his stomach by giving him a drink of either water or a weak solution of baking soda (1 teaspoon per 1 glass), then induce vomiting. In the future, if there is no nausea and vomiting, the victim is offered to drink strong tea or coffee. Poisoning with alcohol substitutes such as methyl alcohol and ethylene glycol is very dangerous. In these cases, the victim is given to drink, if he is conscious, 100 - 150 ml of vodka, which in this case is an antidote. However, this is not enough to save the patient; since the vital functions of the body are subsequently disrupted, the patient must be urgently taken to a medical facility.

• Signs: first, excitement, redness of the face, the smell of alcohol on the breath, then delirium, paleness of the face, unconsciousness. It is necessary to carefully sniff ammonia. After gastric lavage, cover the patient with heating pads. Drink plenty of hot drinks (strong coffee).

In case of poisoning with industrial poisons.

Such poisons include many drugs and liquids used for technical purposes (for example, antifreeze). In agriculture, various metal salts and mineral fertilizers are used. It must be borne in mind that chemicals, especially those containing potassium, are poisonous. You cannot work with them without following special instructions. In all cases where there is a suspicion of industrial poisoning, you should resort to gastric lavage, enemas and immediate medical attention. Arsenic poisoning is characterized by continuous vomiting and diarrhea, which leads to cramps and bluish extremities. It is necessary to do gastric lavage and call an ambulance.

First aid for insecticide poisoning

Since insect control is carried out by spraying from a spray bottle or a vacuum cleaner, the air is saturated with larvae of these poisons and easily enters the respiratory tract, onto the mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth and skin. Therefore, it is necessary to use them strictly following the instructions. If the poison gets on the skin, it can cause ulcers; damage to the mucous membranes of the eyes leads to severe eye diseases and partial loss of vision. In case of poisoning with vapors of t and ophos or chlorophos, headache, dizziness, muscle pain, and loss of appetite appear. After a few days, these symptoms may subside, but if the vapor concentration is high, damage to the central nervous system may occur.

First aid for poisoning with household chemicals in a child

Poisoning by household chemicals in a child can be very dangerous if it is acetone, chlorophos, rodent control agents, aniline dyes, naphthalene. In this case, the child needs emergency medical care. Less toxic are cosmetics, shoe polish, purple and red ink, watercolor and oil paints, paraffin candles, shaving cream, and shampoo. In case of poisoning with any household substances, it is necessary to immediately induce vomiting in the child by pressing a finger or the handle of a spoon on the root of the tongue, give plenty of fluids and seek medical help.

Prevention of poisoning

It is best, of course, to prevent the occurrence of poisoning. But people are often not careful enough. For example, most cases of poisoning in children occur when there are no adults nearby to supervise them. Children are curious by nature and can get to something that interests them in a matter of seconds. Many substances found in or around the home are toxic. Children are at greater risk of poisoning because they often put everything in their mouths. Many household items and indoor plants contain dangerous toxic substances. To prevent cases of poisoning, follow some general rules:

• Keep all medications, household products, poisonous plants and other hazardous substances away from children. Use cabinets with a lock. Treat all household and medicinal substances as potentially hazardous.
• Never call medicine candy when giving it to your child.
• Store all products in their original, labeled containers.
• Never store household items in food or drink containers.
• Use special symbols for toxic substances and teach children what they mean.
• Unusable or expired food should be thrown away. At the same time, make sure that they do not reach children.
• The use of potentially hazardous chemicals should be carried out in a well-ventilated area and only strictly according to the instructions.

Prevention of poisoning

• In areas where there are a lot of ticks, wear light-colored, but not very bright clothing, which makes it easier to see small insects or ticks on them. Wear a long-sleeved shirt and long pants. Tuck the ends of your trousers into your socks or boots. Tuck your shirt into your trousers.
• When hiking in the forest or field, try to follow the path. Avoid bushes or tall grass.
• When you return home, examine yourself carefully. Pay special attention to the hairy part of the body (back of the neck and hair on the head).
• Collect only those mushrooms that you know well and are sure that they are not poisonous.
• Never pick mushrooms that have a tuberous thickening or collar at the base of the stem.
• Take mushrooms only with stems - this will help avoid encounters with toadstool (especially when collecting russula).
• Do not taste raw mushrooms.
• Do not eat overripe, slimy, flabby, wormy or spoiled mushrooms.
• Do not eat mushrooms from jars that are hermetically sealed at home due to the risk of botulism.

Used literature:

1. Arustamov E.A., Voronin V.A., Zenchenko A.D., Smirnov S.A. Life safety: Textbook. – M.: Publishing and trading corporation "Dashkov and K". 2005.

2. Life safety: Textbook for students / Ed. Ed. S.V. Belova. – 3rd ed., rev. and additional – M.: Higher. school . 2003.

3. Hwang T.A., Hwang P.A. Life safety. Series "Textbooks and teaching aids". – Rostov-on-Done: “Phoenix”. 2001.

4. Hwang T.A., Khwang P.A. Life safety. Series "Textbooks and teaching aids". Rostov-on-Done: "Phoenix". 2002.

5. Mikryukov V.Yu. . Ensuring life safety. In 2 books. Book 1. Personal safety: Proc. Benefit – M.: Higher. school . 2004.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Presentation for a lesson in the discipline “Hygiene and Human Ecology” Topic of the lesson: “Food poisoning of various etiologies and their prevention” Prepared by: teacher of BPOU HE “BMT” Bocharova Oksana Nikolaevna. Voronezh region, Buturlinovka. Buturlinovsky Medical College. 2016

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Lesson topic: “Food poisoning of various etiologies and their prevention” Goals and objectives: 1. To introduce students to the concept of food poisoning. 2. Understand the modern classification of food poisoning, their etiology and the main measures to prevent them. 3. Develop personal hygiene skills, sanitary and hygienic rules when storing food, and cultivate a culture of nutrition.

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Lesson plan Classification of food poisoning Food poisoning of microbial origin and its prevention Food poisoning of non-microbial origin and its prevention

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Food poisoning is a disease that occurs as a result of eating foods heavily contaminated with microorganisms of a certain type or containing substances of a microbial or non-microbial nature that are toxic to the body.

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Classification of food poisoning 1. Poisoning of a microbial nature 1.1 Toxic infections 1.2 Toxicoses 1.2.1 Bacterial 1.2.2 Mycotoxicoses 1.3 Mixed etiology (mixed) 2. Poisoning of a non-microbial nature 2.1 Poisoning with poisonous plants and animal tissues 2.2 Poisoning with products of plant and animal origin that are poisonous under certain conditions 2.3 Poisoning by chemical impurities 3. Poisoning of unknown etiology

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Food poisoning of microbial etiology 1. Poisoning of a microbial nature 1.1 Toxic infections 1.2 Toxicoses 1.2.1 Bacterial 1.2.2 Mycotoxicoses 1.3 Mixed etiology (mixed)

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1. Microbial poisoning Food poisoning is poisoning that can be caused by microbes of various types.

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1.1 Toxic infections are acute diseases that occur when eating food containing massive amounts of living cells (105-106 per 1 g) of a specific pathogen and their toxins, released during the reproduction and death of microorganisms.

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Salmonella Salmonella (named after the American veterinarian Salmon) are common culprits of food poisoning. These microbes live in the intestines of many animals and do not usually make them sick. But if animals are weakened, microbes from the intestines penetrate the blood, and the meat of such animals becomes a source of poisoning. Particular attention in the epidemiology of salmonellosis is paid to the meat of forcedly slaughtered animals. Meat from forced slaughter, which is used when animals become ill, should not be supplied to the retail chain. That is why you should only buy meat that has been branded and inspected by a sanitary inspection. It is very dangerous to buy meat and meat products from random people.

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E. coli A microbe called E. coli can also cause food poisoning. More often, the cause of the disease is prepared meat, fish, vegetable, and culinary products contaminated with E. coli and used as food without heat treatment.

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Features of toxic infections: Epidemiological suddenness, mass, approximately simultaneous illness of the majority of people who consumed this food, cessation of new diseases after the removal of poor-quality food. Clinical: short incubation period, acute onset, short duration, low contagiousness

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1.2 Toxicosis - acute or chronic diseases that occur when eating food containing a toxin that has accumulated in it as a result of the development of a specific pathogen; in this case, viable cells of the pathogen itself may be absent in food or detected in small quantities.

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1.2.1 Bacterial toxicosis is poisoning caused by poison that microbes have released in the product. These include botulism and staphylococcal toxicosis.

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Botulism Botulism is a disease resulting from poisoning by toxins of botulism bacteria and characterized by severe damage to the nervous system. The reservoir of botulism pathogens in nature are warm-blooded, and less often cold-blooded, animals, in whose intestines there are clostridia that are excreted into the external environment with feces. The pathogen itself does not cause human disease, only the toxin is dangerous. For poisoning to occur, the pathogen must multiply with the accumulation of botulinum toxin in an environment with a small amount of oxygen (ham, sausages, canned food, salted fish), as well as in canned vegetables, fruits, and mushrooms.

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Staphylococcal poisoning The source of infection can be animals with mastitis: cows, goats, sheep. Milk from cows with mastitis is prohibited from being used for food: it is collected in a separate container and, after boiling, fed to calves and piglets. Staphylococci multiply especially quickly in summer (and generally in warm weather) in milk, cream, cottage cheese, curd mass, cream, cheese, and minced meat.

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Mycotoxicoses 1.2.2 Mycotoxicoses are a group of diseases in humans and animals caused by certain types of fungi, which in the process of life produce toxic substances - mycotoxins. Toxin-forming fungi are widespread in nature.

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Classification of mycotoxicoses: Sporotrichiotoxicosis; Fusariograminearotoxicosis; Fusarionivaletoxicosis.

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Sporotrichiellotoxicosis Sporotrichiellotoxicosis is a serious human disease associated with the consumption of products from grain that has overwintered under the snow or was harvested late, containing fungal toxins. It occurs with severe symptoms and often ends in the death of victims.

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Fusariograminearotoxicosis Fusariograminearotoxicosis ("drunk bread" syndrome) occurs from eating baked goods made from grains infected with a fungus. The toxic substances it produces are nitrogen-containing glucosides, cholines and alkaloids that act on the central nervous system. Human disease manifests itself in weakness, a feeling of heaviness in the limbs, stiffness of gait, the appearance of severe headaches and dizziness, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. With prolonged use of products made from such grains, anemia, mental disorders, and sometimes death of the patient can occur.

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Fusarionivaletoxicosis is a serious disease of humans and animals observed when consuming products and feed from wheat, barley and rice affected by “red mold”. The disease in humans is accompanied by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and headaches. Fusarionivaletoxicosis

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Prevention of microbial poisoning Prevention of food poisoning of a microbial nature comes down to preventing contamination of food products by microbes that cause food poisoning, preventing the proliferation of microorganisms in food and destroying the invading microbes by heat treatment. For this purpose, sanitary supervision, veterinary and sanitary supervision over the sanitary conditions of animal slaughter, catching and processing of large fish, production of sausages, canned food, production and processing of milk, as well as control over the production of confectionery products, processing, storage and sale of ready-made dishes are carried out in canteens, food blocks of children's institutions, buffets and other catering establishments.

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Food poisoning of non-microbial etiology 2.1 Poisoning by poisonous plants and animal tissues 2.1.1 Plants that are poisonous by nature 2.2.2 Animal tissues that are poisonous by nature

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In the Russian Federation, poisonous plants include: - plants that cause primary damage to the nervous system Aconite - toxic effect - alkaloid aconitine and zongorine: poisonous organs - all vegetative organs, especially root cones. Henbane and Belladonna - toxic effect - alkaloids: atropine hyoscyamine, scopolamine; poisonous organs: leaves, roots, seeds, berries. Vekh poisonous – toxic effect – cicutoxin; poisonous organs rhizome milestone.

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plants that primarily cause damage to the gastrointestinal tract “Wolf’s Bast” - toxic effects of the glycoside daphnin, dafnetoxin, meserine; flavonoids sit-toster in; poisonous organs - bark (bast), leaves, flowers, fruits. Colchicum - toxic effects of alkaloids, colchicine, colchamine; poisonous organs of corms and seeds. Castor bean - poisonous properties of glycoprotein - ricin and alkaloid - ricinin; poisonous organs seeds (cake).

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plants that cause predominantly damage to the HEART Digitalis - toxic effects glycosides (cardenolides), flavonoids, steroid saponins; poisonous organs leaves. Hellebore - toxic effect of alkaloid – veratrine; poisonous organs - roots. Lily of the valley - toxic effect of saponin convallarin and a number of cardiac glycosides (convallamarin, convallatoxin); poisonous fruit organs (can be eaten by children).

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plants that primarily cause damage to the LIVER Raspberry - toxic effects of alkaloids of pyrrolysine structure: platiphylline, seneciphylline, sarrecin; poisonous organs the whole plant; maximum substances in underground parts.

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Prevention of poisoning by poisonous plants Health education of the population, in particular in kindergartens and schools; Preventing children from coming into contact with these plants If poisonous plants are found, clean the area and dig up the soil

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Poisonous weeds and industrial weeds name toxins poisoning prevention Weeds 1) Heliotrope 2) Trichodesmasedaya 3) Sophora cynoglossin heliothrinylazicarpine incaninitrichodesmin pachycarpine, sophorocarpine Chemical weeding with herbicides Deep plowing Industrial crops 1) Cotton (seeds) 2) Hemp gassypol annabinol Oil refining Technical use

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Mushroom poisoning is divided into 3 groups: edible, conditionally edible, poisonous. Poisonous mushrooms are those that can cause poisoning in humans and animals. The proteins of such mushrooms quickly decompose to form toxic nitrogenous bases, so poisoning can be caused by non-poisonous mushrooms, but not by fresh ones. The most dangerous: pale grebe, fly agaric, false honey fungus

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Poisonous mushrooms Strings (Gyromitra) - with a brain-shaped tortuous surface of the cap and partially adherent edges. However, the line contains a toxic substance, gyromitrin, which can cause severe poisoning, so before cooking the mushrooms should be finely chopped and boiled, after which the broth should be drained (a toxic substance that is easily soluble in hot water).

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Poisonous mushrooms Pale toadstool – toxins amanitoxin (LD50 α-amanitin is 0.1 mg/kg), amanitohemolysin, phalloidin; poisoning leads to cessation of protein synthesis and cell destruction (cytolysis). Fly agaric – muscarine toxin, content does not exceed 0.02%; muscarinic syndrome is characteristic: salivation, sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, bradycordia, collapse, constriction of the pupils, pulmonary edema.

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Conditionally edible mushrooms Common morel - Morchella esculenta Pers Early spring mushroom, grows in April - May. It is found mainly in the central and southwestern regions of the European part of the country. Conditionally edible, very tasty mushroom of the third category. In Western European countries it is considered a delicious mushroom. Mainly used for drying and frying.

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Prevention of poisoning by poisonous mushrooms: a) ban on the sale of mushrooms in places not established by law; b) if you don’t know for sure that a mushroom is edible, it is better not to take such a mushroom; ATTENTION! Remember the main rule of the mushroom picker: if in doubt, don’t pick it up or even taste it with your tongue! b) you cannot collect old edible mushrooms, they can be poisonous; c) before use, morels, strings and other mushrooms must be finely chopped and boiled twice, and the water must be drained after each boiling; the broth is poisonous; d) many mushrooms require pre-treatment - soaking in a strong salt solution and subsequent boiling; e) do not collect near highways or in environmentally unfavorable areas; e) health education of the population about the types of mushrooms and their external signs.

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2.1.2 Poisoning by tissues of animals that are poisonous by nature Puffer fish or puffer fish - puffer fish - the Japanese name for puffer fish, is found in the Hawaiian Islands; the poison that is contained in various organs of fugu is called tetrodotoxin (white powder), the antidote against tetrodotoxin is unknown... Organs of some fish (marine fish, barbel, poisonous shark) Endocrine glands (adrenal glands and pancreas) of slaughtered animals

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2.2 Poisoning by products of plant and animal origin under certain conditions name toxins prevention White beans lymarin (cyanogenic glycoside), phasin thorough digestion of beans Apricot, peach, almond pits amygdalin (cyanogenic glycoside), restriction of use in confectionery/industry Roast beech nuts fagin Sprouted potatoes solanine do not eat green potatoes Mussels toxoid A, ciguaterotoxin, microcystin If the sea turns red and has night luminescence, stop fishing for mussels Cassava glucoside dry and cook Bee honey poisons of wild plants sow crops to collect nectar

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Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Poisoning is intoxication of the body due to the entry into the body of a foreign chemical substance in a toxic dose.

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Poisoning is the third most common cause of accidental death in Russia. Mostly they are unintentional. Both children and adults become victims of poisoning.

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Types of poisoning: Food poisoning Drug poisoning Poisoning with sleeping pills Drug poisoning Alcohol poisoning Poisoning with poisonous plants and mushrooms Botulism Poisoning with household and detergents Carbon monoxide and lamp monoxide poisoning Poisoning with pesticides Poisoning with acids and alkalis

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Food poisoning Food poisoning is a foodborne toxic infection that occurs when ingesting poor-quality (infected) products of animal origin (meat, fish, sausages, canned meat and fish, milk and products made from it, etc.). The disease is caused by microbes in this product and their metabolic products - toxins. Meat and fish can become infected while the animals are still alive, but most often this occurs during cooking and improper storage of food products.

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Signs of poisoning General malaise. Nausea. Repeated vomiting. Cramping pain in the abdomen. Frequent loose stools, sometimes mixed with mucus and streaked with blood. Increased intoxication, decreased blood pressure. Increased and weakened pulse. Paleness of the skin. Thirst. High body temperature (38-40°C).

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First aid for food poisoning: Immediately begin gastric lavage with water using a gastric tube or inducing artificial vomiting (drinking plenty of warm water 1.5-2 liters, followed by irritation of the root of the tongue). Rinse until “clean water”. Give plenty of fluids if you vomit on your own. To quickly remove infected foods from the intestines, give the victim carbolene ("stomach" charcoal) and a laxative (25 g of saline laxative in half a glass of water or 30 ml of castor oil). After gastric lavage, give the victim hot tea and coffee. Warm the victim. Cover it with heating pads (to the legs, arms). Promotes recovery by ingesting sulfonamides (sulgin, phthalazole 0.5 g 4-6 times a day) or antibiotics (chloramphenicol 0.5 g 4-6 times a day, chlortetracycline hydrochloride 300,000 units 4 times for 2-3 days). Disinfect the patient's stool and vomit directly in the vessel (mixing with dry bleach). Call an ambulance.

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It is forbidden! Leave the victim alone. Induce vomiting if the victim is unconscious. Induce vomiting in case of poisoning with acids and alkalis.

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Poisoning with drugs Poisoning with drugs is most often observed in children, in families where medications are stored incorrectly - in places accessible to children. Poisoning of adults occurs due to accidental overdose and suicide attempts.

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Signs In case of an overdose of painkillers and antipyretics (butadione, analgin, promedol, aspirin, etc.), disturbances in the processes of inhibition and excitation in the central nervous system occur, expansion of capillaries and increased heat transfer by the body. This is accompanied by increased sweating, the development of weakness, drowsiness, which can turn into deep sleep and even unconsciousness, sometimes with breathing problems.

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First aid for drug poisoning Immediately! Call an ambulance or take the victim to the hospital. Find out what medicine the victim took and in what dose. Save any remaining medicine or its container. If the victim is conscious, induce vomiting, then give him activated charcoal. Monitor the victim's breathing and pulse. If there is no breathing or pulse, immediately begin resuscitation measures. See Circulatory arrest. If the victim is unconscious, but still has a pulse and breathing, place him in the correct position.

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Poisoning with sleeping pills Quite often, poisoning develops with an overdose of sleeping pills.

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Signs In case of poisoning, deep inhibition of the central nervous system is observed, sleep passes into an unconscious state, followed by paralysis of the respiratory center. Patients are pale, breathing is shallow and rare, irregular, often wheezing, bubbling.

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First aid for poisoning with sleeping pills If the victim is conscious, rinse his stomach, causing active vomiting. If breathing is impaired, begin artificial respiration.

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Signs: Dizziness. Nausea. Vomit. Weakness. Drowsiness. Dream. Unconscious state. Paralysis of the respiratory and vasomotor centers. Pallor. Cyanosis of lips. Breathing is incorrect. The pupils are sharply constricted.

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First aid for drug poisoning Call an ambulance immediately. Examine the patient, if he has no breathing or circulation, begin resuscitation measures.

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Alcohol poisoning If significant (toxic) quantities of alcohol are consumed, fatal poisoning can occur. The lethal dose of ethyl alcohol is 8 g per 1 kg of body weight. Alcohol affects the heart, blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys, especially the central nervous system. With severe intoxication, a person falls asleep, then sleep passes into an unconscious state. Vomiting and involuntary urination are often observed. Breathing is sharply disrupted, it becomes rare and irregular. When the respiratory center is paralyzed, death occurs. It is advisable to save the remaining alcohol in order to find out exactly what poisoned the victim.

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First aid for alcohol poisoning Provide fresh air (open the window, take the poisoned person outside). Induce vomiting by small rinses. If you remain conscious, give him hot, strong coffee. Alcohol poisoning often requires immediate medical attention. If there is no breathing, begin resuscitation measures. When the victim is in a state of severe poisoning or deep alcoholic coma, it is necessary to call an ambulance. In case of poisoning with methyl alcohol, usually accompanied by blurred vision, drowsiness and a headache that does not go away 12-24 hours after drinking alcohol, you should immediately call an ambulance or take the victim to the hospital.

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Carbon monoxide and lighting monoxide poisoning Carbon monoxide poisoning is possible in industries where carbon monoxide is used for the synthesis of a number of organic substances, in garages with poor ventilation, in unventilated newly painted rooms, as well as at home - in the event of a lighting gas leak and when the stove dampers are not closed in a timely manner in rooms with stove heating.

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Signs of poisoning: Headache. Heaviness in the head. Nausea. Dizziness. Tinnitus. Heartbeat. Muscle weakness. Vomit. Weakness is growing. Drowsiness. Blackout of consciousness. Dyspnea. Pale skin, sometimes the presence of bright red spots on the body. When carbon monoxide is inhaled for a long time, breathing becomes shallow, convulsions occur, and death occurs from paralysis of the respiratory center.

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First aid for lighting and carbon monoxide poisoning Immediately remove the victim to fresh air. Lay the victim on his back, free him from tight clothing, and let him smell ammonia. If the victim is not breathing, immediately begin artificial respiration. Get the victim to a doctor as quickly as possible.

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Poisoning by poisonous plants and mushrooms Poisoning can occur when taking poisonous mushrooms (red or gray fly agaric, false honey fungus, pale toadstool, false champignon, etc.), as well as edible mushrooms if they are spoiled (moldy, covered with mucus, stored for a long time). The most poisonous is the toadstool - fatal poisoning can occur when taking even one mushroom. Remember that boiling does not destroy the toxic substances contained in mushrooms.

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Signs After a few hours (1.5-3h). Rapidly increasing weakness. Salivation. Nausea. Repeated painful vomiting. Severe colicky pain in the abdomen. Headache. Dizziness. Diarrhea (often bloody). Signs of damage to the nervous system: Visual impairment. Rave. Hallucinations. Motor excitement. Cramps.

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In case of severe poisoning, especially with toadstool, excitement occurs quite quickly (after 6-10 hours); it gives way to drowsiness and indifference. During this period, cardiac activity sharply weakens, blood pressure and body temperature decrease, and jaundice appears. If the victim is not given help, collapse develops, quickly leading to death. Save the remains of plants or mushrooms that caused poisoning.

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First aid for poisoning with poisonous plants and mushrooms If you suspect mushroom poisoning, immediately call an ambulance. First aid for mushroom poisoning often plays a decisive role in saving the victim. Find out what plants (or mushrooms) the victim was poisoned with. If you are poisoned by datura, wolfberry or toadstool, immediately take the victim to the hospital. Immediately begin gastric lavage with water, preferably a weak (pink) solution of potassium permanganate using a probe or using artificially induced vomiting. It is useful to add adsorbents to the solution: activated carbon, carbolene. Cover the victim warmly and apply heating pads. Give hot sweet tea, coffee. Take the victim to the hospital.

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Botulism An acute infectious disease in which the central nervous system is damaged by toxins secreted by anaerobic spore-bearing bacillus. More often, botulism infects foods that are prepared without sufficient hot processing: dried and smoked meat and fish, sausages, old canned meat, fish, and vegetables. The period from ingestion of contaminated food to the appearance of the first signs of the disease is often short, from 12 to 24 hours. In some cases, it can be extended to several days.

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Signs of botulism The disease begins with headache, general malaise, and dizziness. There is no stool, the stomach is distended. Body temperature remains normal. The condition worsens; within a day from the onset of the disease, signs of severe damage to the central nervous system appear: double vision occurs; strabismus, drooping upper eyelid; paralysis of the soft palate, the voice becomes slurred, and the act of swallowing is impaired. Abdominal bloating increases. There is urinary retention. The disease progresses rapidly, and the patient dies within the first 5 days from paralysis of the respiratory center and cardiac weakness.

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First aid for botulism Call an ambulance immediately. Rinse the stomach with a weak solution of sodium bicarbonate, potassium permanganate with the addition of adsorbents (activated carbon, carbolene). Give laxatives. Do a cleansing enema. Give plenty of hot drinks (tea, milk). Immediately administer specific antibotulinum serum. Immediately take the victim to the hospital.

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Poisoning by pesticides Pesticides are manufactured and used in gaseous, liquid or solid form for pollination or spraying of fields, gardens, vegetable gardens, industrial and domestic premises. In most cases, pesticides are not used in pure form, but in a mixture with fillers (talc, chalk, lime) in aqueous solutions or oil emulsions.

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First medical aid for poisoning with pesticides Create a safe environment. Perform gastric lavage. After washing the stomach, give a glass of water to drink with two or three tablets of activated carbon added to it. If you have a cough or irritation in your throat, inhale with baking soda and gargle with a soda solution. If toxic chemicals get into your eyes, rinse them with a 2% solution of baking soda. Apply compresses from a solution of potassium permanganate (pink) to the affected areas of the skin. After providing first aid, send the patient to the nearest medical facility.

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Poisoning with acids and alkalis Poisoning with acids (80% solution of acetic, hydrochloric, carbolic, oxalic acids) and caustic alkalis (caustic soda, ammonia) often occurs. Immediately after acid or alkali enters the body, severe pain appears in the mouth, throat, and respiratory tract. A burn to the mucous membrane causes severe swelling, copious amounts of saliva, and sharp pain deprives the victim of the ability to swallow. During inhalation, saliva along with air can flow into the airways, making breathing difficult and causing suffocation.

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First aid for poisoning with acids and alkalis Immediately remove saliva and mucus from the victim’s mouth. Wrap a piece of gauze, a handkerchief or a napkin onto a teaspoon and wipe the mouth. If signs of suffocation occur, perform artificial respiration. Quite often, victims vomit, sometimes with blood. In such cases, it is strictly forbidden to rinse the stomach yourself, as this can increase vomiting and lead to acids and alkalis entering the respiratory tract. The victim can be given 2-3 glasses of water to drink, preferably with ice. You should not try to “neutralize” toxic liquids. In case of poisoning with other chemicals (chlorinated hydrocarbons, aniline dye, etc.), before the doctor arrives, the victim must be vomited and, if he is conscious, the stomach must be rinsed with water. Place the unconscious victim on his stomach without a pillow, with his head turned to the side. When the tongue retracts, as well as during convulsions in an unconscious state, when the jaws are tightly closed and prevent normal breathing, carefully throw back the head and push the lower jaw forward and upward.

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Ryazan State Medical University named after Academician I.P. Pavlov Acute poisoning Associate Professor V.G. Okorokov Ryazan, 2010

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Quantitative indicators of the main types of acute poisoning (2000). (According to the intensive care unit of the Moscow City Center for the Treatment of Acute Poisonings of the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine) Name of toxicants Specific gravity, % Mortality, % 1. Medicines: 66.4 3.7 Benzodiazepines 17.2 3.3 Amitriptyline 12 .8 3.7 Leponex 6.9 6.3 Antihypertensives 4.5 4.4 Anticholinergics 5.2 - Barbiturates (mixed) 4.1 6.3 Finlepsin 3.3 4.0 Phenothiazines 2.5 8.6 Cardiotropic 1 .7 3.5 Salicylates 1.3 -

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Quantitative indicators of the main types of acute poisoning (2000). (According to the intensive care unit of the Moscow City Center for the Treatment of Acute Poisonings of the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine) Name of toxicants Specific gravity, % Mortality, % 2. Cauterizing poisons: 15.6 13.7 Acetic acid 5.9 25.7 3 Drugs: 6.5 4.7 Heroin 1.7 3.7 Other 4.8 6.4

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Quantitative indicators of the main types of acute poisoning (2000). (According to the intensive care unit of the Moscow City Center for the Treatment of Acute Poisonings of the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine) Name of toxicants Specific gravity, % Mortality, % 4. Alcohol and its surrogates: 5.7 10.8 Ethyl alcohol 3.7 - DCE 0.6 61.5 Ethylene glycol 0.6 4.9 Methanol 0.5 4.9 Acetone 0.6 - Total 100 6.2

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Classification of acute poisonings Accidental household (medicines, household chemicals, insecticides, alcohol or drug intoxication) industrial (accident) iatrogenic (medicine overdose)

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Classification of acute poisonings 2. Intentional suicidal (sleeping pills, tranquilizers, acids, alkalis) criminal “police” (tear gas) BOV

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Methods for identifying a toxic agent 1. Clinical diagnosis: anamnesis, examination of the scene of the incident, identification of specific symptoms of poisoning 2. Laboratory toxicological diagnosis 3. Pathomorphological diagnosis

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Stages of diagnosis of acute poisoning Suspect acute poisoning and take measures to determine the cause / identify the toxic agent / Determine the severity of acute poisoning 3. Identify the main clinical syndromes requiring emergency care, regardless of the cause of acute poisoning

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Main clinical syndromes requiring emergency care SYNDROME MECHANISM, CAUSES OF MANIFESTATION Acute respiratory failure Obstruction of the upper respiratory tract (retraction of the tongue, laryngo-bronchospasm, aspiration of vomit, bronchorrhea) depression of the respiratory center, impaired respiratory function. muscles, impaired O2 transport: (anemia, carboxy- and methemoglobin, shock) impaired cellular oxidation (cyanides) Shortness of breath, cyanosis, stridor breathing, respiratory arrhythmias, apnea, ↓pO2; рС О2; acidosis

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Main clinical syndromes requiring emergency care SYNDROME MECHANISM, CAUSES OF MANIFESTATION Hypotension Damage to centers (drugs, sleeping pills, tranquilizers). Blockade of autonomic ganglia and adrenergic receptors, direct depression of vascular tone. Violation of myocardial contractility, arrhythmias. Hypovolemia (alkali acids) Fall in blood pressure and pulse, peripheral symptoms of shock, oligoanuria, ECG, central venous pressure, bcc Hematocrit

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The main clinical syndromes requiring emergency care SYNDROME MECHANISM, CAUSES OF MANIFESTATIONS Pulmonary edema Increased permeability of capillaries and alveoli (PAV, ammonia, acids) - toxic edema. Violation of myocardial contractility, arrhythmias - cardiogenic edema. Choking, wheezing, coughing, coarse moist rales

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Main clinical syndromes requiring emergency care SYNDROME MECHANISM, CAUSES OF MANIFESTATION Acute renal failure Nephrotoxic (mercury, lead, chlorinated hydrocarbons) and hemolytic (acids) poisons, crush syndrome in case of poisoning with alcohol, hypnotics, carbon monoxide, shock Acute oligoanuria< 200 мл/24 ч, азотемия, нарушение водно-электролитного обмена, миоглобинурия

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Main clinical syndromes requiring emergency care SYNDROME MECHANISM, CAUSES OF MANIFESTATION Acute liver failure Damage to liver cells (dichloroethane, CCL4 fungi) Increasing jaundice, encephalopathy, dyspepsia, hemorrhage Psychoneurological disorders Inhibition of redox processes in nerve cells, disturbance of cerebral metabolism and energy

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Main clinical syndromes requiring emergency care SYNDROME MECHANISM, CAUSES OF MANIFESTATION Cerebral disorders Barbiturates alcohol, tranquilizers strychnine, insecticides, carbon monoxide, methanol, ethylene glycol Coma, areflexia. Impaired sphincter function. Seizures, psychosis, cerebral edema

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Prevention of further absorption of poison Path of entry of poison Measures Oral cleansing of the stomach Inducing vomiting (reflex, emetic substances), gastric lavage through a tube 12-15 liters of water reducing absorption in the intestine Adsorption of poison with activated carbon (2-3 tablespoons). Neutralization and precipitation using antidotes. Saline laxatives, intestinal lavage. Inhalation Removing the victim from the poisoned atmosphere, oxygen Through the skin and mucous membranes Washing with soap and water, neutralization: 4% soda for acids, 2% citric acid for burns with alkalis

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Contraindications to gastric lavage Pulmonary edema Angina pectoris Hypertensive crisis Aortic aneurysm Esophageal diverticulum Esophageal ulcer Poisoning with cauterizing poisons

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Complications after gastric lavage Aspiration with lavage fluid Perforation (pharynx, esophagus, stomach) Tongue injury Bleeding

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Prevention of complications Lie on your stomach with your head down. The contents are sucked out with a large syringe (200 ml of warm water is injected and left until the liquid becomes clear) Toilet of the oral cavity (before inserting the probe) Intubation for coma The probe must be the same size as the patient The probe must be lubricated with petroleum jelly

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ACCELERATED REMOVAL OF ADSORBED POISON FROM THE BODY A) INCREASED URINARY EXCRETION (BARBITURATES, TRANQUILIZERS, SALICYLATES, ALCOHOL) B) EXTRARENAL CLEANSING: INTESTINAL AND PERITONEAL DIALYSIS, HEMODIALYSIS, EXCHANGE BLOOD TRANSFUSION METHOD CONTENTS CONTRAINDICATIONS Forced water diuresis Drinking 3-5 liters of alkaline water with adding potassium chloride and furosemide IV 100-200 mg Pulmonary edema, acute renal failure with anuria Alkalinization of urine Soda 5 g orally every 15 minutes for 1 hour, then 2 g every 2 hours IV drip, sodium bicarbonate 1.5-2 liters per day Same Osmotic diuresis Polyglyukin, hemodez IV drip up to 500-1000 ml per day, mannitol 20% -100 ml, urea 30% IV stream (1 mg/kg) for 10 -15 min Pulmonary edema, shock, renal failure

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Symptomatic maintenance treatment MECHANISM OF MEASURES INDICATIONS 1. ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE OCLAGAGE OF THE AIRWAY IMPAIRMENT OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY CENTER OTHER MECHANISMS LATERAL POSITION, REMOVAL OF VOMIT FROM THE ORAL CAVITY AND Pharynx with a swab, TONGUE DRAWING BY LANGUAGE holder, mucus suction, atropine tracheostomy, tracheal intubation, mechanical respiration, OXYGEN THERAPY, HYPEROXYBAROTHERAPY ALKALIZING SOLUTIONS VOMITING TONGUE REPLACEMENT, BRONCHORRHEA, SALIVATION, PULMONARY EDEMA BURNS, LARRYNAL EDEMA ABSENCE OR INSUFFICIENCY OF INDEPENDENT BREATHING ANY TISSUE HYPOXIA METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

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SYMPOTOMATIC SUPPORTIVE TREATMENT MECHANISM OF MEASURES INDICATIONS 2. SHOCK OPPRESSION OF THE VASCULAR CENTER HYPOVOLEMIA PAIN SYNDROME NORADRENALINE, MEZATONE, PREDNISOONE, FLUIDS IV IV INTRODUCTION OF SALT SOLUTIONS PLASMA, DRUG SUBSTITUTES, NITRIC OXIDE, NOVOCAINE BLOCKade, GLUCOSE-NOVOCAINE MIXTURE, POISONING WITH HYPOTICS, TRANQUILIZERS INDICATORS CVP (neck veins) CORIGINATING FLUIDS

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Symptomatic maintenance treatment MECHANISM OF MEASURES INDICATIONS 4. ACUTE RENAL FAILURE DUE TO SHOCK HYPOVOLEMIA NEPHROTOXIC POISONS TREATMENT OF SHOCK ADMINISTRATION OF FLUIDS ALKALALINATION OF PLASMA, FUROSIMIDE, HEMODIALYSIS, HEMOSORPTION, PARANEPHRAL B CVP LOCATIONS ACUTE OLIGON-ANURIA

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Basic medications for specific (antidote) treatment of acute poisoning with toxic substances Name of antidote, initial dose Type of toxic substances Activated carbon, 50 g orally Nonspecific sorbent of medications (alkaloids, hypnotics) and other toxic substances Ethyl alcohol (30% solution orally, 5% - into a vein, 400 ml) Methylene alcohol, ethylene glycol Aminostigmine (2 mg into a vein) Anticholinergics (atropine, etc.) Hydrocyanic acid (cyanides) Anexate (0.3 mg, 2 mg/day into a vein) Benyudiazepines Atropine sulfate (0 ,1% solution) Fly agaric, pilocarpine, heartworms and goats, FOV, clonidine Acetylcysteine ​​(10% solution - 140 mg/kg in a vein) Paracetamol, toadstool Sodium bicarbonate (4% solution - 300 ml in a vein) Acids

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Basic medications for specific (antidote) treatment of acute poisoning with toxic substances Name of antidote, initial dose Type of toxic substances Heparin - 10 thousand units into a vein Snake bites HBOT (1.-1.5 atm. 40 min) Carbon monoxide, carbon disulfide, methemoglobin formers Disferal (5.0 - 10.0 g orally, 0.5 g, 1 g/day into vein) Iron D- penicillamine (40 mg/kg per day orally) Copper, lead, bismuth, arsenic Vitamin C (5% solution, 10 ml into a vein) Aniline, potassium permanganate Vitamin K (Vicasol) (5% solution, 5 ml into a vein) Indirect anticoagulants 1 action Methylene blue (1% solution, 100 ml into a vein) Aniline, potassium permanganate, hydrocyanic acid

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Basic medications for specific (antidote) treatment of acute poisoning with toxic substances Name of antidote, initial dose Type of toxic substances Naloxop (nalorphine, narcanthi) (0.5% solution, 1 ml into a vein) Opium preparation (morphine, heroin, etc.), promedol Sodium nitrite (1% solution, 10 ml per vein) Hydrocyanic acid Proserin (0.05% solution, 1 ml per vein) Pachycarpine, atropine Protamine sulfate (1% solution) Heparin Anti-snake serum (500 - 1000 units per muscle) Bites snakes Cholinesterase reagents (dipiroxime 15% solution - 1 ml; diethixime 10% solution 5 ml into muscle) FOS