The pressure on the eardrum is equal to atmospheric pressure. Education in the city of Murmansk

Option 1

A1. The system of neurons that perceive stimuli, conduct nerve impulses and provide information processing is called:

1. nerve fiber, 3) nerve,

2) central nervous system, 4) analyzer.

A2. The auditory analyzer receptors are located:

1. in the inner ear, 3) on the eardrum,
2. in the middle ear, 4) in the auricle.

A3. Which area of ​​the cerebral cortex receives nerve impulses from hearing receptors?

1. occipital, 3) temporal,
2. parietal, 4) frontal.

A4. Distinguishing the strength, height and nature of sound, its direction occurs due to irritation:

1. cells of the auricle and transmission of excitation to the eardrum,
2. receptors of the auditory tube and transmission of excitation to the middle ear,
3. auditory receptors, the emergence of nerve impulses and their transmission along the auditory nerve to the brain,
4. cells of the vestibular apparatus and the transmission of excitation along the nerve to the brain.

A5. The visual pigment contained in the light-sensitive cells of the retina includes the following vitamin:

1. C, 3) B,
2. D, 4) A

A6. In what lobe of the cerebral cortex is the human visual area located?

1. occipital, 3) frontal,
2. temporal, 4) parietal.

A7. The conductive part of the visual analyzer is:

1. retina, 3) optic nerve,
2. pupil, 4) visual area of ​​the cerebral cortex.

A8. Changes in the semicircular canals lead to:

1. imbalance, 3) hearing loss,
2. inflammation of the middle ear, 4) speech impairment.

A9. When reading books in a moving vehicle, muscle fatigue occurs:

1. changing the curvature of the lens, 3) regulating the size of the pupil,
2. upper and lower eyelids, 4) changing the volume of the eyeball.

A10. Pressure on the eardrum equal to atmospheric pressure from the middle ear is provided in humans by:

1. auditory tube
2. auricle,
3. membrane of the oval window,
4. auditory ossicles.

A11. The section of the auditory analyzer, which conducts nerve impulses into the human brain, is formed by:

1. auditory nerves, 3) eardrum,
2. receptors of the cochlea, 4) auditory ossicles.

A12. Nerve impulses are transmitted from the sense organs to the brain by:

1. motor neurons, 3) sensory neurons,
2. intercalary neurons, 4) short processes of motor neurons.

Multiple choice task.

B1. The light-refracting structures of the eye include:

A) cornea,

B) pupil

B) lens

D) vitreous body,

D) retina

E) yellow spot.

B2. Establish a correspondence between the function of the eye and the membrane that performs this function.

FUNCTIONS OF THE MEMBRANES OF THE EYE

1. protection from mechanical and chemical damage, A) protein,

2. blood supply to the eyeball, B) vascular,

3. absorption of light rays, B) retina.

4. participation in the perception of light,

5. transformation of irritation into nerve impulses.

B3. Establish the sequence of passage of light, and then a nerve impulse through the structures of the eye.

A) optic nerve

B) vitreous body,

B) retina

D) lens,

D) cornea,

E) visual area of ​​the cerebral cortex.

Free-response questions.

C1. Explain why the saying is true: “In the dark, all cats are gray”?

C2. Why does a person easily distinguish the taste of lemon from the taste of candy?

Option 2

Tasks with a choice of one correct answer.

A1. A complete and final analysis of external stimuli occurs in:

1. receptors, 3) the cortical end of the analyzer,
2. the nerves of the conductive part of the analyzer, 4) the bodies of the neurons of the conductive part of the analyzer.

A2. External stimuli are converted into nerve impulses in:

1. nerve fibers, 3) receptors,
2. bodies of CNS neurons, 4) bodies of interneurons.

A3. The analyzer consists of:

1. a receptor that converts the energy of external stimulation into the energy of a nerve impulse,
2. conductive link that transmits nerve impulses to the brain,
3. area of ​​the cerebral cortex in which received information is processed,
4. perceiving, conducting and central links.

A4. Human vision largely depends on the condition of the retina, since it contains light-sensitive cells in which:

1. black pigment absorbs light rays,
2. light rays are refracted
3. the energy of light rays turns into nervous excitement,
4. the pigment that determines the color of the eyes is located.

A5. The color of a person's eyes is determined by pigmentation:

1. retina, 3) iris,
2. lens, 4) vitreous body.

A6. Peripheral part of the visual analyzer:

1. optic nerve, 3) pupil and lens,
2. visual receptors, 4) visual cortex.

A7. Damage to the cortex of the occipital lobes of the brain causes disruption of the functioning of organs:

1. hearing, 3) speech,
2. vision, 4) smell.

A8. Behind the eardrum of the human hearing organ are:

1. inner ear, 3) vestibular apparatus,
2. middle ear and auditory ossicles, 4) external auditory canal.

A9. Iris:

1. determines eye color
2. provides nutrition to the eye.

A10. Lens:

1. is the main light-refracting structure of the eye,
2. determines eye color
3. regulates the flow of light entering the eye,
4. provides nutrition to the eye.

A11. In the inner ear are located:

1. eardrum, 3) auditory ossicles,
2. organs of balance, 4) all of the above organs.

A12. The inner ear includes:

1. bony labyrinth, 3) semicircular tubules,
2. cochlea, 4) all listed structures.

Multiple Choice Questions.

B1. Receptors are nerve endings that:

A) perceive information from the external environment,

B) perceive information from the internal environment,

C) perceive excitation transmitted to them via motor neurons,

D) are located in the executive body,

D) convert perceived stimuli into nerve impulses,

E) implement the body’s response to irritation from the external and internal environment.

Compliance tasks.

B2. Establish a correspondence between the analyzer departments and their structures.

ANALYZER STRUCTURES ANALYZER DEPARTMENTS

1. visual zone of the cerebral cortex A) conductive,

Brain, B) peripheral,

2. photoreceptors, B) central.

3. olfactory nerve,

4. auditory zone of the cerebral cortex

brain,

5. facial nerve,

6. olfactory receptors.

Tasks to establish the correct sequence.

B3. Establish the sequence in which sound vibrations are transmitted to the receptors of the hearing organ.

A) outer ear,

B) membrane of the oval window,

B) auditory ossicles

D) eardrum,

D) fluid in the cochlea,

E) receptors of the hearing organ.

Free-response questions.

C1. Why is it recommended that passengers suck on lollipops when taking off or landing an airplane?

C2. Why does a person, in order to better distinguish the smell, take several strong short breaths?

Testing on the topic “ANALYZERS”

8th grade

Answers to tasks in Part A.

1 var.

answer

2 var.

answer

Answers to the tasks of part B with a choice of several correct answers.

1var:

B2 ABCBB

B3 DGBVAE

2 var:

B1 ABD

B2 VBABAB

B3 AGVBDE

1var:

C1. In the dark, the receptors that perceive color sensations - cones - do not work, so all objects appear gray. C2.Different zones of the tongue are responsible for different taste sensations: for sour taste - the lateral zones of the tongue, for sweet taste - the tip of the tongue.

2 var:

C1. Response elements:

1. when an airplane takes off or lands, the atmospheric pressure changes quickly, which causes discomfort in the middle ear, where the initial pressure on the eardrum persists longer;
2. Swallowing movements lead to the opening of the auditory (Eustachian) tube, through which the pressure in the middle ear cavity is equalized with the pressure in the environment.

C2. With quick short breaths, the air reaches the olfactory organ with vortex movements. The smell is very strong.

For the sound conduction system to function properly, it is necessary that there be equal pressure on both sides of the eardrum. If the pressure in the cavities of the middle ear and the external auditory canal does not match, the tension of the eardrum changes, the acoustic (sound) resistance increases and hearing decreases. Pressure equalization is ensured by the ventilation function of the auditory tube. When swallowing or yawning, the auditory tube opens and becomes open to air. Considering that the mucous membrane of the middle ear gradually absorbs air, a violation of the ventilation function of the auditory tube leads to an increase in external pressure above the pressure in the middle ear, which causes the eardrum to retract inward. This leads to disruption of sound conduction and causes pathological changes in the middle ear.

In addition to ventilation, the auditory tube also performs protective and drainage functions. The protective function of the auditory tube is provided by the mucous membrane, which in the cartilaginous section is especially rich in mucous glands. The secretion of these glands contains lysozyme, lactoferin, immunoglobulins - all these factors prevent the penetration of pathogens into the tympanic cavity. The drainage function of the auditory tube is performed due to the presence of ciliated epithelium, the movements of the cilia are directed towards the pharyngeal mouth of the tube.

Eardrum and auditory ossicles. According to the laws of physics, the transmission of sound waves from air into the liquid media of the inner ear is accompanied by a loss of up to 99.9% of sound energy. This is due to the different acoustic resistance of these media. The structures of the middle ear - the eardrum and the lever system of the auditory ossicles - are the mechanism that compensates for the loss of acoustic (sound) energy during the transition from air to liquid. Due to the fact that the area of ​​the base of the stapes (3.2 mm2) in the window of the vestibule is significantly less than the working

Rice. 5.23. The influence of the ratio of the areas of the tympanic membrane and the base of the stapes on the increase in sound intensity

area of ​​the eardrum (55 mm 2), the strength of sound vibrations increases due to a decrease in the amplitude of the waves (Fig. 5.23). An increase in sound intensity also occurs as a result of the lever method of articulation of the auditory ossicles. In general, the pressure on the surface of the window of the vestibule is approximately 19 times greater than on the tympanic membrane. Thanks to the eardrum and the auditory ossicles, air vibrations of large amplitude and low strength are transformed into perilymph vibrations with a relatively small amplitude but high pressure.

Auditory muscles. The tympanic cavity contains two of the smallest muscles in the human body: the tensor tympani and the stapedius. The first of them is innervated by the trigeminal nerve, the second by the facial nerve, and this determines the difference in the stimuli that cause contraction of one and the other muscle, and their unequal role. By ensuring optimal tension of individual elements of the sound-conducting apparatus, these muscles regulate the transmission of sounds of different frequencies and intensities, and thereby perform accommodative function. Protective function intra-aural muscles are ensured by the fact that when exposed to high-power sounds, the muscles reflexively contract sharply. This ultimately leads to a decrease in sound pressure transmitted to the perilymph.

Hearing passport.

Hearing passport is a table where the data of speech and tuning fork studies of disorders of the auditory analyzer of a patient and a healthy person are entered.

When forming the table, a step-by-step examination of the patient’s hearing is carried out:

1. The presence of subjective noise in the patient is determined during his physical examination.
2. The degree of impairment of auditory function is examined by whispering and spoken speech.
3. If there is a suspicion of unilateral complete deafness, tests with Barany rattles are used.
4. The air and bone conductivity of both auditory analyzers is determined using a set of tuning forks.
5. In conclusion, when compiling a hearing passport, experiments by Weber, Rinne and Schwabach are carried out.

The obtained data are compared with the hearing passport of a healthy person. Based on the identified deviations, a preliminary diagnosis is made and a rational plan for treatment or correction of the existing pathology is developed. A video with an ENT doctor examining a deaf patient will tell you in more detail about the hearing passport.

Analyzers

Tasks with a choice of one correct answer.

A1. The system of neurons that perceive stimuli, conduct nerve impulses and provide information processing is called:

1) nerve fiber,
2) central nervous system,
3) nerve,
4) analyzer.

A2. The auditory analyzer receptors are located:

1) in the inner ear,
2) in the middle ear,
3) on the eardrum,
4) in the auricle.

A3. Which area of ​​the cerebral cortex receives nerve impulses from hearing receptors?

1) occipital,
2) parietal,
3) temporal,
4) frontal.

A4. Distinguishing the strength, height and nature of sound, its direction occurs due to irritation:

1) cells of the auricle and transmission of excitation to the eardrum,
2) receptors of the auditory tube and transmission of excitation to the middle ear,
3) auditory receptors, the emergence of nerve impulses and their transmission along the auditory nerve to the brain,
4) cells of the vestibular apparatus and the transmission of excitation along the nerve to the brain.

A5. The visual pigment contained in the light-sensitive cells of the retina includes the following vitamin:

1) C,
2) D,
3) B,
4) A.

A6. In what lobe of the cerebral cortex is the human visual area located?

1) occipital,
2) temporal,
3) frontal,
4) parietal.

A7. The conductive part of the visual analyzer is:

1) retina,
2) pupil,
3) optic nerve,
4) visual area of ​​the cerebral cortex.

A8. Changes in the semicircular canals lead to:

1) imbalance,
2) inflammation of the middle ear,
3) hearing loss,
4) speech impairment.

A9. When reading books in a moving vehicle, muscle fatigue occurs:

1) changing the curvature of the lens,
2) upper and lower eyelids,
3) regulating the size of the pupil,
4) changing the volume of the eyeball.

A10. Pressure on the eardrum equal to atmospheric pressure from the middle ear is provided in humans by:

1) auditory tube,
2) auricle,
3) membrane of the oval window,
4) auditory ossicles.

A11. The section of the auditory analyzer, which conducts nerve impulses into the human brain, is formed by:

1) auditory nerves,
2) cochlear receptors,
3) eardrum,
4) auditory ossicles.

A12. Nerve impulses are transmitted from the sense organs to the brain by:

1) motor neurons,
2) interneurons,
3) sensitive neurons,
4) short processes of motor neurons.

A13. A complete and final analysis of external stimuli occurs in:

1) receptors,
2) nerves of the conductive part of the analyzer,
3) the cortical end of the analyzer,
4) the bodies of neurons in the conductive part of the analyzer.

A14. External stimuli are converted into nerve impulses in:

1) nerve fibers,
2) the bodies of CNS neurons,
3) receptors,
4) bodies of interneurons.

A15. The analyzer consists of:

1) a receptor that converts the energy of external stimulation into the energy of a nerve impulse,
2) a conductive link that transmits nerve impulses to the brain,
3) the area of ​​the cerebral cortex in which the received information is processed,
4) perceiving, conducting and central links.

A16. Human vision largely depends on the condition of the retina, since it contains light-sensitive cells in which:

1) black pigment absorbs light rays,
2) light rays are refracted,
3) the energy of light rays turns into nervous excitement,
4) the pigment that determines the color of the eyes is located.

A17. The color of a person's eyes is determined by pigmentation:

1) retina,
2) lens,
3) iris,
4) vitreous body.

A18. Peripheral part of the visual analyzer:

1) optic nerve,
2) visual receptors,
3) pupil and lens,
4) visual cortex.

A19. Damage to the cortex of the occipital lobes of the brain causes disruption of the functioning of organs:

1) hearing,
2) vision,
3) speeches,
4) sense of smell.

A20. Behind the eardrum of the human hearing organ are:

1) inner ear,
2) middle ear and auditory ossicles,
3) vestibular apparatus,
4) external auditory canal.

A21. Iris:

2) determines eye color,

A22. Lens:

1) is the main light-refracting structure of the eye,
2) determines eye color,
3) regulates the flow of light entering the eye,
4) provides nutrition to the eye.

A23. In the inner ear are located:

1) eardrum,
2) balance organs,
3) auditory ossicles,
4) all listed bodies.

A24. The inner ear includes:

1) bone labyrinth,
2) snail,
3) semicircular tubules,
4) all listed structures.

A25. The cause of congenital farsightedness is:

1) increase in the curvature of the lens,
2) flattened shape of the eyeball,
3) reducing the curvature of the lens,
4) elongated shape of the eyeball.

Tasks with multiple choice of correct answers.

B1. Receptors are nerve endings that:

A) perceive information from the external environment,
B) perceive information from the internal environment,
C) perceive excitation transmitted to them via motor neurons,
D) are located in the executive body,
D) convert perceived stimuli into nerve impulses,
E) implement the body’s response to irritation from the external and internal environment.

B2. Farsighted people need to use glasses:

A) since their image is focused in front of the retina,
B) since their image is focused behind the retina,
C) since they have trouble seeing the details of nearby objects,
D) since they have difficulty distinguishing objects located at a distance,
D) having biconcave lenses that scatter light,
E) having biconvex lenses that enhance the refraction of rays.

B3. The light-refracting structures of the eye include:

A) cornea,
B) pupil
B) lens
D) vitreous body,
D) retina
E) yellow spot.

Compliance tasks.

Q4. Establish a correspondence between the function of the eye and the membrane that performs this function.

B5. Match the analyzer with some of its structures.

B6. Establish a correspondence between the analyzer departments and their structures.

Tasks to establish the correct sequence.

B6. Establish the sequence in which sound vibrations are transmitted to the receptors of the hearing organ.

A) outer ear,
B) membrane of the oval window,
B) auditory ossicles
D) eardrum,
D) fluid in the cochlea,
E) receptors of the hearing organ.

Q7. Establish the sequence of passage of light, and then a nerve impulse through the structures of the eye.

A) optic nerve
B) vitreous body,
B) retina
D) lens,
D) cornea,
E) visual area of ​​the cerebral cortex.

Free-response questions.

C1. Why is it recommended that passengers suck on lollipops when taking off or landing an airplane?

Answers to tasks in Part A.

№

answer

№

answer

Answers to the tasks of part B with a choice of several correct answers.

Answers to part B assignments on sequencing

№
answer

C1. Response elements:

1. when an airplane takes off or lands, the atmospheric pressure changes quickly, which causes discomfort in the middle ear, where the initial pressure on the eardrum persists longer;
2. Swallowing movements lead to the opening of the auditory (Eustachian) tube, through which the pressure in the middle ear cavity is equalized with the pressure in the environment.

The ear is one of the most interesting instruments in our body. It can perceive both the quiet ticking of a clock and deafening explosions.

However, it is not just one ear that gives us such a wonderful opportunity. The process of “hearing” begins with sound. Air vibrations, called sound waves, strike the eardrum of our ears. We cannot see or feel these waves, but the ear is so sensitive that the slightest vibration is picked up and transmitted to the brain. Only then do we truly hear sound.

What is the ear made of?

The ear has three main parts: the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. Some animals can extend their outer ear to hear better. But people get along just fine without it.

When sound waves enter the outer ear, they continue their journey through the external auditory canal. At its end there is thin skin, tightly stretched across. It separates the outer ear from the middle ear and is called the eardrum. On the inside there is a short tube called the Eustachian tube, which leads into the larynx. This provides the same pressure as atmospheric pressure on the eardrum from the side of the middle ear cavity. Otherwise, the membrane might rupture due to the loud sound.

Behind the eardrum in the middle ear there are three small bones called the malleus, incus and stapes. They connect the eardrum to an elastic membrane that covers the oval window of the inner ear. Sound waves reaching the outer ear travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. The auditory ossicles in turn amplify and transmit vibrations to the oval window of the inner ear. This causes vibration of the fluid filling the concha of the inner ear, or, as it is also called, the cochlea. Its tiny cells perceive sound with special nerves. They transmit the received signal to the brain, where it is processed, and only after that we “hear”.

The inner ear also contains three semicircular canals, which are not related to hearing. They are also filled with liquid and are responsible for the sense of balance. If they are not in order, we feel dizzy and cannot move normally.