Otitis

Document. From the book of the French psychologist, sociologist, historian G

there is an accumulation of only stupidity, and not intelligence... If individuals in a crowd limited themselves only to the combination of ordinary qualities that each of them possesses individually, then we would have an average value, and in no way the formation of new features... The appearance... of new special features characteristic of the crowd and, moreover, not found among the individual individuals included in its composition, is determined by various reasons. The first of these is that an individual in a crowd acquires, thanks only to his numbers, a consciousness of irresistible force, and this consciousness allows him to succumb to instincts that he never gives free rein to when he is alone. In a crowd, he is less inclined to curb these instincts, because the crowd is anonymous and does not bear responsibility. The sense of responsibility, which always restrains individuals, completely disappears in the crowd. The second reason - contagiousness, or contagion - also contributes to the formation of special properties in the crowd and determines their direction... In the crowd, every feeling, every action is contagious, and to such an extent that the individual very easily sacrifices his personal interests to the collective interest. Such behavior, however, is contrary to human nature, and therefore a person is capable of it only when he is part of the crowd. ^ Questions and tasks for the document 1 .What features of people’s behavior are manifested specifically in a crowd? 2 .Indicate the reasons for the specific behavior of the individual in the crowd, which are named by the author of the text. 3 .How do you understand the essence of these reasons? 4. Give your own examples that confirm or refute the author’s opinion that the crowd has properties that an individual may not possess. 5. Is it true that social consciousness is formed in the crowd? public opinion? Justify your answer.

1. omnipotence, i.e. fearlessness; contagiousness i.e. what 10 people do is what the whole crowd does, lack of responsibility

2.No liability

3. Since there is no responsibility, you can do whatever you want and nothing will happen to you for it, since everyone is doing it, you feel the power because you are not alone and you can do whatever you want.

4 All the different fans, after all, everyone is ready to kill the other team; at this time they have no fear, no regret, no moral principles, but only one desire to crush the other and insult.

5 Of course it’s true that one person thinks and everyone thinks, it has been proven more than once that as soon as 10 people start doing something in the same way, then everyone passing by joins them and also begins to think, this is the effect of the hundredth monkey, what a part does is divided and the whole is somehow difficult to convince one since he is already supported and he understands that he is not the only one who thinks so, and there may be a lot of examples in everyday life in the classroom, until some start doing something, everyone will not do it

HELP PLEASE! The soul of the crowd...Decisions concerning common interests taken by a meeting of even famous people in the field

different specialties, still differ little from the decisions made by a collection of fools, since in both cases there are not any outstanding qualities combined, but only ordinary ones that are found in everyone. In a crowd, only stupidity can accumulate, not intelligence.<...>The appearance of these new special features, characteristic of the crowd and, moreover, not found in the individual individuals included in its composition, is due to various reasons. The first of these is that an individual in a crowd acquires, thanks only to his numbers, a consciousness of irresistible force, and this consciousness allows him to succumb to instincts that he never gives free rein to when he is alone. In a crowd, he is less inclined to curb these instincts, because the crowd is anonymous and does not bear responsibility. The sense of responsibility, which always restrains individuals, completely disappears in the crowd. The second reason - contagiousness or contagion - also contributes to the formation of special properties in the crowd and determines their direction.<...>In a crowd, every feeling, every action is contagious, and to such an extent that the individual very easily sacrifices his personal interests to the collective interest. Such behavior, however, is contrary to human nature, and therefore a person is capable of it only when he is part of a crowd. Questions and tasks: 1) What features of human behavior are manifested specifically in a crowd? 2) What reasons does the author of the text name for the specific behavior of an individual in a crowd? 3) How do you understand the essence of these reasons? 4) 5) Is it possible to say that social consciousness is formed in the crowd? public opinion?

Document. From the book of the French psychologist, sociologist, historian G. Lebon “Psychology of Peoples and Masses.” In the crowd maybe

I did a test and please check for errors, if any, thanks in advance. 1. A social community that is different

unstable in nature, is called:

2. A social community based on territorial unity is called:

3. Strata is:

group of qualified specialists

a group of people that differ in their participation in the process of creating material wealth

Social stratum of people with similar economic indicators

4. Instructions, requirements and wishes for appropriate behavior are called:

Social norms

traditions

5. Social mobility is a phenomenon largely related to:

Towards an industrial society

to post-industrial society

to traditional society

6. Forms of social control are:

art and education

Norms and public opinion

education and standards

public opinion and art

7. The manifestation of social inequality is:

electoral qualification

The presence of class privileges

receiving a pension

income difference

8. Moral standards:

provided by the power of the state

Regulate communication and behavior of people

9. Which of the listed sanctions falls under the classification of informal positive ones?

10. Social differentiation presupposes:

immutability of social relations

Lack of social homogeneity

complete equality in rights and property

11. The resolution of interethnic conflicts in the modern world is facilitated by:

declaration of a state of emergency

Negotiation process with the involvement of intermediaries

timely use of force

12. An increase in people with behavioral disorders occurs during periods of:

Radical social change

strengthening the state's fight against crime

evolutionary development of legal norms

13. The main social function of the family is:

mutual responsibility

material well-being

moral support

Having and raising children

14. The main socio-economic indicators that are the basis for dividing into strata:

power, income, worldview

Income, power, prestige, education

origin, income, marital status

15. Social conflict:

undermines the foundations of society

hinders social progress

Is an inevitable condition for the development of society

make a table in the first column of which you will write out from the text all the judgments characterizing the social sciences and in the second the names of the humanities

to which they relate............judgment: The very term “social and humanitarian knowledge” indicates that social science is “composed” of two different types of knowledge, i.e. this term captures not so much connection, how much difference. The situation of the formation of scientific social science “reinforced” these differences, isolating, on the one hand, social sciences, focused on the study of structures, general connections and patterns, and, on the other hand, humanitarian knowledge with its focus on a specifically individual description of phenomena and events of social life, human interactions and personalities. The question of the relationship between the social and humanitarian in social science has been the subject of constant debate; During these discussions, either supporters of a clear methodological definition of disciplines (and, accordingly, demarcation) or supporters of their methodological convergence (and corresponding substantive integration) won. However, it is important to note that the indicated distinction and opposition between the social and humanitarian disciplines of scientific social science was mainly interpreted as a “natural” situation, corresponding to the general logic of separation and connection of human activity. The very design of this situation in the short and recent history of the formation of scientific social science, as a rule, was not taken into account. The differences between the social sciences and humanitarian knowledge also manifested themselves in the relationship of scientific social science with the everyday consciousness of people. Social sciences were clearly opposed to everyday consciousness as a specific area of theories, concepts and concepts that “rise” above people’s direct reflection of their everyday life (hence, in dogmatic Marxism, the idea of introducing a scientific worldview into people’s everyday behavior). Humanitarian knowledge to a much greater extent took into account the patterns of everyday human experience, relied on them, moreover, often assessed scientific constructions through their correspondence to the forms of individual existence and consciousness. In other words, if for the social sciences people were elements of the objective picture that these sciences defined, then for humanitarian knowledge, on the contrary, the forms of scientific activity clarified their meaning as patterns included in the joint and individual life of people.

THEORETICAL AND ORDINARY CONSCIOUSNESS

The structure of social consciousness can be considered from the point of view of the depth of reflection of social reality by social consciousness. Then, social psychology and ideology are identified as the main structural elements.
Social psychology is a set of feelings, moods, customs, traditions, motivations characteristic of a given society as a whole and for each of the large social groups. Social psychology develops under the influence of specific historical conditions of social existence. And since these conditions are different for each of the large social groups, their socio-psychological complexes inevitably differ from each other (the complex of superiority of the so-called “noble classes” over the “common people” in the Middle Ages). The socio-psychological complexes of various social groups also have common features associated with historical characteristics, national traditions, and the cultural level of a particular society.
Ideology is a system of theoretical views that reflects the degree of society’s knowledge of the world as a whole and its individual aspects. It represents a higher level of social consciousness compared to social psychology - the level of theoretical reflection of the world. If, when analyzing the psychology of social groups, the epithet “social” is most often used (as opposed to age, professional, etc.), then the concept of “ideology” does not need such an epithet, since there is no individual ideology, it is always of a social nature.
It must be borne in mind that the concept of “ideology” is used in social philosophy in another, narrower sense - as a system of theoretical views of one large social group, directly or indirectly reflecting its fundamental interests.
If social psychology is formed spontaneously, directly under the influence of the life circumstances in which a social group or class finds itself, then ideology primarily acts as a product of the theoretical activity of representatives of a given class - its ideologists.
From a theoretical-cognitive point of view, the relationship between social psychology and ideology is vaguely reminiscent of the relationship between the emotional, sensory and rational levels of social consciousness. It is known that sensory knowledge in general is not sufficient, but a necessary “floor” of consciousness, since only thanks to it our brain can receive primary information about the world, however, the feelings of a cultured person are always rationally loaded (a musical ear that feels the beauty of the shape of the eyes). Social psychology is that direct reflection of the external manifestations of social reality, which constitutes the life-practical basis for the emergence of the corresponding ideology. Ideology clarifies what is not sufficiently understood by psychology and penetrates deeply into the essence of phenomena.
In philosophical and historical literature the concept is very often encountered. "ordinary consciousness". This concept is intended to characterize consciousness directly woven into the everyday practical life of people. This is pre-reflective knowledge, a set of socially approved life-practical evidence.
One of the varieties of social consciousness is mass consciousness.
Mass consciousness is distinguished not by its content, level and quality of reflection of reality, but primarily by the specific properties of its carrier, the subject. The mass as a subject of mass consciousness is a special collection (set, community) of individuals. Examples of the masses include participants in broad political, sociocultural and other movements, audiences of various media and media channels, consumers of certain socially “colored” (prestigious, fashionable) goods and services, members of various amateur (interest) associations and clubs, fans football and other sports teams, etc.
The following features are characteristic of the masses as a subject of consciousness. Firstly, the statistical nature of this community, expressed in the fact that it, without being an independent, integral formation distinct from its constituent elements, is represented by many separate “units”. Secondly, the entry of individuals into it is disordered and random, as a result of which such a community is always characterized by “blurred” open boundaries and an uncertain quantitative and qualitative composition. The mass is characterized by a situational existence, which is expressed in the fact that it is formed and functions exclusively on the basis and within the boundaries of one or another specific activity, and is impossible outside of it. As a result of this, the mass always turns out to be an unstable formation, changing from case to case, from one specific situation to another. The mass is characterized by pronounced heterogeneity, the mixed composition of a given community, its non-group (or intergroup) nature, manifested in the fact that in it the boundaries between all social demographic, political, regional and other groups existing in society are “destroyed”.
The listed properties of the mass completely determine its inherent type of consciousness, the features of its content and structure, methods of formation and functioning.
In terms of content, mass consciousness is a set of ideas, judgments, perceptions, illusions, feelings, moods, in one form or another reflecting different aspects of the life of society. At the same time, in terms of its content, mass consciousness is much narrower than social consciousness as a whole, since beyond its boundaries there remains a great many subjects that are inaccessible to the understanding of the masses and (or) do not affect their interests (for example, the content of science, philosophy, etc. ).
The structure of mass consciousness is an extremely complex conglomerate formation that arises at the “intersection” of all known types of social consciousness - social psychology and ideology, everyday and theoretical, abstract and artistic, contemplative and associated with volitional actions, etc.
In this regard, the structure of mass consciousness is characterized by fragmentation, inconsistency, and the ability to undergo rapid, unexpected changes.
Mass consciousness in modern societies arises in the process of standardization of the basic conditions and forms of human life (in the spheres of production, consumption, communication, socio-political participation, leisure), generating the same aspirations, interests, needs, skills, inclinations, etc. Action These conditions and forms of existence are consolidated and completed in the production and dissemination of the corresponding types of mass culture, associated primarily with the functioning of the media. With their help, the interests, needs, and aspirations of broad sections of the population are formalized in the form of standard images of reality, ways of understanding it, and patterns of behavior.
Being a spiritual product of objective processes of standardization of human activity, mass consciousness itself has an active influence on many aspects of social life. It acts as a powerful regulator of mass forms of human behavior. At the same time, the main forms of expression and functioning of mass consciousness are public opinion and public mood.
Basic concepts: social consciousness, individual consciousness, social psychology, ideology.
Terms: consciousness, ordinary consciousness, mass consciousness, public opinion.

1. What feature of consciousness did I. Kant point to when he said that the idea of an apple has neither weight, nor color, nor smell, nor taste. The concept of an earthquake cannot destroy a city, but a thaler in your pocket and a thaler in your head are not the same thing? State this feature in your own words.
2. G. Hegel spoke about everyday consciousness that this is a way of thinking of any era that contains all the prejudices of a given time. Illustrate the philosopher’s statement with your own examples.
3. Comment on the following fragment:
“Social psychology is the sphere of emotions, experiences and moods that are caused not by purely personal circumstances, but by circumstances generated by the course of social development, historical events that affect the vital interests of large groups of the population.”
Give examples of such emotions, moods and experiences.
4. Using various dictionaries, find the meaning of the concept “ideology”. How do these interpretations differ?

Work with the source

Read an excerpt from the book by psychologist G. Lebon “Psychology of Peoples and Masses.”

Soul of the Crowd

Decisions concerning common interests, made by a meeting of even famous people in the field of various specialties, still differ little from decisions made by a meeting of fools, since in both cases there are not any outstanding qualities combined, but only ordinary ones that occur everyone has. In a crowd, only stupidity can accumulate, not intelligence.<...>
The appearance of these new special features, characteristic of the crowd and, moreover, not found in the individual individuals included in its composition, is due to various reasons. The first of these is that the individual in a crowd acquires, thanks only to his numbers, a consciousness of irresistible force, and this consciousness allows him to succumb to instincts that he never gives free rein to when he is alone. In a crowd, he is less inclined to curb these instincts, because the crowd is anonymous and does not bear responsibility. The sense of responsibility, which always restrains individuals, completely disappears in the crowd.
The second reason - contagiousness or contagion - also contributes to the formation of special properties in the crowd and determines their direction.<...>In a crowd, every feeling, every action is contagious, and to such an extent that the individual very easily sacrifices his personal interests to the collective interest. Such behavior, however, is contrary to human nature, and therefore a person is capable of it only when he is part of a crowd.
Questions and tasks: 1) What features of people’s behavior are manifested specifically in a crowd? 2) What reasons does the author of the text name for the specific behavior of an individual in a crowd? 3) How do you understand the essence of these reasons? 4) Give your own examples that confirm or refute the author’s opinion that the crowd has properties that an individual may not possess. 5) Is it possible to say that social consciousness is formed in the crowd? public opinion?

§ 27. Self-knowledge and personality development

The inner world of man and his self-awareness have long attracted the attention of philosophers, psychologists, linguists, ethnographers, sociologists, teachers and artists. Thus, philosophers starting from the 17th-18th centuries. they sought to know what the value of the individual is and how it manifests itself, how it knows itself and where the boundaries of this knowledge are. Already in the famous formula of R. Descartes “I think, therefore I exist,” the fact of possessing thinking serves as proof of the existence of a person.
J. Locke argued that a person knows himself intuitively on the basis of reflection (understanding) of life experience, which expands over the years. From his point of view, a reflective attitude towards oneself is characteristic of a mature personality, and not everyone.
I. Kant gave the understanding of “I” a value-personal dimension. He introduced into scientific circulation the division of human consciousness and self-awareness. “The fact that a person can have an idea of his Self infinitely elevates him above all other creatures living on Earth. Thanks to this, he is a person...” Self-awareness, according to Kant, is a necessary prerequisite for morality and moral responsibility.
G. Hegel considered self-consciousness in development; when studying self-awareness, he identified stages corresponding to the phases of development of human activity.
Psychologists, in turn, study the structure of the human self and ways of knowing it.

WHAT IS SELF-AWARENESS

The complexity of the problem lies in the fact that in this case the object and subject of knowledge coincide, which makes it difficult to establish the degree of reliability of a person’s knowledge about himself. Nevertheless, knowledge about oneself, assessment of one’s qualities, and self-awareness are an important part of the development of personality.
Usually under self-awareness understand a person’s definition of himself as an individual, capable of making independent decisions, enter into certain relationships with other people and nature. One of the important signs of self-awareness is a person’s willingness to take responsibility for the decisions he makes and the actions he takes.
Self-knowledge occurs primarily at the individual level. In fact, a person spends his whole life engaged in self-knowledge, but is not always aware that he is carrying out this type of activity. Self-knowledge, according to scientists, begins in infancy and often ends with the last breath. Of course, in the process of personality development, the ways of knowing oneself, the attitude towards oneself change, and self-awareness develops.
Personality manifests itself not only through self-awareness, but also in the process self-realization. This term defines the process of the most complete identification and implementation by an individual of his capabilities, the achievement of intended goals in solving personally significant problems, allowing for the fullest possible realization of the creative potential of the individual.
But in order to realize oneself, a person must know his own characteristics.

FAMILIAR STRANGER

Self-knowledge begins with self-recognition, distinguishing between oneself and the outside world. Scientists believe that this discrimination occurs as early as three to eight month old infants.

Every person looking in the mirror strives to see himself, his image, adjust it, change or “correct” his appearance. This is the beginning of the transition from passive perception of oneself to the active creation of the image of “I”, the path to self-improvement, which so far affects only appearance.
Strictly speaking, a person practically does not see his real face in the mirror, just as he does not hear his own voice. (Each of you who has heard a recording of your voice on a tape recorder was probably surprised at the unexpectedly strange, unusual sound.) The fact is that, when preparing to look at ourselves in the mirror, we involuntarily take a certain pose. As a result, our facial expression changes, its spontaneity and ease are lost. We unconsciously form our image of “I”. Therefore, when we accidentally see our reflection in the mirror, we are surprised by unfamiliar features. Such a case is described in A. Moravia’s story “Trellage”. A young lawyer, examining a mirror that had just been delivered from the store, suddenly saw in it not his usual self, but some kind of his own double, towards whom he experienced a strong feeling of antipathy as a complete stranger. Mixed with the feeling of antipathy was a feeling of some kind of alienation. The hero of the story looked at the mirror as an object, and did not prepare to perceive his own appearance in it. As a result, what he saw turned out to be unexpected for him, strangely diverging from his usual, apparently more significant, idea of himself.
The photographic image also often diverges from the model’s true face, since it does not convey the liveliness of facial expressions characteristic of the character in life.
The famous film director S. Eisenstein believed that every face contains many faces and at the same time all people are two-faced. In the first case, he emphasized the mobility and variability of the human face, and in the second, the difference between the left and right parts of the face. If you assemble portraits of a particular person from the same right or left halves of the face of the same photograph, they will differ significantly from each other. Thus, “right” faces (consisting of right halves) look older than the actual age of the original. “Left” faces are less defined, more typical, and less retain the individuality of a living face.
A person’s appearance is not only significant for himself, it influences the perception of a person by other people. You have probably noticed that some people invariably inspire trust in even strangers, while others, even their acquaintances, try to approach others infrequently. Psychological experiments show that people tend to attribute advantages to those who have a pleasant appearance, even ones that they actually do not have.
Even in ancient times, attempts were made to create typical characteristics of people's properties, based on external signs, body features, and facial structure. When they say: “It’s written all over his face,” they mean a certain connection between the appearance and internal properties of a person.
What has been said about the peculiarities of self-perception does not mean that a person is generally unable to form a correct idea of himself. Not everything is contained in human appearance. An intelligent facial expression has always seemed more attractive than one devoid of thought. How can one not recall the proverb that says that one is greeted by his clothes, but seen off by his mind?

HOW TO NOT MAKE A MISTAKE IN YOUR ASSESSMENT

Self-esteem plays an equally important role in self-knowledge.
The attitude towards one’s own appearance, together with ideas about one’s abilities and the attitude of other people towards oneself, forms self-esteem. Self-esteem is predominantly an emotional attitude towards one’s own image: “I am talented”, “I am absolutely untalented”, “I am no worse than others”, etc. Self-esteem is most often subjective, but it is based not only on one’s own judgments, but also on opinions others about your person. Strictly speaking, a person evaluates himself in two ways: first, by comparing the level of his aspirations with the objective results of his activities; secondly, by comparing yourself with other people.
Three main points are important to understanding self-esteem. Firstly, in its formation an important role is played by the comparison of the image of the real “I” with the image of the ideal that we would like to be. Self-esteem can be expressed with the following formula:

You can increase your self-esteem either by achieving something, such as success, or by lowering your level of aspirations.
Secondly, some people tend to evaluate themselves the way others evaluate them. You can tell your child from childhood that he is beautiful. However, if someone tells a boy that he has big ears, then years later, when going on a date, the young man will pull on his hat or comb his hair in a special way. Human consciousness turns out to be a kind of shell that opens to new knowledge about oneself.
Third, self-esteem depends on our attitude towards our own successes and failures, and what we learn from our own life history.
The image of “I” does not remain unchanged throughout life. Not only the appearance changes, but also the attitude towards it, self-esteem becomes more justified, and measures are taken to increase it. The desire to gain respect forces a person to change his attitude towards himself and others. It would be more correct to say that a person does not have one image of “I”, but many such images, alternately coming to the forefront of self-awareness or receding into the shadows.
The complexity and complexity of the “I” have allowed scientists to identify a number of components in it that are formed in the process of life and have an impact on the behavior of the individual. 10 classgeneral education schools / under ed. L.N., Bogolyubova, A.Yu. Lazebnikova. – M.: Education, 2008. Social science. Profilelevel : textbookFor 11 ...

Work program on social studies profile

Work program

Which includes: textbooks: Social science: profilelevel: textbookFor10 class general educationinstitutions/L. N. Bogolyubov, A. Yu. Lazebnikova, N.M. Smirnova and others - M.: Education, 2007; Social science: profilelevel: textbookFor 11th grade...

List of textbooks used in the educational process for the 2012-2013 academic year

List of textbooks

Issued to low-income people Social science Bogolyubov L.N., Lazebnikova A.Yu., Smirnova N.M. etc. under ed. Bogolyubova L.N.,

From Guest >>

Document. From the book of the French psychologist, sociologist, historian G. Lebon "Psychology of peoples and masses." In a crowd, only stupidity can accumulate, and not intelligence... If individuals in a crowd were limited only to the combination of ordinary qualities that each of them possesses individually, then we would have an average value, and not the formation of new features... The appearance of... new special features , characteristic of a crowd and, moreover, not found among individual individuals included in its composition, is determined by various reasons. The first of these is that an individual in a crowd acquires, thanks only to his numbers, a consciousness of irresistible force, and this consciousness allows him to succumb to instincts that he never gives free rein to when he is alone. In a crowd, he is less inclined to curb these instincts, because the crowd is anonymous and does not bear responsibility. The sense of responsibility, which always restrains individuals, completely disappears in the crowd. The second reason - contagiousness, or contagion - also contributes to the formation of special properties in the crowd and determines their direction... In the crowd, every feeling, every action is contagious, and to such an extent that the individual very easily sacrifices his personal interests to the collective interest. Such behavior, however, is contrary to human nature, and therefore a person is capable of it only when he is part of the crowd. ^ Questions and tasks for the document 1 .What features of people’s behavior are manifested specifically in a crowd? 2 .Indicate the reasons for the specific behavior of the individual in the crowd, which are named by the author of the text. 3 .How do you understand the essence of these reasons? 4. Give your own examples that confirm or refute the author’s opinion that the crowd has properties that an individual may not possess. 5. Is it true that social consciousness is formed in the crowd? public opinion? Justify your answer.

Left a reply Guest

1. omnipotence, i.e. fearlessness; contagiousness i.e. what 10 people do is what the whole crowd does, lack of responsibility

2.No liability

4 All the different fans, after all, everyone is ready to kill the other team; at this time they have no fear, no regret, no moral principles, but only one desire to crush the other and insult.

Rate the answer

CONCLUSION:

Thus, the main forms of social consciousness include: political consciousness, legal consciousness, morality, art, science, religion and philosophy.

The fact that public consciousness appears in various forms testifies to its diversity, versatility and richness.

Analysis of the forms of social consciousness is of great importance for the study and analysis of the development of various societies at various stages of historical development.

CONCLUSION ON THE TOPIC .

SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS - a set of views, theories, traditions, and habits existing in society that reflect social existence or the material conditions of people’s lives.

Social consciousness has a rather complex structure. First of all, it distinguishes a number of forms:

Forms of social consciousness represent various ways of spiritual mastery of reality.

Like social existence, social consciousness is quite complex in its organization. It has a number of levels.

STUDYING THE TOPIC ISSUES.

Considering the first question of this topic, find out the structure of social consciousness.

Why does public consciousness have relative independence? Come up with specific examples that prove this. Pay attention to how social consciousness influences social existence.

In the second question, you must reveal the main levels of social consciousness, find out what ordinary consciousness, theoretical consciousness, social psychology and ideology are. What is their relationship and influence on the material conditions of life?

In the third question, you need to characterize the various forms of social consciousness.

What is the essence and reasons for the emergence of political consciousness? How are political consciousness and politics interconnected? Why is the role of political consciousness growing now more than ever?

How are legal consciousness and law interconnected? What is the role of legal consciousness in the life of society? Consider the following problem: We are currently actively creating a rule of law state. What role should legal consciousness play in its formation?

What are morality and art? What can you say about the new trends in their development in recent years? How do you rate them? What role does religion play in people's lives? Has our attitude towards it changed in recent decades and why?

What role does science play in society? What is its connection with production? What is its role in social progress?

LITERATURE

PHILOSOPHY Ed. V.P. Kokhanovsky