Direct radiography. X-ray of the stomach and small intestine
X-ray studies are based on the registration by an X-ray machine of radiation, which, passing through the organs of the human body, transmits the image to the screen. After this, experienced specialists, based on the resulting image, draw conclusions about the health status of the patient’s organs being examined.
The most important thing to understand is that any indications and contraindications for radiography are determined privately only by the attending physician.
An X-ray examination may be prescribed if diseases are suspected in:
- chest organs;
- skeletal system and joints;
- genitourinary system;
- cardiovascular system;
- cerebral cortex.
And also for:
- checking treatment results in patients of all groups;
- confirmation of the diagnosis made by the doctor.
Contraindications for X-rays
When conducting a comprehensive study using X-ray analysis, a person receives a small dose of radioactive radiation. This cannot significantly affect a healthy body. But in some special cases, radiography is really not recommended.
It is undesirable or dangerous to examine a patient using X-rays if:
- pregnancy in the early stages of fetal development;
- severe damage to internal organs;
- severe venous or arterial bleeding;
- diabetes mellitus in the last stages of the disease;
- serious disturbances in the functioning of the body’s excretory systems;
- pulmonary tuberculosis in the active phase;
- pathologies in the endocrine system.
Advantages of X-ray diagnostics
Radiography has a number of significant advantages, namely:
- helps establish a diagnosis for almost all types of diseases;
- is widely available and does not require special purpose;
- is painless for the patient;
- is easy to carry out;
- non-invasive, therefore there is no risk of infection;
- Compared to other examination methods, it is quite inexpensive.
Disadvantages of X-ray
Like any type of medical examination, radiography has its drawbacks, including:
- negative impact of x-rays on the body’s condition;
- the risk of allergies to the radiocontrast agents used in the study;
- inability to frequently apply the examination procedure;
- the information content of this method is lower than, for example, MRI studies;
- It is not always possible to correctly decipher the image obtained on an x-ray.
Types of radiography
Radiography is used for a comprehensive examination of all organs and tissues of the human body; it is divided into several types that have certain differences:
- panoramic radiography;
- targeted radiography;
- radiography according to Vogt;
- microfocus radiography;
- contrast radiography;
- intraoral radiography;
- radiography of soft tissues;
- fluorography;
- digital radiography;
- contrast - radiography;
- radiography with functional tests.
You can learn how to take an x-ray from this video. Filmed by the channel: “This is Interesting.”
Panoramic radiography
Panoramic or survey radiography is successfully used in dentistry. This procedure involves photographing the maxillofacial region using a special device - an ortapontomograph, which is a type of x-ray. The result is a clear image that allows you to analyze the condition of the upper and lower jaw, as well as the adjacent soft tissues. Guided by the image taken, the dentist can perform complex operations to install dental implants.
It also helps to perform a number of other highly technical procedures:
- suggest the best way to treat gum disease;
- develop a method for eliminating defects in the development of the jaw apparatus and much more.
Sighting
The difference between general and targeted radiography is in a narrow focus. It allows you to image only a specific area or organ. But the detail of such an image will be many times greater than that of a conventional x-ray examination.
Another advantage of a targeted radiograph is that it shows the condition of an organ or area over time, at different time intervals. X-rays passing through tissue or an area of inflammation magnify its image. Therefore, in the picture the organs appear larger than their natural size.
The size of the organ or structure will appear larger in the image. The object of study is located closer to the X-ray tube, but at a greater distance from the film. This method is used to obtain an image at primary magnification. Spot radiographs are ideal for examining the thoracic region.
X-ray according to Vogt
Vogt radiography is a non-skeletal method of radiography of the eye. It is used when microscopic debris enters the eye that cannot be tracked using a regular x-ray. The image shows a clearly defined area of the eye (anterior compartment) so that the bony walls of the orbit do not obscure the damaged part.
For Vogt research in the laboratory, you need to prepare two films. Their size should be two by four, and the edges must be rounded. Before use, each film must be carefully wrapped in wax paper to prevent moisture from entering its surface during the procedure.
Films are needed to focus X-rays. Thus, any smallest foreign object will be highlighted and detected due to shading in two completely identical places in the picture.
To perform an X-ray procedure using the Vogt method, you need to take two pictures one after the other - lateral and axial. To avoid injury to the fundus, images should be taken with soft x-rays.
Microfocus radiography
Microfocus radiography is a complex definition. The research involves various methods of obtaining images of objects in X-ray photographs, the diameter of which focal spots are no more than one tenth of a millimeter. Microfocus radiography has a number of features and advantages that distinguish it from other research methods.
Microfocus radiography:
- allows you to obtain multiple magnification of objects in photographs with increased sharpness;
- based on the size of the focal spot and other features when shooting, it makes it possible to enlarge multiple times without losing the quality of the photograph;
- The information content of an x-ray image is significantly higher than in traditional radiography, with lower doses of radiation exposure.
Microfocus radiography is an innovative research method used in cases where conventional radiography is not able to determine the area of damage to an organ or structure.
Contrast radiography
Contrast radiography is a combination of radiological studies. Their characteristic feature is the principle of using radiocontrast agents to increase the diagnostic accuracy of the resulting image.
The contrast method is used to examine the cavities inside organs, to assess their structural features, functionality and localization. Special contrast solutions are injected into the area under study so that due to the difference
One of these methods is irrigoscopy. During it, radiologists examine the structure of the walls of organs while ridding them of contrast agents.
Contrast radiography is often used in studies:
- genitourinary system;
- with fistulography;
- to determine the characteristic features of blood flow.
Intraoral radiography
Using an examination using contact intraoral (intraoral) radiography, you can diagnose all types of diseases of the upper and lower jaw and periodontal tissue. Intraoral x-rays help identify the development of dental pathologies in the early stages, which cannot be achieved during a routine examination.
The procedure has a number of advantages:
- high efficiency;
- rapidity;
- painlessness;
- wide availability.
The procedure for performing intraoral radiography is not particularly difficult. The patient is seated in a comfortable chair, then asked to stand still for a few seconds, squeezing the film with his jaws for the image. During the procedure, you must hold your breath for a short time. A photo is taken within three to four seconds.
Radiography of soft tissues
Examination of soft tissues using radiography is carried out to obtain operational information about:
- muscle condition;
- articular and periarticular capsules;
- tendons;
- ligaments;
- connective tissues;
- skin;
- subcutaneous fat tissue.
Using a detailed image, a radiologist can examine the structure, density and size of connective tissues. During the examination, X-ray rays penetrate soft tissue, and the machine displays the scanned image on the screen.
During an examination using this method, the doctor asks the person to tilt his head in different directions, up and down. In this case, the bones are fixed in a certain position, which is subsequently displayed on the pictures. This is called radiography with functional tests.
For the majority of modern children and adolescents suffering from problems associated with dysfunction of the musculoskeletal system, this type of X-ray examination is especially important.
In order to identify hidden pathologies in a timely manner, children should undergo x-rays with functional tests of the cervical spine. This examination is suitable for all children, regardless of age. In infants, examination can identify injuries and abnormalities received immediately after birth. Pediatric radiography can promptly report problems with skeletal development (scoliosis, lordosis, kyphosis).
Photo gallery
Intraoral Contrast Microfocus Radiography of soft tissues Panoramic X-ray according to Vogt
Preparing for X-rays
To properly prepare for the x-ray procedure, you must:
- Get a referral for an x-ray from your doctor.
- To ensure a clear and unblurred picture, you need to hold your breath for a few seconds before starting the x-ray.
- Be sure to remove all metal objects before starting the examination.
- If we are talking about examining the gastrointestinal tract, you need to minimize the amount of food and drink you consume several hours before the start of the examination.
- In some special cases, the patient requires a cleansing enema before X-ray examinations.
Research technique
To comply with the rules for x-ray examination, you must:
- The medical worker must leave the room before the procedure begins. If his presence is required, he must wear a lead apron for radiation safety reasons.
- The patient needs to take the correct position at the X-ray machine in accordance with the instructions received from the radiologist. Often he needs to stand, but sometimes the patient is asked to sit or lie on a special couch.
- The person is prohibited from moving during the examination until the procedure is completed.
- Based on the purpose of a particular study, the radiologist may need to take images in several projections. Most often these are frontal and lateral projections, respectively.
- Before the patient leaves the office, the healthcare worker should check the quality of the image and, if necessary, repeat the procedure.
The number of images during X-ray control is determined by the doctor personally.
How are radiographic results interpreted?
When interpreting an x-ray, the doctor pays attention to factors such as:
- form;
- displacement;
- intensity;
- size;
- contours, etc.
Since the image is taken in the mode of X-rays passing through the patient's body, the dimensions on the X-ray photo do not correspond to the anatomical parameters of the patient. The specialist studies the shadow picture of the organs. Draws attention to the roots of the lungs and the pulmonary pattern. Based on the image, a radiologist writes a description that is sent to the attending physician.
X-ray examination I
used to study the structure and functions of organs in normal and pathological conditions. Allows you to diagnose, determine the localization and extent of identified pathological changes, as well as their dynamics during the treatment process. The study is based on the fact that x-ray radiation, passing through organs and tissues, is absorbed by them to an unequal extent, which makes it possible to obtain their image on a special screen or x-ray film. The difference in the optical density of adjacent areas of the image on the radiograph (or the difference in the brightness of the fluorescent screen) determines the images. Many organs and tissues of the body, differing from each other in density and chemical composition, absorb differently, which determines the natural contrast of the resulting image. Thanks to this, R. and. examination of bones and joints, lungs, heart and some other organs can be performed without special preparation. To study the gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys, bronchi, vessels, the natural contrast of which is insufficient, artificial contrast is resorted to: special harmless X-ray contrast agents are introduced that absorb much more strongly (barium sulfate, organic iodine compounds) or weaker (gas) than structure under study. For the purpose of artificial contrasting of organs and tissues, they are taken orally (for example, with R. and. stomach), introduced into the bloodstream (for example, with urography), into the cavities or tissues surrounding (for example, with ligamentography), or directly into the cavity (lumen ) or organ parenchyma (for example, with maxillary sinusography, bronchography, hepatography). At
fluoroscopy (X-ray) intense shadows on the screen correspond to dense organs and tissues, lighter shadows refer to less dense formations containing gas, i.e. the image is positive ( rice. 1, a
). On radiographs, the ratio of darkening and clearing is the opposite, i.e. negative image ( rice. 1, b
). When describing photographs, they always proceed from the relationships inherent in a positive image, i.e. Light areas on x-rays are called shadows, dark areas are called clearings. The choice of the optimal method depends on the diagnostic task in each specific case. to R. and. determined by the patient’s condition and the specifics of the specific method of R. and. (for example, contraindicated in acute inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract). X-ray examination is carried out in X-ray rooms. When examining persons
those in serious condition (for example, shock or injuries requiring emergency interventions), R. and. carried out directly in the intensive care unit or in the operating room using ward or dressing X-ray units. According to indications, it is possible to examine patients in dressing rooms, emergency departments, hospital wards, etc. The study, depending on the direction of the X-ray beam in relation to the plane of the body, is carried out mainly in direct, lateral and oblique projections. With direct projection ( rice. 2, a, b
) is directed sagittally, i.e. perpendicular to the frontal plane of the body. With the anterior direct (dorsoventral) projection, the radiation source is located behind the subject, and the film is adjacent to the front surface of the body; with the posterior direct (ventrodorsal) projection, the location of the radiation source and receiver is reversed. With a lateral projection (left or right), the central ray passes perpendicular to the sagittal plane of the body, i.e. along its frontal plane ( rice. 2, c, d
). Oblique projections are characterized by the direction of the central ray at an angle to the frontal and sagittal planes ( rice. 2, d, f, g, h
). There are four oblique projections - right and left anterior and right and left posterior. In some cases, with R. and. it is necessary to use additional projections obtained by rotating the patient around one axis (usually longitudinal). Such a study is called multi-projection. If this is not enough, the patient is also rotated around other axes (see Polypositional study). When studying a number of anatomical formations, such as the orbit, the middle ear, special projections are used - axial (the central ray is directed along the axis of the organ), tangential (the central ray is directed tangentially to the surface of the organ), etc. X-ray examination usually begins with
fluoroscopy (fluoroscopy)
or
radiography (X-ray). Using fluoroscopy, they examine the motor function of some internal organs (heart, stomach, intestines, etc.), determine the displacement of pathological formations during palpation or changing the patient’s position, etc., which has high resolution, makes it possible to more clearly and clearly display the structures of the body. Fluoroscopy constitutes a group of general radiological methods. They also form the basis of private and special x-ray methods, based on the use of special techniques and technical means, which are used to obtain additional information about the function and structure of the organ under study. Private methods include Teleradiography and Electroradiography,
Tomography,
Fluorography, etc. To record the movements of organs (for example, the heart, lungs, diaphragm), fluoroscopy is used using video magnetic recording of the image. Special methods (Bronchography,
Cholegraphy,
Urography,
Angiography, etc.) are intended to study a specific system, organ or part thereof, usually after artificial contrast. They are used according to strict indications only in cases where simpler methods do not provide the necessary diagnostic results. Sometimes preliminary preparation of the patient is necessary, ensuring the quality of R. and., reducing the discomfort associated with the study, and preventing the development of complications. So, before carrying out R. and. colon cleansing is prescribed; if necessary, during R. and. puncture of a vessel or duct using local anesthesia; before the introduction of some radiopaque agents, hyposensitizing drugs are prescribed; To more clearly identify the functional state of the organ during the study, various medications can be used (stimulating gastrointestinal motility, reducing sphincters, etc.). Analysis obtained during R. and. information consists of several successive stages: identification of radiological symptoms, interpretation of the X-ray picture, comparison of X-ray data with the results of clinical and previous X-ray studies, differential diagnosis and formulation of the final conclusion. Complications associated with the use of R. and. are rare. They mainly occur during artificial contrasting of cavities, organs and systems of the body and are manifested by allergic reactions, acute respiratory distress, collapse, reflex disorders of cardiac activity, embolism, damage to organs and tissues. The vast majority of complications develop during the study or in the first 30 min after its completion. Complications in the form of radiation damage (Radiation damage)
with strict observance of all rules of anti-radiation protection (anti-radiation protection) are not observed. They can arise only in case of gross violation of the rules for working with sources of ionizing radiation (operation of faulty equipment, violation of research methods, refusal to use personal protective equipment, etc.). Protection from radiation of patients and personnel is achieved by proper layout of the X-ray room, limiting the irradiation field by the size of the area under study and shielding the area where the genital organs are located, using additional filtration of the primary radiation beam and personal protective equipment, etc. X-ray examination of children. The main method of R. and. children, especially newborns, is radiography. It is accompanied by less radiation exposure to the patient and at the same time allows one to obtain fairly complete and objective information about the organ being studied. When examining older children, radiography is supplemented with fluoroscopy, with preference given to X-ray television examination, which allows reducing radiation exposure. It is not possible to conduct most of the special studies in children. To fix young children in the optimal position during the study, appropriate devices and devices are used. Areas of the body that are not subject to examination are shielded with lead rubber or a protective screen. Mass fluorographic examinations of children under 12 years of age are prohibited. Bibliography: Zedgenidze G.A. and Osipkova T.A. Emergency in children, L., 1980, bibliogr.; Kishkovsky A.N. and Tyutin L.A. Methods and equipment of electroradiography, M., 1982; Lindenbraten L.D. and Naumov L.B. Methods of X-ray examination of human organs and systems, Tashkent, 1976. X-ray image of the hand is normal: positive image observed during fluoroscopy (dense tissue corresponds to darker areas of the image)"> Rice. 1a). X-ray image of the hand is normal: a positive image observed during fluoroscopy (dense tissue corresponds to darker areas of the image). Rice. 2. Standard x-ray projections: a - anterior line; b - back straight; c - left side; g - right lateral; d - right anterior oblique; e - left anterior oblique; g - right posterior oblique; h - left posterior oblique; 1 - X-ray source; 2 - cross section of the subject’s body; 3 - spine; 4 - radiation receiver; F - frontal plane, the dotted line indicates the central ray of the radiation beam. in medicine - study of the morphological and functional characteristics of human organs and systems, incl. for the purpose of diagnosing diseases, based on obtaining and analyzing x-ray images of relevant areas of the body. 1. Small medical encyclopedia. - M.: Medical encyclopedia. 1991-96 2. First aid. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medical Terms. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1982-1984.
See what “X-ray examination” is in other dictionaries:
X-ray examination- 25. X-ray examination is the use of x-rays to examine a patient for the purpose of diagnosis and/or prevention of diseases, consisting of one or more x-ray procedures. Source … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
X-ray examination
Examination of an x-ray. Radiology is a branch of radiology that studies the effects of x-ray radiation on the human body, the diseases and pathological conditions arising from this disease, their treatment and prevention, as well as methods... ... Wikipedia
X-ray examination of the chest organs- rus x-ray examination (c) of the chest organs eng chest radiography fra radiographie (f) thoracique deu Thoraxröntgen (n), Thoraxröntgenaufnahme (f) spa radiografía (f) torácica … Occupational safety and health. Translation into English, French, German, Spanish
Study of the morphological and functional characteristics of human organs and systems, including for the purpose of diagnosing diseases, based on obtaining and analyzing x-ray images of the relevant areas of the body... Large medical dictionary
See Tomography... Large medical dictionary
I Polypositional study (Greek poly many + Lat. positio installation, position) is a method of x-ray examination in which, by changing the position of the patient’s body, optimal projections of the organ being studied are obtained. When changing position... ... Medical encyclopedia
X-ray examination- rus x-ray examination (c), radiographic examination (c); X-ray examination (с) eng X ray examination, radiological examination fra examen (m) radiologique deu Röntgenuntersuchung (f) spa examen (m) con rayos X,… … Occupational safety and health. Translation into English, French, German, Spanish
- (a. radiography, roentgenography; n. Rontgenographie; f. radiographie aux rayons X; i. roentgenografia) - a method for studying minerals, rocks, ores and their technological products. processing, based on the phenomenon of crystalline X-ray diffraction. Mountain encyclopedia
