Religious wars in France lesson notes. Presentation "Religious wars and the strengthening of the absolute monarchy in France"

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Plan:

1. One king, but two faiths.

2. First blood.

3. The path of trouble.

4. "Bloody Wedding"

5. "The King Who Saved France."

6. "Good King"

7. Cardinal Richelieu.

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Split of France

Huguenots (Southern France Bourgeois, peasants)

Catholics (kings of the Valois dynasty, North)

France in the 16th century: The spread of Calvinism

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Let's write down the definition:

Huguenot Protestants in France

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1) initially gathered secretly for meetings

2) then moved on to an active struggle against the pope and bishops.

3) received literature from Calvin, created their own printing houses and printed leaflets outlining Luther and Calvin

Activities of the Huguenots:

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Religious wars began in France in 1562, when the Duke of Lorraine Henry of Guise, passing by the town of Vasy, attacked the Huguenots going to religious services

Beginning of the Religious War: Duke Henry of Guise

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A powerful and cunning intriguer. She ruled the country since her son, Charles IX, was a minor. Her intrigues and cunning were aimed at strengthening royal power and maintaining the unity of the country.

First blood. Catherine de' Medici

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First blood.

Years of reign from 1560-1574. The problems facing France did not interest him.

Charles IX - King of France

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The path of trouble.

Catholics:

They created their own brotherhoods, organized numerous processions, and killed the Huguenots, not considering it a sin. neither women nor children were spared

Huguenots:

They destroyed Catholic churches less cruelly: they destroyed statues of saints and icons

Priests and monks were not spared

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1572 - wedding of Henry of Navarre and Charles IX's sister Margaret

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He was the leader of the Huguenots along with King Henry of Navarre. As a result of the assassination attempt, he was wounded by a shot from around the corner, but survived. Then he was killed, the corpse was dragged through the streets, and then hanged.

"Bloody Wedding". Admiral Coligny

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"The King Who Saved France"

Henry of Navarre

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"Paris is worth a mass"

Henry IV - King of France

At the end of the 15th - first half of the 16th centuries. France was ruled by the Valois dynasty. At the same time, the collection of French lands was completed and France became one of the largest and strongest states in Europe. In the 16th century, France evolved from an estate-representative to an absolute monarchy. The estate-representative body - the Estates General - is losing its significance, although it continues to exist. Most of all, the power of the French king was limited by parliaments - the highest judicial bodies in the provinces. A feature of French absolutism was the increase in the size of the bureaucracy. In the 1540s The ideas of Calvinism penetrate into France. They receive support in the south of the country, far from Paris, where political leadership was in the hands of the Chatillons, Bourbons and Condés - princes of the blood claiming the French throne. In the north, a political group of Catholics is formed, led by the Guise family, who also laid claim to the throne. The result of the country's confessional split was the religious wars in France, which lasted more than 30 years - from 1562 to 1598. The result of the religious confrontation was the conclusion of the Edict of Nantes in 1598, according to which Catholicism was proclaimed the official religion, but Huguenots (French Protestants) received the right to practice their religion and hold public office. The Edict of Nantes was revoked by Louis XIV.

Religious wars and the strengthening of the monarchy in France

By the 17th century, an absolute monarchy had developed in France, with power completely concentrated in the hands of the monarch. “The Sun King” Louis XIV said: “I am the state.”

The strengthening of the king's power in France went in parallel with the subordination of the church to the state, as well as with the suppression of the Huguenots (the French name for Protestants, see Huguenots).

Background

As a result of the spread of Protestantism, France found itself split in the 16th century. The north of the country and the royal family remained on the side of Catholicism, while Protestants predominated in the south. This created obstacles to the centralization of the country and the creation of an absolutist monarchy.

Participants

Francis I - King of France, reigned 1515-1547.

Henry II - King of France, reigned 1547-1559.

Gaspard de Coligny - statesman, head of the Huguenots

Charles IX - King of France reigned from 1560-1574.

1562 - The Duke of Guise, the leader of the Catholics, provoked a massacre of Protestants in the town of Vassy. 20 people were killed and more than 100 were injured. This became the reason for the start of religious wars.

1562-1598 - religious wars in France.

1570 - religious peace in Saint-Germain. According to the edict signed by the king, Protestant worship was allowed everywhere, and Huguenots could hold government positions.

August 1572 - dynastic marriage of the Huguenot Henry of Navarre and Margaret of Valois, sister of Charles IX.

Conclusion

The Edict of Nantes ended the division of the country into two warring camps. During the reign of King Louis XIII, thanks to the efforts of Cardinal Richelieu, the formation of absolutism in France was completed.

Its main features:

Centralization (subordination of most French-speaking territories to the king,
. unification of taxes,
. creation of a centralized bureaucratic system,
. restriction of the rights of the states general and parliament, subordination of the church to the state,
. creation of a regular mercenary army financed from the state budget.

Richelieu retained freedom of religion, but deprived Huguenots of the right to hold public office.

The Thirty Years' War led to French dominance in Europe.

Abstract

In the 16th century France became one of the largest centralized states in Western Europe with a population of about 15 million people. In terms of development, it was significantly ahead of the then Spain, but inferior to England and the Netherlands.

France reached its greatest power under the reign of Francis I (1515-1547). All power in the country belonged to the king, who refused to convene the Estates General. He finally subjugated the Catholic Church by agreeing with the Pope on the king's right to appoint all French bishops to positions. His son Henry II began to be called "Your Majesty". The royal court played an increasingly important role. His magnificent ceremony embodied the power of royal power. In the XVI-XVII centuries. The size of the French army increased significantly, and military spending also increased. To cover them, the size of previous taxes increased and new ones were introduced. The complex state mechanism was managed by professional officials, whose numbers were constantly growing. Empty treasuries often forced monarchs to sell positions, including the right to pass them on by inheritance. Many positions gave the right to the title of nobility. Gradually their buyers formed a special “nobility of the robe”, the traditional nobility was called the “nobility of the sword”. The king put up with its spread in the country for some time, but then began persecuting Protestants. In 1540, the Inquisition was introduced in France. In the south of the country, the Calvinist church established itself, its followers began to be called Huguenots.

Francis I was succeeded by his son Henry II (1547-1559), who expanded the borders of the country, in particular, he conquered the port of Calais from England. This king died absurdly during one of the tournaments.

In 1562, Catholics massacred the Huguenots, who retaliated. Religious wars began. In 1572 there seemed to be a reconciliation. The leader of the Huguenots, the Duke of Navarre, married the sister of King Charles IX, Margaret of Valois. And then the Guises dealt a cruel blow, organizing the massacre of the Huguenots. It began in Paris on the night of the feast of St. Bartholomew and went down in history as St. Bartholomew's Night. In response, the Huguenots created their own state in the south, headed by Henry of Navarre.

Rice. 1. St. Bartholomew's Night ()

In the course of further struggle, the French royal Valois dynasty was cut short; the closest heir was the Huguenot Henry of Navarre. He ascended the throne as Henry IV (1589-1610), marking the beginning of the Bourbon dynasty. He changed his religious beliefs frequently, but soon became convinced that Catholicism would win him the support of the majority of the French. Deciding that “Paris is worth a mass,” he changed his faith again, and the capital took his side.

In 1598, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes on Toleration. Catholicism remained the official religion of France, but Huguenots were given equal rights to Catholics. Henry IV managed to restore the country's economy, strengthen his power and the international prestige of France. However, in 1610 his life was cut short by the dagger of a fanatical Catholic.

The next French king, at the age of nine, was Henry IV's son Louis XIII (1610-1643). For some time, the country was ruled by his mother Margherita de Medici. In 1624-1642. The government was headed by Cardinal Richelieu. An unsurpassed master of intrigue, he held his post until his death. He developed a program of action to make France a powerful nation. The rights and privileges of provinces or institutions were respected only when this did not conflict with the interests of the monarchy. The Huguenots were opponents of this policy. Richelieu acted decisively: he conquered La Rochelle from the Huguenots and deprived them of their political rights. Duels were a real disaster for France; the cardinal issued edicts against duels and severely punished violators. He reformed finance, patronized the development of industry and trade, and encouraged the seizure of colonies. On his initiative, the first French newspaper began publishing.

Rice. 2. Cardinal Richelieu ()

The main opponents of France in Europe were the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs. During the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), France defeated Spain and became the most powerful state in Europe.

After the death of Louis XIII, his five-year-old son Louis XIV (1643-1715) ascended the throne. Real power passed to the Queen Mother Anne of Austria and the first minister, Cardinal Mazarin, who continued Richelieu's policies. The position of France, devastated by the Thirty Years' War, was unstable. The unrest continued until 1653, their participants demanded to limit the growth of taxes and stop the abuses of the authorities. When Mazarin died in 1661, 22-year-old Louis XIV declared that from now on he himself would be first minister, and from then on he did not let go of power.

Rice. 3. Louis XIV ()

He sought to strengthen the unity of the country, strengthen France's supremacy in Europe and expand its borders. The “Sun King”—as court flatterers called him—ruled the country with the help of a royal council, but made all decisions himself. The true embodiment of the spirit of absolutism was the grandiose royal residence at Versailles. Construction continued for several decades and cost the treasury an astronomical sum. The beginning of the reign of Louis XIV was marked by considerable successes. The king knew how to find capable and devoted assistants. Colbert (1619-1683) stood out among them, who for 20 years led the finances and economy of the country. He patronized the development of manufactories, the construction of a fleet, and the creation of trading companies. He managed to thoroughly replenish the treasury, but long and ruinous wars constantly devastated it.

Rice. 4. Versailles ()

Louis XIV brutally persecuted the Huguenots. In 1685, the king revoked the Edict of Nantes on Tolerance and banned the Protestant faith in the country. The country's economy suffered greatly from the mass emigration of skilled artisans and business people.

In the XVI-XVII centuries. An absolute monarchy was established in France. It relied on the nobility, but also took into account the interests of the entrepreneurial strata. Having survived difficult trials during the years of religious wars, absolutism intensified under Richelieu and reached its peak during the reign of Louis XIV.

References

1. Bulychev K. Secrets of the New Time. - M., 2005

2. Vedyushkin V. A., Burin S. N. General history. History of modern times. 7th grade. - M., 2010