Runny nose

A story about sacrifice in different countries. Cannibalism and human sacrifice

Wood carving

Modern carving

It does not have a strict classification, since different types of thread can be combined in the same product.

Conventionally, we can distinguish types of threads:

through thread (this includes cutting and slotted threads)
blind thread (all subtypes of relief and flat carving)
sculptural carving
house carving (is a separate direction, since it can combine all three of the above types).
Chainsaw Carving (Performing primarily sculptural carvings using only a chainsaw.)

The conditional classification of thread types is as follows:

Through thread

Walnut

Through thread is divided into actually end-to-end And invoice, has two subtypes:

Proriznaya thread - (through sections are cut with chisels and cutters)
Propilnaya thread (actually the same thing, but such areas are cut out with a saw or jigsaw).

A slotted or saw-cut carving with a relief ornament is called openwork.

Flat grooved thread

Flat grooved carving is characterized by the fact that its basis is a flat background, and the carving elements go deep into it, that is, the lower level of the carved elements lies below the background level. There are several subtypes of such carvings:

contour thread- the simplest, its only element is a groove. Such grooves create a pattern on a flat background. Depending on the chisel you choose, the groove may be semicircular or triangular. The semicircular one is cut with a semicircular chisel, and the triangular one is cut with a corner cutter, a corner chisel or an ordinary knife in two steps.
staple (nail) thread- the main element is a bracket (outwardly similar to the mark left by a fingernail when pressing on any soft material, hence the name nail-shaped) - a semicircular notch on a flat background. This notch is made with a semicircular chisel in two steps: first, the chisel is deepened into the wood perpendicular to the surface, and then at an angle at some distance from the first cut. The result is a so-called bracket. Many such brackets of different sizes and directions create a picture or its individual elements.
geometric (triangular, trihedral notched) thread- has two main elements: a peg and a pyramid (a triangular pyramid buried inside). Carving is performed in two stages: pricking and trimming. First, the sectors that need to be cut are pricked (outlined) with a cutter, and then they are trimmed. All elements are performed with a knife-jamb. Repeated use of pyramids and peg at different distances and at different angles gives a great variety of geometric shapes, among which are distinguished: rhombuses, swirls, honeycombs, chains, radiances, etc.
black glaze carving- the background is a flat surface covered with black varnish or paint. As in a contour carving, grooves are cut into the background, from which the design is built. The different depths of the grooves and their different profiles give an interesting play of light and shadow and the contrast of the black background and light cut grooves.

Relief carving

Relief carving is characterized by the fact that the carving elements are located above the background or at the same level with it. As a rule, all carved panels are made using this technique. There are several subtypes of such carvings:

flat-relief carving with a cushion background - can be compared with contour carving, but all the edges of the grooves become rolled, and sometimes with varying degrees of steepness (more sharply on the side of the design, gradually, gently, on the background side). Due to such oval contours, the background seems to be made of pillows, hence the name. The background is flush with the design.
flat-relief carving with a selected background - the same carving, but only the background is selected with chisels one level lower. The contours of the drawing also become shaved.
Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving (Kudrinskaya)- originated in the Abramtsevo estate near Moscow, in the village of Kudrino. The author is considered to be Vasily Vornoskov. The carving is distinguished by a characteristic “curly” ornament - curling garlands of petals and flowers. The same characteristic images of birds and animals are often used. Like flat-relief, it comes with a cushion and a selected background.
carving "Tatyanka"- this type of carving appeared in the 90s of the XX century. The author (Shamil Sasykov) named this formed style in honor of his wife and patented it. As a rule, such carvings contain floral ornaments. A characteristic feature is the absence of a background as such - one carved element gradually merges into another or is superimposed on it, thus filling the entire space.

Sculptural carving

USSR stamp, 1979, Bogorodskaya carving

A distinctive feature is the presence of sculpture - images of individual figures (or groups of figures) of people, animals, birds or other objects. In fact, it is the most difficult type of carving, since it requires the carver to have a three-dimensional vision of the figure, a sense of perspective, and maintain proportions.

It is considered a separate subspecies Bogorodskaya carving. The art of chainsaw carving, which is becoming increasingly popular both among carvers and connoisseurs of beauty, can also be considered a type of sculptural carving. Popularity is easy to explain. Chainsaw carving is, first of all, an action, a performance, a show. Increasingly, festivals, competitions, and demonstration performances by chainsaw carving masters at public events, presentations, and exhibitions began to be held. Unlike other genres of wood carving, the viewer not only sees the final result of the master’s painstaking and long work, but also visually participates in the process of creating the sculpture.

Notes

Literature

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See what “Wood carving” is in other dictionaries:

wood carving- Wood in art has been used since ancient times in architecture, sculpture, decorative and applied arts, especially folk art (utensils, furniture, often tinted or decorated with carvings, intarsia, painting, gilding, etc.)... … Dictionary of Temple Architecture

ARTISTIC WOOD CARVING, one of the oldest and most common types of artistic woodworking, in which a pattern is applied to the product using an ax, knife, cutters, chisels, chisels and other similar tools. WITH… … Encyclopedic Dictionary

FLAT-RELIEF WOOD CARVING, one of the most common types of carving. The relatively shallow relief (5-20 mm) maintains the same height with the same depth of the main background. The main motifs of flat-relief carvings are floral ornaments... Encyclopedic Dictionary

GEOMETRIC WOOD CARVING, one of the most ancient and widespread types of wooden ornamental carving. It is made in the form of recesses of two, three, tetrahedral shapes, which in combination give a large number of different compositions.... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary

Folk crafts. Wood carving: history of origin and development The history of wood carving goes back to the emergence in human society of techniques and methods of processing wood, as the simplest and most common material, as well as the emergence of wooden architecture. Our distant ancestors knew that wood has very valuable qualities: waterproofness, thermal insulation, low density, and a rich variety of texture patterns. In addition, wood is convenient to process and harvest. In this regard, wood was widely used in everyday life - almost everywhere from the construction of defensive fortifications to kitchen utensils and agricultural implements. Since the advent of Homo sapiens, the desire for beauty has been embedded in the minds and hearts of people. This desire has resulted in the amazing ability of people to make a real work of art out of natural material. There is hardly a people who do not decorate their homes and household items. However, the history of the development of carving in each country is special and is associated with the level of culture, skill and worldview in society. This is probably why in each country the art of wood carving has its own unique characteristics, techniques and styles. Geometric flat-relief carving is considered the most ancient. It not only decorated household utensils and buildings, but also had a semantic, ritual meaning. All elements of such carvings carried symbols of elements and phenomena. By applying them to objects decorating the house, people hoped to protect themselves from the influence of evil forces and attract light forces: life, fertility and longevity. Charms were also carved from wood - small figures of gods who were the guardians of the hearth. The oldest find carved from wood is the Shigir idol. This is a wooden sculpture made of larch, which experts date back to the Mesolithic period, that is, to the 8th millennium BC. The item was found on the territory of our country, not far from Yekaterinburg, during excavations on the eastern slope of the Middle Urals. It is interesting that the body of the idol is covered on all sides with geometric ornamental carvings, and on its wider parts something similar to a face (mask) is carved. Having studied the images, scientists identified characters that are associated with the heavenly (upper) and underground (lower) worlds, apparently embodying the animal world and the plant world, the feminine and masculine principles. Gradually, with the development of mankind, wood carving lost its mystical and ritual meaning and became a way of decorative decoration of household items. New techniques in carving appeared, and its technique was enriched by the use of new tools. Starting from the 16th century, large carving workshops and artels began to be created. Wood carving has become a widespread folk craft on a national scale. Skilled folk carvers decorated royal palaces, cathedrals and temples, houses and estates of rich and noble people with original carvings. The life of people in Rus' was inextricably linked with wood. The craftsmen used not only the wood itself, but also birch bark, thin roots of pine and spruce, bast, burl, capo root. These materials were used in various types of artistic woodworking. For example, capo-root, which was growths on the trunk and roots of a birch, had an irregular structure, an intricate plexus of fibers and a very high density. These properties make the burl or capo-root similar to Karelian birch, from which elegant decorative objects were made: exquisite furniture, snuff boxes, caskets. Folk carvers made excellent dishes from capo root, which is resistant to moisture. From time immemorial in Russia, all traditional household items made of wood had an expressive decorative form and were decorated with rich carved patterns or artistic painting. The carved decoration of spinning wheels, ladles, spindles, salt pans, seamstresses, rollers, dishes and spoons reflected people's observations of the living nature around them. In Rus', great importance was attached to decorating architectural structures made of wood with carvings. In the 19th century, a whole trend in carved folk art arose - house carving. Peasant houses, decorated with openwork carvings with a beautiful ridge on the roof, resembled fairy-tale houses. The perfection of carved ornaments and images delights even a sophisticated connoisseur. Rhythmic floral patterns, geometric lace, graceful curls, intricate rosettes, figurines of lions, mermaids, magical birds and animals - all this put the carved decor of the Russian hut on a par with the masterpieces of world architecture. In house carving, more complex techniques were used than in the design of simple household items. Triangular, contour and geometric carvings were replaced by solid relief, slotted and sculptural carvings. Solid carvings with a characteristic solid background were used to decorate the gables of houses, platbands, and end boards, helping to preserve the wood from rotting. Carved or openwork carving, which is very similar to lace, was used to decorate entrances above doors, platbands, porch cornices, balks, towels, and stair railings. Openwork or saw-cut carving was the calling card of masters of the Russian North: Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Kostroma regions, as well as the Urals, Volga region and Siberia.

Since ancient times, people have treated wood with gratitude and respect.

It is quite natural that wood carving is widespread in our country as a decorative art. Russia is a huge country of endless forests with centuries-old oak forests, pine forests and light birch groves. The tree has no equal in its breadth of application.

Russian craftsmen, using a knife ax and other auxiliary tools, made everything necessary for life: houses, bridges, windmills, fortress walls, churches, tools, ships, sleighs, carts, dishes, furniture, children's toys and much more.

In addition, wood was much more docile than stone. With the help of simple tools, people built their own houses and made hunting and plowing tools. They also quickly learned to use wood as a basis for creating beautiful things.

The huge role that the tree played in the history of human development made people idolize this gift of nature. In many cultures, the tree has been worshiped for thousands of years; it was credited with the role of a channel through which the forces of earth and sky flow. The tree was deified because it faithfully stored on its surface requests and prayers to the gods, the appearance of people, plants and animals.

Wooden products were “native” - warm, reliable, comfortable, beautiful.

Various museums around the world house monuments to the art of wood carving.

The oldest of them, the Shigir idol, was found in Russia, near Yekaterinburg. Scientists believe that it was created in the 8th millennium BC; this idol is older than the Egyptian pyramids. But the matter is not only in antiquity - on the surface of the idol there are clearly visible writings, which, according to researchers, tell about how our distant ancestors saw the world.

Traditional household items in Russia, carved from wood, with expressive shapes, were then covered with rich carved ornaments or artistic paintings, which symbolized the world around the master. Plants, animals, scenes of work and rest - such painting pointed to the main motifs of wooden carving in Russia.

In the XIX century, a direction in carved folk art, the so-called house carving, was formed. Businessmen everywhere in Rus' began to decorate peasant houses with openwork carvings with a beautiful ridge on the roof; such houses resembled fairy-tale huts.

Each craftsman has his own carving, which is in no way similar to the neighboring one. Geometric lace, graceful curls, intricate rosettes, figurines of lions, mermaids, magical birds and animals - all this put carved decor on the level of world architecture.

Many years have passed, humanity has invented a huge number of new building materials, tools and household items, but wood still remains a favorite material.

Nowadays, it is increasingly possible to see the construction of a house made of wood; these are wooden houses made of solid and laminated timber, logs, log cabins made of hand-cut logs, rounded logs, and many types of frame construction, although some of them are half wooden.

Wooden houses that preserve the natural beauty of wood carry a positive emotional charge.

But not only houses and baths, but also the crafts with which we decorate our homes, we happily wear wooden jewelry.

And this is possible because the art of wood carving is still alive today.

Murdered girls of Sevastopol: victims of a maniac or ritual murders?

The topic of ritual murders is raised in the media from time to time, however, not because of them, but rather in spite of them. Oddly enough, most people cannot believe that such atrocities are possible in our time, preferring to ignore the obvious facts.

Two young residents Anastasia Balyabina and Tatyana Mizina, living in Sevastopol, left home to carol and did not return. This happened on January 4, 2011. Their corpses were found three weeks later, on January 29, near the Mechta garage cooperative.

They looked for them quite carefully: “...According to the Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Sevastopol, “473 police officers and 125 military personnel of the internal troops were involved in the event. 661 basements and 563 attics were checked, as well as 63 places where youth were concentrated”…. The garage area had been searched previously, and the fact that they were not found immediately suggests that they were killed earlier and then planted.

After the bodies were discovered, the killer was found on February 11; he turned out to be a kindergarten watchman, who confessed to the crime. It would seem that the case can be closed. However, in my humble opinion, the watchman has nothing to do with it. In this case, an ordinary ritual murder by Orthodox Jews took place.

What evidence is there for this?

Naturally, I don’t have direct evidence, but if I worked for the Sevastopol police, it is quite possible that I would provide more concrete evidence. But we will operate with what is available in open sources. To begin with, I will write that such a thing as ritual murders still exists today. I refer all doubters to the appropriate one:

"...Today dangerous to one's own life be a “dunno” in matters of politics! It’s time not only for Russians, but also for all other indigenous peoples of Russia, and the Jews themselves (including those who profess Judaism) to finally learn the whole truth about the blasphemous ritual of killing children of the white race in order to obtain Christian blood. It’s time to debunk the brainless fanaticism of the Talmudists, who claim that drinking the blood of those killed in a painful way is a remedy for many diseases for Jews...”

I also wrote about ritual murders Vladimir Dal- author of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. His real profession is as a doctor, and he worked as a forensic scientist investigating ritual murders. In addition to the above book, he also wrote “Inquiry into the killing of Christian infants by the Jews and the consumption of their blood.” Printed by order of the Minister of Internal Affairs, 1844. Where he, with his usual scrupulousness and methodicalness, analyzes all cases of Jewish ritual sacrifices, starting from the 14th century. If you are interested, you can download this book and read it yourself.

Ritual murders still occur in our time. One of the sensational cases is the ritual murder of the Schussler children in Chicago in 1955. Or the ritual murder of children in Krasnoyarsk in 2005.

Having accepted as a hypothesis that there are ritual motives in the murder of girls, we begin to collect clues that deny the maniac and confirm the hypothesis of a Jewish sacrifice.

1. Date of death. According to preliminary conclusions, it occurred about a week ago from the moment the corpses were discovered. That is, the corpses were found on January 29, which means that death occurred on January 20-23. The date itself, January 20, is a full moon. It is during the full moon that many black magic rituals are performed.

2. Since the girls were abducted on January 4, they had to be kept somewhere for a good two weeks before the murder. That is, there must be a room like a prison cell. This room must meet certain requirements. Firstly, it must be durable so that it is impossible to escape from it. Secondly, it should be relatively remote from crowded places. The dark basement of a synagogue is the most suitable place. If anyone hears it, it will be everyone there.

In the case of a maniac, he would have to equip a separate room specifically for these purposes. Make it soundproof and durable so that it is impossible to get out. Which is clearly beyond the capabilities of a simple lone watchman. No, well, of course you can equip such a room in an apartment, buy a lot of sound-absorbing material, upholster the entire room, seal up the window. The sound-absorbing material itself should be protected from being torn by doomed victims. But such a room would attract attention due to its unusualness, and it was written about in detail. It is possible to keep prisoners in a country house, but even there it is necessary to equip an appropriate room.

3. Taking into account the fact that the captives were in captivity for two weeks, they had to be fed and watered all this time. Food does not come from heaven; even the simplest food must be bought in a store for money. You also need to clean up after the prisoners. Or take you to the toilet under escort. Can you imagine such a maniac who will do all this until hour X? Hardly! Although the actions of maniacs are difficult to predict, not one of them will wait two weeks for something unknown, and after that, inflict multiple stab wounds.

In the case of a ritual sacrifice, everything fits into the plot. Future victims are somehow being prepared. I don’t know how, maybe they give me special food or something else. It doesn't matter. The only important thing is that there is a proven procedure.

4. And finally, the last argument. Deputy Head of the Department - Head of the Investigation Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine in Sevastopol Roman Litvinov noted that the killing of children is completely cruel, but it cannot be said that it is ritual. (http://sevastopol.ws/News/?op=article&sid=9501).

This haste in itself is already alarming. The fact is that a ritual murder differs from an ordinary murder in the nature of the knife wounds. If you take an ordinary maniac or murderer, then the knife blows will be delivered chaotically. If a professional killer is operating, then one or two strikes are enough.

In the case of ritual murder, the task is somewhat different. There it is important not to kill, but to collect as much blood as possible. Therefore, the incisions are small, all of them are located in the places where large vessels pass. These cuts are made with special tools. They are two types of scalpels, one scalpel-like, the Hebrew name is Kusulta, and the other is a pointed one, called Masmar, which in Hebrew means nail. With these scalpels the corresponding incisions are made, in Hebrew Ribda. The nature of these wounds, combined with complete bleeding, gives grounds to assert with a probability of 99.9% that this murder is ritual.

Summarizing what has been said, we can conclude that there are certain Jewish sects that practice human sacrifice. Their wealth and the presence of their people in law enforcement agencies make it possible to commit ritual murders with impunity on a regular basis. All these murders are committed mainly on the eve of Easter in all major cities every year. The blood obtained in this way is used to prepare matzah, which is used on the great Jewish holidays. Usually they look for street children so that there is less noise, but sometimes ordinary children also get caught in their network...

You can also read “On the Other Side of the Talmud. Christian-Jewish Mystery of Mysteries. The Transcendental Meaning of Jewish Ritual Sacrifice." Or Igor Savin’s article “From kosher beef to the ritual consumption of Christian blood. Jewish sources on blood sacrifices in modern Judaism."

“The ethical ideas of the Atlanteans were dominated by images of merciless and greedy deities, and ritual cannibalism played a large role in the cult,” wrote the Russian poet and visionary Daniil Andreev in his mystical work “The Rose of the World.” If you do not take into account mythological ideas, historians identify about 25 cultures that are closely associated with human sacrifice.

Archaeological excavations sometimes do not confirm ancient legends about bloody rituals that were spread to discredit their opponents (Julius Caesar about the Gauls), or for educational purposes (Plutarch about the Spartans’ custom of throwing defective newborns from a cliff), and so on. Often, stories about human sacrifice, according to archaeological data, lost their former scale or were reduced to sporadic excesses. Humanistic scientists associate the emergence of the practice of ritual human sacrifice with the recognition of the sacredness of blood as the embodiment of human vitality.

Ritual human sacrifices in what is now Europe were practiced during the Upper Paleolithic era. Victims were selected based on age, gender and physical health. In a number of archaeological sites, human bones are found among kitchen waste. It is clear that these people were eaten, but how can one prove that this was precisely the ritual eating of a person, and not hunger?

During the Shang Dynasty, an incredible number of ritual killings were carried out. In 1928, at the site of the last Shang capital of Yinxu, located near the modern city of Anyang in Henan Province, the remains of 13 thousand people, mostly men aged 15 to 35 years, were found in sacrificial pits. Until the 17th century, his associates who did not want to live after the death of their owner were periodically buried along with the Chinese emperor.

In the Aztec temple of the city of Tenochtitlan, the remains of a “wall of skulls” were found, which was a wooden stand that was intended to display the skulls of prisoners of war or victims of ritual murder. The conquistadors, who destroyed the Aztec civilization, used this as an argument to justify their own cruelty.

Their sacrifices never reached the scale of their American contemporaries, the Aztecs. They were performed in exceptional cases, for example, when a noble Inca or ruler died, after which his wives and servants were buried with him. The reason for the sacrifice was the religious ceremony of "duty of the ruler", or "great offering", which took place at critical moments in life in the Inca Empire.

In the city of Chichen Itza, the ancient Mayans painted their victims blue and, dedicating them to the god of lightning, water and rain, Chak, threw them into a well. Some archaeologists are convinced that only in rare cases did a ball game, as evidenced by the fine art of the Maya, end in the death of the players of the losing team.

The history of human sacrifice in Ancient Egypt goes back about five thousand years. The first victims were found at the tombs of the first pharaohs at Abydos, which served from time to time as the capital and was the cult center of the god of the underworld Osiris. The practice became less common or ceased entirely by the time of the construction of the Pyramids of Giza about 4,500 years ago.

In the temple dedicated to the goddess Kamakhya (now the Indian state of Assam), human sacrifice was practiced until the 19th century, until it was banned by the British government in 1832. In 1565, 140 victims were beheaded in just one sacrifice. It was believed that Shiva himself was embodied in each victim. There was another bloody Indian ritual: the Gond victim was strangled, cut into pieces, and then buried in the fields to increase fertility.

In the 16th century, the Japanese abandoned the ancient ritual of human sacrifice, hitobashira ("living pillar"), when the victim was walled up alive in one of the supports for the future structure. Such a ritual was supposed to protect the building in the event of an earthquake and other disasters. Ancient sources indicate that human sacrifices occurred in the early history of Rome.

In the mythology of the Mongolian peoples, one of the souls of a person, with which his vital and spiritual force is connected, is called “sulde” (“spirit, life force”). The ruler's sulde is the guardian spirit of the people, which embodies his banner. During wars, human sacrifices are said to be made to raise the morale of the army to the sulda banners.

Celts are a name for many groups. Most often this is the name given to the Gauls and Germans. The description of human sacrifices among the Celts was made by their enemies the Romans in order to discredit the barbarians.

Potential victims could be people with albinism in Tanzania, as the African country still practices magical rituals using various body parts of albinos. As The Guardian reported, in 2015, police arrested about 32 witch doctors who took part in such covens or traded human body parts.