Cold-blooded animals. Amphibians, being cold-blooded animals with a low level of metabolism Amphibians are cold-blooded

Cold-blooded animals are one of the biological species of the order of living organisms of nature.

Their peculiarity lies in fluctuations in body temperature depending on the state of their environment.

Representatives of the order of cold-blooded animals

Animals with variable body temperature, determined by the temperature of the environment in which they are located.

Otherwise, poikilothermic organisms are basically a lowly organized class:

• invertebrate representatives of the animal world;
• some species of vertebrate fish;
• amphibians;
• reptiles.

Modern aspects of biology have additionally identified one of the mammal species in this order - the naked mole rat. Changes in the temperature of the surrounding atmosphere cause a state of numbness in animals; exceeding the optimal limits of the state of the environment can result in their death.

naked mole rat photo

These organisms lack a thermoregulation mechanism, which is characterized by a weak nervous system and imperfect metabolism.

Lifestyle

The vital activity of organisms with variable temperatures, due to their characteristics, is most active in the warm period of the year. With the onset of spring, then summer, they intensify their vital activity.

frogs photo

Cold-blooded organisms begin mating and produce offspring. As a rule, the entire life cycle of poikilothermic animals can be observed in water and on the banks of aquatic systems. The stages of development of different individuals are not the same.

Frogs, fish, reptiles living in forests and water meadows represent a diversity of generations. Despite their developmental stage, as autumn approaches, cold-blooded individuals prepare for winter by falling into suspended animation.

snake photo

In order to survive wintering in this state during the warm period, these organisms deposit nutrients into the body. Throughout the warm season, the composition of their cells constantly changes, providing the opportunity to use useful components throughout winter hibernation.

At the same time, cold-blooded animals prepare a wintering site in holes, hollows, and burrows. The life cycle of poikilothermic animals repeats itself annually.

Appearance of poikilothermic animals

Amphibians are one of the types of cold-blooded animals that can live in water and on land. They are characterized by:

• the presence of two pairs of limbs;
• respiratory organs in the form of lungs and skin;
• three-chambered heart;
• eyelids with mobility, nostrils, eardrums.

crocodile photo

Reptiles mainly lead a terrestrial lifestyle. The peculiar structure of this species of cold-blooded animals is determined by their method of existence. They have:

• dense, dry skin formed as a result of keratinization;
• the skeleton has four clearly separated sections: the cervical part, the trunk center, the cruciate and caudal vertebrae; forelimbs similar in structure to amphibians;
• pulmonary breathing;
• the heart, just like in amphibians, consists of a ventricle and atria;
• the presence of an excretory system, including the kidneys, ureter, bladder;
• the presence of basic sensory organs, represented by vision, smell, hearing, taste reflexes, and touch.

Reproduction of cold-blooded animals

Many animals of the cold-blooded order are characterized by the presence of two opposite sexes - males and females. They mate and produce offspring with the characteristics of their parents. Cold-blooded species of aphids, daphnia, represent one sex, they are females. They have the ability to reproduce without attracting males to mate.

lizard photo

The cold-blooded order includes some organisms that, with changes in external conditions, can change sex. Such individuals are found among some species of fish and oysters. The fertility of cold-blooded animals depends on the way they raise their offspring.

High fertility is characteristic of those individuals whose offspring are characterized by significant mortality and serve as food for other inhabitants of the animal world. Animals that take special care in raising their offspring, as a rule, have long life spans. Males and females show mutual participation in raising the young.

TASKS

1. Mosses reproduce:

a) pistils; c) ovules;

5. Helminths are called:

a) all worms;

c) observation and experiment;

Correlate systematic groups of plants (A–B) with their characteristics

Signs: Systematic group:

1. The gametophyte is dioecious. A. Angiosperms

2. The gametophyte is bisexual, B. Ferns develop on it

both male and female gametes.

3. The gametophyte is represented by a prothallus.

4. An aqueous environment is required for fertilization.

5. Fertilization does not require an aqueous environment.

2. Match human germ cells (A–B) with their characteristics (1–5):

Characteristics of the cell: Sex cells:

1. The structure of the cell is divided into a head, a neck and a tail. A. Sperm

2. They are relatively large in size compared to B. Ovum

with sex cells belonging to the opposite sex.

Establish a correspondence between the listed groups of organisms (1–5) and their role in food chains (A-B).

Organisms: Trophic levels:

Predatory animals.

Mold fungi.

Match the substance (A–D) and the biological material from which it can be obtained (1–5).

Biological material: Substance:

Animal liver B. Sucrose

Match organic substances (A–D) and the functions they perform in a cell and/or organism (1–5).

Functions: Substances:

Plants

Response Matrix

Code _____________

Task 1.

Task 3.

№

right YES

wrong NO

№

right YES

wrong no

Task 4.

1.[max. 2.5 points]

3.

4.

TASKS

Task 1. The task includes 35 questions, each of them has 4 possible answers. For each question, select only one answer that you consider the most complete and correct. Enter the index of the selected answer into the answer matrix. The maximum number of points is 35.

1. Mosses reproduce:

a) only seeds; c) spores and vegetatively;

b) only by disputes; d) only vegetatively.

2. In flowering plants, male reproductive cells are formed in:

a) pistils; c) ovules;

b) stamens; d) pollen tube.

3. In pine, from pollination to seed ripening, it takes approximately:

a) week; b) month; c) year; d) one and a half years.

4. The visual organs of spiders are:

a) 1 pair of compound eyes; c) 1 pair of compound eyes and 2 pairs of simple eyes;

b) 4 pairs of simple eyes; d) 1 pair of compound eyes and 3 pairs of simple eyes.

5. Helminths are called:

a) all worms;

6. The wings of insects are on the dorsal side:

a) chest and abdomen; b) breasts; c) cephalothorax and abdomen; d) cephalothorax.

Amphibians, being cold-blooded animals with a low metabolic rate

substances, lead active life thanks to:

a) omnivorous; c) eating only protein-rich animal foods;

b) development with metamorphosis; d) ability to stay under water for a long time

8. The main cell of nervous tissue - a neuron usually consists of:

a) body, one short and several long processes;

b) body, one long and several short processes;

c) several bodies, one short and one long process;

d) several bodies with long and short processes extending from them.

9. The ability to start and maintain a fire was vital for:

a) australopithecines; b) a skilled person; c) homo erectus; d) Neanderthals.

10. The main methods of human physiology as a science include:

a) preparation using surgical instruments;

b) studies using microscopic techniques (microscopy);

c) observation and experiment;

d) ultrasound examinations (ultrasound) and electrocardiography (ECG).

11. Based on the structural features of a person, his heart should be attributed to the level of organization:

a) atomic-molecular; b) tissue; c) organ; d) systemic.

12. By what most accurate feature can you distinguish smooth muscle fibers from striated ones:

a) by color; c) by the amount of intercellular substance;

b) by the number of nuclei in the cell; d) by the presence of cilia.

13. The periosteum cannot provide:

a) bone growth in length; c) bone nutrition;

b) bone sensitivity; d) bone healing after fractures

14. Red blood cells are produced in:

a) red bone marrow; b) liver; c) spleen; d) lymph nodes.

15. People with blood type IV:

a) are universal donors during transfusion;

b) are universal recipients for transfusion;

c) are universal donors and recipients during transfusion;

d) cannot provide blood for transfusion.

16. The vaccine is used to form in humans:

a) natural innate immunity;

b) natural acquired immunity;

c) artificial active immunity;

d) artificial passive immunity.

17. With anemia, human body tissues lack:

a) oxygen; c) water and mineral salts;

b) nutrients; d) all the named substances.

18. Protective reflex of the respiratory system that occurs when the bronchi are irritated:

a) sneezing; b) cough; c) yawning; d) laughter.

19. Classical studies of digestive processes were carried out:

a) E. Jenner; b) L. Pasteur; c) I.I. Mechnikov; d) I.P. Pavlov.

20. The structural and functional unit of the kidney is:

a) share; b) segment; c) nephron; d) lobe.

21. Blood filtration in the kidneys occurs in:

a) pyramids; b) pelvis; c) capsules; d) medulla.

22. When secondary urine is formed, water returns to the bloodstream and:

a) glucose; b) salt; c) proteins; d) all of the above substances.

PartI. You are offered test tasks that require you to select only one answer out of four possible. The maximum number of points that can be scored is 60 (1 point for each test task). The index of the answer that you consider to be the most complete and correct, indicate in the answer matrix.

1. The basis of the lichen thallus is composed of cells: a) cyanobacteria;
b) mushroom; +
c) multicellular algae;
d) unicellular algae.

2. Mosses reproduce: a) only by seeds;
b) only by disputes;
c) spores and vegetatively; +
d) only vegetatively.

3. Among the plants found exclusively on land are: a) green algae;
b) red algae;
c) gymnosperms; +
d) angiosperms.

4. The figure shows an agrotechnical technique:

a) stepsoning;
b) mulching;
c) picking; +
d) stratification.

5. In the soil nutrition of plants, the main role is played by the root zone, indicated in the figure “X”, this is the zone of: a) division;
b) growth;
c) absorption; +
d) carrying out.

6. The final product of photosynthesis in green plants is the following substance: a) starch; +
b) chlorophyll;
c) carbon dioxide;
d) water.

7. In flowering plants, male reproductive cells are formed in: a) pistils;
b) stamens; +
c) ovules;
d) pollen tube.

8. In pine, from pollination to seed ripening it takes approximately: a) a week;
b) month;
c) year;
d) one and a half years. +

9. The visual organs of spiders are:
a) 1 pair of compound eyes;
b) 4 pairs of simple eyes; +
c) 1 pair of compound eyes and 2 pairs of simple eyes;
d) 1 pair of compound eyes and 3 pairs of simple eyes.

11. The wings of insects are located on the dorsal side: a) chest and abdomen;
b) breasts; +
c) cephalothorax and abdomen;
d) cephalothorax.

12. Amphibians, being cold-blooded animals with a low metabolic rate, lead active life thanks to:
a) omnivorous;
b) development with metamorphosis;
c) eating only protein-rich animal foods; +
d) the ability to stay under water for a long time.

13. The main cell of nervous tissue - a neuron usually consists of: a) a body, one short and several long processes;
b) body, one long and several short processes; +
c) several bodies, one short and one long process;
d) several bodies with long and short processes extending from them.

14. Mastering the ability to start and maintain a fire was vital for:
a) australopithecines;
b) a skilled person;
c) homo erectus;
d) Neanderthals. +

15. The main methods of human physiology as a science include: a) dissection using surgical instruments;
b) studies using microscopic techniques (microscopy);
c) observation and experiment; +
d) ultrasound examinations (ultrasound) and electrocardiography (ECG).

16. Based on the structural features of the human body, his heart should be attributed to the following level of organization: a) atomic-molecular;
b) tissue;
c) organ; +
d) systemic.

17. By what most accurate feature can smooth muscle fibers be distinguished from striated ones: a) by color;
b) by the number of nuclei in the cell; +
c) by the amount of intercellular substance;
d) by the presence of cilia.

18. Periosteum can't ensure: a) bone growth in length; +
b) bone sensitivity;
c) bone nutrition;
d) bone healing after fractures.

19. Red blood cells are produced in: a) red bone marrow; +
b) liver;
c) spleen;
d) lymph nodes.

20. People with blood type IV: a) are universal donors during transfusion;
b) are universal recipients for transfusion; +
c) are universal donors and recipients during transfusion;
d) cannot provide blood for transfusion.

21. The vaccine is used to form in humans: a) natural innate immunity;
b) natural acquired immunity;
c) artificial active immunity; +
d) artificial passive immunity.

22. With anemia, human body tissues lack:
a) oxygen; +
b) nutrients;
c) water and mineral salts;
d) all the named substances.

23. A protective reflex of the respiratory system that occurs when the bronchi are irritated: a) sneezing;
b) cough; +
c) yawning;
d) laughter.

24. Classical studies of digestive processes were carried out by: a) E. Jenner;
b) L. Pasteur;
V) ;
G) . +

25. Of the indicated values ​​of the energy value of products, its smallest amount is expressed by: a) 500 J;
b) 50 calories; +
c) 0.5 Calories;
d) 5 kilocalories.

26. The structural and functional unit of the kidney is: a) lobe;
b) segment;
c) nephron; +
d) lobe.

27. Blood filtration in the kidneys occurs in: a) pyramids;
b) pelvis;
c) capsules; +
d) medulla.

28. When secondary urine is formed, water and: a) glucose return to the bloodstream; +
b) salt;
c) proteins;
d) all of the above substances.

29. Damage to the outer covering caused by high temperature or chemicals is: a) abrasion;
b) diaper rash;
c) burn; +
d) frostbite.

30. Endocrine gland, which controls most hormonal processes in the human body: a) thyroid;
b) pancreas;
c) adrenal glands;
d) pituitary gland. +

31. The conductor function is characteristic of the brain region: a) forebrain;
b) cerebellum;
c) midbrain;
d) diencephalon. +

32. The autonomic nervous system: a) is not controlled by human consciousness; +
b) has higher centers only outside the central nervous system;
c) regulates the coordination of voluntary and precise movements;
d) has all of the listed properties.

33. The analyzer is a system that provides: a) perception of information (stimulus) by the corresponding receptor;
b) delivery of information (conduction of excitation) from the receptor to the brain along nerve pathways;
c) analysis of the information received in the corresponding brain structures and the emergence of sensations;
d) all of the above functions. +

34. The taste perceived by the taste buds of the back third of the tongue is: a) sweet;
b) sour;
c) salty;
d) bitter. +

35. Inflammation of the middle ear is called: a) cataract;
b) otitis; +
c) cystitis;
d) rhinitis.

36. The process of training dogs to carry out commands (forward, sit, stand, etc.) involves the following behavioral mechanism: a) imprinting;
b) conditioned reflex; +
c) addiction;
d) increased sensitivity.

37. In women, unlike men, the precursors of germ cells: a) appear in the body from the moment of puberty;
b) are laid before birth and their number gradually decreases; +
c) are laid before birth and their number is constantly increasing;
d) are laid before birth and their number is maintained at a constant level.

38. Ovulation occurs at the moment of: a) destruction of the corpus luteum;
b) formation of the corpus luteum;
c) fertilization;
d) rupture of the follicle. +

39. The heartbeat of a human fetus is recorded from the moment of conception from: a) three weeks;
b) five weeks; +
c) three months;
d) four months.

40. A person’s well-being is positively affected by: a) complete absence of sounds (complete silence);
b) positively charged ions;
c) negatively charged ions; +
d) ultra - and infrasounds.

41. The most rapidly developing diseases in large industrial cities are: a) gastrointestinal tract;
b) upper respiratory tract and lungs; +
c) skin;
d) musculoskeletal system.

42. Increased doses of radiation to the human body do not cause:
a) disorders of hematopoietic function;
b) malignant tumors;
c) gastrointestinal bleeding;
d) myocardial infarction. +

43. Environmental factors affect living organisms: a) simultaneously and in conjunction with each other; +
b) simultaneously and separately from each other;
c) together with each other, but in a certain sequence;
d) isolated from each other and in a certain sequence.

44. The energy resource of green algae is: a) sunlight; +
b) energy of oxidation of organic substances;
c) energy of oxidation of inorganic substances;
d) water.

45. An example of competition is the relationship between populations: a) crucian carp and carp in the same reservoir; +
b) crucian carp and pike in the same reservoir;
c) crucian carp and bleak in one reservoir;
d) pike and bleak.

46. Predators in the natural community: a) destroy the population of prey;
b) contribute to the growth of the victim population;
c) improve the health of the victim population and regulate its numbers; +
d) do not affect the size of the prey population.

47. The study of blood circulation processes by W. Harvey is mainly based on the use of the biological method: a) descriptive;
b) comparative;
c) historical;
d) experimental. +

48. The relative constancy of the internal environment of organisms is a manifestation of the vital properties: a) irritability;
b) self-reproduction;
c) self-regulation; +
d) variability.

49. The science that studies the cell: a) histology;
b) morphology;
c) cytology; +
d) embryology.

50. The functions of carriers of hereditary information are performed by: a) proteins;
b) carbohydrates;
c) fats;
d) nucleic acids. +

51. The stage of the cell cycle during which DNA replication occurs: a) interphase; +
b) prophase;
c) metaphase;
d) telophase.

52. The stage of mitosis, during which chromatid separation occurs: a) prophase;
b) metaphase;
c) anaphase; +
d) telophase.

53. Organic substances that provide the cell with energy: a) proteins and fats;
b) fats and carbohydrates; +
c) carbohydrates and nucleic acids;
d) water and carbohydrates.

54. Is not an obligatory structural component of the cell: a) cell membrane;
b) core; +
c) genetic apparatus;
d) cytoplasm.

55. Of the listed methods of reproduction, sexual reproduction includes: a) seed reproduction; +
b) budding;
c) cuttings;
d) sporulation.

56. The formation of taxonomy as a science is associated with the name of: a) Robert Hooke;
b) Anoni van Leeuwenhoek;
c) Carl Linnaeus; +
d) Charles Darwin.

57. It is always possible to distinguish one type of organism from another on the basis of: a) features of the external and internal structure;
b) analysis of lifestyles and areas of their distribution in nature;
c) inability to produce fertile offspring;
d) the totality of all criteria of the type. +

58. During double fertilization, from the central cell after its fusion with the sperm, the following arises: a) an embryo;
b) ovule;
c) endosperm; +
d) zygote.

59. The emergence of photosynthesis contributed to the accumulation in the Earth's atmosphere of: a) oxygen; +
b) carbon dioxide;
c) chlorophyll;
d) water vapor.

60. Charles Darwin's research work related to identifying the reasons for the diversity of living organisms should be attributed to the field of modern biological science: a) classical biology;
b) evolutionary biology; +
c) physical and chemical biology;
d) to any of the listed directions.

PartII. You are offered test tasks with one answer option out of four possible, but requiring preliminary multiple choice. The maximum number of points that can be scored is 30 (2 points for each test task). The index of the answer that you consider to be the most complete and correct, indicate in the answer matrix.

1. The root can: I. absorb water with dissolved substances. + II. anchor plants in the soil. + III. grow due to the intercalary meristem. IV. synthesize amino acids, hormones, alkaloids. + V. form scale-like leaves on old root sections. a) I, II, III;
b) I, II, IV; +
c) II, IV, V;
d) I, III, V.

2. In the composition of the leaf vein you can find: I. sieve tubes with companion cells. + II. vessels. + III. sclerenchyma. + IV. angular collenchyma. + V. parenchyma. + a) I, III, IV;
b) I, II, IV, V;
c) I, II, III, V;
d) I, II, III, IV, V. +

3. Flowering plants growing in water are characterized by: I. poor development or absence of mechanical tissue. + II. good development of mechanical tissue. III. good development of wood, ensuring the movement of water throughout the plant. IV. the presence of large intercellular spaces in the tissues of roots, leaves and stems. + V. predominance in xylem bundles and poor development of phloem. a) I, III;
b) II, V;
c) I, IV; +
d) II, III, IV.

4. Hymenoptera insect larvae may have: I. 3 pairs of jointed legs. II. 3 pairs of segmented legs and 6-8 pairs of false abdominal legs. + III. 3 pairs of segmented legs and 2-5 pairs of false abdominal legs. IV. 8 pairs of false abdominal legs. V. be legless. + a) I, II, III, IV;
b) II, III, IV, V;
c) I, II, IV;
d) II, V. +

5. Bright black and yellow striped coloring is a warning for: I. tiger II. Colorado potato beetle. + III. Sumatran barb. IV. hornet. + V. hoverflies. a) I, III, IV;
b) I, V;
c) II, III, V;
d) II, IV. +

6. Sea urchins and starfish can use: I. parapodia. II. needles. + III. rays. + IV. ambulacral legs. + V. articulated walking legs. a) I, II, III, IV;
b) II, IV, V;
c) II, III, IV; +
d) III, IV, V.

7. Houseflies have sensory organs on their legs.: I. vision. II. sense of smell. III. touch. + IV. taste. + V. hearing a) II, IV, V;
b) I, III, IV;
c) III, V;
d) III, IV. +

8. The lateral line organs in fish serve for: I. determining the direction and speed of the current. + II. determining the chemical composition of water. III. detecting the approach of a predator or prey. + IV. detection of underwater obstacles. + V. orientation in space along magnetic field lines. a) I, IV, V;
b) I, III, IV; +
c) II, IV, V;
d) II, III, IV.

9. Horns, which are formations of the corium and consisting of bone tissue, have: I. Indian rhinoceros. II. reindeer. + III. African buffalo. IV. Siberian ibex. V. giraffe. + a) I, V;
b) II, V; +
c) I, IV, V;
d) II, III, IV.

10. Cartilaginous fish living in seawater maintain normal osmotic balance by excreting excess salts through: I. kidneys + II. gills. + III. rectal glands. + IV. skin. V. oral mucosa. a) I, II, III; +
b) I, II, IV;
c) II, III, V;
d) II, III, V.

11. In ecology, pyramids are considered: I. numbers. + II. biomass + III. species composition. IV. energy. + V. trophic connections. a) II, IV, V;
b) I, II, IV; +
c) I, IV, V;
d) I, II, V.

13. For anaphase of mitosis not typical: I. formation of the “equatorial plate”. + II. the beginning of the movement of chromosomes to the poles. III. spindle formation. + IV. appearance of nucleoli. + V. formation of “daughter stars”. a) III, V;
b) II, V;
c) I, II, V;
d) I, III, IV. +

14. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is found in: I. core. + II. nucleosomes. III. mitochondria. + IV. plastids. + V. peroxisomes. a) I, II, IV;
b) I, III, IV; +
c) II, IV, V;
d) I, III, IV, V.

15. Crossing over usually occurs in meiosis during conjugation of: I. men and women in any of 22 pairs of autosomes. + II. women in a pair of sex chromosomes. + III. males on a pair of sex chromosomes. IV. chickens a pair of sex chromosomes. V. roosters pair of sex chromosomes. + a) I, II, IV;
b) I, II, V; +
c) I, III, IV;
d) II, III, IV, V.

Part 3. You are offered test tasks in the form of judgments, with each of which you must either agree or reject. In the answer matrix, indicate the answer option “yes” or “no”. The maximum number of points that can be scored is 25 (1 point for each test task).

1. In aquatic plants, stomata are located on the underside of the leaf.

2. Primary starch is deposited in the chloroplasts of plant cells when exposed to light. +

3. The stems of perennial plants can always perform a photosynthetic function.

4. Hawthorn spines are modified shoots. +

5. Asexual reproduction of Chlamydomonas occurs when unfavorable conditions occur.

6. The nervous system of a jellyfish is more complex than that of polyps. +

7. The bulk of the muscles in birds is located on the ventral side. +

8. The group of mammalian skin glands includes sweat, sebaceous and mammary glands. +

9. When it gets very cold, some birds may hibernate. +

10. The parasympathetic nervous system increases the secretion of saliva, the sympathetic nervous system stops it. +

11. The vermiform appendix (appendix) does not have a cavity.

12. Normally, a person produces less saliva than gastric juice. +

13. During rest, the amount of sugar in the blood decreases. +

14. At great depths in the World Ocean, only detrital food chains can exist.

15. Population waves are associated only with fluctuations in numbers and do not affect the gene pool.

16. The only function of the cell membrane is to maintain a constant cell shape.

17. Cytoplasm ensures the interconnection of all parts of the cell. +

18. Pinocytosis is characteristic only of animal cells.

19. The qualitative and quantitative composition of cell organelles depends on the functions it performs. +

20. It is most likely that the evolution of integument in invertebrates went in the direction of the development of ciliated epithelium into squamous epithelium. +

21. All anaerobes are microorganisms that carry out fermentation.

22. Ribosomes are formed by self-assembly. +

23. In the Drosophila fly, the Y chromosome does not have a significant influence in determining the sex of an individual. +

24. In the genetic code, each type of amino acid corresponds to only one triplet (codon).

25. The genes for paired traits in a dihybrid cross are located on different chromosomes. +

Part 4. You are offered test tasks that require matching. The maximum number of points that can be scored is 12.5. Fill out the answer matrices in accordance with the requirements of the tasks.

1. [max. 2.5 points] Match the systematic groups of plants (A–B) with their
signs (1–5).

Signs: 1. The gametophyte is dioecious. 2. The gametophyte is bisexual; they develop on it both male and female gametes. 3. The gametophyte is represented by a prothallus. 4. An aqueous environment is required for fertilization. 5. Fertilization does not require an aqueous environment.	Systematic group: A. Angiosperms B. Ferns
Signs
Systematic group

2. [max. 2.5 points] Match human germ cells (A–B) with their characteristics (1–5):

Cell characteristics 1. The structure of the cell is divided into a head, a neck and a tail. 2. They are relatively large in size compared to with sex cells belonging to the opposite sex. 3. The cell is capable of active movement. 4. The cell has several membranes located on top cytoplasmic membrane. 5. They are formed from one precursor cell four.	Sex cells A. Sperm B. Ovum
Cell characteristics
Sex cells

3. [max. 2.5 points] Establish a correspondence between the listed groups of organisms (1–5) and their role in food chains (A-B).

Organisms: 2. Green plants. 3. Herbivores. 4. Predatory animals. 5. Molds.	Trophic levels: A. Consumers. B. Decomposers. B. Producers.
Characteristics
Groups of organisms

4. [max. 2.5 points] Match the substance (A–D) and the biological material from which it can be obtained (1–5).

Biological material: 1. Fungal cell wall 2. Animal liver 3. Plant cell sap 4. Plant stem core 5. Cotton fiber	Substance: A. Starch B. Sucrose B. Pulp D. Glycogen
Biological material
Substance

5. [max. 2.5 points] Match organic substances (A–D) and the functions they perform in a cell and/or organism (1–5).

Functions
Substance

substances, lead active life thanks to:

a) omnivorous;

b) development with metamorphosis;

c) eating only protein-rich animal foods;

d) the ability to stay under water for a long time.

22. Respiration in amphibians is carried out:

a) through the gills;

b) through the lungs;

c) through the skin;

d) all of the above methods.

23. The tibia should be attributed to the level of organization of living things:

a) cellular;

b) tissue;

c) organ;

d) systemic.

The figure shows a fragment of a typical

Electrocardiogram (ECG) of a person obtained

At the second standard lead.

The T–P interval reflects the following process in

heart:

a) atrial stimulation;

b) restoration of the state of the ventricular myocardium

after reduction;

c) spread of excitation through the ventricles;

d) rest period - diastole.

25. Optimal environment for high activity of gastric enzymes:

a) alkaline;

b) neutral;

c) sour;

a) thoroughly rinse open wounds, remove dead tissue and consult a doctor;

b) place your hand in cold water or cover it with pieces of ice as soon as possible;

c) rub the limb until it turns red and apply a tight bandage;

d) bandage the burned limb tightly and consult a doctor.

Lymph is carried directly from tissues and organs through lymphatic vessels

a) arterial bed of the systemic circulation;

b) venous bed of the systemic circulation;

c) arterial bed of the pulmonary circulation;

d) venous bed of the pulmonary circulation.

28. Blood loses the maximum amount of oxygen when passing through:

a) lungs;

b) one of the veins of the arm;

c) capillaries in one of the muscles;

d) right atrium and right ventricle.

29. The nerve that rotates the eyeball in humans:

a) trigeminal;

b) block;

c) visual;

d) facial.

30. The volume of air that can be inhaled after a quiet exhalation is called:

a) expiratory reserve volume;

b) inspiratory reserve volume;

c) tidal volume;

d) residual volume.

The figure shows

Reconstruction of the external appearance and

Remains of primitive culture

One of the ancestors of modern

Human. This representative

should be classified as:

a) human predecessors;

b) ancient people;

c) ancient people;

d) fossil people of modern times

anatomical type.

32. The adrenal cortex produces the hormone:

a) adrenaline;

b) thyroxine;

c) cortisone;

d) glucagon.

33. An extra link in a single trophic chain is:

a) earthworm;

b) bluegrass;

In natural communities, the role of 2nd order consumers is, as a rule,

can play:

a) bleak, warbler, roe deer, ground beetle;

b) nutcracker, quick lizard, starfish, hare;

c) duck, dog, spider, starling;

d) frog, vine snail, cat, buzzard.

These are aquatic and terrestrial animals. They have two pairs of limbs, consisting of three sections.

Sections of the forelimbs:

• shoulder,
• forearm,
• brush.

Sections of the hind limbs:

• hip,
• shin,
• foot.

The hand and foot end with fingers. The reproduction and development of amphibians is associated with the aquatic environment. Amphibians are cold-blooded animals; their metabolic rate depends on the ambient temperature.

Order Tailless amphibians

The order includes frogs and toads. Their body is short and wide, and adult forms lack a tail. The hind limbs are longer than the front ones and more developed, because serve for repulsion when jumping and swimming. There are swimming membranes between the toes of the hind limbs. The body is divided into head and trunk. The neck is not expressed. On the thickened head there are nostrils that communicate with the oral cavity. Through them, when breathing, air enters the mouth and then into the lungs. The eyes are equipped with movable eyelids. Behind the eyes are the hearing organs, consisting of the middle ear, closed by the eardrum, and the inner ear - the cochlea, in which the auditory receptors are located. There is one auditory ossicle in the middle ear, which amplifies sound many times over.

The skeleton has 6 sections:

1. scull,
2. spine,
3. forelimb belt,
4. hind limb belt,
5. forelimbs,
6. hind limbs.

The moving bones of the skeleton are articulated by joints. The brain part of the skull is small, which indicates poor brain development. The spine is short and consists of the cervical, trunk, sacral and caudal sections. The cervical and cruciate sections each have only one vertebra, which allows the animals to lower their heads slightly. The limb girdles serve to attach the limbs to the spine and ensure their mobility. The girdle of the forelimbs includes the clavicle, crow bone and paired shoulder blades; the pelvic girdle is represented by three pairs of elements: the ilium, pubis and ischium. Amphibians do not have a chest, because the ribs are underdeveloped

.

The muscular system is more complex than that of fish and consists of different muscle groups. In tailless amphibians, the muscles of the hind limbs are most developed. Breathing occurs through moist skin and lungs. To moisturize the skin, the skin glands secrete mucus with a bactericidal secretion. Inhalation and exhalation occur as a result of contraction and relaxation of the abdominal muscles. The development of true lungs led to the complication of the circulatory system and the emergence of a second circulation. In connection with this, the structure of the heart became more complex; it became three-chambered (two atria and a ventricle). The blood in the ventricle is mixed. Through the pulmonary circulation, a venous portion of blood moves from the ventricle of the heart to the lungs, returning to the left atrium, enriched with oxygen. Then it enters the ventricle again, mixes with venous blood and is released through the arteries to the organs in the systemic circulation! Only the brain is supplied with pure arterial blood.

frogs

The excretory organs include paired kidneys and ureters, the urinary tract, and the bladder. The kidneys are primary in origin, and trunk in location. Urine is removed from the bladder through the cloaca.

The digestive system of amphibians is in many ways similar to that of fish. The intestine ends in the cloaca, into which the ducts of the bladder and gonads flow. Tailless amphibians catch prey using a sticky tongue and swallow it whole. The food is mainly insects and mollusks.

The nervous system of amphibians consists of the same sections as in fish, but the forebrain is more developed, and the cerebral hemispheres can be distinguished in it. The cerebellum, which is responsible for coordination of movements, is less developed, because The movements of amphibians are not diverse. Amphibians are heterosexual animals and fertilization is external. The female lays eggs in the water, and the male simultaneously releases seminal fluid. The shell of the fertilized eggs swells and thickens. The timing of development of larvae from eggs depends on the ambient temperature. Amphibians are characterized by development with metamorphosis. The frog larva - tadpole has external gills, one circle of blood circulation, a lateral line and a caudal fin, which indicates the origin of amphibians from fish.

The order Tauded amphibians include newts, salamanders, etc. They have a developed tail section in the spine. Many have internal fertilization. Otherwise, they are similar to other amphibians.

Amphibians (amphibians; Amphibia), class of vertebrates; includes three orders: legless amphibians, tailed amphibians and tailless amphibians; 25-30 families; about 4000 species.

In terms of body structure, amphibian larvae are close to fish, and adults are similar to reptiles. Most amphibians have a naked body, a protective coloration that camouflages the animal well to match the color of the substrate. The skin is rich in glands. Poisonous species have a bright, warning color. The most important difference between amphibians and fish is that the former never have paired fins. Instead, there are two pairs of limbs: the front ones are usually four-fingered, and the back ones are five-fingered. Sirens from the order of caudate amphibians lack hind limbs, and legless amphibians lack forelimbs. The structure of the hearing organ of amphibians is more perfect than that of fish: in addition to the inner ear, there is also a middle ear. The eyes are adapted for long-distance vision. Unlike reptiles, the skull of amphibians is articulated with the spine by two condyles; There are many glands in the skin. Most amphibians also have serous glands in their skin, the secretion of which is sometimes very toxic and serves to protect against enemies and various microorganisms.

There is no chest: air is forced into the lungs using the muscles of the floor of the mouth; some species also lack lungs (lungless salamander). Amphibians receive oxygen not only through the lungs, but also through the skin. Their heart, as a rule, is three-chambered, while in lungless forms it is two-chambered. There is no complete separation of arterial and venous blood in the heart. The amphibian brain differs from the fish brain in the greater development of the anterior section, containing a large number of nerve cells (gray matter). However, the cerebellum is underdeveloped due to low mobility and monotonous nature of movements. Unlike fish, amphibians have a movable tongue, often used to capture prey, as well as salivary glands. The excretory organs are quite primitive for vertebrates. Excess water absorbed by the entire surface of the skin is removed by two trunk kidneys. The metabolic rate of amphibians is low, body temperature is variable and depends on the temperature and humidity of the environment.

Amphibians live on all continents except Antarctica. They settle near bodies of water, preferably in places with a humid climate and consistently high temperatures. These animals are quite poorly adapted to life on land; the possibilities of their distribution, movement and orientation are limited here. Some amphibians spend their entire life or most of it on land, while others never leave the water. Based on the nature of their habitats, amphibians are divided into two groups: terrestrial and aquatic. The former move far from bodies of water outside the breeding season. The latter spend their entire lives in water or in close proximity to it. Aquatic forms dominate among the tailed ones. These also include some anurans, such as Liopelma and smoothlegs, and in Russia - the lake frog (Rana ridibunda) and the pond frog. Among the terrestrial species, arboreal inhabitants are widely represented - tree frogs, copepods (Polypedatidae), leaf frogs (Phyllobatus), dart frogs, representatives of the families of toads and narrow-mouthed frogs. Some terrestrial amphibians lead a burrowing lifestyle, for example, all legless amphibians and a number of tailless ones. In the countries of the former USSR, the green toad (Bufo viridis), whose range extends to deserts, is the most resistant to dehydration. Adapting to seasonal climate changes, amphibians hibernate (up to 10 months) throughout their entire habitat, with the exception of the tropics, where high temperature and humidity remain throughout the year, and therefore an abundance of food. To maintain energy balance during hibernation, fat reserves are formed in the tissues of amphibians. Using additional sources of internal energy, individual amphibians can remain in a state of hibernation for more than two years. In this state, animals have almost no need for oxygen.

Terrestrial species, for which humidity is the main limiting factor, are active at night. As a result, they have a relatively short active period and a pronounced daily cycle. On the contrary, in species that are constantly associated with water bodies, humidity ceases to play a limiting role. They are active either around the clock or during the day, and the main limiting factor for them is low temperatures. Amphibians are characterized by a sense of home (homing), which constantly keeps individuals in a certain territory. Animals displaced from their place of residence return back, covering distances of up to 800 m.

All amphibians feed on various invertebrates (insects, crustaceans, snails, worms), as well as small fish, in response to movement. Some terrestrial amphibians, such as the green toad, the common spadefoot (Pelobates fuscus) and the grass frog (Rana temporaria), are able to navigate by smell. The limited activity time completely excludes adult amphibians from feeding on low-nutrient plant foods, which other animals have to obtain for a long time and in large quantities.

The males of many amphibians are characterized by special vocal sacs - resonators that amplify the sounds produced. Male vocal activity varies among species. Acoustic signals are used for mating, protecting territory, migration, warning of danger, and in other cases. Males get into fights with trespassers and, as a rule, defeat the uninvited guests. The defeated male leaves the territory or remains to live on it silently, without attracting attention. Field and experimental mating studies of king tree frogs (Hyla regilla) have shown that females select males based on vocal strength and call duration.

Most amphibians reproduce in water. Fertilization in almost all anurans and a few caudates is external, while in most caudates and legless animals it is internal. Females of most species lay large quantities of eggs, however, some have viviparity or ovoviviparity. During the breeding season, many species change color and appear in a bright mating plumage. Most often, its owners are males, less often - females. The eggs usually develop into larvae. The development of amphibians usually proceeds with metamorphosis, as a result of which the aquatic larva turns into an animal that lives on land. This transformation occurs under the influence of thyroid hormones. As a result, the oral apparatus and digestive organs change, the forelimbs are formed, the gills disappear, the formation of the inner and middle ear is completed, the lateral line organs disappear, the cerebral hemispheres finally develop, the skeleton is formed, the structure of the skin changes, the tail gradually resolves and disappears. Metamorphosis does not end the development of an organism. Further growth, ossification of the skeleton, development of teeth and gonads occurs after the transformation of the larva into an adult animal. In some species of tailed amphibians, metamorphosis is delayed, and sometimes it is not observed at all. In the latter case, reproductive organs are formed in the larvae.

Amphibians serve as food for large fish. Many species of birds, aquatic turtles, and snakes feed on tadpoles. Dishes from some amphibians are considered a delicacy and are eaten by humans. Frogs have long served scientists as experimental animals. A huge number of observations and experiments have been and are being carried out on these martyrs of science. Now amphibians are bred for experiments in special nurseries.

Amphibians are kept in captivity in terrariums with and without a pond, as well as in aquaterrariums. Under good conditions, they live quite a long time, the longest of all are salamanders from the family of cryptobranchs (for example, the gigantic Japanese salamander lived in captivity for 55 years). Among tailless amphibians, the records for longevity belong to toads (the average lifespan of the gray toad is 36 years). Fire-bellied fire-frogs and tree frogs, common in terrariums, live just as long (for example, the red-bellied fire-frog lives for 20 years, and the common tree frog for 15 years). Other tailless amphibians live less in captivity, 10-12 years, and small tropical frogs live only about 5 years.

Many amphibian species are endangered and have become very rare. 41 species of amphibians were included in the International Red Book, among them the gigantic salamanders of Japan (Andirias japonicus) and China (Andirias davidianus), groundwater proteus of Yugoslavia, worm-like salamanders (Batrachoseps) of the Pacific coast of America, narrow-area ambystoma, a primitive group of smooth-legged frogs (Leiopelmidae) from New Zealand, South American pipas, as well as many island and narrow-range species of toads, tree frogs and copepods.

Amphibians were the first of the vertebrates to switch from an aquatic to an aquatic-terrestrial lifestyle. Most species are able to live both in and out of water. Many amphibians, being aquatic animals at the larval stage, subsequently become terrestrial. Amphibians arose in the Lower or Middle Devonian, more than 300 million years ago. Their ancestors were ancient lobe-finned fish. The main branch of fossil amphibians is the labyrinthodonts.