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Vaccination with OPV vaccine - deciphering the scheme. Ads m opv vaccination Oral polio vaccine

One of the most important vaccinations that a child will receive in the first year of life is OPV vaccination. This vaccine is made to prevent a serious and very dangerous disease - Even those parents who are ardent opponents of vaccinations quite often still agree to give their baby this vaccine. In addition, the polio vaccine carries a minimal amount

In this article we will tell you what the name of this vaccination means and at what age it is given.

Explanation of the name of the OPV vaccine

The abbreviation "OPV" stands for "oral polio vaccine." In this case, the word “oral” means that this vaccine is administered orally, that is, through the mouth.

This is precisely the reason for the complexity of the OPV vaccination procedure against polio. The drug, which must be administered into the child’s mouth, has a strongly pronounced bitter-salty taste. It is not yet clear to young children that this is a medicine that must be swallowed, and they very often regurgitate or spit out the vaccine. In addition, an infant may vomit due to the unpleasant taste of the drug.

In this regard, the doctor or nurse administering the vaccine must drop the drug directly onto the lymphoid tissue of the pharynx of newborn infants under the age of 1 year or onto the tonsils of children who are one year old. These areas do not have taste buds, and the baby will not spit out the bad-tasting vaccine.

At what age is the OPV vaccine given?

The polio vaccination schedule in each country is set by the Ministry of Health. In any case, to achieve immunity against this disease, the OPV vaccine is administered to the child at least 5 times.

In Russia, the baby will receive 3 vaccinations against polio at the ages of 3, 4.5 and 6 months, in Ukraine - when the baby reaches 3, 4 and 5 months. Next, the child will have to undergo 3 revaccinations, or re-vaccination with OPV, according to the following scheme:

Many parents and teenagers themselves are interested in what kind of r3 OPV vaccine they will have to undergo, and whether it is possible not to do it. The third stage of polio revaccination is no less important than the previous ones, because the OPV vaccine is live, which means that a child’s stable immunity will be formed only after repeated administration of the drug.

Hello dear readers! Our children are our life and it is quite natural that we try in every possible way to protect them from any troubles. However, this is only possible when you know the enemy by sight, and even better, see him. It’s another matter if it sneaks up unnoticed and strikes instantly.

This is exactly what usually happens in the case of viral diseases. And if some of them are successfully treated, others can, at a minimum, leave you disabled, and, at maximum, take your life. These include polio. There is an opinion that the polio vaccine, reviews of which are striking in their contradictions every year, can save the situation. But is this really so? This is what we will talk about today.

Polio– a dangerous and incredibly contagious disease, the virus of which, penetrating the human body, multiplies in the throat and intestines.

Where does it come from? Most often, infection occurs through airborne droplets after contact with an infected person, especially if he coughs or sneezes, as well as through household items and water, where the pathogen can live for months.

The disease occurs all over the globe and, ironically, most often affects children aged 10 months to 5 years. But the most interesting thing is that at first the symptoms of polio are similar to the symptoms of a common acute respiratory infection and do not immediately attract the necessary attention.

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Meanwhile, the virus itself does not sleep: from the intestines it penetrates the blood and nerve cells of the spinal cord, gradually destroying and killing them. If the number of affected cells reaches 25–30%, paresis, paralysis, and even atrophy of the limbs cannot be avoided. How else is this disease dangerous? Sometimes it can affect the respiratory center and respiratory muscles, causing suffocation and death.

In any case, today only pictures from the Internet tell about the consequences of polio. But all this is only due to the fact that in the 1950s two vaccines were created, which subsequently saved several continents from the disease. We are talking about OPV and IPV, which are also successfully used by modern medicine.

2. OPV vaccine against polio

OPV, or oral live vaccine- these are the same red drops with a bitter taste that are administered by instillation through the mouth. Moreover, for babies they try to get to the root of the tongue, where there are no taste buds, in order to exclude the possibility of regurgitation, and for older children - to the palatine tonsil. They were created by medical scientist Albert Sabin in 1955.

The principle of the vaccine is simple: the strain of the virus enters the intestines, where it begins to multiply. The immune system immediately reacts to its presence, synthesizing antibodies that can subsequently fight real polio. However, this is not the only advantage of this vaccine. The fact is that children vaccinated with it release the weakened strain of the virus they introduced into the environment up to 2 months after vaccination. This happens when you sneeze or cough. And that, in turn, further spreads among other children, as if once again “vaccinating” them. And everything would be fine, but the consequences of OPV vaccination against polio are sometimes disastrous.

Consequences of introducing OPV into the body:

an increase in temperature to 37.5 C, which may not be recorded immediately, but on days 5–14;
changes in stool on days 1–2 (increased frequency or weakening);
various allergic reactions;
development of vaccine-associated polio.

If the first reactions to the polio vaccine are considered normal, then the latter is a real complication. The fact is that if the rules of vaccination are violated, the incoming virus provokes the development of ordinary polio, which can result in paralysis. The IPV vaccine is another matter.

3. IPV vaccine against polio

The inactivated vaccine was created by Jonas Salk in 1950. It is a drug that is injected into the body using a disposable syringe. Where is the polio vaccine given in this case? In the thigh or shoulder, the main thing is intramuscularly.

The advantage of this vaccine is its relative safety. The fact is that it contains a killed virus. Once in the body, it also forces the immune system to work, but since in this case no one reproduces, there is no risk of developing vaccine-associated polio. And the reactions to its introduction are somewhat easier.

Consequences of introducing IPV into the body:

redness and swelling at the injection site (no more than 8 cm in diameter);
increase in temperature in the first two days;
loss of appetite;
irritability, anxiety;
the development of an allergic reaction is already considered a complication.

4. When is the polio vaccine given?

It is worth noting that the use of both types of vaccines is officially permitted in Russia. Moreover, vaccination can be carried out according to several schemes, depending on the one chosen.

At what age is OPV administered?, or polio droplets?

At 3 months three times with an interval of 4 - 6 weeks;
18 months (revaccination);
20 months (revaccination);
14 years old.

According to the IPV vaccination schedule given to children aged:

3 months;
4.5 months;
6 months;
18 months (revaccination);
6 years (revaccination).

Meanwhile, at present, a mixed scheme is most often used, when both IPV and OPV are given to the same child. In this way, it is possible to minimize the occurrence of side effects associated with vaccination.

In this case, he receives a dose of the drug in:

3 months (IPV);
4.5 months (IPV);
6 months (OPV);
18 months (OPV, revaccination);
20 months (OPV, revaccination);
14 years old.

How is vaccination done if for some reason it was not possible to follow the schedule? Here everything is decided by a pediatrician or an immunoprophylaxis specialist. True, if at least one vaccination has been given, vaccination is not started all over again, but continued.

By the way, along with children, adults are also vaccinated, for example, if they plan to travel to countries where there are polio outbreaks.

5. Contraindications to polio vaccination

It is prohibited to administer live oral OPV vaccine to a child if:

detection of malignant neoplasms (tumors);
exacerbation of chronic diseases;
the presence of acute diseases;
immunodeficiencies (HIV, AIDS);
neurological disorders;
presence of developmental defects;
the presence of serious diseases of internal organs, in particular the intestines.

Is it possible to get the polio vaccine if you have a runny nose? It all depends on its nature. However, as practice shows, it is not an absolute contraindication to vaccination.

You cannot expose your child to IPV. only when:

if he is allergic to streptomycin, neomycin, polymyxin B;
development of an allergic reaction to previous vaccinations;
the presence of neurological disorders.

6. Is it possible to get polio from a vaccinated child?

Unfortunately, yes. However, this applies to completely unvaccinated children. That is why, in the case of collective vaccination with live vaccines (drops), those are sent to quarantine for 2 - 4 weeks.

Interestingly, there have been cases when a vaccinated older child infected a younger one, or worse, pregnant women picked up the virus. But in order to prevent this from happening, it is necessary to especially carefully observe the rules of personal hygiene - wash your hands more often, if possible, do not use shared household items (toys, potty, etc.)

We also suggest watching the video in order to finally decide whether to get vaccinated against polio. In it, Dr. Komarovsky touches on the issue of all enteroviruses, which include the causative agent of polio:

7. Reviews about the polio vaccine

Karina:

They vaccinated my daughter (drops), that’s all, everything is fine. True, she complained of pain in her tummy, and she had frequent bowel movements for a couple of days.

Inna:

I read bad reviews and wrote a refusal to take polio. Now it was done in the garden, and we were forbidden to visit it for 60 days so as not to get infected.

Larisa:

I vaccinated my son against polio. A couple of days later, ARVI symptoms began, they were treated, and then he began to limp on his leg. We went through an examination, the doctors said that everything was fine, and the son eventually went away. But I still have a biased attitude towards her.

What is the polio vaccine? For some, this is a huge risk that they consciously do not want to take. For others, it is the only opportunity to escape from a dangerous illness. However, when taking either side, it is important to weigh the pros and cons. After all, not only the health of the child, but also his life depends on your decision in this case.

Poliomyelitis is a viral disease that affects the nerve cells of the spinal cord and is accompanied by a violation of the neuromuscular transmission of impulses. Infection most often occurs in childhood, after which people remain disabled for life, confined to a wheelchair. The danger of the disease contributed to the development of immunoprophylaxis, which includes inactivated and live polio vaccines. Timely use and full coverage of the population by vaccination eliminates the circulation of the pathogen among the human population.

Vaccine name, composition and release form

Oral polio vaccine (OPV) is available in 2 ml vials (10 doses). The standard package contains 10 vials (100 doses). The drug solution is orange to crimson-red in color, transparent, without visible pathological impurities.

Important! 1 dose of vaccine (0.2 ml) - 4 drops.

The standard dose contains poliovirus particles:

1st strain - at least 1,000,000 infectious units.
2nd strain - more than 100,000 infectious units.
3rd strain - more than 100,000 infectious units.

Stabilizing and auxiliary substances: Kanamycin (antibiotic to prevent the development of bacterial flora in the vial), magnesium sulfate (liquid stabilizer).

Characteristics of oral polio vaccine

Live polio vaccination is a biological preparation that is used to create artificial active immunity. To create the vaccine, a culture of kidney cells from African green monkeys infected with 3 types of viruses pathogenic to humans is used.

After removal, infected tissues are dissolved (by hydrolysis - exchange between the substance and water), cleaned and preserved with a protein solution.

The solution has immunological properties. After the pathogen enters the gastrointestinal tract, through the mucous membrane into the lymphatic system and blood, the production of virus-neutralizing proteins (antibodies) by lymphocytes is stimulated.

Against the background of created primary immunity (after an inactivated injection vaccine), the immune reaction occurs faster, and the live pathogen does not cause a vaccine-associated disease.

Doctor's advice. Do not use an oral vaccine without a previous injection vaccination. Lack of immunity will lead to the development of polio in a child

Adequate concentrations of circulating antibodies in the blood prevent the development of polio from wild strains.

Indications for vaccine administration

The constant circulation of the pathogen in the blood, the severe consequences of the disease and the available routes of transmission of infection (fecal-oral mechanism - through dirty hands, toys) require the creation of collective immunity and routine vaccination of the entire population.

Live oral polio vaccine is indicated:

Children aged 6 months (after 2 vaccinations with IPV - injection polio vaccine at 3 and 4.5 months).
For epidemic indications - for people located in the area of the polio outbreak.
For revaccination of the population.
People who are leaving or have arrived from an area where polio is endemic.
Workers of scientific virology laboratories who work with the polio virus (including wild strains).

Polio vaccination coverage of more than 90% of the population contributes to the formation of collective immunity and prevents the development of the disease in unvaccinated people.

Method of administration of OPV and dose

Specific immunoprophylaxis of the population against polio is carried out in 2 stages:

Introduction of an inactivated vaccine with a weakened pathogen - to create humoral (due to virus-neutralizing proteins - immunoglobulins) and cellular immunity. The drug has a less pronounced effect, since the concentration of antibodies is less than when using a live one. The use is explained by the absence of the risk of developing vaccinia (a disease caused by vaccination). The drug is administered parenterally (by injection).
Live polio vaccine is an oral vaccine that contains large quantities of live, attenuated virus particles (all three types that cause disease in humans). The entry of the pathogen naturally (into the digestive tract) in sufficient concentration contributes to the development of intense immunity with a high amount of circulating immunoglobulins.

Before administering the drug, permission from a pediatrician or family doctor is required - based on examination and exclusion of contraindications for vaccination. The doctor examines the condition of the mucous membrane of the oropharynx, peripheral lymph nodes and body temperature.

Live polio vaccine strains 1, 2 and 3 are for oral use only. According to the national vaccination calendar, the first use of the drug is allowed at the age of 6 months.

The standard dose of the drug is 0.2 ml (4 drops), which is dripped into the child’s mouth an hour before meals. Do not drink or eat food for an hour.

Important! OPV is not used in the presence of ulcers, wounds or other damage to the oral mucosa

Contraindications for administration of the OPV vaccine

The use of a live pathogen of three strains in vaccination and the severe course of a natural disease forms a list of contraindications for the use of the drug:

Neurological disorders (paresis, paralysis, muscle weakness) that developed after previous use of OPV.
Immunodeficiency conditions: congenital hypogammaglobulinemia, Bruton syndrome, DiGeorge syndrome.
Malignant diseases (cancer and sarcoma of various locations and stages).
Diseases requiring immunosuppressive therapy with chemotherapeutic agents or corticosteroids: systemic connective tissue pathologies, bronchial asthma, glomerulonephritis.
Allergic reaction to vaccine components.

For children with exacerbations of chronic diseases or acute respiratory viral diseases (ARVI), vaccination is allowed after the temperature has normalized and there are no clinical symptoms.

Side effects of the polio vaccine

After using vaccine preparations, the consequences are divided into two groups:

The body's reaction to a vaccine is a process that occurs in response to the introduction of biological material and is not accompanied by a risk to human life or health. No post-vaccination reactions were detected for OPV.
Complications are pathological conditions that develop due to violations of the vaccine or hypersensitivity of the body.

Muscle paralysis is a characteristic consequence of polio (photo: www.geneticliteracyproject.org)

Frequent undesirable consequences after using a polyvalent (consists of 3 different types of virus) live polio vaccine:

Urticaria is an allergic reaction in the form of a widespread rash of a papular (nodular) nature, accompanied by itching.
Angioedema is an allergic reaction caused by increased permeability of the vascular wall and the release of some blood into the soft tissues. The condition requires emergency medical care with intravenous administration of antihistamines and corticosteroids.
Vaccine-associated polio is a disease that developed after the use of OPV. The incidence of complications is less than 0.01%. The condition most often develops in children who have received live vaccines without previous exposure to IPV.

Important! The OPV vaccine contains 3 types of viruses that cause disease in humans. In the case of the administration of single drugs, there is a risk of infection with a pathogenic virus for which artificial immunity has not been created

Use of OPV

There is no data on vaccination of women during pregnancy and lactation, so the procedure is not recommended during this period.

The national vaccination calendar requires a full course of immunization against polio using 6 doses of drugs.



4.5 months
6 months
18 months	OPV (booster vaccination)
20 months	OPV (booster vaccination)
	OPV (booster vaccination)

Important! For children with HIV infection, the third stage of vaccination and subsequent revaccinations are carried out exclusively with IPV

Contact persons in the area of the polio outbreak (children under 18, persons without a fixed place of residence, medical workers, etc.) are given a one-time booster vaccination with OPV - subject to the availability of data on previous IPV.

Pros and cons: doctors' opinions

The increasing refusal of parents to vaccinate their child due to possible consequences increases the risk of a new outbreak of polio.

According to doctors, OPV vaccination is necessary because:

Poliomyelitis is an incurable disease that affects children at an early age.
Poliomyelitis is a disabling pathology in 85% of cases.
OPV is a safe drug if the administration technique is followed and the patient is prepared for vaccination.
Oral administration of the vaccine minimizes the risk of developing local or generalized reactions and infections with bacterial flora.
The frequency of undesirable consequences is less than the risk of disease.
Wide coverage of the population with vaccination contributes to the development of collective immunity due to the spread of “weakened” viral particles. Isolation of the pathogen in the feces of vaccinated children promotes passive immunization of contact persons.

Refusal from vaccination is justified only if there are absolute or relative contraindications, acute infections or severe allergic reactions (anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema) in the anamnesis.

Special instructions and interaction with other means of immunoprophylaxis

Oral administration of live polio vaccine is accompanied by subsequent excretion of a weakened pathogen in feces, so it is necessary:

Notify parents about the upcoming vaccination to prevent the possibility of infection with the live strain of an unvaccinated person.
Isolation of a vaccinated child from people with primary or secondary immunodeficiencies.
Maintain personal hygiene and partial isolation of the vaccinated person (separate potty, bed linen and clothing) for a period of up to 60 days.

The ease of use of vaccination and the large number of necessary vaccines during the first year of life require combinations of drug administration. The use of OPV is allowed in combination with DTP or other inactivated subunit vaccines. Simultaneous administration of drugs does not violate the immunogenic properties and does not affect the occurrence of adverse reactions.

The use of polio vaccination with other live biological products (vaccination against tuberculosis or rotavirus infection - BCG or Rotatec) is strictly prohibited.

Storage conditions for OPV vaccine

Distribution of OPV is carried out only in medical institutions and pharmacy chains (with specialized delivery by courier to the vaccination office). Vials with the drug are stored at a temperature of minus 20 ° C for 2 years. It is allowed to transport the vaccine at a temperature of 2 to 8 ° C with subsequent freezing.

Storage at 2-8°C - 6 months. The vaccine is not used after the expiration date or change in organoleptic properties (color, transparency, appearance of pathological impurities).

Preventive vaccinations mean the introduction of immunoglobulic drugs into the human body in order to create immunity (specific immunity) to infectious diseases.

After a preventive vaccination, the human body develops specific immunity, which allows the body to be immune to the pathogen of the disease against which the body was vaccinated.

Vaccines and toxoids protect the body for quite a long time (sometimes until the end of life). Ready-made antibodies (immunoglobulins) provide only temporary protection and must be administered again if infection is repeated.

There are two ways of artificial active immunization:

introduction of live weakened microorganisms.
introduction of killed microorganisms, their toxins or antigens.

In both cases, a vaccine or toxin is administered that does not itself cause disease, but it stimulates the immune system, making it able to recognize and attack a specific microorganism.

All vaccines are divided into alive And inactivated.

Live vaccines are made on the basis of weakened strains of microorganisms. After the introduction of such a strain, microorganisms develop inside the body, causing a vaccine infection process. In most cases, vaccine infection occurs without pronounced clinical symptoms and leads to the formation of stable immunity. Such vaccines include vaccines against measles (Ruvax), rubella (Rudivax), polio (Polio Sabin Vero), tuberculosis, mumps (Imovax Oreion). All live vaccines, except polio, are available in powder form.

Species inactivated vaccines:

Corpuscular vaccines are bacteria or viruses that have been inactivated by chemical or physical means. Corpuscular vaccines include the following vaccines:
- pertussis vaccine as a component of DPT and Tetrakok;
- rabies vaccine (rabies);
- vaccination against leptospirosis;
- influenza whole-virion vaccines;
- vaccines against encephalitis, hepatitis A, etc.
Chemical vaccines, which are created from antigenic components extracted from a microbial cell. Only antigens that determine the immunogenic characteristics of the microorganism are isolated. Chemical vaccines include:
- polysaccharide vaccines: Meningo A+S, Act-HIB, Pneumo 23;
- acellular pertussis vaccines.
Recombinant vaccines, for which recombinant technology is used, in which the genetic material of a microorganism is inserted into yeast cells that produce an antigen. After cultivating the yeast, the desired antigen is isolated from it, purified, and a vaccine is prepared. Recombinant vaccines include the vaccine against hepatitis B: Euvax B.

Inactivated vaccines are available in both liquid and dry forms.

Anatoxins- these are bacterial toxins that are neutralized by formaldehyde at high temperature, followed by purification and concentration. Toxoids are used for emergency active prevention of diphtheria and tetanus, since they ensure the development of stable immunological memory.

National calendar of preventive vaccinations in Russia

in the first 12 hours of a newborn’s life - the first vaccination against hepatitis B (V1);
on days 3-7 after birth - vaccination V - tuberculosis (BCG) 6;
1 month of life - second vaccination against hepatitis B (V2);
3 month of life - first vaccination - V1 DTP (diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus), V1 OPV (poliomyelitis);
4-5 months - second vaccination - V2 DTP (diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus), V2 OPV (poliomyelitis);
6 months - third vaccination - V3 DTP (diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus), V3 OPV (poliomyelitis), V3 hepatitis B;
12 months - vaccination against measles, mumps, rubella 5;
18 months - first revaccination R1 diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus; R1 polio;
20 months - second revaccination R2 polio;
6 years - second vaccination R measles, R mumps, R rubella 5;
7 years - second revaccination R2 diphtheria, tetanus (ADS-M); first revaccination R1 tuberculosis 3.6;
13 years old - vaccination of those who have not previously been vaccinated against viral hepatitis B; vaccination of V girls against rubella;
14 years - third vaccination R3 diphtheria, tetanus (ADS-M); R3 - poliomyelitis; revaccination R2 tuberculosis 4.6;
Adults - revaccination of diphtheria, tetanus every 10 years after the last revaccination; tuberculosis every 7 years from 14 to 28 years.

Notes:

Vaccinations within the framework of the national calendar are carried out with domestic and foreign vaccines registered and authorized for use in the prescribed manner.
Children born to mothers who are carriers of the hepatitis B virus or who have had hepatitis B in the third trimester of pregnancy are vaccinated according to the 0-1-2-12 month schedule.
Revaccination against tuberculosis is carried out in children who are not infected with tuberculosis and have a negative Mantoux test.
Children who are not infected with tuberculosis, have a negative Mantoux test, and did not receive the vaccine at age 7 are revaccinated.
In the absence of combined vaccines, vaccinations against measles, mumps and rubella are carried out on the same day, but with different syringes and in different parts of the body.
Vaccinations allowed under the national calendar, based on age, can be administered simultaneously with different syringes in different parts of the body.
It is strictly forbidden to combine vaccinations against tuberculosis with other parenteral procedures on the same day in order to avoid contamination of instruments with mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Poliomyelitis is an acute infectious disease of viral origin and is manifested by gross disturbances in the functioning of the nervous system as a result of damage to the cell bodies of neurons and unmyelinated axons of the spinal cord. The virus is spread throughout the globe. It is transmitted through nutritional (less commonly aerogenic) routes and often causes a pathological condition when, against the background of general inflammatory symptoms, paresis, paralysis, focal lesions of the head of the central nervous system and atrophy of the muscles of the extremities occur.

Unfortunately, there is no etiotropic therapy against poliovirus. The only proven way to prevent the most severe consequences of the disease is vaccination against polio, which allows you to form lasting immunity to the disease, that is, to protect the body from different strains of the virus that spread freely among members of the human population.

What is OPV vaccination?

OPV is an anti-polio vaccine for oral use, which contains live pathogen viruses. This immune drug is instilled onto the tongue of infants and onto the surface of the palatine tonsils of early preschool children. Once polioviruses enter the body, they penetrate the blood and with it the intestines, where the production of immune complexes that protect against the disease occurs. As of today, only one oral polio vaccine is approved in Russia, produced by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “PIPVE named after M.P. Chumakov RAMS”, Russian Federation, Moscow region.

The vaccine includes three types of attenuated polioviruses that can completely cover the likelihood of infection with wild strains. In addition, the vaccine contains the antibacterial component kanamycin, which prevents the proliferation of bacteria in the nutrient medium.

In addition to OPV, the domestic vaccination calendar also includes IPV vaccination. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) contains killed viruses. It is administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection and does not promote the synthesis of antibodies on the surface of the intestinal mucous membranes. The risk of contracting a post-vaccination disease is zero.

Highlights of the instructions for use

According to the instructions, the vaccine is indicated for children aged 3 months to 14 years. It is an important part of routine immunization of the child population. In areas where there are frequent outbreaks of the disease, local authorities may decide on the advisability of administering an oral solution to a child immediately after birth, that is, in maternity hospitals. Vaccination is indicated for the following categories of adults:

travelers and tourists, as well as diplomats who frequently visit countries with high incidence rates;
virology laboratory workers;
medical personnel who from time to time come into contact with people sick with polio.

OPV vaccination is a pink solution, enclosed in 5 ml bottles, each of which contains 25 doses of the vaccine. A single dose is four drops or 0.2 ml of liquid. It must be applied using a special pipette to the distal parts of the tongue or palatine tonsils. If a pipette is not available, it is recommended to use a syringe.

It is important that during the procedure, applying the solution does not provoke excessive salivation, regurgitation and vomiting, since a certain period of time is required for its absorption by the oral mucosa. If the weakened viruses were washed away by saliva or vomit, then immunity against polio will not be developed. If the drug was administered unsuccessfully, then it is necessary to repeat the attempt in the amount of one dose. If the baby burps for the second time, the third episode of vaccination is not repeated.

OPV combines well with various vaccines, will not interfere with the formation of an immune response to other diseases and will not affect the tolerability of other vaccine solutions. The exception is anti-tuberculosis suspension and oral drugs, so they are not combined with anti-polio vaccination.

What are the contraindications and precautions?

Absolute contraindications to OPV are:

the child has an immunodeficiency caused by cancer, severe forms of blood diseases or the human immunodeficiency virus;
the occurrence of neurological complications during previous vaccination;
development of a generalized allergic reaction to the first administration of a prophylactic suspension in the form of anaphylactic shock or angioedema;
a situation when the child’s surroundings include people with severe immune system deficiency or pregnant females.

If immunization is necessary for children with diseases of the digestive tract, vaccinations should be given only in the presence of a doctor, after a detailed examination. The polio vaccine should not be given to children with fever or other symptoms of respiratory infections. In this scenario, vaccination should be postponed until the baby achieves complete remission and his immune function is restored.

As is known, live polioviruses multiply quite actively in the human body, therefore, after OPV, a vaccinated child can easily infect children without vaccine immunity. In order to prevent an outbreak of viral pathology, it is necessary to adhere to certain rules:

replace live suspension with IPV for children who live with unvaccinated infants;
temporarily (for 2-4 weeks) isolate children without immunity or those who have immunity from groups during the period of mass immunization;
do not administer the attenuated vaccine to patients at tuberculosis dispensaries, as well as to residents of closed orphanages, boarding schools, and orphanages (it is recommended to replace it with IPV).

Are there any complications?

The most dangerous complication of immunization against polio is the vaccine-associated form of the disease. In this case, the virus takes on a type that easily paralyzes nerve cells and leads to reactive paralysis of the limbs. This adverse reaction to vaccination is extremely rare, occurring approximately once in 700 thousand cases.

The post-vaccination effect in the form of vaccine-associated polio occurs in most clinical cases after the first vaccination and very rarely after the second procedure. The peak of its manifestations occurs 6-14 days after the injection. Due to the increased risks of complications, the first two injections are given to infants using an inactivated vaccine, which does not provoke the development of pathological symptoms, but contributes to the formation of the necessary protection against the virus.

Timing of immunization

According to the national vaccination calendar, a child must be vaccinated within the following periods:

first ;
the second IPV is administered to babies at 4.5 months;
at six months it is necessary to vaccinate for the first time with OPV;
at 1.5 years - the first revaccination with OPV;
at 20 months - repeated revaccination with a solution containing attenuated pathogens;
The last injection is at 14 years old.

If the vaccination schedule is disrupted, this is not a reason to refuse subsequent vaccination. In this case, the doctor draws up an individual immunization plan, compliance with which will help achieve the desired effect and form reliable protection against polio. The minimum recommended interval between vaccinations should be at least 45 days. If desired, parents can immunize exclusively with an inactivated drug, naturally purchased with their own money.

Preparing for vaccination

Anti-polio immunization of children is carried out only after special preparation. It includes a number of activities, the main goal of which is to prevent the development of post-vaccination complications in children and their close circle. So, preparation begins with a medical examination of a small patient, determining his state of health, ruling out the presence of viral diseases, and the like. An important point is to assess the likelihood of infection of vulnerable members of the child’s family, including pregnant women, infants, and people with immunodeficiencies.

To avoid problems with the absorption of the vaccine fluid, the patient is prohibited from feeding and drinking for 1-1.5 hours before the procedure and a similar time period after it.

Side effects of immunization

As a result of clinical studies, doctors were able to confirm that children usually tolerate immunization that prevents polio. Therefore, on the day of vaccination, you can take a walk with your child, take water treatments and do other things according to your daily routine.

Side effects of vaccination are rare and most often take the following form:

unexpressed digestive disorders, in particular, unformed stools, frequent urge to go to the toilet for 1-3 days;
rashes of allergic origin that go away on their own without additional drug intervention;
temporary nausea (possibly one-time vomiting without disturbing the general condition of the baby).

An increase in body temperature is not typical for the post-vaccination period. Therefore, the appearance of such symptoms should be associated with other causative factors.

Do I need to be vaccinated against polio infection? Naturally, pediatricians insist on immunization of all children who have no contraindications to the procedure, but the last word should always remain with the parents of the little tomboy. When making a final decision, it should be taken into account that throughout the world it has been possible to minimize episodes of incidence of such a dangerous disease as polio, and has made it possible to prevent outbreaks of epidemics in different parts of our planet.