Presentation for the lesson "Completing the unification of England. The War of the Roses"

Definition of the War of the Roses as an internecine struggle in England for the throne between two branches of the Plantagenet dynasty: Lancaster and York. Description of the battle between King Edward and the troops of Henry VI. The founder of the Tudor dynasty, Henry VII.

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War of the Roses (1455-1485)

The War of the Roses is an internecine war in England for the throne between two branches of the Plantagenet dynasty: the Lancasters (they had a scarlet rose in their coat of arms) and the Yorks (they had a white rose in their coat of arms).

The reasons for this war were the difficult economic situation of England after its defeat in the Hundred Years' War (1453). This defeat deprived the feudal lords of the opportunity to plunder the lands of France.

Under the weak-minded king Henry VI Lancaster (1422-61), the country was ruled by a group of several large feudal lords.

All this gave rise to discontent among other segments of the population.

It was at this time (1453) that the king's son was born, and the king himself became so weak physically and mentally that he was unable to reign. The York party secured the transfer of government to Duke Richard as Protector (1454).

While power was rapidly passing from one side to the other, the division between York's party and Lancaster's party, the "White and Scarlet Roses", covered ever larger sections of the population.

In the summer of 1460, York's party gained the upper hand: the queen and the prince fled, the king was in the hands of the victors and had to convene a parliament, which left the crown for life to Henry VI, and after his death the crown was to pass to the duke and his descendants.

But the strength of the Lancastrians was not yet broken. Henry VI's wife, Queen Margaret, was a woman of very strong character. She gathered an army that defeated the York army. The leader of the York party, Duke Richard, was captured and beheaded. His head was displayed on the wall of York Castle wearing a paper crown.

The queen won this battle and rescued her husband, who served simply as a pawn in this bitter struggle.

However, the son of the executed Duke Richard, Edward, again gathered his supporters.

He defeated the Scarlet Rose (Lancaster) and in February 1461 he entered London, where he was proclaimed king under the name of Edward IV.

In 1464 the unfortunate King Henry VI was captured by Edward and imprisoned in his own Tower Castle.

Queen Margaret had to seek refuge with the prince overseas, in Flanders.

For some time Edward enjoyed his victories. He entrusted all affairs of the state to the family of the Earl of Warwick and his wife's relatives. However, their constant quarrels for power led to new unrest and rebellions. war throne dynasty internecine

The unexpected happened: the Earl of Warwick, who placed Edward on the throne, made peace with his sworn enemy, Queen Margaret, whom he met during a trip to France at the court of King Louis XI of France.

Things took a new turn: Warwick appeared in England at the head of the Lancastrian army. King Edward, not having time to arm himself, fled to Holland. Warwick arrived in London, freed Henry VI from the Tower and proclaimed him king again.

But Edward, having gathered military forces, landed in England, where his supporters rushed to his aid.

To the north, near London, a battle took place between Edward and the forces of Henry VI. Victory remained with Edward ("White Rose").

Edward became king again, and Henry VI was imprisoned in the Tower for the second time.

The Lancastrian party once again tried their luck with weapons in their hands, but could not win the battles. The queen herself and her son Edward were captured, and the prince was immediately killed. A few weeks later, on the very day that Edward entered London, King Henry died in the Tower.

It seemed that Edward IV would resume the national war with France. However, Edward was not particularly warlike, and King Louis XI of France, when meeting with him, managed to persuade him to make peace (1475).

In 1483, King Edward IV himself died at Warwick Castle, who was not even 42 years old at the time.

After the short reign of his son Edward V, his removal from the throne by the Duke of Gloucester, and then his death in battle, power fell to the new king Henry VII.

Henry VII, the founder of the new Tudor dynasty, waged a continuous struggle against the independence of the barons and strengthened royal power. At the same time, land ownership and the importance of the new nobility, interested in strengthening royal power, grew.

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After the end of the Hundred Years' War, thousands of disappointed people returned to England, for whom the war was their life's work. The situation in the country sharply worsened; any weakening of royal power threatened unrest. Soon a long, bloody struggle for power began between the two factions of the nobility.

The reign of Henry VI from the Lancaster dynasty (a side branch of the Plantagenets) was dissatisfied with the king's relative, the Duke of York. The family emblem of Lancaster was a scarlet rose, and that of York was white. Therefore, the war that broke out is known as the War of the Roses (1455-1485). Despite the romantic name, the war was characterized by rare cruelty. Knightly ideals of honor were forgotten, betrayals and bloody massacres followed each other.

After the death of King Edward IV of the House of York, the throne was to be inherited by the eldest of his young sons. But the brother of the late king seized power and began to rule under the name of Richard III (1483-1485).

An extraordinary ruler, Richard III pursued a reasonable policy and began to restore the war-ravaged country. But his enemies did not sleep either. In 1485, a distant relative of the Lancastrians, Henry Tudor, landed an army in England. At the Battle of Bosworth, Richard was betrayed by those close to him, and his personal courage could no longer influence anything. He refused to run and died. Right on the battlefield, the crown was placed on the head of the winner - Henry VII Tudor (1485-1509).

Having come to power, Henry VII did everything to discredit his dead enemy, to present him as an evil monster who paved the way to the throne over the corpses of his relatives. Richard was accused of cold-blooded murder of his young nephews. But there is no direct evidence of his guilt, and for Henry VII the death of the scions of the House of York was much more profitable than for Richard.

As a result of the War of the Roses, the Tudor dynasty (1485-1603) came to power. Having married a representative of the York dynasty, Henry VII reconciled with their supporters and combined both roses - scarlet and white - in his coat of arms. The new monarch ordered the nobility to disband military units, mercilessly dealing with everyone who did not want to submit. The king was not too keen on knightly ceremonies, but he cared about replenishing the treasury. During his reign, taxes increased and the administrative apparatus became stronger. Parliament still met, but everything was determined by the royal will.

The Scarlet and White Roses, the War (Roses, Wars of the) (1455-85), an internecine feud, a war that resulted in a protracted struggle for the English throne, which lasted, flaring up and dying out, for 30 years. Its reason was the rivalry between two contenders for the English throne - Edmund Beaufort (Beaufort) (1406-55), Duke of Somerset from the Lancaster dynasty (scarlet rose in the coat of arms), and Richard, 3rd Duke of York (white rose in the coat of arms). The first supported “Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou, and Richard of York was their opponent. In 1455, having won the battle of St. Albans, Richard seized power. The civil war that broke out was provoked by numerous claims and ambitions. Richard of York was killed in Battle of Wakesfield, 1460. The Lancasters won a victory at St. Albans (Feb. 1461), but delayed, and Edward, the son of Richard, took advantage of this, and took the throne as Edward IV (1st of the York dynasty in St.). . 1470 The Lancastrians invaded England and restored Henry VI to the throne (although in reality the country was ruled by Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick. However, in April 1471, Edward IV regained the crown, defeating most of the Lancastrian leaders. died in the battle of Tewkesbury (May 1471), but the fight ended only in 1485, when Henry Tudor defeated Richard III at Bosworth. "Henry VII married Elizabeth of York, eld. daughter of Edward IV, intending to reunite both warring branches of the Plantagenets. The war weakened the influence of the aristocracy, and after Lambert Simnel's unsuccessful attempt to claim the crown in 1487, the Tudor dynasty no longer had any serious opponents.

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War of the Scarlet and White Roses

1455-1485) - the struggle for England. throne between two lateral lines of queens, dynasty Plantagenets - Lancaster(in the coat of arms - a scarlet rose) and Yorks(in the coat of arms there is a white rose). The confrontation between the Lancasters (the ruling dynasty) and the Yorks (the richest aristocratic feudal family) began in 1451. The Lancasters were supported by the northwestern, mainly sheep-farming economies, as well as Wales and Ireland, the Yorks were supported by the commercial southeast, the middle strata of the city and villages. The first battle between the king's troops Henry VI Lancaster and Duke Richard of York, head of the opposition party of barons, happened in the town of St. Albans in 1455. Richard took over. Many Lancastrians died, the king was wounded and soon fell into madness. A young York supporter distinguished himself in the battle Earl of Warwick. In 1456, the warring parties concluded a truce. But in September 1459, Henry, who had come to his senses, and his wife Queen Margaret, who led the Lancastrians, opposed the Yorkists. At Blore Heath York again won. Queen Margaret in 1460 embarked on the path of bloody terror. In July 1460, the army of York, led by Warwick, defeated the queens, the troops at Northampton, and Henry was captured. In response, Margarita gathered her faithful sowing. lords; at the end of 1460, another battle took place near Wakefield between the troops of Richard and the queens, the troops of Margaret. This time York lost. Richard York himself, his son Richard (Earl of Rutland), Earl of Salisbury and others were killed. Their heads were displayed above the gates of the city of York; in mockery, Richard York's head was crowned with a crown of gilded paper.

After Richard's death, the followers of the White Rose were led by his son Edward. In 1461, the people of London asked him to accept the English. crown, and on March 4, 1461 he was crowned. However, the solemn coronation was postponed until the defeat of the Lancastrians; it took place on June 28, 1461 in Westminster after the subjugation of the north, the capture of York and the flight of Henry VI and Queen Margaret. In England under the name Edward IV The first king of the York dynasty was proclaimed. However, the war soon resumed with the same ferocity. In 1467, the long-term friendship of Edward and Warwick ended in a break, and in 1467 Warwick organized a rebellion. Margaret, who fled to France in 1464, entered into an agreement with Warwick, who was there, against Edward IV. In September 1470, Warwick, with the support of France. king Louis XI landed in England and captured the entire country in 11 days. He removed the insane and infirm Henry VI from the Tower and restored him to the throne. Edward IV was declared a power thief and was forced to flee to France. In December 1470, in response to the declaration of war by King Louis XI of France Burgundy the latter supported Edward IV: he received ships, German mercenaries, 50 thousand gold crowns and in March 1471 headed to England. A new war has begun. On April 14, 1471, a meeting with Warwick's troops took place near the city of Barnet; The Lancastrians were defeated. Henry VI, captured before the decisive battle, died in the Tower (or was killed). The second half of Edward IV's reign passed without complications. His right hand was his brother, Duke Richard of Gloucester. After Edward's death, Richard seized the throne and imprisoned his brother's young children, Edward and Richard, in the Tower, where they were soon killed. On July 6, 1483 he was crowned under the name Richard III. His reign was short-lived: the surviving Lancastrian supporters started new rebellions. At the Battle of Bosworth (1485) with the representative of the younger branch of the Lancastrians, Henry Tudor, Richard was defeated and killed. The War of the Scarlet and White Roses is over. Over the course of 30 years, it took away almost a quarter of the population of England, 80 lords of queens, blood, and many fiefs. childbirth The nobility, descended from the Normans who once conquered England, was completely exterminated. Henry Tudor was crowned under the name Henry VII and founded a new dynasty - the Tudors. The two warring “flowers” ​​were united by Henry in one coat of arms - the coat of arms of Tudor England: Henry married the daughter of Edward IV Elizabeth, heiress of the House of York. During the reign of Henry VII, a period began in England absolutism.

Lit.: Shtokmar V.V. History of England in the Middle Ages. L., 1973.

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SCARLET AND WHITE ROSE WAR

The Wars of the Roses) (1455-85) - bloody internecine feudal wars. cliques that took the form of a struggle for English. a throne between two lines of queens. Plantagenet dynasty: Lancaster (in the coat of arms - a scarlet rose) and York (in the coat of arms - a white rose). They began under conditions of: 1) a crisis of large patrimonial holdings and a fall in the profitability of the patrimonies of large feudal lords who had withdrawn from participation in the household. life, 2) the defeat of the British in the Hundred Years' War (1453), which deprived the feud. the aristocracy's income from the plunder of France, 3) the suppression of Jack Cad's rebellion (1450; see Cad Jack's uprising), which undermined the progressive forces that opposed feudal anarchy. The Lancasters relied on ch. arr. to the barons of the backward North and Wales, Norki - to part of the large feudal lords of the economically more developed South-East. New nobility and wealthy citizens interested in unhindered conditions. development of trade and crafts, in the elimination of feud. anarchy, the establishment of firm power, supported the Yorks. Using discontent against the Lancastrian clique that ruled on behalf of the feeble-minded Henry VI, Richard, Duke of York, achieved his appointment as protector (ruler) of the kingdom and defeated the supporters of the Scarlet Rose at St. Albans (May 22, 1455). Soon removed from power, he again rebelled and declared his claims to English. throne. The Yorkists won victories at Bloor Heath (Sept. 23, 1459) and Northampton (July 10, 1460), but were defeated at Wakefield (Dec. 30, 1460) and at the Second Battle of St. Albans (Feb. 17, 1461). Richard York was killed in action. His son Edward, with the support of the Earl of Warwick, defeated the Lancastrians at Mortimers Cross (February 2) and Towton (March 29, 1461). Henry VI was deposed and the winner became King Edward IV. However, the war continued. In 1464, Edward IV defeated the Lancastrians in northern England. Soon Henry VI was captured and imprisoned in the Tower. Edward IV's desire to curb the magnates led to an uprising of his former supporters, led by Warwick (1470). Edward fled England, Henry VI was restored to the throne. In 1471, Edward IV at Barnet (April 14) and Tewkesbury (May 4) defeated the army of Warwick and the army of Henry VI's wife Margaret, who landed in England with the support of the French. King Louis XI. Warwick and the son of Henry VI were killed, and the second-deposed Henry VI died in the Tower. Strengthening his power, Edward IV brutally dealt with both the Lancastrians and the rebellious Yorkists. After the death of Edward IV (1483), the throne passed to his young son Edward V, but power was seized by the latter’s uncle, the future king Richard III, on whose orders the deposed (1483) Edward V and his brother were imprisoned in the Tower and strangled there. Attempts by Richard III to strengthen his power caused feudal uprisings. tycoons. The executions and confiscations turned supporters of both factions against him. Lancastrians and Yorkists united around Henry Tudor, a distant relative of the Lancastrians. At Bosworth (Aug. 22, 1485), Richard III was defeated and killed. Henry VII Tudor, founder of the Tudor dynasty, became king. Having married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth, heiress of York, Henry VII combined scarlet and white roses in his coat of arms. War of A. and B. r. - the last explosion of the feud. anarchy before the establishment of absolutism - was carried out with terrible bitterness and was accompanied by numerous. murders and executions. Both dynasties died in the struggle. Strife, oppression of taxes, plunder of the treasury, lawlessness and willfulness of large feudal lords, disruption of trade, outright robbery and requisitions greatly worsened the situation of large sections of the population. Disillusioned with the Yorks, who were unable to break the feud. anarchy, and needing strong power to fight the people. movements, the new nobility and bourgeoisie supported the new dynasty. During wars that means. part of the fief The aristocracy was exterminated, numerous. confiscation of land possessions undermined its power. At the same time, land increased. possessions and the social importance of the new nobility and the emerging bourgeoisie grew, which became the support of the established absolutism of the Tudors. Source: Jones W. G., York and Lancaster (1399-1485), L., 1914; Historiae Croylandensis continuatio (the continuations of Ingulf, 1149-1486), ed. W. Fulman, in: S. R. A., 451-593, Oxf., 1684; Ingulf's chronicle of the abbey of Groyland..., transl by H. T. Riley, L., 1854; W. Gregory's chronicle of London, ed. by J. Gairdner, in: (Gregory W.), The historical collections of a citizen of London, L., 1876; The Paston letters 1422-1509, ed. J. Gairdner, v. 1-6, L., 1904. Lit.: Ramsay J. H., Lancaster and York, v. 1-2, Oxf., 1892; Gairdner J., The houses of Lancaster and York, N. Y., 1875. Yu. R. Ulyanov. Moscow. Wars of the Roses 1455-1485

WAR OF THE SCARLET AND WHITE ROSE

WAR OF THE SCARLET AND WHITE ROSE 1455-85, internecine war in England, for the throne between two branches of the Plantagenet dynasty - Lancaster (scarlet rose in the coat of arms) and York (white rose in the coat of arms). The death in the war of the main representatives of both dynasties and a significant part of the nobility facilitated the establishment of Tudor absolutism.

THE WAR OF THE ROSE (The Wars of Roses) (1455-85), bloody internecine conflicts between feudal cliques in England, which took the form of a struggle for the throne between two lines of the Plantagenet royal dynasty: Lancaster (in the coat of arms there is a scarlet rose) and York (in the coat of arms white rose). Causes of the war

The causes of the war were the difficult economic situation of England (the crisis of the large patrimonial economy and the fall in its profitability), the defeat of England in the Hundred Years' War (1453), which deprived the feudal lords of the opportunity to plunder the lands of France; the suppression of Jack Cad's rebellion in 1451 (see Cad Jack's rebellion) and with it the forces opposed to feudal anarchy. The Lancasters relied mainly on the barons of the backward north, Wales and Ireland, the Yorks - on the feudal lords of the economically more developed southeast of England. The middle nobility, merchants and wealthy townspeople, interested in the free development of trade and crafts, the elimination of feudal anarchy and the establishment of firm power, supported the Yorks.

Under the weak-minded king Henry VI Lancaster (1422-61), the country was ruled by a clique of several large feudal lords, which aroused discontent among the rest of the population. Taking advantage of this discontent, Richard, Duke of York, gathered his vassals around him and went with them to London. At the Battle of St. Albans on May 22, 1455, he defeated the supporters of the Scarlet Rose. Soon removed from power, he again rebelled and declared his claims to the English throne. With an army of his followers, he won victories over the enemy at Bloor Heath (September 23, 1459) and North Hampton (July 10, 1460); during the latter, he captured the king, after which he forced the upper house to recognize himself as protector of the state and heir to the throne. But Queen Margaret, wife of Henry VI, and her followers unexpectedly attacked him at Wakefield (December 30, 1460). Richard was completely defeated and fell in battle. His enemies cut off his head and displayed it on the wall of York wearing a paper crown. His son Edward, with the support of the Earl of Warwick, defeated the supporters of the Lancastrian dynasty at Mortimers Cross (February 2, 1461) and Towton (March 29, 1461). Henry VI was deposed; he and Margaret fled to Scotland. The winner became King Edward IV. Edward IV

However, the war continued. In 1464, Edward IV defeated Lancastrian supporters in the north of England. Henry VI was captured and imprisoned in the Tower. Edward IV's desire to strengthen his power and limit the freedoms of the feudal nobility led to an uprising of his former supporters, led by Warwick (1470). Edward fled England, Henry VI was restored to the throne in October 1470. In 1471, Edward IV at Barnet (April 14) and Tewkesbury (May 4) defeated the army of Warwick and the army of Henry VI's wife Margaret, who landed in England with the support of the French king Louis XI. Warwick was killed, Henry VI was again deposed in April 1471 and died (presumably killed) in the Tower on May 21, 1471. End of the war

After the victory, in order to strengthen his power, Edward IV began brutal reprisals against both representatives of the Lancastrian dynasty and the rebellious Yorks and their supporters. After the death of Edward IV on April 9, 1483, the throne passed to his young son Edward V, but power was seized by Edward IV's younger brother, the future king Richard III, who first declared himself protector of the young king, and then deposed him and ordered him to be strangled in the Tower along with his younger brother. brother Richard (August (?) 1483). Attempts by Richard III to consolidate his power caused revolts by feudal magnates. Executions and confiscations of property turned supporters of both groups against him. Both dynasties, Lancastrian and York, united around Henry Tudor, a distant relative of the Lancastrians, who lived in France at the court of King Charles VIII. On 7 or 8 August 1485, Henry landed at Milford Haven, marched unhindered through Wales and joined forces with his supporters. Richard III was defeated by their combined army at the Battle of Bosworth on August 22, 1485; he himself was killed. Henry VII, founder of the Tudor dynasty, became king. Having married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth, heiress of York, he combined scarlet and white roses in his coat of arms. Results of the war

The War of the Scarlet and White Roses was the last rampant of feudal anarchy before the establishment of absolutism in England. It was carried out with terrible cruelty and was accompanied by numerous murders and executions. Both dynasties were exhausted and died in the struggle. For the population of England, the war brought strife, oppression of taxes, theft of the treasury, the lawlessness of large feudal lords, a decline in trade, outright robberies and requisitions. During the wars, a significant part of the feudal aristocracy was exterminated, and numerous confiscations of land holdings undermined its power. At the same time, land holdings increased and the influence of the new nobility and merchant class, which became the support of Tudor absolutism, increased. Literature:

Jones W. G. York and Lancaster (1399-1485). London, 1914. Goodman A. The wars of the Roses: Military activity and English society, 1452-1497. London, 1981.

Ross C. The wars of Roses: a concise history. London, 1986. The wars of the Roses: From Richard II to the fall of Richard III at Bosworth field seen through the eyes of their contemporaries. /Ed. by Hallam E. London, 1988. Pollard A. J. The wars of the Roses. London, 1988.

Slide 2

War of the Roses (1455-1485)

The Wars of the Roses is an internecine war in England for the throne, between two branches of the Plantagenet dynasty: Lancaster (scarlet rose in the coat of arms) and York (white rose in the coat of arms). The death in the war of the main representatives of both dynasties and a significant part of the nobility facilitated the establishment of Tudor absolutism.

Slide 3

War of the Scarlet and White Roses

• Margaret of France (Valois)
• Henry VI - the third and last king of England from the Lancaster dynasty
• The cause of the war was the dissatisfaction of a significant part of English society with the failures in the Hundred Years' War and the policies pursued by the wife of King Henry VI, Queen Margaret and his favorites

Slide 4

Start of the war

Richard of York was the first to declare that royal power in the hands of a woman is an absolutely unacceptable matter. And the fact that this woman was also French, in his understanding, made the queen the first enemy of the state. Richard of York demanded guardianship, that is, regency over the incompetent king, and after his death, the English crown.

Slide 5

• The basis for this claim was that Henry VI was the great-grandson of John of Gaunt, the fourth son of King Edward III, and York was the great-grandson of Lionel, the third son of this king (in the female line, in the male line he was the grandson of Edmund, the fifth son of Edward III), moreover, The fact that Henry the Sixth's grandfather, Henry the Fourth Lancaster, forced King Richard the Second to abdicate when he seized power in 1399 cast doubt on the legitimacy of the entire Lancaster royal dynasty.
• Richard II of England (1377-1399), representative of the Plantagenet dynasty, grandson of King Edward III

Slide 6

In 1455, Richard of York defeated the Lancastrian army, took King Henry the Sixth himself prisoner and forced the Upper House of Parliament to recognize himself as regent and heir to the throne. Queen Margaret, of course, did not agree with this decision, who fled to the north and soon returned to England with an army of thousands. At the Battle of Wakefield, Richard was killed and his head, wearing a paper crown, was put on display in York.

Slide 7

• The son of the murdered Richard of York, Edward, in 1461, with the support of the Earl of Warwick, gathered an army and defeated the Lancastrians, forcing Margaret to flee to Scotland again. Henry the Sixth was deposed and Edward was crowned at Westminster as the new English monarch under the name Edward the Fourth.
• The weak-minded King Henry was imprisoned in the Tower, and Edward's fanatical desire to strengthen his power, while weakening the power of his barons, only led to the fact that his former supporters sided with Henry the Sixth.

Slide 8

• Fighting resumed in 1470, when the Earl of Warwick and the Duke of Clarence (the younger brother of Edward IV), who had sided with the Lancastrians, returned Henry VI to the throne. Edward IV and his other brother, the Duke of Gloucester, fled to Burgundy.
• A year later, Edward returned with an army and won victories at Barnet and Tewkesberry. In the first of these battles, the Earl of Warwick was killed, in the second, Prince Edward, the only son of Henry VI, was killed, which, together with the death (probably murder) of Henry himself that followed in the Tower that same year, marked the end of the Lancastrian dynasty.

Slide 9

• After Edward's death, the throne was to be inherited by his eldest son, Edward the Fifth. However, the royal council declared him illegitimate and Richard of Gloucester, the late king's younger brother, removed him from power.
• He declared himself protector, and later heir to the throne, subsequently ordering Edward and his younger brother to be imprisoned in the Tower, where they were killed.
• Richard III - King of England since 1483, from the York dynasty, the last representative of the Plantagenet male line on the English throne

Slide 10

End of the war

• Richard the Third tried to pursue a wise policy, trying to restore the country after thirty years of military devastation. His actions were not to the liking of many feudal lords.
• At the Battle of Bosworth, at the most crucial moment, supporters of Richard III betrayed him, going over to the enemy’s side. As a result, Richard III was killed and Henry Tudor became king (he was the great-great-grandson of John of Gaunt on the female side).
• Henry Tudor combined the Scarlet and White Roses in his coat of arms, and married Edward the Fourth's daughter, Elizabeth.

Slide 11

Results of the war

• The War of the Scarlet and White Roses was the last rampant of feudal anarchy before the establishment of absolutism in England.
• Both dynasties were exhausted and died in the struggle. For the population of England, the war brought strife, oppression of taxes, theft of the treasury, the lawlessness of large feudal lords, a decline in trade, outright robberies and requisitions.
• The War of the Roses effectively brought an end to the English Middle Ages. It continued changes in feudal English society, including the weakening of the feudal power of the nobility and the strengthening of the position of the merchant class, as well as the rise of a strong, centralized monarchy under the leadership of the Tudor dynasty. The accession of the Tudors in 1485 is considered the beginning of the New Age in English history.

Slide 12

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