Slow heart rate in dogs: causes and treatment. Bradycardia - slow heart rate in dogs Bradycardia in dogs causes

The heart of animals (and humans) is like a perpetual motion machine, which, without stopping for a second, distills hundreds and even thousands of liters of blood every day. The smaller the pet, the greater the load falls on its “fiery motor,” and therefore, using the example of small dogs, it is easy to understand how quickly this most important muscle must work. If there are any interruptions in the functioning of the heart, or bradycardia appears in dogs, then you should immediately show your pet to a veterinarian.

What kind of pathology is this?

Strictly speaking, bradycardia itself is not a pathology: this is the name of the situation when the heart begins to contract more slowly compared to the norm. The phenomenon can be both pathological and physiological. In the latter case, bradycardia can be recorded if the animal is in an absolutely calm and relaxed state (sleeping). In addition, a similar condition can occur after taking certain medications.

In this article we will focus specifically on pathological cases of slow heart rate. Let's look at other causes of bradycardia in dogs:

How does the body regulate heart rate in general? Thanks to nerve impulses that arise directly in the heart. The organ itself has nodes that can independently excite nerve fibers. If some reason causes “obstruction” of the nerve fibers, the impulses begin to spread much more slowly. Accordingly, bradycardia occurs as a result. What are its symptoms?

If the intervals between contractions are too long, the dog may become lethargic, apathetic, and even cases of fainting are possible. Note that certain breeds of dogs are especially predisposed to sinus bradycardia, including:

Diagnosis

Identifying bradycardia can sometimes be difficult. This is especially true in cases where a slowdown in cardiac activity is observed periodically. Therefore, a diagnosis can only be made based on the results of a general examination of the animal and a medical history collected during the entire period of the disease. Let us also recall that bradycardia is not a disease, but only a phenomenon, the signs of which may indicate a specific disease.

It is necessary to conduct a standard blood test, check its biochemistry, and also take a urine sample. The results of these studies will probably not directly indicate bradycardia, but they can help identify toxic substances, remnants of other toxic compounds, and indicate other problems (hypothyroidism). In addition, even a simple blood test can easily detect anemia, which can also cause bradycardia. X-ray and ultrasound examination are very important, with the help of which it is possible to identify morphofunctional pathologies of the heart.

An electrocardiogram is vital in cases where sinus bradycardia is suspected. A professional cardiologist will be able to identify it on a chart even in the initial stages. In the first week, it is advisable to do an ECG daily or every other day. It must be remembered that at first the animal will be worried and nervous, and its heart rate will automatically increase. Only after the dog gets used to the veterinarian will the research results become more reliable.

Treatment for bradycardia in dogs depends on the underlying disease. In many cases, this phenomenon is physiological, and therefore no therapy is required at all. If an ECG and ultrasound examination of the heart do not reveal its morphofunctional disorders, the dog simply needs rest and limitation of physical activity (do not overdo it with walks and exercises). As for specific drugs, we repeat once again - it all depends on the primary pathology that provoked the bradycardia.

But in general cases, intramuscular sulfocamphocaine, intravenous adrenaline (together with glucose and Ringer's solution), and chimes have proven themselves well. If there is a threat of edema development, diuretics are prescribed. In the case where no structural damage to the heart was detected in the animal over several months of observation, restrictions on motor activity can be lifted.

Arrhythmia in dogs treatment

Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) in dogs

Arrhythmia is caused by an abnormal change in the frequency of the impulses that regulate the heartbeat, resulting in an irregular rhythm. The heart may beat too fast, too slow, or stop.

The sinoatrial node (also known as the sinus node) initiates electrical impulses or contractions in the heart, causing it to beat. The strength of the discharge emanating from the sinus node depends on two opposing influences of the nervous system: excitation from the vagus nerves reduces the strength of the spontaneous discharge and prevails over sympathetic stimulation. During inhalation, the response from the respiratory and cardiac centers produces increased heart rate by reducing restrictions on the functions of the vagus nerve. During exhalation, in turn, the opposite happens.

Sinus arthritis also depends on reflexes. affecting stretch receptors in the lungs, pressure and volume sensory receptors in the heart, blood vessels, and blood chemistry. As a rule, there is no effect on blood flow, but severe sinus arrhythmia can cause long pauses in the heartbeat, which leads to loss of consciousness in the absence of a replacement rhythm .

Arrhythmia in dogs is quite common and is not always a reason for concern. Rare irregular heartbeats may not cause other health problems. However, since this disorder may be an early symptom of a more serious illness, it would be wise to take your pet to a veterinarian. Some breeds appear to be predisposed to arrhythmias, most notably brachiocephalic breeds: bulldogs, Lhasa Apsos, Pekingese, pugs, Shar-Peis, Shih Tzus and boxers.

Symptoms of arrhythmia in dogs

The first symptom is the heart beating too fast, too slow or stopping, also called an irregular heart rhythm. Physical weakness may occur, and if the pauses between blows are too long, loss of consciousness may occur. It is quite rare.

Typically, nonrespiratory symptoms occur more often than respiratory symptoms.

Signs of arrhythmia in dogs

Normal periodic changes in the vagus nerves associated with breathing: the heart rate increases when inhaling and slows down when exhaling.

Predisposing diseases that increase the tone of the vagus nerve: high intracranial pressure, gastrointestinal diseases, respiratory diseases, brain diseases, digitalis intoxication (due to digoxin treatment), congestive heart failure.

Brachycephalic head shape.

Diseases affecting the vagus nerves.

Diagnosis of arrhythmia in dogs

The veterinarian will perform a thorough examination of your dog. taking into account the history of symptoms and events that may have led to the condition. You will need to provide a complete history of your dog's medical history and the onset of symptoms. All this can give your veterinarian a hint about whether there are any disorders predisposing to arrhythmia, or whether other organs are affected by the disease. This information will help make a diagnosis faster .

Electrocardiogram (ECG) used to test the flow of electrical impulses in the heart muscles. It can detect abnormalities in the heart's electrical conductivity (which underlies the heart's ability to contract/beat). X-rays of the head and neck are used to detect abnormalities in the anatomy that are causing breathing problems.

If there is a suspicion of upper respiratory tract disease. Your veterinarian may use a minimally invasive technique called pharyngoscopy or laryngoscopy, in which a tube-like device with an attached camera is inserted into the airway (pharynx and larynx, respectively) to visually examine it.

Treatment of arrhythmia

Usually special treatment for arrhythmia in dogs only required if the disorder is associated with a symptomatic slow heart rate. If the underlying disease is not related to breathing problems, the animal will be treated immediately. If your dog has respiratory failure, he will need to be hospitalized until his condition stabilizes. There is no need to reduce activity unless your pet has a specific illness (for example, brachycephalic animals may need to reduce exercise, especially in high temperatures).

Your veterinarian will recommend reduce calories. if your dog is overweight, as it leads to severe breathing problems. You will only need the medications that are necessary to treat the underlying disease.

Further care

The veterinarian will make an appointment for you repeated examinations only if the dog has a rare form of the disease. If she has a common type of arrhythmia, occasional heart rhythm irregularities, and her health is not compromised, you will not need to undergo additional treatment beyond regular medical examinations.

Cardiac arrhythmia in dogs

Cardiac arrhythmia in dogs is when the heart beats with an unstable and uneven rhythm. There are several types of cardiac arrhythmias, but they all occur due to problems in the generation and transmission of electrical impulses in the heart.

Risk Factors for Cardiac Arrhythmia in Dogs

In some cases, arrhythmia is minor and harmless to the dog, in others it can lead to life-threatening consequences.

Regardless of age, breed or gender, all dogs can be susceptible to cardiac arrhythmia. True, some breeds have a predisposition to certain types of arrhythmia. Large breeds are prone to atrial fibrillation, which causes an abnormally high heart rate. Labrador Retrievers are especially susceptible to supraventricular tachycardia, which also causes the heart to beat faster.

Symptoms of cardiac arrhythmia in dogs

A sign of cardiac arrhythmia is an abnormally high, low, as well as uneven and unstable heart rate. Frequent symptoms of the disease are difficulty breathing, loss of appetite and general weakness, even complete exhaustion.

Diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmia in dogs

A thorough veterinary examination will be required to accurately diagnose the disease. It is necessary to perform blood and urine tests. Arrhythmia in dogs can be a consequence of other diseases, such as hypothyroidism.

Using an ECG, you can diagnose arrhythmia and determine its type. A chest x-ray will help identify possible damage to the heart muscle. An ultrasound will show how well your dog's heart is functioning and whether there is any damage.

Treatment of cardiac arrhythmia in dogs

Treatment will depend on the cause of the disease. If an underlying condition, such as hypothyroidism, is causing problems with your dog's heart, then treatment for the underlying condition will need to be started. Addressing the cause usually helps resolve the cardiac arrhythmia.

Treatment will vary depending on the type of cardiac arrhythmia the dog develops. Heart rhythm disorders are classified according to the part of the heart in which they occur. Some types require therapy, including medication or electric shock. Others may not require treatment.

For cardiac arrhythmias, drugs such as digoxin (digitalis, digitalis), lidocaine, diltiazem, atropine, and propranolol are often used. Arrhythmia can also be brought under control by implanting a pacemaker.

Seek veterinary help immediately if you notice signs of arrhythmia. The sooner treatment is started, the fewer negative consequences and complications there will be in the future.

Arrhythmia in dogs

Did you know that our dogs suffer from the same diseases as people? We will look at one of these diseases today. This arrhythmia in dogs.

Arrhythmia in dogs is a pathology associated with a disorder of the rhythm or frequency of contractions of the heart muscle.

This disease is detected quite often in dogs. Veterinarians differentiate rhythm disturbances into several types.

First type associated with acceleration. with tachycardia. or slowing down the rhythm. with bradycardia.

Second type disturbances occur against the background of changes in conductivity and are characterized by impulse delay.

Third type disorders occur as a result of ectopia. those. congenital In a healthy dog, impulses are generated in a special part of the heart muscle. called the sinoatrial node. It is this area that is responsible for the heart rate. Thus. This pathology is dangerous. that impulses begin to arise outside this node. which inevitably leads to premature contraction - extrasystole.

In veterinary practice, arrhythmia in dogs is most often determined using simple diagnostic procedures - palpation and auscultation (listening). However, if you suspect an arrhythmia, you should definitely resort to a more informative diagnostic method - electrocardiography.

Through palpation, the veterinarian is able to get an idea of ​​the frequency and strength of contraction. To make palpation more effective. it should be performed on the left in the third or fourth intercostal space of the dog. Of course, this procedure can be carried out on the right. but on the left the heartbeat is much stronger.

Auscultation is also important for making an accurate diagnosis and is a mandatory step when examining a dog. To obtain reliable data, it should be carried out regularly and over a long period of time. Sometimes the veterinarian palpates the pulse in parallel with auscultation. It is better and more convenient to use the dog’s femoral artery for this purpose.

As already said. The most informative method for determining arrhythmia in a dog is electrocardiography. This method is based on recording the electrical activity of the heart. As a result, a detailed picture of cardiac activity can be obtained. rhythm. conductivity. place where the pulse is generated.

The heart rate of a healthy dog ​​is quite variable. The range lies in the area of ​​60 – 120 beats / min. In large breeds, the frequency of contraction will shift downward. and for small ones - to a large one. However, that factor should be taken into account. that in a healthy dog, the frequency of contractions can increase sharply and reach 160 beats / min. This can happen. For example. even from excitement during a veterinary examination.

Manifestations of bradycardia. in other words, a decrease in heart rate in dogs. may be a consequence of pathological disorders of the central nervous system. suppression of thyroid function. hypothermia or poisoning. However. in certain breeds of dogs. For example. hunting bradycardia is normal. taking into account their lifestyle and training.

Tachycardia. as a pathology. also occurs against the background of a number of diseases. For example. fever. anemia. heart failure.

Dogs have a curious physiological feature. associated with breathing. with which arrhythmia is the norm. This feature should be emphasized. At the moment of inspiration, the heart rate increases. and during expiration it decreases. This fact sometimes misleads not only dog ​​owners. but also even inexperienced veterinarians. because they confuse it with a real arrhythmia. To avoid mistakes. During auscultation, an experienced veterinarian monitors respiratory movements. Besides. respiratory arrhythmia is leveled out with an increase in heart rate. which may be a consequence of physical activity.

This is a blockade. perhaps. the most dangerous cardiac arrhythmia. It is a consequence of abnormalities in the conduction pathways of the heart. interfering with the normal movement of the impulse. As a result, the contraction of the heart parts becomes uncoordinated. The success of treating this pathology will directly depend on. where exactly the impulse is blocked. Myocarditis can serve as prerequisites for the appearance of blockade.

Extrasystole is a fairly common arrhythmia among dogs. As a result of this pathology, additional contractions of the entire heart are observed. and its departments. The reason for this behavior of the heart is the newly formed center of electrical activity. which creates false impulses. A similar node can occur against the background of coronary heart disease in a dog. myocarditis or defects.

Despite the high prevalence of extrasystole among dogs, it is a dangerous disease. which can easily be fatal. It should be remembered that one of the most pronounced symptoms is chronic cough. If your dog is constantly coughing, be sure to take him to the vet.

Dog owners should be aware. that at the slightest suspicion of arrhythmia You should immediately contact a veterinary clinic for qualified help. Delay is literally like death.

Bradycardia (Arrhythmias) - how to treat in dogs

Cardiac arrhythmias is a violation of the frequency, rhythm and sequence of heart contractions. Arrhythmias can develop both in diseases of the heart itself and secondarily in diseases of other organs: kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, cancer and anemia of any origin.

Rhythm disturbances can appear in response to stress and pain.

Hunger and prolonged lack of water, heat stroke and hypothermia and other critical conditions can also lead to disruption of the electrical activity of the heart muscle. Various injuries, acute surgical pathologies (for example, diaphragmatic hernia, trauma and wounds of the chest) are very often accompanied by arrhythmias.

It is important to remember that arrhythmias significantly aggravate the course of the underlying disease, as they can lead to a decrease in cardiac output, as a result of which the blood circulation in the body is disrupted, tissues and organs do not receive enough oxygen, and metabolic products accumulate in the cells, causing intoxication (poisoning) of the body. In addition, heart rhythm disturbances can cause sudden death of an animal.

Symptoms that may cause one to suspect arrhythmias in an animal:

Weakness
decreased exercise tolerance
periodic fainting

Often, auscultation can reveal gross rhythm disturbances (for example, with atrial fibrillation), but the most sensitive method is an electrocardiogram (ECG). If arrhythmia is detected in an animal, it is recommended that he undergo diagnostics, including general and biochemical blood tests (to identify non-cardiac causes of arrhythmias) and a cardiac examination, including chest X-ray and echocardiography. To treat arrhythmia, it is necessary to find out the cause and eliminate it. If this does not lead to the desired results, then the veterinarian’s patient is prescribed special medications - antiarrhythmics, the effect of which is assessed with a repeat ECG. In some severe cases, lifelong use of antiarrhythmics is necessary.

Types of arrhythmias.

Bradyarrhythmia

Bradyarrhythmia is characterized by bradycardia (heart rate less than 60 beats per minute in dogs and less than 100 beats per minute in cats) and is most often associated with clinical signs such as lethargy, decreased appetite, exercise intolerance, congestive heart failure, and syncope. Bradyarrhythmia occurs as a result of a violation of the conduction system of the heart, which manifests itself in the form of inadequate formation of an impulse or its propagation. A normal cardiac impulse originates in the sinoatrial node. A decrease in the speed of impulses emanating from the cells of the sinoatrial node leads to sinus bradycardia. Other impulse formation abnormalities include sinoauricular block and cessation of sinus node activity, resulting in asystolic pauses. These pauses can be as long as 6 to 8 seconds and cause syncope when the atrioventricular or ventricular pacemaker cells fail to produce an escape rhythm.

Sinus bradycardia

Sinus bradycardia (or slow sinus arrhythmia) is rarely the primary disorder or cause of clinical signs in young animals. Most likely, this pathology is secondary to other systemic diseases responsible for increased vagus nerve tone. These include diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, eyes and neurological disorders. With proper treatment of the underlying disease, as a rule, bradycardia goes away on its own without the use of any specific medications or pacemaker therapy.

Sinus node dysfunction or "Sick Sinus Syndrome"

Sick sinus syndrome is a disease of the conduction system and is characterized by periods of normal sinus rhythm and sinus bradycardia interspersed with prolonged cessation of sinus node activity, which can last up to 10 or 12 seconds because the atrioventricular and ventricular pacemakers are unable to initiate escape beats. The absence of an escape rhythm stops the period of asystole within 3-4 seconds and demonstrates the pathology of the entire conduction system of the heart in animals with sick sinus syndrome. The use of opioids as sedatives often results in prolonged periods of asystole. It often happens that dogs have no clinical signs while awake, but after the use of sedation or anesthesia, unstable hemodynamics are noted. A variant of this disease is sometimes called bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome, which is characterized by periods of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia followed by temporary disruption of sinus rhythm, restored only when the tachycardia stops. This occurs due to an increase in the normal physiological response of the sinus node to tachyarrhythmia.

Miniature schnauzers and older terriers are more likely to suffer from sick sinus syndrome than other dogs of other breeds and ages. Sudden death is rare, but dogs with severe disease may have several episodes of fainting per day.

Atrioventricular block

In first degree atrioventricular (AV) block, all atrial impulses are conducted into the ventricles. This occurs due to AV node fibrosis, increased vagal tone, or medications used (digoxin, calcium channel blockers, and beta blockers) resulting in delayed AV node conduction. In some animals, AV block develops secondary to inflammation (myocarditis, endocarditis) or against the background of infiltrative diseases (neoplasm at the base of the interventricular septum). Characterized by fainting due to low cardiac output.

Atrial asystole

Atrial asystole is determined on an ECG as the absence of visible electrical activity of the atrial. This may be temporary or permanent. Permanent atrial asystole is a rare disease that most often affects English Springer Spaniels, which are also predisposed to developing AV block.

Hyperkalemia is a common cause of temporary atrial asystole. As potassium concentration increases, heart rate decreases. With atrial asystole, P waves cease to be visualized.

VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA

Ventricular tachycardia is a tachycardia with wide QRS complexes, wider than 0.06 seconds in dogs and 0.04 seconds in cats. Each QRS complex is accompanied by a large T wave directed against the QRS loop.

Extracardiac causes of ventricular tachycardia Ventricular cells are sensitive to hypoxemia, electrolyte imbalance, acid-base imbalance, and stimulation of the sympathetic system by various drugs. These changes typically affect passive and energy-dependent changes in ion exchange across the myocyte cell membrane during action potential generation and propagation. Hypokalemia is the most common electrolyte imbalance that results in ventricular tachycardia (VT). Hypomagnesemia may also contribute to the development of VT. An increase in adrenergic tone enhances arrhythmia, involving various mechanisms. In the intensive care unit, drugs with sympathetic or sympatholytic action are actively used. As soon as this becomes possible, their use must be stopped. Oxygen therapy, identification and correction of electrolyte imbalances, and discontinuation of all proarrhythmogenic drugs are the primary and necessary actions in the treatment of all patients with VT.

Cardiac causes of ventricular tachycardia

In order to identify heart diseases in animals with VT that are the cause of arrhythmia, it is necessary to perform an echocardiogram. VT is often observed in animals with cardiac neoplasms (with or without associated tamponade), myocarditis, endocarditis, and acute coronary syndrome associated with hypothyroidism. VT is an important clinical sign in dilated cardiomyopathy in Doberman Pinschers and Boxers. Dogs with severe subaortic stenosis and those with pulmonary stenosis are susceptible to syncope and sudden death. VT extending into ventricular fibrillation may contribute to the development of some of the above pathologies.

SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA

Supraventricular tachyarrhythmia (SVT) is characterized by the fact that the process involves at least one cardiac structure located above the ventricles. The electrocardiogram (ECG) usually shows narrow QRS complexes (180 beats/min) for several weeks (> 2–3 weeks).

Atrial fibrillation is the most common type of SVT in small pets. It is characterized by a high heart rate and irregular RR intervals on the ECG. It is more common in large breed dogs with underlying heart disease. However, there have been cases where giant breed dogs with structurally normal hearts did not have tachycardia.

Treatment of arrhythmia

It is necessary to identify the primary problem that led to the development of arrhythmia and try to eliminate it. If this does not eliminate the arrhythmia, then special drugs are prescribed - antiarrhythmics. The effectiveness of treatment is checked with a repeat ECG.

Typically, the conduction system of the heart responds well to drug therapy, and by eliminating the underlying cause, restoring water and electrolyte balance and, if necessary, under the influence of antiarrhythmic drugs, in most cases, it is possible to stop an attack of arrhythmia and control the development of new attacks.

But in some cases, cardiologists have to deal with persistent, severe heart rhythm disturbances that threaten the life of the animal. In this case, the doctor will try to select an effective antiarrhythmic drug for lifelong use.

Doctor - anesthesiologist at the Elitevet Central Medical Center
Zbarakh Elizaveta

Bradycardia is not a pathology in itself. The term refers to a simple deviation from the norm when the heart rate slows down somewhat. This results in a reduction in the level of oxygen in the blood reaching organs or tissues. Bradycardia in dogs can be pathological or physiological. In the second case, disruptions occur during sleep or after taking medications.

The physiological reasons are clear. Heart rhythm disturbances appear not as a consequence or symptom of a disease, but as a single deviation from the norm, with which the animal lives quietly without a threat to health.

The situation is different with pathological causes. Examples:

Other causes of slow heart rate: diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, internal hemorrhages and neoplasms. Bradycardia also appears after head trauma or stressful situations.

Symptoms of bradycardia in dogs

Abnormalities in the functioning of the heart are difficult to identify, since the symptoms are mild. Another important point is that there are no special specific signs. In this case, much depends on the attentiveness of the owner. Symptoms of bradycardia in dogs:

• rapid fatigue with minimal physical activity;
• lethargy, apathy, depressed state;
• short-term loss of consciousness (fainting);
• periodic occurrence of the syndrome;
• lack of coordination - the animal’s paws become entangled.

Symptoms begin to appear when the time between heart muscle contractions increases significantly. The owner who constantly monitors the condition of the pet will notice the first and not entirely obvious changes.

Attention! It has been noted that some breeds are more predisposed to the development of bradycardia. These are cocker spaniels, terriers, miniature schnauzers, dachshunds and pugs. The smaller the pet, the higher the load on the heart.

Diagnostic measures

Diagnosing bradycardia is difficult. Difficulties arise in cases where periodic changes in rhythm occur. Typical diagnostic measures carried out by a doctor:

• general examination of the pet;
• study of medical history;
• general and biochemical blood test;
• taking and examining a urine sample;
• X-ray, ultrasound of the heart;
• electrocardiogram.

And the urine will help determine the presence of hypothyroidism, anemia, and toxic compounds in the blood. X-rays and ultrasound can reveal changes in the structure of the organ and various pathologies. An ECG is performed daily or once every 2 days if sinus bradycardia is suspected.

Treatment of bradycardia in dogs

If deviations from the norm are caused by physiological factors, then therapy is not required. If any pathologies are identified, treatment of bradycardia in dogs consists of eliminating the root cause. Recommendations:

• ensuring a calm and comfortable environment, reducing physical activity (limiting activity during walks, training) - if there are no serious cardiac pathologies;
• intravenous Adrenaline, Atropine subcutaneously, Chimes or Caffeine - if it is impossible to determine the cause, to normalize the rhythm;
• diuretics - if swelling is likely.

The veterinarian evaluates the results of therapy by performing an ECG. If during observation no damage to the structure or pathology of the heart is detected, then the restriction of motor activity is removed. Usually, eliminating the causes has a positive effect on the functioning of the organ, which stabilizes the rhythm.

Bradycardia in dogs is a persistent decrease in heart rate. This process is usually classified as a sinus rhythm disorder. The sinus node is responsible for controlling this rhythm.

Why does bradycardia occur in dogs?

This pathological deviation is most often observed in cases of poisoning with medicinal or toxic substances. In addition, this phenomenon can be caused by attacks of gastritis and myocardial infarction. The reasons for the manifestation of this pathology also include a decrease in the opening of the aorta, an increase in the level of intracranial pressure, intoxication, a sharp decrease in temperature, the manifestation of various viruses and hypothyroidism.

Bradycardia in dogs often occurs due to sinus deficiency syndrome. Representatives of such breeds as miniature schnauzer, dachshund, cocker spaniel and pug are predisposed to this pathology.

Bradycardia in dogs: main symptoms

One of the main clinical manifestations of this pathological deviation is lethargy. In addition, an animal suffering from this disease is characterized by passivity and reduced tolerance to active physical activity. The animal usually appears lethargic and short of breath. Inconsistency of movements and the occurrence of fainting are also possible. Another common symptom is seizures. Finally, hypertension is considered a pronounced clinical manifestation of a slow heart rate.

Diagnosis of the disease

Bradycardia in dogs is usually determined by counting the heartbeats. For this purpose, electrocardiographic examination is used. When this disease occurs, there is a significant decrease in heart rate. In giant breeds, this rate can drop to 60 beats per minute.

Also, when this pathology occurs, regularity of the heart rhythm is noted. If this disease is provoked by increased vagal tone, then the heart rhythm may be irregular.

How is bradycardia treated in dogs?

Many animals with this pathology do not show pronounced symptoms and therefore do not require treatment. Moreover, in some breeds, a decrease in heart rate to the level of 40 beats per minute is not considered a pathological deviation. Even this level of heart rate ensures the normal functioning of the animal.

Bradycardia in dogs is mainly treated with therapeutic methods. Thus, rational infusion therapy is used to correct electrolyte imbalances. In addition, it is recommended to stop taking any medications.

It is worth noting that if such a pathological disorder occurs, you should not limit the physical activity of your pet. An exception is symptomatic sinus bradycardia, which usually occurs due to existing heart pathologies. Of course, in this case, the animal’s activity should be reduced until it recovers completely.

L-thyroxine can also be used to treat this disease. If a low calcium level is detected in an animal, calcium gluconate is recommended. This remedy should be taken rather slowly. In this case, during such therapy, the animal’s condition should be monitored using electrocardiography. Glycopyroplat and atropine can be used to combat this disease. But to prevent fainting, mesatone, ephedrine and theophylline are often used.

The protracted nature of this pathology is considered an indication for the use of electrical stimulation. But you should know that in practice this treatment method is used extremely rarely.

Bradycardia is a pathology in which the work of the heart muscle, namely the rhythm of contractions of the heart muscle, is disrupted. The contraction frequency is reduced to 60 beats per minute. In most cases, bradycardia is a sign of developing heart pathology, but can also be observed in a completely normal person.

Typically, disturbances occur in the conduction system of the heart. Either the ability of the sinus-atrial node to generate more than 50-60 impulses per minute decreases, or they move incorrectly along the conduction system.

Types and causes of bradycardia

There are five different types of bradycardia:

1. Medication is a type, as the name suggests, that develops against the background of long-term use of certain groups of drugs: cardiac glycosides or beta blockers, antiarrhythmic drugs, calcium antagonists.
2. Neurogenic - develops with vagotonia, increased intracranial pressure, hypertension, peptic ulcer of the duodenum or stomach, depression and neuroses.


3. Endocrine – the provoking factors in this case are Graves’ disease, deficiency or excess of iodine, potassium, and oxygen in the body.
4. Endogenous or toxic - occurs after influenza, typhoid fever, viral hepatitis, or as a consequence of sepsis.
5. Myogenic – the causes of development are pathologies of the sinus node, cardiosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease.

Bradycardia with hypertension occurs quite rarely. The main reasons for the development of such a pathology are negative changes in the PSS; electrical impulses propagate incorrectly, therefore there is a rare pulse, and contractions of the heart muscle decrease. Heart muscle disorders can be caused by:

• Atherosclerosis of the coronary vessels;
• Cardiosclerosis;
• Myocarditis;
• Post-infarction scars;
• Medicines.

Dysfunction of the nervous autonomic system and severe infections also often lead to complications such as bradycardia. The state of the endocrine system plays an important role; less often, bradycardia occurs with intracranial hypertension.

But this does not mean that this pathology does not occur in completely healthy people; athletes also suffer from bradycardia. If the pulse decreases slightly, there is no particular cause for alarm. If the pulse drops to forty beats per minute, then hypoxia develops - oxygen starvation of the brain.

This is accompanied not only by unpleasant symptoms and affects a person’s activity, but can also lead to irreversible changes in the cerebral cortex, and therefore it is necessary to begin treatment.

Symptoms and signs of bradycardia

Bradycardia manifests itself as follows:

1. Severe dizziness, leading to loss of consciousness.
2. A weak pulse with bradycardia forms persistent high blood pressure, or pressure surges. Stabilizing blood pressure in this case is very difficult.
3. The patient's fatigue, physical activity and performance are significantly reduced.
4. Insufficient blood circulation in the small and large circles, which can cause problems with the functioning of internal organs.

Conservative treatment for a constantly reduced heart rate in most cases is not effective, and the patient becomes disabled.

Treatment of bradycardia with high blood pressure

Before starting treatment and selecting medications, you should undergo a thorough diagnosis - sometimes, with persistent high blood pressure, a cardiologist may recommend going to hospital for the convenience of undergoing all the necessary examinations. The patient will undergo the following procedures: cardiac electrocardiogram; ultrasonography; bicycle ergometry.

Sometimes a standard electrocardiogram does not help to identify or refute the disease, in this case it is necessary to do daily monitoring of the electrocardiogram, this is another reason why it is better for the patient to undergo the examination in a hospital setting.

After receiving all the results and confirming the diagnosis, treatment begins. The first thing the patient must understand is that pulse and pressure are two different concepts, which, although interrelated, do not depend on each other. The pulse can be pathologically weak even at normal pressure. At the same time, the pulse does not affect blood pressure.

With low blood pressure, hypotensive patients often have a rapid pulse. But hypertensive patients with high or normal pressure have a weak pulse. It is considered natural and normal if, with a frequent pulse, the pressure does not increase or decreases slightly. This phenomenon can be explained very simply.

With a rapid beating, the heart intensively pushes out blood, but does not have time to collect it in large quantities. Therefore, after a certain period, its productivity decreases. If the heart rate is constantly reduced and blood pressure is high, treatment is necessary. After the examination, the doctor will tell you what to do if bradycardia develops due to hypertension, and will select the optimal medications.

Under no circumstances should you self-prescribe treatment or continue to take antihypertensive drugs according to the previous regimen. Such actions can lead to an extreme decrease in heart rate, which can be life-threatening.

Professional athletes and people whose daily professional activities involve high physical activity should consult with their doctor about the compatibility of sports and physical activity with bradycardia.

Treatment of bradycardia with folk remedies is possible and can be effective, but only in the initial stages of the disease. You should always remember that any antihypertensive drugs, even homemade ones based on medicinal plants and natural products, can be dangerous if your heart rate is pathologically low.

1. Beta blockers that block the functioning of the sinus node. If the pulse is reduced, this indicates that the sinus node is already depressed, and beta-blockers will enhance this effect, which can lead to a significant deterioration in the patient’s condition. You need to exclude medications such as Propranolol and Bisoprolol.
2. Calcium channel blockers - for example, Verapamil.

Treatment of arterial hypertension with a low, weak pulse is carried out using alpha-blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics and angiotensin receptor blockers. What else should you do and know if your blood pressure is high and your heart rate is low?

If possible, you should avoid drinking strong coffee and black tea and other caffeine-containing drinks, which increase heart rate but also increase blood pressure. If you can’t completely give up, then you need to at least minimize their use.

As for therapeutic exercises, they are needed, but you only need to do breathing and relaxation exercises, not strength ones. A patient with hypertension complicated by bradycardia should always remember that heavy physical activity is contraindicated for him.

Drugs and other ways to increase heart rate

Bradycardia can be treated using several different methods. Medicines or folk remedies can be used. In some cases, surgery will be the only option.

Don't forget about preventative measures. Medicines that are standardly prescribed for the treatment of low pulse: Atropine, Alupin, Atenolol, Eufillin, Isadrin, Isoprotenerol.

For mild illness, homeopathic medicines are prescribed - tinctures of belladonna, ginseng and eleutherococcus. You can also use traditional medicine recipes. For example, a mixture of black radish and honey helps stabilize the pulse without affecting blood pressure.

Other folk remedies that help include garlic, lemon, walnuts, hawthorn, motherwort, rose hips, and pine shoots. If all of the above methods do not help and the patient’s pulse steadily decreases to 35-40 beats per minute, surgical intervention is indicated - insertion of a pacemaker.

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What is bradycardia?

A disease such as bradycardia raises many questions among people faced with this problem. Therefore, if you have been given a similar diagnosis, you need to consider why cardiac bradycardia is dangerous, what are its symptoms, possible causes and how you can cure it.

Today, heart problems are becoming more and more common among many people. Naturally, these may not necessarily be strokes and heart attacks, since there are many other disorders of our heart. One of the most common diseases is bradycardia.

Causes

When faced with a diagnosis such as bradycardia, you should not fall into despair. In fact, this is not a fatal disease, despite the fact that it belongs to the diseases of the cardiovascular system. Bradycardia itself is characterized by the fact that a person’s number of heart contractions decreases. This is accompanied by a significant decrease in heart rate. In adults, the pulse with a similar diagnosis is below 60 beats per minute, in newborns - less than 100 beats, but in children from one to 6 years old - below 70 beats. Therefore, if you have this disease, it is necessary to consider why the disease is dangerous and all possible causes of bradycardia.

If we consider this diagnosis, then we can say with confidence that there are many factors that provoke the appearance of the disease. With bradycardia, the causes can be very diverse. These include:

• changes in heart function associated with the patient’s age;
• myocardial infarction;
• myocarditis or endocarditis;
• cardiosclerosis;
• excessive exercise;
• inadequate rest and sleep;
• excessive exposure to cold on the body.

The above factors can provoke bradycardia, although these are not all possible causes of its occurrence.

Also, cardiac bradycardia can occur if so-called negative changes occur in the heart system.

and the changes are associated with a violation of the propagation of an electrical impulse from the sinus node. And this, as you know, causes our heart to contract. Similar changes occurring in the sinus node lead us to the fact that doctors begin to notice a decreased heart rate. And as soon as the heart rate drops, this indicates the presence of bradycardia. Naturally, similar reasons that lead to disorders in the sinus node are many diseases of the cardiovascular system.

We should not forget that the catalysts for this disorder can be such reasons as the presence of endocrine diseases, various disorders of the autonomic nervous system, increased pressure inside the skull, and all kinds of infectious diseases.

The use of many medications can also lead to this diagnosis. This is an individual reaction of the human body to the components of medications. Therefore, when you receive a prescription from your doctor, pay special attention to the composition of the drug and its contraindications.

Varieties

In order for bradycardia to be treated correctly and effectively, it is necessary to become familiar with all possible forms of this disease and the characteristics of their course.

Depending on the mechanism of this disease, bradycardia can be divided into the following types:

• non-sinus bradycardia;
• sinus bradycardia.

As for the course of the sinus form, it is associated with the fact that the overall activity of the sinus node decreases. The non-sinus form is associated with disturbances in the transmission of impulses between the sinoatrial and sinus nodes or between the atrioventricular and sinoatrial cardiac nodes. For a person who has been diagnosed with one of the above, there is no difference from the existing form of the disease. Only the attending physician who will treat cardiac bradycardia with medications needs to know this.

Depending on how much the number of heartbeats is reduced, this disease is divided into the following types:

• mild bradycardia (beat frequency is in the range of 50-60 beats);
• moderate bradycardia (beat frequency is in the range of 40-50 beats);
• severe bradycardia (contraction frequency is less than 40 beats).

If you have been diagnosed with a moderate or mild form, then you should not worry too much, since treatment is carried out quite quickly. This is due to the fact that with such forms there is no disturbance in the circulatory system. But in case of severe bradycardia, you will have to worry a little. With such a diagnosis, significant disturbances in the circulatory system can be observed. Due to such disorders, a person’s skin becomes pale, he experiences convulsions, and he may even lose consciousness.

Depending on what reason provoked the appearance of this diagnosis, bradycardia is divided into:

• pharmacological;
• physiological;
• pathological.

The pharmacological form can arise as a result of the use of a certain group of medications. The physiological form can be observed even in completely healthy people, but most often it worries athletes. As for the pathological form, it can be a consequence of various pathologies of the cardiovascular system and other body systems.

Symptoms

Any disease that a person has has its own distinct symptoms. Bradycardia is no exception. With bradycardia, the symptoms can be very diverse, but in order to establish an accurate diagnosis, you need to know about each of them.

Most often, a disease such as bradycardia is determined by objective signs and clinical symptoms. Clinical symptoms are characterized by what complaints a person has. Objective signs are ECG and pulse rate.

One of the first and most pronounced signs that indicates bradycardia is a decrease in heart rate. It should be understood that measuring the pulse is necessary under ordinary conditions. If your pulse rate is less than 60 beats, then you can assume that you are developing this disease.

Clinical signs of this disease include:

• decreased heart rate;
• unpleasant sensations in the area of ​​the heart that cause some discomfort;
• excessive drop in blood pressure;
• a constant feeling that you do not have enough fresh air;
• pronounced pallor of the mucous membranes and skin surface;
• frequent fainting;
• excessively rapid fatigue;
• weakness throughout the body;
• short-term visual disturbances;
• frequent dizziness;
• excessively low concentration;
• constant absent-mindedness;
• severe shortness of breath;
• frequent seizures;
• swelling of the lower and upper extremities;
• arrhythmias.

Regardless of which symptoms you may have, each one may present differently. Therefore, it is not surprising that one symptom may appear more than another symptom. Also, do not forget that with such a diagnosis, both single symptoms and absolutely all signs of the disease can occur. However, they are very often confused with other diseases or with ordinary fatigue.

Do not forget that with mild bradycardia, such signs may not be observed at all. In moderate cases, mild dizziness, general weakness in the body, shortness of breath and excessive fatigue may occur. But if a person experiences constant fainting and even convulsions, then it can be argued that this is already a pronounced picture of this disease.
Therefore, it is necessary to do everything possible to increase the pulse during bradycardia.

Treatment

Before you start using all kinds of drugs for bradycardia, you need to undergo a complete diagnosis. Thanks to its results, it is possible to prescribe adequate, and most importantly effective, treatment for bradycardia. Therefore, in order to completely get rid of this problem, it is necessary to undergo diagnosis, treatment, and only then take appropriate measures if necessary.

If you notice some of the symptoms that may indicate the development of this disease, you should immediately see an arrhythmologist and cardiologist to make an accurate diagnosis.

First you need to do:

• detailed examination by a cardiologist and arrhythmologist;
• examination using ECG;
• all kinds of laboratory tests, which include various tests;
• constant monitoring of heart rate at home;
• ECG monitoring throughout the day.

Sometimes situations occur when these diagnostic procedures are not enough to make an accurate diagnosis. Therefore, cardiologists refer patients for EPI, cardiac ultrasound and coronary angiography.

As soon as doctors confirm this diagnosis, you can proceed to treatment. Bradycardia is often treated with medication, but the main thing here is to understand that the list of necessary medications should be prescribed by the cardiologist himself, since only he knows the full picture of the disease. Today, one of the most effective methods is the installation of so-called pacemakers. But this method is used only in cases where the heart rate is less than 40 beats.

Naturally, we should not forget about preventive measures. This includes giving up all bad habits, a balanced daily diet, constant walks in the fresh air, basic physical activity and good sleep.

And do not forget that no matter how ordinary the first symptoms may seem, you must immediately consult a doctor, since in severe cases you can even end up in hospitalization.

Reasons for decreased and increased amylase

When amylase is low, the reasons can be very different, including indicating the development of some quite dangerous diseases. This also applies to its increase, therefore, an analysis that reveals relative fluctuations in amylase levels is usually included in a set of diagnostic measures designed to determine the disease developing in the body.

What is amylase, its norms

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Amylase is an enzyme designed to break down complex carbohydrates.

It is contained in:

• saliva;
• organs of the digestive system.

Thanks to this, carbohydrates enter the intestines already decomposed into simpler and more easily digestible components.

Amylase provides diagnostic benefit as a clear indication of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. During a biochemical blood test, pancreatic indicators are processed, i.e. amylase produced in the pancreas. This is not the only, but its most diagnostically significant subtype.

The norms of this enzyme are as follows:

The optimal level of pancreatic amylase is one that is close to or equal to zero, however, the main interpretation of the results obtained should be carried out by a specialist.

Fluctuations in amylase levels

Any strong deviation of amylase from the norm is a sign of the disease. Those cases where amylase is low are considered more dangerous.

Promotion

» alt=”Pancreatitis” width=”200″ height=”164″> When amylase in the blood is elevated, then pancreatic disease will be suspected first. Minor deviations of a few units are not a reason to sound the alarm - everything is truly serious when the level of this enzyme has increased by 2 or more times.

This can be caused by:

1. Diseases of the pancreas, including pancreatitis.
2. Tumors.
3. Lesions of glandular tissues, such as mumps.
4. Peritonitis and other purulent inflammations of the abdominal area.
5. Development of diabetes mellitus.
6. Development of pancreatic tissue necrosis, including as complications after illnesses.
7. Alcohol intoxication.
8. Kidney diseases.

Demotion

The production of this enzyme can primarily be reduced by the pancreas, which for some reason reduces its activity.

When amylase is low, the reasons may be:

» alt=”Stomach tumor” width=”200″ height=”155″>

1. Development or exacerbation of hepatitis.
2. Advanced oncological disease.
3. Pancreatic injuries.
4. Advanced necrosis of pancreatic tissue.
5. Cystic fibrosis, which affects most of the glandular tissues of the body, as well as the respiratory system.

Decreased levels of this enzyme may also occur as a result of acute long-term toxicosis. In addition, low amylase is a natural consequence of pancreatic surgery.

Amylase test

Analysis for this enzyme is part of the general biochemical analysis.

Indications for testing

• pancreatitis of various types;
• mumps;
• hepatitis;
• diabetes.

» alt=”Cyst” width=”200″ height=”157″> Or in case of the following symptoms:

• cyst development;
• penetration of the enzyme into the blood;
• reduction in the thickness of the walls of blood vessels;
• development of tumors.

Most pathologies are diagnosed early using an amylase test.

Features of the analysis

Blood for biochemical analysis is taken from a vein.

To successfully complete it, you must follow several key rules:

1. Donate blood no later than before noon, and no earlier than 8-10 hours after your evening meal. Dinner should not include unhealthy, fatty and spicy foods.
2. In the morning it is not recommended to drink anything other than clean water.
3. It is important to give up alcohol and smoking one day before.
4. Make sure you are free from physical and emotional stress before taking the test.

It is also important to avoid taking certain medications that affect the level of this enzyme:

• analgesics;
• corticosteroids;
• oral contraceptives;
• hormonal drugs;
• Ibuprofen;
• Captopril;
• Furosemide.

If this is not possible, it is important to notify your doctor about taking them.

Not only in humans, the general condition can be assessed by heart rhythm. This indicator is an important guideline for assessing the dog’s health. Owners of four-legged pets need to know the reasons why the heart rhythm is disturbed and the signs indicating the appearance of deviations from the norm.

Standard heart rate indicators for dogs

The rhythm of the pulse is determined by the vibrations of the walls of large arteries that appear during contraction of the heart muscle. Using this indicator, you can assess the health status of your four-legged pet. Failures can be the result of heart disease, serious poisoning, disturbances in the functioning of internal organs, or hypothermia. It is periodically necessary to check the pulse for preventive purposes in order to identify possible problems in time.

The normal pulse rate in dogs varies over a wide range. The norm may be a rhythm of 70 to 180 beats per minute. This variation is explained by the dependence of the indicators on the size and age of the pet. For small dogs, such as a Chihuahua or a pug, the norm may be a pulse of 150 to 180 beats, for medium-sized pets it is 120-140, and for representatives of large breeds, for example, a St. Bernard, a pulse of about 100 is considered normal.

This indicator is also influenced by age. In an older dog, all processes naturally slow down, including the speed of blood flow. Their heart rate will not be as high as that of a puppy or young animal. There may also be individual deviations. In order to determine the norm for a particular dog, you need to measure the pulse of a healthy dog ​​in a calm state for several days and calculate the average result.

Causes of increased heart rate

An increased heart rate is not always a consequence of the presence of a disease. Tachycardia will be observed after active games and jogging. The rhythm accelerates if the dog is frightened by something or is in a state of stress. If there are no natural causes for tachycardia, and an increase in heart rate is observed regularly, this may be a consequence of:

• diseases of the cardiovascular system;
• malignant tumors in the respiratory system;
• inflammatory processes;
• disruptions in the functioning of the endocrine system.

Increased heart rate is observed in coronary artery disease, arterial hypertension, and myocardial infarction. This disorder can appear during endometritis, pneumonia, and inflammation in the heart tissues. It is one of the symptoms of diabetes and hyperthyroidism. With regular tachycardia, it is necessary to have the dog examined at a veterinary hospital.

Signs of tachycardia

It is not always possible to regularly check your dog's heart rate. There are certain signs indicating the presence of malfunctions in the functioning of the organ. In a pet with a rapid heart rate:

• there is general weakness, reluctance to move actively;
• mucous membranes turn pale;
• appetite decreases;
• a noise is heard when breathing, the mouth is open;
• cough appears;
• The temperature periodically rises to 39°C.

The dog examination program to identify the causes of tachycardia includes: blood and urine tests, electrocardiogram, ultrasound of the abdominal cavity, sternum, and radiography.

Causes of bradycardia

A slow heart rate is medically called bradycardia. Heart rate decreases when:

• severe poisoning with lead, nicotine, pesticides, and other toxic substances;
• ischemia, cardiac atherosclerosis, myocarditis, arterial hypotension;
• prolonged fasting;
• hypothermia;
• viral hepatitis, other infections;
• internal bleeding caused by cirrhosis of the liver, malignant tumors, ulcers in the digestive organs resulting from injuries;
• increased intracranial pressure due to meningitis, stroke, traumatic brain injury, bruise.

The rhythm may slow down if the dose of cardiac medications is not taken.

Symptoms that appear with a decreased rhythm should cause concern for the animal owner. It is necessary to urgently contact a veterinarian if convulsions are periodically observed, the dog gets tired quickly, even without exercise, and its paws become tangled while walking. After a full examination, ECG and ultrasound of the heart, the doctor will determine the cause of the disturbances in heart rhythm and prescribe effective treatment.

Determining a dog's pulse

The procedure for measuring the pulse will not create problems if the house has a special veterinary automatic device that detects pressure and heart rate. But not all owners of four-legged pets have such blood pressure monitors. In this case, you can measure your pulse using a watch with a second hand.

In humans, this indicator is most easily determined by pressing on a blood vessel in the wrist area. There is a good place to measure the pulse of dogs. A large artery runs through the inner thigh, which will help to accurately determine the indicator. To do this you need:

• lay the dog on its back or side;
• place your finger on the artery, press lightly until you feel shock;
• note the time, count the number of shocks.

If the dog behaves calmly during the procedure, the number of blows over the course of a minute is counted. This allows you to get a more accurate result. But such a procedure will not be possible with a restless pet. Consequently, its time will have to be reduced. You need to count the number of blows within 15 seconds, multiply the result by 4, you will get the desired result. You should not measure your pulse after walking or active games. It will definitely be overestimated, which means it will not be possible to find out about the presence of violations.

Prevention of cardiovascular diseases

Most rhythm disturbances are associated with cardiovascular diseases. Dog owners need to take preventive measures to reduce the risk of their occurrence. Experts identify several breeds whose representatives have a genetic predisposition to heart failure. These include:

• dwarf species,
• shepherd dogs,
• dobermans,
• collie,
• newfoundlands,
• fox terriers,
• poodles,
• schnauzers,
• St. Bernards, etc.

The owners of these pets need not only to use preventive measures, but also undergo periodic examinations and contact a veterinarian if signs of tachycardia or bradycardia appear.

An important factor is diet. Feeding your dog needs to be given due attention. It must ensure the supply of all necessary microelements in the required volumes. Stress can trigger heart disease.

A common cause of cardiac dysfunction in dogs is a sedentary lifestyle and lack of activity. Especially often, such failures occur in pets of large breeds, hunting, and sporting dogs, whose owners do not pay enough attention to walks and physical activity. These animals need to travel long distances every day and train in active games. Movement is the main preventive measure against heart disease.