Runny nose

We invite you to get acquainted with various situations. Dating girls for vacation

What are you doing this evening after our date?
Do you think I like you more than you like me?
Hello, can I talk to you? And then all sorts of girls pester you, trying to get acquainted...
Hello, can you tell me how to cook dumplings?
You have a very happy nose!
Can you tell me the recipe for birch jam?
Hello! Today is an amazing day, can I cheer you up?
Hello! Are you also on VK? And I. Do you play the flute? Neither do I. See how similar we are!
Do you meet nice young people? Here I am!
You have beautiful eyes, what color are they?
I bet you can't guess what your name is?
You probably won't give me a chance to get to know you... But send me a smile if I'm wrong!
I'm clearly not the first person who wants to get to know you. But I'm the best! Do you want me to prove it?
Hello! I sell happiness! Do you want me to give it to you for free?
Can you tell me where it is better to spend my salary?
I'm tired of waiting for you to make the first move. Hello!
You have amazing eyes, I just can’t tear myself away from them.
I look at you and understand that we definitely need to meet!
Tell me, how many people have you sent off today? I'm four. What cheeky girls!
I was staring at your photos and forgot to meet you. Hello!
Do you believe in love at forty-eighth sight? I’ve been looking at your photos for so long that I’m falling in love!
How did you know that I was online?
Let's change? You give me two hundred grams of sadness, and I give you a kilogram of my joy?
Maybe we can already talk or just continue to like each other?
Do you remember me? You dreamed about me!
Hello, I was just reading an interesting story. The guy met the girl and they lived happily ever after! By the way, do you know how he met her? He said: “Hi, I was just reading an interesting story!”
You know, before I met you, I was sure that I was gay!
How about flirting?
Hello! I want to interview you. Tell me, what is it like to be the most beautiful girl?
Can you help me learn how to talk to girls?
Hello, I'm conducting a census and I'd like to start with you!
Hello, can you please change my free time to communicate with you?
You are very mistaken if you think that I want to get to know you. I want to ask you out on a date!
So two damn attractive people met. Hello!
No, well, if you remain silent all the time, no one will get to know you. I'll help, hi!
You know, I didn't have a very pleasant day. I was upset, but then I saw your avatar.
Can you forgive yourself if you don't answer me?
Have young people ever crawled at your feet? What about your hands?!
And if I were such a beautiful girl like you, I would get to know myself!
Who are you dating? Come with me!
Hello! I'm writing a book about what girls want. Won't you tell me?
A stunning girl like you must have a beautiful font!
Hello! I got lost in life and barely found you, will you lead me out of the dim world of loneliness?
Can I flirt with you?
You know, there are things that are easy to imagine together - black and white, day and night, butter and porridge, you and me...
Do you want to talk to the person who really liked you?
What questions do you think guys get slapped for?
Do you have a boyfriend? Or maybe you need something better?
Perhaps you are in love with your city?
I love dogs very much. Can you tell me which breed is better to get?
What are you, a professional stylist?
You are beautiful! Can we switch to “you”?
You spend a lot of time online, maybe we can go unwind?
You are so beautiful! Or do you know a professional photographer?
Can you imagine, I wrote you a huge text, and then they turned off the lights. So just hello!
Wow, I love this band too! What song is your favorite?
You have a very cute face!
You have such beautiful eyes! Especially the left one!
Gorgeous legs! And the right one is doubly gorgeous!
I like your mouth ☺
You know, your breasts are so cute! And there are even two of them!
Beautiful dress! Just know, the handbag doesn't fit very well.
Have you heard the phrase that whoever you mess with will make you gain? So, I like you, and I decided that I would get some from you!
It was difficult, but I was able to write to you! Will you reward me with an answer?
Have you ever ridden an escalator? Do you want me to give you a ride?
It seems I have amnesia, otherwise I would have already written to you!
Do you happen to have a red thread? We could start a friendship with her.
Your beauty struck me so much that I forgot what I wanted to tell you.
Have you ever been offered marriage? I'm a surgeon, I have a lot of them!
Sorry, can I adjust your plans for the evening?
Was it you who just clicked “like” on my photo? No? It's a pity...
I wonder if your inner world matches your photos?
It must be bad to be your friend, because you outshine everyone with your beauty!
I miss two things in life - you and hair.
When I see you, I understand how good it is that I am single!
You know, your hair matches the color of my pillow perfectly.
It must have hurt to fall from heaven?
Girl, doesn’t your mother need a son-in-law?
I'll bet you ten thousand that I'll ask you out on a date and you'll refuse?
Marry me!
Urgently, call an ambulance, I was shot by an arrow of love...
Give me your sadness? I need it for experiments.
Hello! Could you call me to wake me up tomorrow? I'm afraid to oversleep.
Did you come from a fairy tale?
Do you know what love at first sight is? If not, I'll write again!
Are you Alice, my contact?
Girl, you're probably tired of the question about your son-in-law?
I bought Borjomi and salami, come eat!
And here I am collecting a harem. The only thing missing is you.
When will you take your first step? I'm tired of waiting and making it myself! Let's get acquainted!
I definitely saw you somewhere, can you remind me where?
You are beautiful on the Internet, show yourself in real life?
Hello! Stunning places in your photos. Where is this?
You wrote that you love “….” group. Don't you have their songs on cassettes?
Have you ever seen a really interesting girl?
You have a very familiar face! You weren't at the club yesterday?
You know the saying “listen to a woman and do the opposite”? So, I don’t want you to answer me!
I have a great vacancy! Man/Girl to go to the cinema with me. Would you like to try?
Hello. It's such a good day today. I want to cheer someone up. Maybe for you?
Today I saw you in a dream, but you only managed to say your first and last name. And now I found you!
You have such beautiful eyes. I've been looking only at them for a long time, but I don't dare to write.

Personalization of learning

Flexible training schedule
Now every student can choose a convenient time for classes and study without sacrificing work.

Convenient place to study
Online learning allows you to view and study lecture material almost anywhere - in public transport, in the gym on a treadmill, at home while cleaning, in the car when you are stuck in a traffic jam.

Individual approach to course participants
This approach is remarkable in that the information is adapted to the needs of students and the teacher addresses each individual separately. Training involves feedback: any listener can ask a question to the speaker online.
To personalize learning, organizations conduct an analysis to determine the needs of each learner, eliminate areas of interest, and identify areas that require further training. A customized eLearning plan helps organizations bridge the skills gap with ease and demonstrates to employees their value to the company.

Storytelling as a teaching method

Storytelling is a way of conveying information to an audience through telling stories with real or fictitious characters. In education, stories are good because they motivate and encourage action; they allow you to explain complex material in simple words using specific examples.

In the future, education will go even further into simplifying material through the use of people's stories, examples from films or books. However, not all stories are storytelling. First of all, stories should be short, uniquely interpreted and intersect with life experiences. Any story should have a logical conclusion that will push listeners to a conclusion. The story should be emotionally rich and motivate listeners to action. It is important to have a high-quality story in the form of a presentation or video.

The competitive nature of learning, or learning through Challenge

Startup Challenge – online courses on creating your own business. The country's best business practices teach all the intricacies of entrepreneurship in a fairly short time. The course organizers present useful materials and tools for creating your own business, conduct a series of training webinars and organize individual consultations with mentors.

The effectiveness of the format is enormous. And it is due, first of all, to the special competitive atmosphere of the learning process. The student not only studies business planning on his own, he challenges himself and those around him, trying to become a leader and become a full-fledged participant in the entrepreneurial market. Many experienced business practitioners have already noted that the Startup Challenge is useful both for those who do not yet have an idea and a business, as well as for beginning startupers to obtain the necessary knowledge for project development.

Collaboration and social learning

Today, social learning is the process of developing knowledge, skills and abilities of constructive interaction with people at the interpersonal and social levels, aimed at achieving various, socially significant goals.

The main element of social learning is the interaction of students, the goal is to learn from each other. This learning process can be stimulated by creating virtual communities and forums where people informally share their experiences, problems and ideas for solving them. Discussion of the material contributes to its better assimilation, and also allows for prompt feedback and the formation of meaningful connections within the team.

Informal learning, or Co-working

Gaining new knowledge is a tedious process, so it is important to study in a comfortable environment. In this case, you can choose a format such as coworking (co-working - joint work). It involves learning in a convenient location. Many people have already enjoyed learning on the couch, in an armchair, with a cup of tea or coffee.

There are many positive aspects to coworking. It is useful for those who have problems with discipline, who find it difficult to get together, because there are active and promising people around, busy with business, discussing important issues and not allowing laziness. Such an atmosphere will not allow you to relax and will pull you into a whirlpool of the thought process, which means that your efficiency and productivity will sharply increase. Unlike online learning at home, with coworking a person is not distracted by extraneous things, since this does not allow for a work schedule.

Corporate online training

Corporate online training helps you flexibly and conveniently set up the training process in any company, regardless of its size and industry. This is beneficial and low-cost for companies, since employees do not need to be sent to study in another city or released from work for a period of advanced training. Moreover, this training format allows employees to receive only the necessary knowledge, skipping information that is already known.

Learning via mobile phone

The market for mobile learning systems has been developing at an accelerated pace in recent years and is reaching a new level. Every year more and more educational applications with advanced functionality appear. Online knowledge testing, audio lectures, training videos and presentations - you can study, read, watch all this in a place convenient for you, at a convenient time. In addition, most learning portals have adapted their websites to multi-platform mode and have also created applications for smartphones, which has made learning more flexible.

Flipped learning

The flipped classroom is a pedagogical model in which the typical presentation of lectures and organization of homework are presented in reverse. During traditional lectures, students often struggle to understand what they hear as the lecturer speaks. They do not have the opportunity to stop to think about what is being said, and thus may miss important points because they are trying to write down the teacher's words.

Flipped learning has combined the benefits of traditional desk-based education and online education with gadgets. The use of video and other electronic information allows students to have complete control over the course of the lecture: they can watch and review the material.

The difference between traditional and flipped learning is that students watch lectures at home at a convenient time, and during classroom lessons they complete practical tasks in a group together with the lecturer and his tips. At the same time, the teacher has the opportunity to see how much time you spent watching the lecture, how long you lingered on a particular slide of the presentation.

Teaching a small amount of material in a short period of time, or microlearning

Microlearning is the concept of acquiring knowledge in small units in a short period of time. Most often the term is used in the context of electronic learning formats.

The material is presented to students in small sections, the duration of which is much shorter than those present in online courses. The format for presenting information is varied - interactive videos, podcasts, quizzes, etc. The length of information blocks is a key factor in microlearning. By breaking a large topic into several short videos that explain one of the components, course creators contribute to better understanding of it. This makes sense since a person's maximum attention span is five minutes. This approach can be used in various fields, including the acquisition of professional (production) skills.

Gamification

Gamification of education is a powerful tool for increasing the index of involvement in the educational process. Gamification works equally well with children and adults. In the modern world, millions of people who play computer games have a very good idea of what “levels”, “leveling up”, “quests”, “rewards”, “achievements” are. At the same time, they may not understand at all what their boss expects from them or how to get the most from the service.

There is a trend in the transition from simple ratings, ranks, experience points to more thoughtful integration of game mechanics into educational processes - sociality, real bonuses for achievements, etc. If earlier developers simply mindlessly copied elements from each other, now there is a more thoughtful approach - course creators already understand how decision-making mechanisms work, how habits and skills are developed, and how education can be made truly fun.

Today we invite you to get acquainted with the features of the PR manager profession, including where you can get the appropriate education and what personal qualities you need to have to become a good specialist.

In an ever-increasing competition, every company strives to create/maintain its reputation and good image. Naturally, this is primarily facilitated by the production of high-quality products or the provision of services at the highest level. Only today, unfortunately, the conscientious fulfillment of their obligations to the client/buyer/customer, etc. sometimes there is not enough, and then there is a need to influence public opinion using additional means.

Regardless of whether it is a large company that needs to maintain its image, or a young company that needs “promotion”, business leaders prefer not to be limited by their own strengths/talents, and turn to specialists - - who will do everything so that only a positive image of a particular company.

Who is a PR manager?

PR is an abbreviation for "Public Relations", which translates as "public relations". In general, PR refers to a whole technology for creating, introducing and consolidating the image of a certain object. If we talk about PR in business, then these technologies work to create and maintain a favorable image of the company.

Thus, it can be understood that a PR manager is a specialist who works to create a positive public reputation for the company, develop a favorable image of the company and convey it through interaction with clients, partners, authorities and the media. Sometimes such specialists are called " PR people" or "PR-men".

The concept of "Public Relations", as well as the accompanying profession, came to us from the USA. The first public relations office was created at Harvard University in 1900. A few years later, other large educational institutions, as well as some commercial enterprises, took up the initiative. By the early 60s, the position of “PR manager” was in almost every company. Modern PR specialists are in demand not only in large organizations, but also in politics, show business, the Internet and media projects.

In our country, a few years ago, the tasks of such a specialist mainly included working with press releases. But with the development of business technologies, everything quickly changed, and today PR specialists are working hard to shape the image of companies. Moreover, they use PR technologies not only in the external environment, but also within the organization, working with its employees.

Job responsibilities PR manager most often depend on the industry in which the company operates, but standard functions include the following:

creating and maintaining the image of the organization, its products, services and representatives;
development and implementation of PR strategy;
assessment of means and opportunities for promoting the company;
forecasting the effectiveness of planned activities;
tracking the company's reputation;
monitoring of the competitive environment;
working with social media;
organizing briefings, interviews, press conferences;
communication with journalists;
speaking at various events;
preparing press releases, writing articles, news, interviews and messages on behalf of the company;
interaction with the population, authorities and investors.

Also on the shoulders PR men Often there are responsibilities for maintaining a certain climate in the team so that everyone is united by a common idea. This could be organizing special trainings, holidays or events of various types, maintaining a website or publishing a corporate newspaper. Although in many foreign companies these duties are performed by an HR specialist.

What personal qualities should a PR manager have?

When choosing a specialist who can be trusted with the image of their company, employers, first of all, pay attention to candidates with the following knowledge and skills:

knowledge of the basics of marketing, branding and advertising;
knowledge in the field of psychology and sociology;
understanding the specifics of the company’s activities;
negotiation skills;
methods of working with the media;
ability to work with business correspondence;
knowledge of foreign languages;
copywriting skills;
competent oral and written speech;
mastery of modern software.

At the same time, PR specialists with already established connections in the media, government agencies and the business environment enjoy a special advantage.

Of the personal qualities that highly qualified people should have PR specialists, it can be noted:

creative thinking;
multitasking;
knowledge of etiquette rules;
charisma;
presentable appearance;
stress resistance;
the ability to clearly express one’s thoughts;
diplomacy;
ability to gain/maintain trusting relationships;
communication skills;
the ability to make an impression;
the ability to quickly make the right decisions and act according to circumstances;
the ability to “read” people and choose the appropriate behavior model.

Advantages of the PR manager profession

This profession seems to be specially created for open, active and enterprising people who “die” doing routine work and are constantly “gushing” with new ideas. Thanks to work in the field of PR, something new will constantly appear in their lives: acquaintances, clients, interesting tasks, etc.

The profession of a PR manager not only allows you to fully realize your creative potential and creativity, but also gives you the opportunity to look into the future with confidence.

Firstly, everything suggests that the need for good PR managers will constantly grow (which is why PR specialties are classified as professions of the future).

Secondly, even young specialists can count on quite a decent salary (the average salary of a PR specialist in Russia is 40,000 rubles per month), and experienced PR people, widely known in certain circles, receive a quite decent fee - from 120,000 to 600,000 rubles .

Disadvantages of the PR manager profession

Working in PR is, first of all, communicating with people. With a variety of people with whom you need to find a common language, regardless of their political views, social level or life principles. Therefore, PR specialists very often experience strong psycho-emotional stress, which can lead to nervous exhaustion.

And if you consider that a great responsibility rests on the shoulders of a PR specialist (after all, reputation is a shaky thing, and a single mistake can undo the result that has been achieved for years), then you can understand that a public relations specialist is under constant psychological stress.

Another significant disadvantage of their profession is that many PR managers they call an irregular work schedule, which makes it very difficult to establish a personal life and fully relax.

Where can you get a job as a PR manager?

Today you can become a PR manager in many Russian universities, where they offer training in the Advertising and Public Relations program, the best of which are:

National Research University "Higher School of Economics";
Moscow University of Humanities and Economics;
Moscow Polytechnic University;
Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov;
St. Petersburg State University;

You need to understand that a modern PR specialist must constantly improve himself! Therefore, you need to be prepared for the fact that you will have to regularly read specialized literature, study new PR technologies, exchange experiences in PR communities and improve their skills through special courses.

Friends, we invite you to get acquainted with seven pairs of plants that, if planted next to each other, are like death - they will strangle each other, preventing them from growing and developing.

Among the plants there are plant friends that, growing nearby, enter into symbiosis, helping each other. For example, carrots and onions are real friends who do not allow pests to even get close to them. Or among vegetables there are “three sisters” - pumpkin, corn and beans. They grow beautifully together, with the corn acting as a trellis for the beans. The beans return nutrients to the soil, and the wide leaves of the pumpkin prevent weeds from sprouting and retain moisture. But not all plants are friendly; there are also “bosom enemies”. Today we will write to you about seven pairs of enemy plants.

Onions + Peas

People have long known a dislike between onions (even shallots and garlic) and peas (beans). Gardeners who observed this vegetable dislike for each other noticed that onions suppressed the growth of peas.

Potatoes + Tomatoes

Any farmer and experienced gardener will tell you that growing potatoes and tomatoes next to each other will only lead to trouble. Together, they will get sick with late blight faster, and other diseases will spread to them with amazing speed.
How gardeners themselves infect the soil with late blight

Pepper + Beans

These two vegetables are not at all companions to each other. Peppers growing next to beans are susceptible to anthracnose, and they will not last long in such a neighborhood. What can we say about the harvest - you definitely won’t wait for it.
Beans will repel the Colorado potato beetle from potatoes

Carrot + Dill

Dill and carrots have long been considered enemies. If these two vegetables grow side by side, you won’t get a decent harvest from either one. This is because dill draws water and nutrients to itself, and carrots do not lag behind it. So they both turn out “thin” and frail when harvesting.

Cabbage + Grapes

Another popular belief says that if you plant cabbage among grape bushes, the taste of the grape berries will be more than mediocre, and the wine will be disgusting. By the way, this unpleasant neighborhood was mentioned 2000 years ago.
Pale cabbage - a super quick pickled cabbage recipe

Walnuts + Tomatoes

Walnuts in general are bad neighbors for all crops, since their roots secrete a substance called juglone, which has a detrimental effect on most plants growing nearby. For example, for tomatoes. Therefore, if you have a small plot and walnuts grow on it, occupying a vast area, then it is better for you to grow vegetables in containers.
Walnuts will help restore male strength

Salad + Broccoli

Studies have shown that lettuce is very sensitive to the effects of substances released by broccoli. If you try to plant lettuce seeds in a place where lettuce grew, they most likely will not sprout.
A miracle dish for Sunday lunch - broccoli casserole

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Remember:Why is it important to obey laws? Is it possibleconsider ignorance of the law as an excuse for illegal action?

Think:Are there antisocial phenomena?When is inaction no better than dangerous action? How far is it from a misdemeanor to a crime?

There is probably no need to prove that the majority of people in society behave normally: they do not violate the rules of law, respect the laws, confidently use their rights, and fulfill their duties. This behavior is called lawful. It is useful for everyone - both for the individual and for society as a whole. Why is it useful? You can already answer this question quite intelligently yourself. However, let’s not idealize people’s actions: lawful behavior has its own antipode.

Offense and its signs.

Having carefully listened to the sound of the word “offence”, you can easily understand its meaning: an offense is a violation of the rules of law, a violation of the established order of social relations. In the language of lawyers, an offense is the unlawful behavior (action) of a citizen or official who abuses power, official position, etc.

Illegality- this is one of the main signs of an offense.

Lawyers, when characterizing the behavior of a person or organization, use the word “act”. It has a double meaning: it is action, i.e. active behavior, or inaction - passive behavior when he was obliged to do, but did not: did not pay the tax, did not buy a ticket, did not provide the necessary assistance to the patient (doctor, nurse), did not fulfill his duties, did not provide assistance to the person in distress (ship captain), etc. .

The feelings and thoughts of people, no matter how “black” they may be, cannot be an offense, but only until these thoughts lead to an illegal act. Therefore, an offense is always an act.

Offending is necessarily associated with antisocial behavior and causes harm to people. To insult, slander someone, or threaten someone means committing an offense and causing moral harm. Hitting or beating someone is an offense causing physical harm. Theft, robbery, robbery, fraud, damage to someone else's property, deception of buyers, etc. - all of these are, of course, offenses that cause property damage. Thus, causing harm is a sign of an offense.

Another mandatory sign of an offense is the presence of guilt. Guilt is understood as a person’s mental attitude towards his act and its consequences. This refers to the goals and plans that guided the person who committed the offense.

To establish guilt (guilt), it is necessary to answer the questions: how does the person who committed the act relate to his act? What were his goals, plans, motivations? By answering these questions, you can establish the form of guilt, which is very important, because punishment depends on it.

There are two forms of guilt: a) negligence and b) intent, when a person acts consciously, specifically, intentionally.

Let's explain with an example. Consider a typical situation in the subway: on an escalator, people stand on the right and pass on the left. Someone standing there automatically, without thinking, put a heavy bag next to him and thereby closed (or narrowed) the passage, which, of course, should not be done. A passenger quickly passing on the left did not notice the bag and stumbledand... (further there may be the most unpleasant consequences).

The person who put the bag down is definitely at fault. But which one? Did he have a goal (intention) to interfere with the movement? He clearly had no special intent. Consequently, he acted carelessly, and the punishment, most likely, will not be the most severe.

It would be another matter if the person standing on the right deliberately (with a purpose) offered his bag (or leg) to someone who was passing by. This would be an intentional offense. Naturally, it entails a more severe punishment.

So, an offense can be characterized as follows: it is a guilty antisocial illegal act. It has a number of mandatory features - we named them above. An offense is punishable by law, depending on the nature of the offence.

From the book of the Italian educator and lawyer Cesare Beccaria (1738-4794) “On Crimes and Punishments”:

“Do you want to prevent a crime?

Make sure that the laws are clear and simple, so that all the forces of the nation are concentrated on their protection and are not used even partially to trample them...

Do you want to prevent crimes?

Make sure that enlightenment goes hand in hand with freedom. Evil generated by knowledge is inversely proportional to its distribution, and good is directly proportional. A clever deceiver, as a rule, a man of remarkable ability, often enjoys the adoration of the ignorant crowd, and enlightened people boo him... The light of enlightenment, penetrating deep into the nation, silences slandering ignorance... while the powerful force of laws remains unshakable...

Finally, the surest, but also the most difficult means of preventing crime is to improve education.”

In your opinion, what ways of crime prevention indicated by the author remain important today?

Types of offenses.

Offenses are usually divided into two types: crimes and misdemeanors. If we recall the example above with the escalator, then

in the first case (negligence) it was a misdemeanor, and in the second (intentional act) it was a crime.

According to Article 14 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (CC RF), a crime is a socially dangerous act committed guilty of guilt, prohibited by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation under threat of punishment.

As you can see, the state recognizes the crime dangerous type of offense and prohibits under the threat of the most severe criminal punishment (imprisonment, confiscation of property, etc.). Moreover, due to the public danger, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation considers even cooking to him (v. 30). Citizens who have reached the age of 16 can be recognized as criminals, and for a number of crimes - 14 years. For crimes such as murder, intentional bodily harm, kidnapping, rape, theft, robbery, extortion, aggravated hooliganism, theft of a car or other vehicle, intentional destruction or damage to property, terrorism, hostage-taking, false reporting of an act terrorism, theft or extortion of weapons, ammunition, explosives and explosive devices, theft or extortion of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances, rendering vehicles or means of communication unusable, criminal liability in accordance with Article 20 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation begins from the age of 14 .

A misdemeanor is also a guilty, socially dangerous, illegal act. A misdemeanor is different from a crime less degree of public danger (harmfulness). However, it should be remembered that a misdemeanor is also an encroachment on law and order. Drunkenness and rowdy behavior in public places, ticketless travel, petty theft, carrying unpaid luggage, damaging pay phones, causing damage to other people's property, illegal transactions, failure to fulfill a contract, copyright infringement, absenteeism, being late for work, etc. - all of these actions harm other people and society. For a misdemeanor, non-criminal penalties are provided - in the form of warnings, fines, compensation for property damage caused, and even correctional labor.

All types of offenses, of course, violate public order and interfere with people’s normal work, rest, and everyday life. In addition, a thin, conditional line separates a misdemeanor from a crime - at any moment it can cross the line of the law and become a socially dangerous, criminal act.

From the work of I. A. Ilyin “On the essence of legal consciousness”:

“... People who do not know their duties are unable to observe them, do not know their limits and are powerless against the extortion of the “voivode”, the usurer and the robber; people who do not know their powers arbitrarily exceed them or cowardly yield to force; people who do not know their prohibitions easily forget all restraint and discipline or find themselves doomed to legal insanity. Ignorance... of law inevitably leads to the tyranny of the strong and the intimidation of the weak. Moreover, it makes it impossible to live rightfully and by right. People are in the state of animals or things, to which the voice does not reach, demanding what is “possible”, what “should” and what “is not allowed” ... "

Using dictionary entries and other additional literature, explain how you understand the meaning of the concepts of “authority”, “prohibition”, “withholding”, “legal insanity”. Why does the author consider it dangerous for people to not know their duties, powers, and prohibitions? What does ignorance of law lead to?

Legal liability.

Freedom, as you already know, is inseparable from responsibility. The concept of “legal liability” is used in in two senses - Firstly, this is a wonderful, most valuable moral quality of a citizen, a feature of his legal culture, especially when responsibility becomes a norm of behavior, a guide to action. It is manifested in deep respect for the law, voluntary compliance with all requirements of the law. A legally responsible person is able to foresee all the unpleasant and sometimes severe consequences of an offense.

Secondly, the concept of “legal liability” has a strictly legal meaning - it is the application of state coercive measures for an offense committed. Please note: the use of government coercion. What is it?

There is, as you know, moral responsibility - to society, to one’s own conscience (a very serious, sometimes painful type of responsibility). But here we are talking more about the loss of respect of others, mental suffering.

Legal responsibility is responsibilitybefore the law, before the court.And it is expressed in the fact that state coercive measures are applied to a person whose guilt has been proven; in other words, the state punishes him: he is fined, obligated to compensate for the damage caused, imprisoned, etc. The severity of the punishment depends on the nature of the offense. As we see, the difference is significant, although legal liability, of course, does not exclude pangs of conscience and shame in front of people.

However, a responsible person knows how to foresee the consequences of his actions. He is free to choose his action, the choice is on his conscience. But he is also responsible for the consequences, including legal ones. But the ability to foresee is not given at birth. It is the result of education and self-education, part of the legal culture of a citizen.

Types of legal liability.

They depend on the nature of the offenses. As a rule, criminal, civil, administrative, disciplinary and financial liability are distinguished.

The most severe, harsh and strict type of liability is criminal liability. This is responsibility for crimes, and it consists of applying criminal penalties to the perpetrators, such as imprisonment, confiscation of property, etc. As the most severe type of responsibility, it is carried out only in court, by a court verdict. Criminal liability is regulated by a special law - the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Administrativeliability is determined by the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences. For such offenses, various types of punishment are provided: warnings, fines, confiscation, deprivation of special rights, etc.

The following two types of liability, I am disciplined and material, regulated by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. Disciplinary offenses are punished not only with remarks and reprimands. This may result in dismissal from work, expulsion of the student from the educational institution, etc. Financial liability obliges the employee to compensate for the damage caused.

Civil liability arises as a result of civil offenses and is regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. This type of liability is mainly of a so-called compensatory nature - it involves full compensation for harm and restoration of violated property and personal non-property rights.

English judge D. Crombie believes that there are many “oddities and jokes” in the legislation of various states. He collected them in the book “The Stupidest Laws in the World.” For example:

England.
- It is prohibited to hang beds from windows.
- Women are prohibited from eating chocolate on public transport.
- Members of Parliament are prohibited from entering the House of Commons wearing armor.
- Since the 12th century. It is illegal for men to beat their wife after 9 pm.
France.
- It is illegal for pig owners to call their pig "Napoleon".
- It is prohibited to plant or park flying saucers in vineyards throughout France.
Canada.
- It is illegal to board a flying aircraft.
USA.
- Passengers are prohibited from leaving the aircraft during the flight.
- It is an offense to operate a motorboat on city streets.
- Donkeys are not allowed to sleep in bathtubs (Arizona).
- Dogs are prohibited from barking after 6 pm (City of Little Rock).
- It is illegal to throw shoes at the bride and groom during a wedding ceremony (Colorado).
- Pedestrians are prohibited from crossing the street on their hands (Connecticut).
- After sunset it is forbidden to walk backwards (Devon town).

Presumption of innocence.

The somewhat mysterious word “presumption” is Latin for “assumption.” In our country it operates in accordance with the Constitution. In a legal sense, the presumption of innocence is the principle according to which every accused person is considered (presumed) innocent until proven guilty in a court of law. If you think about it, this is a noble, humane, fair principle of human protection. Therefore, when, long before a court decision, you hear statements from individual zealous journalists or officials that a criminal who has committed something terrible has finally been caught, do not rush to take their word for it. The most that can be said before trial without breaking the law is: “Detained on suspicion.”

In the classroom and at home

Determine which of the following concepts is not a sign of an offense:
- a) dangerous behavior;
- b) dangerous thoughts;
- c) violation of the law;
- d) causing harm.
We invite you to familiarize yourself with various situations in which misconduct is described. Your task is to come up with a continuation: to describe (orally) a situation that can be called a crime. For example: the driver often got behind the wheel while drunk (misdemeanor). And once he hit a pedestrian (a crime). (To complete the task, read carefully Article 20 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, set out in the text of the paragraph.)
- a) ...often ran across the street at a red light. But one day...
- b) ... He liked to annoy people with phone calls and remain silent on the phone or say nasty things. But one day...
- c) ...He loved to “play jokes” on the kids: he pushed, hit, tripped them, and at the same time extorted money. But one day...