Otitis

Indicators of the development of physical qualities include: Human physical health

A person’s physical health is determined by a complex of interrelated factors that characterize the physical state of the body:

1) functional state of organs and systems; 2) level of physical development; 3) the degree of development of physical qualities (strength, speed, agility, endurance, flexibility).

It is customary to assess the functional state of organs and systems by examining basic physiological parameters, such as heart rate, blood pressure, ECG, vital capacity and others.

The state of physical health, as well as other criteria for its aspects, can be established on the basis of the subjective feelings of a particular person in conjunction with clinical research data, taking into account gender, age, social, climatic and other factors.

Physical development is a set of morphofunctional indicators that characterize the development of the body, an important criterion of health. To study it, the method of anthropometric research is used (from the Greek anthropos - man, metreo - to measure, to measure).

During an anthropometric examination, body length (height) is measured,

Body weight

Chest circumference,

Dimensions of limbs and individual parts

Torso, muscle strength of the hand - dynamometry,

Vital capacity (VC) - spirometry

And other indicators.

An assessment of an individual's physical development is made by comparing his anthropometric data and other development indicators (puberty, dental formula, etc.) with the average data for the corresponding sex and age.

The study of the physical development of children and adolescents is of great importance. Systematic observations make it possible to identify early signs of deviations in physical development, which may indicate an incipient disease.

Thus, physical health is a state of absolute physical and mental comfort, not accompanied by deviations in the activity of organs and systems, with normal physical development, high performance and adaptation.

Physique (constitution, from Latin constitutio - structure, state) is a set of features of the structure, shape, size and relationship of individual parts of the human body and is one of the criteria for physical development. It has gender, age, national and individual characteristics.

Human height, weight and body proportions are the main constitutional characteristics.

Human growth is completed by the age of 18 - 25 and can range from 140 to 210 cm in healthy people (depending on individual and other characteristics).

For approximate control of body weight in everyday life, the Broca index can be recommended:

Determining normal body weight is a rather difficult task, since uniform criteria have not been developed for this. Currently, many tables and formulas have been created that take into account age, gender, length and actual body weight, body type, thickness of skin folds, etc.

Each person should know their individual body weight norm. Exceeding the upper limit calculated using the formula given above by more than 7% is considered to be overweight.

According to the World Health Organization, about 30% of residents of economically developed countries have a weight that exceeds normal weight by 20% or more.

The problem of excess weight has become a serious threat for many people. In overweight people, the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system is disrupted, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, joint diseases, hypertension and gallstone disease are more likely to develop, and life expectancy is shortened by 10-15 years.

Reducing excess body weight and maintaining it at a normal level is a rather difficult task. It depends on the regime, the nature of nutrition, physical activity, and the emotional status of a person.

A harmonious physique is determined taking into account constitutional characteristics.

Constitution (from Latin constitutio - establishment, organization) is a complex of individual, relatively stable morphological, physiological and mental properties of the body, determined by the hereditary program, as well as long-term, intense influence of the environment.

The doctrine of the human constitution originated in ancient times. Each era put its own ideas into the definition and classification of the constitution. All currently existing classifications do not contradict each other. Their authors give preference to individual functional systems or are based on a set of morphological characteristics. A common drawback of all these classifications is the lack of an integrated approach.

According to modern ideas, both the external environment and heredity take an equal part in the formation of the constitution.

The main features of the constitution are determined hereditarily - the longitudinal dimensions of the body and the dominant type of metabolism, and the latter is inherited only if two or three generations of a given family constantly lived in the same area.

The secondary features of the constitution (transverse dimensions) are determined by the living conditions of a person, being realized in the features of his individuality. These signs are most closely related to gender, age, profession, as well as environmental influences.

According to the classification of E. Kretschmer, the following types of constitution are distinguished:

General developmental physical exercises have a strong impact on the physique, which allows not only to achieve a proportional physique, but also to strengthen muscles and develop correct posture.

Posture is the primary relaxed position of the body that a person maintains at rest and when moving. With correct posture, the physiological curves of the spine are uniform, the head is positioned vertically, the field of the upper and lower extremities is symmetrical, the shoulder blades are at the same level and fit snugly to the chest. If a person with healthy posture, without changing the usual body position, presses against a flat wall, then the points of contact will be the back of the head, shoulder blades and buttocks (Fig. 3.4).

Rice. 3.4. Test for correct posture

If these provisions are violated, then we speak of pathological posture, which can manifest itself in the following forms (Fig. 3.5):

Lordosis - anterior curvature (occurs in the lumbar spine);

Kyphosis - posterior curvature (in the thoracic region);

Scoliosis is a lateral curvature.

There is such a deviation from the norm as stooping - a position in which the thoracic region protrudes significantly backward, the head is tilted forward, the chest is flattened, the shoulders are drooping, the stomach is protruded and there is a sluggish posture.

B in Fig. 3.5. Poor posture a - scoliosis, b - kyphosis, c - lordosis

The causes of incorrect posture are poor development of the back muscles, habitual incorrect body position, unilateral physical stress on the musculoskeletal system or its congenital defects.

Most often, postural disorders occur at school age as a result of prolonged incorrect position at the table, improper transfer of weights, eating disorders, lack of physical activity and various diseases.

To prevent postural disorders, every person needs to learn to control the position of their body.

When sitting at the table,

Standing and walking

Follow the rules for carrying heavy objects,

Sleep on a hard bed

And also constantly work on strengthening the muscular corset of the back.

It must be remembered that preventing the occurrence of incorrect posture is much easier than correcting it. Posture begins to form effectively in the process of growth, development and education and continues throughout a person’s life.

Correct posture makes a person’s figure beautiful and contributes to the normal functioning of the musculoskeletal system and the entire body. Regular physical activity, athletic and rhythmic gymnastics exercises, outdoor and sports games, and dancing help in shaping the human constitution according to the laws of beauty, preserving the individuality of the figure and movements.

A b c d e A. Sitting position: a, c - non-physiological design of the chair, causes rapid fatigue and back pain; b, d - rationally equipped workplace; d - physiologically optimal chair.

A b c d B. Standing position: a - incorrect posture; b - optimal position, alternately placing your feet on a low bench relieves fatigue and back pain; c - incorrect posture; d - physiologically correct position, in which bending forward is minimized, the back is straight.

A b C. Methods of carrying weights: a - correct, b - incorrect.

D. Posture during work: a - diagram of correct (+) and incorrect (-) positions of the body in different poses; b - correct (+) and incorrect (-) homework; c - correct (+) and incorrect (-) carrying of the child; d - correct (+) and incorrect (-) position of the spine when reading. Rice. 3.6. Measures to prevent incorrect posture.

Physical development- this is the process of changing the forms and functions of the human body under the influence of living conditions and upbringing.

In the narrow sense of the word, under physical development understand anthropometric indicators: height, weight, chest circumference, foot size, etc. The level of physical development is determined in comparison with standard tables.

In the textbook Kholodova Zh.K., Kuznetsova V.S. “Theory and methodology of physical education and sports” determined that physical development- this is the process of formation, formation and subsequent change throughout the life of an individual of the morphofunctional properties of his body and the physical qualities and abilities based on them.

The physical development of a person is influenced by heredity, environment, socio-economic factors, working and living conditions, nutrition, physical activity, and sports. The characteristics of a person’s physical development and physique largely depend on his constitution.

At each age stage, continuously occurring biological processes that are characterized by a certain complex of morphological, functional, biochemical, mental and other properties of the body associated with each other and with the external environment and the reserve of physical strength determined by this uniqueness.

A good level of physical development is combined with high levels of physical fitness, muscle and mental performance.

Physical development is characterized by changes in three groups of indicators.

1. Physique indicators (body length, body weight, posture, volumes and shapes of individual parts of the body, amount of fat deposits, etc.), which characterize primarily the biological forms, or morphology, of a person.

2. Indicators (criteria) of health, reflecting morphological and functional changes in the physiological systems of the human body. The functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous systems, digestive and excretory organs, thermoregulation mechanisms, etc. is of decisive importance for human health.

3. Indicators of the development of physical qualities (strength, speed abilities, endurance, etc.).

Physical development is determined by the laws of: heredity; age gradation; unity of the organism and the environment (climatogeographical, social factors); the biological law of exercise and the law of the unity of forms and functions of the body. Indicators of physical development are of great importance for assessing the quality of life of a particular society.

Until approximately 25 years of age (the period of formation and growth), most morphological indicators increase in size and body functions improve. Then, until the age of 45-50, physical development seems to be stabilized at a certain level. Subsequently, as we age, the functional activity of the body gradually weakens and deteriorates; body length, muscle mass, etc. may decrease.

The nature of physical development as a process of changes in these indicators throughout life depends on many reasons and is determined by a number of patterns. Successfully managing physical development is only possible if these patterns are known and they are taken into account when constructing the process of physical education.

Physical development is determined to a certain extent laws of heredity, which should be taken into account as factors that favor or, conversely, hinder the physical improvement of a person. Heredity, in particular, must be taken into account when predicting a person's capabilities and success in sports.

The process of physical development is also subject to law of age gradation. It is possible to intervene in the process of human physical development in order to control it only on the basis of taking into account the characteristics and capabilities of the human body in different age periods: during the period of formation and growth, during the period of the highest development of its forms and functions, during the aging period.

The process of physical development is subject to the law of unity of organism and environment and, therefore, depends significantly on human living conditions. Living conditions primarily include social conditions. Living conditions, work, education and material support significantly influence the physical condition of a person and determine the development and change in the forms and functions of the body. The geographic environment also has a known influence on physical development.

Of great importance for managing physical development in the process of physical education are biological law of exercise and the law of unity of forms and functions of the body in its activity. These laws are the starting point for choosing means and methods of physical education in each specific case. Therefore, when choosing physical exercises and determining the magnitude of their loads, according to the law of exercise, one can count on the necessary adaptive changes in the body of those involved.

When engaging in physical exercises, it is necessary to take into account the physique characteristics of those involved. Body type - sizes, shapes, proportions and features of body parts, as well as features of the development of bone, fat and muscle tissue. There are three main body type. For an athletic person ( normosthenics) is characterized by well-defined muscles, he is strong and broad in the shoulders. Asthenic- this is a person with weak muscles, it is difficult for him to increase strength and volume of muscles. Hypersthenic has a powerful skeleton and, as a rule, loose muscles. These are people who are prone to being overweight. However, these body types are rarely found in their pure form.

The size and shape of every person's body is genetically programmed. This hereditary program is implemented during successive morphological, physiological and biochemical transformations of the body from its inception to the end of life. This is the constitutional type of a person’s physique, but it is not only the physique itself, but also a program for his future physical development.

The main components of body weight are muscle, bone and fat tissue. Their ratio largely depends on the conditions of physical activity and nutrition. Age-related changes, various diseases, increased physical activity change the size and shape of the body.

Among body sizes, total (whole) and partial (part) are distinguished.

Total(general) body dimensions - main indicators physical development person. These include body length and weight, as well as chest girth.

Partial(partial) body sizes are components of the total size and characterize the size of individual parts of the body.

Most anthropometric indicators have significant individual variations. The total dimensions of the body depend on its length and mass, and the circumference of the chest. The proportions of the body are determined by the ratio of the sizes of the torso, limbs and their segments. For example, to achieve high athletic results in basketball, tall height and long limbs are of great importance.

Body size is an important indicator (along with other parameters characterizing physical development) and is an important parameter for sports selection and sports orientation. As you know, the task of sports selection is to select children who are most suitable in connection with the requirements of the sport. The problem of sports orientation and sports selection is complex, requiring the use of pedagogical, psychological and biomedical methods.

As main means of physical culture should be called physical exercise. There is a so-called physiological classification of these exercises, combining them into separate groups according to physiological characteristics.

To FC funds also include the healing forces of nature (sun, air, water) and hygienic factors (sanitary and hygienic condition of places of activity, work, rest, sleep and nutrition regimes).

It has been noted that physical training, by improving a number of physiological mechanisms, increases resistance to overheating, hypothermia, hypoxia, reduces morbidity and increases performance.

People who are systematically actively involved in physical exercise significantly increase mental, mental and emotional stability when performing strenuous mental and physical activities.

The body's resistance to the effects of adverse factors depends on congenital and acquired properties. This resistance is quite labile and can be trained by means of muscle loads and external influences (temperature, oxygen level, etc.).

The healing powers of nature.

Strengthening and activating the body's defenses, stimulating metabolism and the activity of physiological systems and individual organs can be greatly facilitated by the healing forces of nature. A special set of health and hygiene measures (staying in the fresh air, giving up bad habits, sufficient physical activity, hardening, etc.) plays an important role in increasing the level of physical and mental performance.

Regular physical exercise during intense educational activities helps relieve neuropsychic stress, and systematic muscle activity increases the mental, mental, and emotional stability of the body.

Hygiene factors that promote health, increase the effect of physical exercise on the human body and stimulate the development of adaptive properties of the body include personal and public hygiene (body frequency, cleanliness of places of exercise, air, etc.), adherence to the general daily routine, routine physical activity, diet and sleep.

Physical development- the process of formation, formation and subsequent change in the forms and functions of the human body under the influence of physical activity and conditions of everyday life.

A person’s physical development is judged by the size and shape of his body, muscle development, functional capabilities of breathing and blood circulation, and indicators of physical performance.

The main indicators of physical development are:

1. Physique indicators: height, weight, posture, volumes and shapes of individual parts of the body, amount of fat deposits, etc. These indicators characterize, first of all, the biological forms (morphology) of a person.

2. Indicators of the development of human physical qualities: strength, speed abilities, endurance, flexibility, coordination abilities. These indicators largely reflect the functions of the human muscular system.

3. Health indicators reflecting morphological and functional changes in the physiological systems of the human body. The functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous systems, digestive and excretory organs, thermoregulation mechanisms, etc. is of decisive importance for human health.

The physical development of each person largely depends on factors such as heredity, environment and physical activity.

Heredity determines the type of nervous system, physique, posture, etc. Moreover, genetically hereditary predisposition largely determines the potential capabilities and prerequisites for good or poor physical development. The final level of development of the forms and functions of the human body will depend on living conditions (environment) and on the nature of motor activity.

The process of physical development is subject to the law of unity of the organism and the environment and, therefore, significantly depends on the living conditions of man. These include living conditions, work, education, material support, as well as the quality of nutrition (calorie balance), all of which affects the physical condition of a person and determines the development and change in the forms and functions of the body.

The climatic and geographical environment and environmental living conditions have a certain influence on the physical development of a person.

Under the influence of systematic training sessions, a person can significantly improve almost all motor abilities, as well as successfully eliminate various physique defects and congenital anomalies, such as stoop, flat feet, etc., using physical education.

Psychophysiological foundations of educational work and intellectual activity. Means of physical culture in regulating performance

1. Objective and subjective factors of learning and the reaction of students’ bodies to them.

There are objective and subjective learning factors that affect the psychophysiological state of students.

Objective factors include the living environment and educational work of students, age, gender, health status, general academic workload, rest, including active rest.

Subjective factors include: knowledge, professional abilities, motivation to study, performance, neuropsychic stability, pace of educational activity, fatigue, psychophysical capabilities, personal qualities (character traits, temperament, communication skills), the ability to adapt to the social conditions of studying at a university.

Students' study time averages 52-58 hours per week, including self-study), i.e. The daily teaching load is 8-9 hours, therefore their working day is one of the longest. A significant part of students (about 57%), not knowing how to plan their time budget, engage in self-study on weekends.

It is difficult for students to adapt to studying at a university, because yesterday’s schoolchildren find themselves in new conditions of educational activity, new life situations.

The critical and difficult examination period for students is one of the variants of a stressful situation that occurs in most cases under conditions of time shortage. During this period, increased demands are placed on the intellectual and emotional sphere of students.

The combination of objective and subjective factors that negatively affect the body of students, under certain conditions, contributes to the emergence of cardiovascular, nervous, and mental diseases.

2. Changes in the state of the student’s body under the influence of various modes and learning conditions.

In the process of mental work, the main load falls on the central nervous system, its highest department - the brain, which ensures the flow of mental processes - perception, attention, memory, thinking, emotions.

A negative effect on the body of prolonged stay in a “sitting” position, which is typical for people with mental work, was revealed. In this case, blood accumulates in the vessels located below the heart. The volume of circulating blood decreases, which impairs blood supply to a number of organs, including the brain. Venous circulation worsens. When the muscles do not work, the veins become filled with blood and its movement slows down. Vessels quickly lose their elasticity and stretch. The movement of blood through the carotid arteries of the brain also worsens. In addition, a decrease in the range of movements of the diaphragm negatively affects the function of the respiratory system.

Short-term intense mental work causes the heart rate to increase, while long-term work causes a slowdown. It’s a different matter when mental activity is associated with emotional factors and neuropsychic stress. Thus, before the start of academic work, the students’ pulse rate was recorded on average at 70.6 beats/min; when performing relatively calm academic work - 77.4 beats/min. The same work of moderate intensity increased the heart rate to 83.5 beats/min, and with high stress to 93.1 beats/min. During emotionally stressful work, breathing becomes uneven. Blood oxygen saturation can decrease by 80%.

In the process of long and intense educational activity, a state of fatigue occurs. The main factor of fatigue is the educational activity itself. However, the fatigue that occurs during this process can be significantly complicated by additional factors that also cause fatigue (for example, poor organization of the daily routine). In addition, it is necessary to take into account a number of factors that do not themselves cause fatigue, but contribute to its appearance (chronic diseases, poor physical development, irregular nutrition, etc.).

3. Performance and the influence of various factors on it.

Performance is a person’s ability to perform a specific activity within given time limits and performance parameters. On the one hand, it reflects the capabilities of a person’s biological nature, serves as an indicator of his capacity, on the other hand, it expresses his social essence, being an indicator of the success of mastering the requirements of a specific activity.

At each moment, performance is determined by the influence of various external and internal factors, not only individually, but also in their combination.

These factors can be divided into three main groups:

1st - physiological nature - state of health, cardiovascular system, respiratory and others;

2nd - physical nature - the degree and nature of room illumination, air temperature, noise level and others;

3rd mental character - well-being, mood, motivation, etc.

To a certain extent, performance in educational activities depends on personality traits, characteristics of the nervous system, and temperament. Interest in emotionally attractive academic work increases the duration of its completion. The effectiveness of execution has a stimulating effect on maintaining a higher level of performance.

At the same time, the motive of praise, instruction or censure can be excessive in its impact, causing such strong feelings about the results of work that no amount of volitional effort will allow one to cope with them, which leads to a decrease in performance. Therefore, the condition for a high level of performance is optimal emotional stress.

Installation also affects operating efficiency. For example, for students who are focused on the systematic assimilation of educational information, the process and curve of forgetting it after passing the exam is characterized by a slow decline. In conditions of relatively short-term mental work, the cause of a decrease in performance may be the fading of its novelty. Individuals with a high level of neuroticism were found to have a higher ability to absorb information, but a lower effect of its use, compared to individuals with a lower level of neuroticism.

4. The influence of the periodicity of rhythmic processes in the body on performance.

High performance is ensured only if the rhythm of life is correctly consistent with the natural biological rhythms of its psychophysiological functions inherent in the body. There are students with stable stereotypical changes in performance. Students classified as “morning” are the so-called larks.

They are characterized by the fact that they get up early, are cheerful and cheerful in the morning, and remain in high spirits in the morning and afternoon hours. They are most productive from 9 am to 2 pm. In the evening, their performance decreases noticeably. This is the type of students most adapted to the existing learning regime, since their biological rhythm coincides with the social rhythm of a full-time university. Students of the “evening” type - “night owls” - are most productive from 18:00 to 24:00.

They go to bed late, often do not get enough sleep, and are often late for classes; in the first half of the day they are inhibited, therefore they are in the least favorable conditions, studying full-time at a university. Obviously, it is advisable to use the period of decreased performance of both types of students for rest, lunch, and if it is necessary to study, then in the least difficult disciplines. For night owls, it is advisable to organize consultations and classes on the most difficult sections of the program from 18:00.

5. General patterns of changes in students’ performance during the learning process.

Under the influence of educational and work activities, students’ performance undergoes changes that are clearly observed during the day, week, throughout each semester and the academic year as a whole.

The dynamics of mental performance in the weekly educational cycle is characterized by a sequential change in the working-in period at the beginning of the week (Monday), which is associated with the entry into the usual mode of educational work after rest on the day off. In the middle of the week (Tuesday-Thursday) there is a period of stable, high performance. By the end of the week (Friday, Saturday) there is a process of its decline.

At the beginning of the academic year, the process of fully realizing the educational and labor capabilities of students drags on for up to 3-3.5 weeks (the period of development), accompanied by a gradual increase in the level of performance. Then comes a period of stable performance lasting 2.5 months. With the start of the test session in December, when, against the backdrop of ongoing studies, students prepare and take tests, the daily workload increases to an average of 11-13 hours, combined with emotional experiences - performance begins to decline. During the exam period, the decline in the performance curve intensifies.

6. Types of changes in students’ mental performance.

Research shows that students' performance has different levels and types of changes, which affects the quality and volume of work performed. In most cases, students who have a stable and multifaceted interest in learning have a high level of performance; persons with unstable, episodic interest have a predominantly reduced level of performance.

According to the type of changes in performance in educational work, increasing, uneven, weakening and even types are distinguished, linking them with typological features. Thus, the increasing type includes mainly people with a strong type of nervous system, capable of engaging in mental work for a long time. The uneven and weakening types include individuals with a predominantly weak nervous system.

7. Condition and performance of students during the examination period.

Exams for students are a critical moment in educational activities, when the results of academic work for the semester are summed up. The issue of the student’s compliance with the level of the university, receiving a scholarship, personal self-affirmation, etc. is being decided. An examination situation is always a certain uncertainty of the outcome, which allows it to be assessed as a strong emotional factor.

Repeatedly repeated examination situations are accompanied by emotional experiences that are individually different, which creates a dominant state of emotional tension. Exams are a definite incentive to increase the volume, duration and intensity of students’ educational work, and to mobilize all the forces of the body.

During exams, the “cost” of students’ academic work increases. This is evidenced by the facts of a decrease in body weight during the examination period by 1.6-3.4 kg. Moreover, this is to a greater extent characteristic of those students whose reactivity to the examination situation is increased.

According to the data, first-year students have the highest gradient of mental performance. In subsequent years of study, its value decreases, which indicates better adaptation of students to the conditions of the examination period. In the spring session, the performance gradient increases compared to the winter session.

8. Means of physical culture in regulating the psycho-emotional and functional state of students during the examination period.

The university provides students with three types of recreation, varying in duration: short breaks between classes, a weekly day of rest, and vacations in winter and summer.

The principle of active rest has become the basis for organizing rest during mental activity, where appropriately organized movements before, during and after mental work have a high effect in maintaining and increasing mental performance. Daily independent exercise is no less effective.

Active rest increases performance only if certain conditions are met:

Its effect manifests itself only under optimal loads;

When antagonist muscles are included in the work;

The effect decreases with rapidly developing fatigue, as well as fatigue caused by monotonous work;

The positive effect is more pronounced against the background of a greater, but not high, degree of fatigue than with a weak degree;

The more trained a person is for tiring work, the higher the effect of active rest.

Thus, the focus of classes during the examination period for the bulk of students should be preventive in nature, and for student-athletes should have a maintaining level of physical and sports-technical readiness.

The state of mental tension observed in students during exams can be reduced in several ways.

Breathing exercises. Full abdominal breathing - first, with relaxed and slightly lowered shoulders, inhale through the nose; The lower parts of the lungs are filled with air, while the stomach protrudes. Then, inhaling, the chest, shoulders, and collarbones rise sequentially. Full exhalation is performed in the same sequence: the stomach is gradually drawn in, the chest, shoulders and collarbones are lowered.

The second exercise consists of full breathing, carried out in a certain walking rhythm: a full breath for 4, 6 or 8 steps, followed by a breath hold equal to half the number of steps taken when inhaling. A complete exhalation is done in the same number of steps (4, 6, 8). The number of repetitions is determined by how you feel. The third exercise differs from the second only in the conditions of exhalation: pushes through tightly compressed lips. The positive effects of exercise increase with the amount of exercise.

Mental self-regulation. Changing the direction of consciousness includes options such as switching off, in which, with the help of volitional efforts and concentration of attention, foreign objects, objects, situations are included in the sphere of consciousness, except for circumstances that cause mental stress. Switching is associated with concentration of attention and focus of consciousness on some interesting thing. Disconnection consists of limiting the sensory flow: staying in silence with eyes closed, in a calm, relaxed position, imagining situations in which a person feels easy and calm.

7. The use of “small forms” of physical culture in the educational work of students.

Among the various forms of physical activity, morning exercises are the least complex, but quite effective for accelerated inclusion in the school day, thanks to the mobilization of the body's autonomic functions, increasing the performance of the central nervous system, and creating a certain emotional background. For students who regularly perform morning exercises, the period of practice during the first training session was 2.7 times less than for those who did not perform it. The same fully applies to the psycho-emotional state - mood increased by 50%, well-being by 44%, activity by 36.7%.

An effective and accessible form of classes at a university is a physical education break. It solves the problem of providing active recreation for students and increasing their performance. When studying the effectiveness of using physical exercises of a dynamic and posture-tonic nature during micropauses, it was found that a one-minute dynamic exercise (running in place at a pace of 1 step per second) is equivalent in its effect to performing posture-tonic exercises for two minutes. Since the working posture of students is characterized by monotonous tension mainly of the flexor muscles (sitting, leaning forward), it is advisable to begin and end the exercise cycle with vigorous stretching of the flexor muscles.

Methodological recommendations for the use of posture exercises. Before starting intensive mental work, in order to shorten the period of training, it is recommended to voluntarily additional tension of the muscles of the limbs of moderate or medium intensity for 5-10 minutes. The lower the initial nervous and muscle tension and the faster it is necessary to mobilize for work, the higher the additional tension in the skeletal muscles should be. During prolonged intense mental work, if it is also accompanied by emotional stress, voluntary general relaxation of skeletal muscles is recommended, combined with rhythmic contraction of small muscle groups (for example, flexors and extensors of the fingers, facial muscles, etc.).

8. Students’ performance in a health and sports camp.

A healthy lifestyle for students implies the systematic use of physical education and sports during the academic year. Active rest helps to successfully fulfill educational and work responsibilities while maintaining health and high performance. Among various forms of recreation during the holiday period, student health and sports camps (winter and summer) have become widely developed in universities.

A 20-day vacation in the camp, organized a week after the end of the summer session, made it possible to restore all indicators of mental and physical performance, while for those vacationing in the city, the recovery processes were sluggish.

9. Features of conducting physical education classes to improve students’ performance.

The structure of the organization of the educational process at a university has an impact on the student’s body, changing its functional state and affecting performance. This circumstance should be taken into account when conducting physical education classes, which also influence changes in students’ performance.

Based on the research results, it has been established that in order to successfully develop the basic physical qualities of students, it is necessary to rely on a regular periodicity of performance during the academic year. According to this, in the first half of each semester, in educational and independent classes, it is advisable to use physical exercises with a primary (up to 70-75%) focus on the development of speed, speed-strength qualities and speed endurance with a heart rate intensity of 120-180 beats/min; in the second half of each semester with a primary (up to 70-75%) focus on developing strength, general and strength endurance with a heart rate intensity of 120-150 beats/min.

The first part of the semester coincides with a higher functional state of the body, the second - with its relative decline. Classes built on the basis of such planning of physical training facilities have a stimulating effect on the mental performance of students, improve their well-being, and ensure a progressive increase in the level of physical fitness in the academic year.

With two classes per week, the combination of physical activity and mental performance has the following features. The highest level of mental performance is observed when combining two classes at a heart rate of 130-160 beats/min at intervals of 1-3 days. A positive, but half as much effect is achieved by alternating exercises with a heart rate of 130-160 beats/min and 110-130 beats/min.

Using two classes per week at a heart rate above 160 beats/min leads to a significant decrease in mental performance in a weekly cycle, especially for those who are not sufficiently trained. The combination of classes with this regimen at the beginning of the week and classes with a heart rate of 110-130, 130-160 beats/min in the second half of the week has a stimulating effect on the performance of students only at the end of the week.

In the practice of physical education for a certain part of students, a problem constantly arises: how to combine the successful fulfillment of academic responsibilities and the improvement of sportsmanship. The second task requires 5-6 training sessions per week, and sometimes two per day.

When systematically practicing various sports, certain mental qualities are cultivated that reflect the objective conditions of sports activity.

General characteristics successful use of physical education means in the educational process, ensuring a state of high performance of students in educational and work activities, are as follows:

Long-term preservation of performance in academic work;

Accelerated workability;

Ability to accelerate recovery;

Emotional and volitional resistance to disruptive factors;

Average intensity of emotional background;

Reducing the physiological cost of educational labor per unit of work;

Successful fulfillment of educational requirements and good academic performance, high organization and discipline in studies, everyday life, and recreation;

Rational use of the free time budget for personal and professional development.

This is the process of formation, formation and subsequent change throughout the life of an individual of the morphofunctional properties of his body and the physical qualities and abilities based on them.

Physical development is characterized by changes in three groups of indicators.

Physique indicators (body length, body weight, posture, volumes and shapes of individual parts of the body, amount of fat deposits, etc.), which characterize primarily the biological forms, or morphology, of a person.

Health indicators (criteria) reflecting morphological and functional changes in the physiological systems of the human body. The functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous systems, digestive and excretory organs, thermoregulation mechanisms, etc. is of decisive importance for human health.

Indicators of the development of physical qualities (strength, speed abilities, endurance, etc.).

Physical development is to a certain extent determined by the laws of heredity, which must be taken into account as factors that favor or, conversely, hinder the physical improvement of a person. Heredity, in particular, must be taken into account when predicting a person's capabilities and success in sports.

The process of physical development also obeys the law of age gradation. It is possible to intervene in the process of human physical development in order to control it only on the basis of taking into account the characteristics and capabilities of the human body in different age periods: during the period of formation and growth, during the period of the highest development of its forms and functions, during the aging period.

The process of physical development is subject to the law of unity of the organism and the environment and, therefore, significantly depends on the living conditions of man. Living conditions primarily include social conditions. Living conditions, work, education and material support significantly influence the physical condition of a person and determine the development and change in the forms and functions of the body. The geographic environment also has a known influence on physical development.

Of great importance for managing physical development in the process of physical education are the biological law of exercise and the law of the unity of the forms and functions of the body in its activity. These laws are the starting point for choosing means and methods of physical education in each specific case.

By choosing physical exercises and determining the magnitude of their loads, according to the law of exercise, one can count on the necessary adaptive changes in the body of those involved. This takes into account that the body functions as a single whole. Therefore, when selecting exercises and loads, mainly selective ones, it is necessary to clearly understand all aspects of their influence on the body.

Physical perfection. This is a historically conditioned ideal of physical development and physical fitness of a person, optimally meeting the requirements of life.

The most important specific indicators of a physically perfect person of our time are:

good health, which provides a person with the opportunity to painlessly and quickly adapt to various, including unfavorable, living, working, and everyday conditions;

high general physical performance, allowing to achieve significant special performance;

proportionally developed physique, correct posture, absence of certain anomalies and imbalances;

comprehensively and harmoniously developed physical qualities, excluding one-sided human development;

possession of a rational technique of basic vital movements, as well as the ability to quickly master new motor actions;

physical education, i.e. possession of special knowledge and skills to effectively use one’s body and physical abilities in life, work, and sports.

At the present stage of development of society, the main criteria for physical perfection are the norms and requirements of government programs in combination with the standards of the unified sports classification.

Observing the formation of children's bodies, we are usually interested in the state of their health, physical development and physical fitness, recording this with appropriate indicators. The complex of these indicators creates a complete picture of the children’s body. Considering the motor activity of children, we observe it in movements of various forms, in which speed, strength, dexterity, endurance, or a combination of these qualities are manifested to one degree or another. The degree of development of physical qualities determines the qualitative aspects of children’s motor activity and the level of their general physical fitness. Physical education at school is an integral part of the formation of the general culture of the personality of a modern person, the system of humanistic education of schoolchildren.

By combining physical education classes with general physical training, we thereby carry out the process of comprehensive physical training, which has great health benefits.

Usually, by developing physical qualities, we improve the functions of the body and master certain motor skills. In general, this process is unified, interconnected, and, as a rule, high development of physical qualities contributes to the successful development of motor skills.

Physical culture and sports are considered as one of the most important means of educating a person who harmoniously combines spiritual wealth, moral purity and physical perfection.

Physical education and sport provide every member of society with the broadest opportunities for development, affirmation and expression of one’s own “I”, for empathy and participation in sports action as a creative process, make one rejoice in victory, be saddened by defeat, reflecting the whole gamut of human emotions, and evoke a sense of pride in the infinity of potential human capabilities.

Physical education is a purposeful, clearly organized and systematically implemented system of physical education and sports activities for children. It includes the younger generation in various forms of physical education, sports, military-applied activities, and harmoniously develops the child’s body in unity with his intellect, feelings, will and morality. The goal of physical education is the harmonious development of the body of each child in close, organic unity with mental, labor, emotional, moral, and aesthetic education.

The task of physical education is to ensure that every person masters the content of physical education available to him. Consequently, through physical education a person turns the general achievements of physical culture into personal wealth (in the form of improved health, increased level of physical development, etc.). In turn, personality changes under the influence of physical education lead to changes in the content of physical education and affect the main results of physical education. This process, naturally, does not occur in isolation from other aspects of education.

The goal of physical education is to optimize the physical development of a person, comprehensively improve the physical qualities inherent in everyone and the abilities associated with them in unity with the education of spiritual and moral qualities that characterize a socially active person; to ensure on this basis that every member of society is prepared for fruitful work and other activities.

A good school of physical education is classes in a general physical training club. They are held with the aim of strengthening the health and hardening of those involved; achieving comprehensive development, broad mastery of physical culture and fulfillment of standards on this basis; acquiring instructor skills and the ability to independently engage in physical education; formation of moral and volitional qualities; preparing circle members in the process of classes for work, family life and active social activities.

The main task of the circle leader is the moral education of the circle members in the process of mastering physical culture. It is decided by the circle leader based on studying each student, predicting his development and the complex impact on the formation of the circle member’s personality in the children’s team of an out-of-school institution.

The need to include this concept as a mandatory sign of the quality of motor skills. An exercise technique, as a way of performing a motor action, can be correct or incorrect, good or bad, but without it, neither a beginner, nor a professional, nor a record holder, nor a world champion can act.

In recent years, there is a public opinion that in our country it is necessary to evaluate the work on physical education in school not only by “cups”, “certificates” and various prizes won in sports competitions, but to evaluate the organization of physical education in school according to the physical fitness of all students, their health and physical development. Assessing the health and physical development of schoolchildren does not cause great difficulties, because Currently, a number of techniques have been developed and successfully applied. Assessing the physical fitness of schoolchildren is somewhat difficult, because There is very little data to compare the level of preparedness of students.

In the process of developing a person’s motor abilities, a special place is occupied by versatile physical fitness. B.V. Sermeev, V.M. Zatsiorsky, Z.I. Kuznetsov characterizes physical fitness by a combination of physical qualities such as strength, endurance, speed, and agility. It is largely determined by the morphological characteristics and functional state of the entire organism and its individual systems, and primarily the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of the student. HELL. Nikolaev believes that the physical training of an athlete is the development of physical qualities and abilities necessary in sports activities, improving physical development, strengthening and hardening the body. N.A. Lupandina divides it into general and special. General physical training means a comprehensive education of physical abilities, including the level of knowledge and skills, basic vital, or, as they say, applied natural types of movements. Special training refers to the development of physical abilities that meet the specific characteristics and requirements of the chosen sport. B.V. Sermeev, B.A. Ashmarin, just like N.A. Lupandin, divide physical training into general and special, but propose to subdivide the latter into two parts: preliminary, aimed at building a special “foundation”, and main, the purpose of which is the broader development of motor qualities in relation to the requirements of the chosen sport.

THEM. Yablonovsky, M.V. Serebrovskaya, when studying the motor activity of schoolchildren, used tests on such types of movements that to some extent reflected the physical fitness of students. They studied: running, standing long and high jumps, throwing, etc. But in different age groups, their methods offered different tasks and requirements: in running - different distances, in throwing - objects for throwing, unequal distance to the target and etc. hence the extreme difficulty in identifying the characteristics of age-related development of certain types of movements. However, these works at one time served as some justification for the physical education program for schoolchildren. The works of R.I. Tamuridi (1985) were devoted to the development of movements among Kyiv schoolchildren. The author studied the development of movements such as jumping, throwing, etc. As a result, age dynamics were shown for some movements.

Differences between people are a natural result of a complex combination of social and biological structures that influence the development of a person from the moment of his conception. Throughout his life, this leads to various opportunities in solving emerging problems, in sports to various opportunities in mastering technique and achieving high results.

Taking into account the effect of this pattern, we have identified a sports and pedagogical requirement called “providing sports orientation.” It obliges the trainer-teacher to choose a subject of study that best suits the motor capabilities and interests of the beginner.

A motor skill is a motor action that a person has learned and there is no particular difference between the concept of “skill” and ability, both are achieved as a result of training.

General developmental exercises should be included in every lesson in order to strengthen the osseous and ligamentous apparatus, muscle development, joint mobility and coordination of movements, improve the functions of the cardiovascular system and respiratory organs. General developmental exercises are performed in place and in motion, without objects and with objects, on gymnastic apparatus, individually or with a partner.

The volume and dosage of general developmental physical exercises is determined depending on the level of physical development of the participants, the objectives of the training session and the training period.

This is the process of changing the forms and functions of the human body under the influence of living conditions and upbringing.

There are three levels of physical development: high, average and low, and two intermediate levels above average and below average.

In the narrow sense of the word, physical development is understood as anthropometric indicators (height, weight, chest circumference, foot size, etc.).

The level of physical development is determined in comparison with standard tables.

From the textbook Kholodov Zh.K., Kuznetsov V.S. Theory and methodology of physical education and sports:

Physical development is characterized by changes in three groups of indicators.

Physique indicators (body length, body weight, posture, volumes and shapes of individual parts of the body, amount of fat deposits, etc.), which characterize primarily the biological forms, or morphology, of a person.
Health indicators (criteria) reflecting morphological and functional changes in the physiological systems of the human body. The functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous systems, digestive and excretory organs, thermoregulation mechanisms, etc. is of decisive importance for human health.
3. Indicators of the development of physical qualities (strength, speed abilities, endurance, etc.).

Physical development is determined to a certain extent laws of heredity , which should be taken into account as factors that favor or, conversely, hinder the physical improvement of a person. Heredity, in particular, must be taken into account when predicting a person's capabilities and success in sports.

The process of physical development is also subject to law of age gradation . It is possible to intervene in the process of human physical development in order to control it only on the basis of taking into account the characteristics and capabilities of the human body in different age periods: during the period of formation and growth, during the period of the highest development of its forms and functions, during the aging period.

List of used literature:

Kholodov Zh.K., Kuznetsov V.S. Theory and methodology of physical education and sports: Proc. aid for students higher textbook establishments. - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2000. - 480 p.