thesis

1.1 Young disabled people as an object of social work

Disability is a social phenomenon that no society in the world can avoid. At the same time, the number of disabled people increases annually by an average of 10%. According to UN experts, people with disabilities make up an average of 10% of the population, and approximately 25% of the population suffers from chronic diseases.

In Russia today there are 13 million people with disabilities, and their number tends to further increase. Some of them are disabled from birth, others became disabled due to illness or injury, but all of them are members of society and have the same rights and responsibilities as other citizens.

In accordance with the Federal Law of November 24, 1995 No. 181-FZ “On the social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation,” a disabled person is a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions, caused by diseases, consequences of injuries or defects, leading to limitation of life activities and causing the need for his social protection.

The main signs of disability are the complete or partial loss of a person’s ability or ability to perform self-care, move independently, navigate, communicate, control one’s behavior, learn and engage in work.

The category of “young disabled people” includes citizens aged 14 to 30 years who have health problems caused by diseases, defects, or consequences of injuries. Currently, young people with disabilities are divided into several groups: with intellectual disabilities, with mental illness and early autism, with musculoskeletal disorders, hearing impairment, vision impairment, and with a complex combination of impairments. Disability at a young age is accompanied by a state of persistent social maladaptation caused by chronic diseases or pathological conditions that sharply limit the possibility of a young person’s inclusion in age-appropriate educational, social, political and economic processes; in connection with this, there is a constant need for additional care, assistance or supervision.

The main reasons leading to disability at a young age include:

1. Medical and biological (low quality of medical care, insufficient medical activity).

2. Social and psychological (low level of education of the parents of a young disabled person, lack of conditions for normal life and development, etc.).

3. Socio-economic (low material income, etc.).

Currently, the life of disabled children and young disabled people is very difficult. The complexity is manifested in the fact that, due to health problems, a person has barriers that deprive him of a full existence in society, leading to a deterioration in the quality of his life. The lack of sufficiently intensive social contacts can lead to the irreversible decline of the intellectual abilities of such persons, and the lack of accessible psychological, legal and informational assistance can lead to the loss or non-use of those opportunities for integration into society that they, very often without realizing it, have.

Disability, whether congenital or acquired, limits a young person’s position in society. Social status is usually determined by an individual's position in a group or a group's relationship with other groups (some scholars use the term "social position" as a synonym for social status). Social status is also a certain set of rights, privileges and responsibilities of a young disabled person. All social statuses are divided into two main types: those that are prescribed to the individual by society or a group, regardless of his abilities and efforts, and those that the individual achieves through his own efforts. Recognition of a person as disabled is associated with the acquisition of a certain social status, which provides social guarantees from the state and at the same time limits a person’s life activity. The social status of young people with special needs is characterized by certain indicators: health status, financial situation, level of education, specifics of employment and features of the organization of leisure activities.

Much attention in the social protection system is paid to the health of young disabled people, as an indicator of their social status. Limitations in the life activity of a young person associated with health problems can be acquired in childhood (congenital diseases and birth injuries, diseases and injuries in childhood), as well as in adolescence (chronic diseases, domestic and work injuries, injuries during military service and etc.). Currently, this concept is considered not only as the absence of disease, but also as the psychological and social well-being of a person. The main goal of social services within the framework of an integrated approach to health is to achieve the ability of a young person with disabilities to live independently, productive work and leisure.

The transition to an innovative socially oriented type of economic development in Russia cannot be achieved without developing its human potential. As one of the necessary results of the work on developing Russia’s human potential, the “Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020” indicates the creation of an effective targeted system of support for a number of socially vulnerable categories of citizens, including people with disabilities. The Concept specifically stipulates the need to increase the level of social integration of people with disabilities, in particular, creating conditions for their integration into work, creating an infrastructure of rehabilitation centers that provide comprehensive rehabilitation of people with disabilities and their return to a full life in society. In addition, from the content of the Concept, it is obvious that involving young people in social practice and informing them about the potential opportunities for self-development is the most important element in creating conditions for the successful socialization and effective self-realization of young people, including young people with disabilities, in the interests of the innovative development of the country.

Recently, when talking about the situation of young disabled people in Russia, the term “social deprivation” is increasingly used. It implies deprivation, limitation, insufficiency of certain conditions, material and spiritual resources necessary for the survival of young people, due primarily to a low standard of living. Deprivation affects young people with disabilities especially acutely.

Disability makes it difficult for a person to have full social contacts, and the lack of a sufficient circle of friends leads to maladaptation, which in turn leads to even greater isolation and, accordingly, to developmental deficiencies. In recent years, the number of young people with disabilities in the country has been constantly increasing.

This means that the increase in the number of young disabled people is becoming a problem not only for individuals, or even part of the population, but for society as a whole. The problem of social protection of young disabled people is becoming more acute, which is the activity of the state and society to protect this category of citizens from social dangers and prevent the deterioration of the situation of persons with disabilities. Disability of young people significantly limits their abilities for self-care, movement, orientation, learning, communication, and work in the future. In addition, disability, whether congenital or acquired, limits the position of a young person in society.

The main factors determining the growth of disability are the degree of economic and social development of the region, which determines the standard of living and income of the population, morbidity, the quality of the activities of medical institutions, the degree of objectivity of examination in the bureau of medical and social examination, the state of the environment (ecology), industrial and domestic injuries, road traffic accidents, man-made and natural disasters, armed conflicts and other reasons.

In relation to disabled people, and especially young people with disabilities, the discrimination that exists in society is clearly visible in all characteristics.

The level of education of young people with disabilities is much lower than that of non-disabled people. Almost everyone who has only primary education over the age of 20 is disabled. On the contrary, the share of young people with higher education among disabled people is 2 times lower. Even the share of vocational school graduates among 20-year-old disabled people is lower. The monetary income of young disabled people is twice as low as compared to their non-disabled peers.

The education of young disabled people plays a decisive role in their professional rehabilitation, since it creates the basis for the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities for people with disabilities. To solve the problems of education for young disabled people, projects are beginning to be implemented to expand distance learning networks based on Internet classes. Such training and subsequent employment allows people with disabilities to realize the concept of independent living, ensures independent income, and is also economically beneficial to the state. Education creates conditions to meet the many needs of young people with disabilities, and also reduces the processes of marginalization of people with disabilities.

However, most educational institutions are still not ready to welcome people with disabilities. The following difficulties are identified in the field of education for young disabled people. Firstly, the lack of a comfortable environment and special educational programs in educational institutions. Secondly, the lack of training of teaching staff. Thirdly, there is often a biased attitude towards students with disabilities, which does not guarantee equal educational opportunities compared to all students. In recent years, there have been positive trends in solving the problems of education of young disabled people. This is manifested in the emergence of new forms of education. In general, the education of young disabled people is a fundamental value that determines their social status and opportunities for personal self-realization. Creating a system of multi-level integrated education is impossible without a system of special training for teachers aimed at developing skills in dealing with people with disabilities. Social isolation of young disabled people results in reduced chances for effective employment and low socio-economic status.

The lower incomes of young people with disabilities are a direct consequence of barriers to access to income-generating activities, including well-paid employment. Employment statistics for this category are not published. At the same time, according to a sample survey of the population on employment problems, the average duration of job search for all disabled people consistently exceeds the same indicator for all unemployed people.

The lower level of education of young disabled people is reflected in the professional structure of their employment: among young disabled people there are significantly more people employed in blue-collar professions, including many unskilled workers, than among their healthy peers. Currently, young people with disabilities are in little demand in the labor market; their employment is a significant problem in society, although young people with disabilities have certain prospects for employment in the intellectual sphere and in small businesses. The number of young employed disabled people is decreasing every year. There is a significant discrepancy in the employment situations of different groups of disabled people. Young disabled people are more likely than their healthy peers to be employed in blue-collar jobs and are much less likely to hold management positions. We can highlight the main difficulties in the employment of young disabled people. Firstly, this is the inaccessibility of educational programs and the lack of career guidance for people with disabilities, which has a direct impact on their employment and competitiveness in the labor market. Secondly, specialized enterprises do not have the opportunity to hire everyone who wants to work, since they experience significant difficulties in a market economy. Therefore, the opportunities for labor rehabilitation of young disabled people through employment in specialized enterprises are significantly reduced. Thirdly, hiring a disabled person entails additional costs for organizing the workplace, which affects the employer’s reluctance to cooperate with a young disabled person.

Forming a marriage is a huge challenge for many young people with disabilities. Among them, 2-3 times more are single and half as many are married. There are also half as many of them living alone (separately from parents or other relatives). This indicates their significant lack of independence and dependence on the care of their relatives.

This is also the lower social mobility of disabled people, which is manifested in the less intense separation of disabled people from the family of their parents and relatives. Accordingly, there is lower mobility of relatives of disabled people due to the need to care for them.

With a greater degree of probability, we can say that the disability of one of the spouses “increases” several times the likelihood that the other spouse will also be disabled. In fact, this may indicate social isolation of people with disabilities, which results in them marrying primarily with each other.

All of the above social characteristics indicate that young disabled people in Russia are a completely specific group not only in the population, but also among adult disabled people, because in older generations the social differences between disabled and non-disabled people are smoothed out and even disappear.

From this brief analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn regarding the construction of effective policies for the social inclusion of young people with disabilities:

1. Signs of social discrimination are especially pronounced in relation to young people with disabilities. Age must be taken into account as one of the most important dimensions when formulating a strategy aimed at equal opportunities for persons with disabilities.

2. It is the Social Service Centers that are a real support for the disabled. While they are the main object of the current social policy regarding disabled people, it is necessary to develop an individual approach to determining targeted social support for a disabled person, taking into account his microsocial environment - the family.

3. The low educational and professional status of such disabled people requires special programs for professional training and retraining, as well as to improve their education and qualifications.

4. A significant (over a quarter) proportion of disabled people of the first, most severe, group, as well as the extremely high mortality rate among young disabled people (exceeding by 3 or more times the mortality rate of non-disabled people at these ages) requires a special medical rehabilitation program.

Social work with young disabled people is built on the basis of a system of social protection of the population, the purpose of which is to provide disabled people with opportunities to realize civil, economic, political and other rights and freedoms provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as in accordance with generally accepted principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation.

The main tasks of social protection of disabled people:

To develop as much as possible the individual abilities and moral and volitional qualities of disabled people, encouraging them to be independent and take personal responsibility for everything;

Promote the achievement of mutual understanding between the disabled person and the social environment;

Carry out work to prevent socially undesirable phenomena;

Promote the dissemination of information about the rights and benefits of people with disabilities, responsibilities and opportunities of social services;

Provide advice on legal aspects of social policy.

Thus, disability is a social phenomenon that no society can avoid, and each state, in accordance with its level of development, priorities and capabilities, forms a social and economic policy towards people with disabilities. It should be taken into account that the scale of disability depends on many factors, such as: the state of health of the nation, the development of the healthcare system, socio-economic development, the state of the ecological environment, historical and political reasons, in particular, participation in wars and military conflicts, etc. In Russia, all of these factors have a pronounced negative orientation, which predetermines a significant spread of disability in society.

All of the above allows us to assert that youth with disabilities are a special social category that requires support from the state. Working with it requires an individual approach to everyone.

In recent years, the social situation of young disabled people has begun to change significantly for the better. Innovative technologies are being introduced into practice to expand opportunities for young disabled people to access information, education and employment, and improve their financial situation. Creating an accessible living environment for young people with disabilities is an integral part of our country’s social policy, the practical results of which are designed to provide disabled people with equal opportunities as other citizens in all spheres of life and in their social status.

1.2 Legal framework for social work with young people with disabilities

By implementing a serious set of measures to provide social support to young people with disabilities, to improve the quality and accessibility for them of social services that characterize the quality of life, Russia is guided by international standards adopted by both the world and European communities.

That is why our country constructively participated in the development of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, adopted by the UN General Assembly in December 2006. This Convention occupies an important place among the multilateral international treaties in the field of human rights and is aimed at ensuring the full and equal enjoyment by persons with disabilities of all human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as promoting respect for the dignity of persons with disabilities, and preventing any discrimination on the basis of disability.

It should be noted that all the rules on the rights of persons with disabilities contained in the Convention are enshrined in international agreements existing and ratified by the Russian Federation, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, etc. Thus, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2006 does not introduce new rights for people with disabilities, but contains articles emphasizing the features of the implementation of fundamental human rights and freedoms in relation to the specific living conditions of people with disabilities. Article 4, paragraph 2, emphasizes that, with regard to the implementation of the economic, social and cultural rights of persons with disabilities, each State Party “undertakes to take measures towards the progressive achievement of the full realization of these rights.”

Also an important document of a high international standard that defines state policy regarding people with disabilities are the Recommendations concerning the implementation at the national level of the Council of Europe Action Plan to promote the rights and full participation of people with disabilities in society for 2006-2015. This plan was presented to representatives of national governments of member countries of the Council of Europe, non-governmental organizations and the media at the European Conference in St. Petersburg (September 2006), where the actual implementation of the Plan was launched.

The vast majority of norms included in international standard documents (creating accessible infrastructure for people with disabilities, adapting urban planning, transport, communication and other standards to their needs; training people with disabilities in educational institutions; protecting the health of people with disabilities, their rehabilitation; ensuring favorable conditions in the labor market, etc. .) are contained in the current Russian legislation. They are enshrined in various branches of law. In Russian legislation, the rights of people with disabilities are recorded in such important documents as the Declaration of Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen, adopted by the Supreme Council of the RSFSR on November 22, 1991, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993, the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of Disabled Persons” in the Russian Federation" dated July 20, 1995, Fundamentals of legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens, adopted by the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation on July 22, 1993, Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation "On additional measures of state support for people with disabilities" and "On measures to create accessible for disabled people's living environment" dated October 2, 1992, resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Government of the Russian Federation "On scientific and information support for the problems of disability and disabled people" dated April 5, 1993, etc.

The main legal act guaranteeing the right of people with disabilities to social security on the territory of the Russian Federation is the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes the rights of citizens of the Russian Federation:

a) for social services;

b) the right to health care.

Many provisions of the Constitution are directly related to social security. Thus, Article 7 of the Constitution establishes that the Russian Federation is a social state, the policy of which is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of people. Russia provides state support for people with disabilities, develops a system of social services, establishes state pensions and benefits and other guarantees of social protection. The provision of Article 7 of the Constitution implies the obligation of the state to pursue a certain social policy and bear responsibility for the decent life of people and the free development of each person.

In Art. 39 of the Basic Law of the Russian Federation states that every citizen “is guaranteed social security by age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law.” This article assigns to the state the obligation to provide social support to citizens who find themselves in difficult life situations. To carry out its functions in this area, the state has created a system of social protection of the population, which includes the payment of pensions, compensation, the provision of medical and other social services, and manages the creation of a financial base and organizational structures that are necessary to realize the right of every citizen of our country to social security .

The provisions of the Constitution relating to social security issues are the legal basis on which all legislation is based.

The main legal acts on issues of social security for young disabled people are the federal laws “On Social Services for Elderly Citizens and Disabled Persons” and “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation”.

The Federal Law “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation” dated November 24, 1995 defines state policy in the field of social protection of disabled people, the purpose of which is to provide disabled people with equal opportunities with other citizens in the implementation of civil, economic, political and other rights and freedoms provided for The Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as in accordance with generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation.

According to the definition given in the law, a disabled person is a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions, caused by diseases, consequences of injuries or defects, leading to limitation of life activity and necessitating his social protection. Limitation of life activity - complete or partial loss of a person’s ability or ability to perform self-care, move independently, navigate, communicate, control one’s behavior, study and engage in work. Depending on the degree of disorder of body functions and limitations in life activity, persons recognized as disabled are assigned a disability group, and persons under the age of 18 are assigned the category “disabled child.”

Recognition of a person as disabled is carried out by the State Service for Medical and Social Expertise. The procedure and conditions for recognizing a person as disabled are established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Also, the law provides the concept of social protection of disabled people. This is a system of state-guaranteed economic, social and legal measures that provide disabled people with conditions for overcoming, replacing (compensating) disabilities and aimed at creating equal opportunities for them to participate in society with other citizens.

The law regulates the issues of medical and social examination of disabled people, their rehabilitation, ensuring the life activity of disabled people, and also defines the entire range of support for the life activity of disabled people - medical, social and professional. The law guarantees citizens with disabilities the right to a decent and fulfilling life, to the creation of an infrastructure that removes barriers between disabled people and healthy people. The goal of state policy is to “provide disabled people with equal opportunities with other citizens in the implementation of civil, economic, political and other rights and freedoms provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as in accordance with generally recognized principles and norms of international law, treaties of the Russian Federation.”

The implementation of the goal set by law involves highlighting the following key areas in disability policy:

1. Organization of medical care. Health policy is aimed at providing citizens with disabilities with accessible and high-quality medical care, creating conditions conducive to improving their health. Every disabled person living on the territory of the Russian Federation is guaranteed the inalienable right to health care and medical care in the event of his loss. According to the doctor’s conclusion, citizens who have not refused the package of social services may be provided with sanatorium-resort treatment, which may extend to the disabled person and the person accompanying him (Law “On the Fundamentals of Compulsory Social Insurance” dated July 16, 1999 No. 165-FZ; Law “ On state social assistance" 07.17.1999 No. 178-FZ Since September 2005, measures have been taken to implement the national project "Health", which includes: the development of primary medical care, preventive care and provision of high-tech medical care to the population.

2. Providing people with disabilities with living space. Housing policy is an essential element in ensuring the effective development of the state. Without it, providing disabled people with high-quality social protection is not possible. The main regulatory legal act facilitating the implementation of this direction is the “Housing Code of the Russian Federation” dated December 29, 2004 No. 188-FZ. The document provides for the possibility of providing low-income disabled people with living quarters on social rental terms. As additional measures, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation “On providing benefits to disabled people and families with disabled children to provide them with living quarters, payment for housing and utilities” dated July 27, 1996 was adopted.

3. Education of people with disabilities. The state ensures continuity of upbringing and education, social and everyday adaptation of disabled children. According to the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education” of July 10, 1992 No. 3266-1, the right to education for all categories of citizens, including those with disabilities, is an essential condition for building a competitive Russia. The state must ensure that disabled people receive general education and vocational education - primary, secondary and higher - in accordance with an individual rehabilitation program. Citizens with disabilities are provided with places in preschool, treatment, preventive and health care institutions as a matter of priority. And to receive vocational education on a non-competitive basis, subject to successful passing of exams. According to the Law “On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education” dated August 22, 1996 No. 125-FZ, additional social guarantees are provided for students with disabilities (increased scholarships, additional payments, etc.)

4. Promotion of employment of people with disabilities. Providing work for citizens with disabilities is a key area of ​​state social policy. In the employment system, a disabled person who has a work recommendation, a conclusion on the possible nature and conditions of work, which is issued in the prescribed manner (individual rehabilitation program), is recognized as unemployed. The rights of disabled people in the field of employment are regulated by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation dated July 24, 2002 No. 97-FZ. Where special working hours, hours, and conditions of professional activity of citizens with disabilities are fixed.

5. Assistance in organizing leisure time for a disabled person. In order to effectively integrate citizens with disabilities into society, it is necessary to pay special attention to their inclusion in leisure activities (playing sports, visiting museums, libraries, theaters, etc.).

In accordance with Article 15 of the Federal Law of November 24, 1995 No. 181-FZ “On the social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation”, the joint Resolution of the State Construction Committee of Russia and the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation No. 74/51 of December 22, 1999 approved the “Procedure for implementing accessibility requirements for disabled people to social infrastructure facilities”, regulating the conditions and levels of interaction between participants in the investment process in the field of construction in the preparation of initial permitting documentation, development, coordination, approval and implementation of project documentation for the construction, expansion, reconstruction or technical re-equipment of social infrastructure facilities on the territory of the Russian Federation Federation taking into account the needs of people with disabilities.

According to Article 15 of the Federal Law of November 24, 1995 No. 181-FZ “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation”, the creation of conditions for accessibility for people with disabilities to engineering, transport, and social infrastructure facilities is ensured by the owners of these facilities (the Government of the Russian Federation, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies and organizations, regardless of organizational and legal forms) within the limits of allocations annually provided for these purposes in budgets of all levels.

The issues of realizing the right to accessibility and creating an accessible living environment for people with disabilities, including disabled children, are regulated by the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation.

To create conditions for unimpeded access to priority facilities and services in priority areas of life for people with disabilities, the state program “Accessible Environment” for 2011-2015 was approved by Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 26, 2012 No. 2181-r “On approval of the state program of the Russian Federation” Accessible environment" for 2011-2015." Federal Law “On Social Services for Elderly Citizens and Disabled People” of November 15, 1995. No. 195 regulates relations in the field of social services for elderly citizens and disabled people.

Social services for elderly citizens and the disabled are activities to meet the needs of these citizens for social services. It includes a set of social services (care, catering, assistance in obtaining medical, legal, socio-psychological and natural types of assistance, assistance in vocational training, employment, leisure, assistance in organizing funeral services, etc.) that are provided to citizens elderly and disabled people at home or in social service institutions, regardless of form of ownership. The law establishes the basic principles of activity in the field of social services for people with disabilities, their rights and guarantees of respect for the rights of people with disabilities, as well as the rules for organizing social services in the Russian Federation.

In addition to international legal acts, the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, social security for people with disabilities is regulated by the following legal documents: Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation, regulations of ministries and departments, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, as well as acts of public organizations and local legal acts.

Examples of legal acts of this level may be the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation “On the Federal List of State-Guaranteed Social Services Provided to Elderly Citizens and Disabled Persons by State and Municipal Social Service Institutions”, “On Changing the Brand of a Car Intended for Issue to Disabled Persons Free of Charge”, etc.

Thus, the system of legal acts providing social protection for people with disabilities includes legal documents at various levels. They are interconnected by the main principles underlying the organization of social security for people with disabilities. In the fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on protecting the health of citizens, the article on the rights of people with disabilities states: “Disabled people, including disabled children and people with disabilities since childhood, have the right to medical and social assistance, rehabilitation, provision of medicines, prostheses, prosthetic and orthopedic products , means of transportation on preferential terms, as well as for vocational training and retraining.

Disabled and disabled people have the right to free medical and social care in institutions of the state or municipal health care system, to care at home, and in case of inability to satisfy basic life needs, to maintenance in institutions of the social protection system.”

The guaranteed rights of this category of citizens come into force upon receipt of the official status of a disabled person, and therefore the specialist must know the procedure for referring citizens for medical and social examination.

The Russian Ministry of Health and Social Development has developed a draft Concept for the development of social services for the population in the Russian Federation. The draft Concept defines the goals for the development of social services: increasing the availability and quality of social services provided; ensuring autonomous, independent life in familiar social conditions for elderly citizens and people with disabilities; prevention of family problems; development of a system of non-state social services.

Standards are also one of the elements of protecting the rights of citizens as consumers of services. Without them, it is impossible to talk about creating a civilized market for social services and really improving their quality. Currently, 22 national standards have been developed, of which 6 are current fundamental standards: GOST PS2142 - 2003 “Social services to the population. Quality of social services. General provisions”, GOST PS2153-2003 “Social services for the population. Main types of social services”, GOST PS2495 2005 “Social services for the population. Terms and definitions", GOST PS2497 2005 "Social service institutions. Quality system of social service institutions”, GOST PS2496 2005 “Social services to the population. Quality control. General provisions”, GOST PS2498 2005 “Classification of social service institutions”. These standards are approved in accordance with the established procedure by the authorized national standardization body (Gosstandart, Rostekhregulirovanie).

In the future, taking into account the current structure of the social service system, it is advisable to create a three-level system of standards, including national standards, standards of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and standards for the activities of social service institutions.

The Russian Ministry of Health and Social Development will soon prepare requirements for the development and approval of Administrative Regulations for the provision of all types of social services to the population. In turn, regional executive authorities must develop Administrative Regulations for their work on the provision of each type of social services.

Thus, young disabled people within a more general category - disabled people - in the Russian Federation have certain socio-economic and personal rights and freedoms, providing them with equal opportunities with other citizens in the implementation of civil, economic, political and other rights and freedoms provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation Federation, as well as in accordance with generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation.

Social status of young people with disabilities in

Modern Russia

Russia's transition to a fundamentally new socio-economic way of life has put forward the need for the formation of a system of social protection of the population that is most consistent with modern tasks of social development. Such tasks include creating decent living conditions for young disabled people, who are unable to fully or partially provide for their life needs without outside help, with a rich, active and satisfying life, and awareness of themselves as an organic part of society. Young disabled people are citizens aged 14-30 years who have health problems caused by diseases, defects, and consequences of injuries. Currently, young people with disabilities are divided into several groups: with intellectual disabilities, with mental illness and early autism, with musculoskeletal disorders, hearing impairment, vision impairment, and with a complex combination of impairments. Disability at a young age can also be defined as a state of persistent social maladaptation caused by chronic diseases or pathological conditions that sharply limit the possibility of a young person’s inclusion in age-appropriate educational, social, political and economic processes; in connection with this, there is a constant need for additional care for him , assistance or supervision.

The main reasons leading to disability at a young age include:

1. Medical and biological (low quality of medical care, insufficient medical activity).

2. Social and psychological (low level of education of the parents of a young disabled person, lack of conditions for normal life and development, etc.).

3. Socio-economic (low material income, etc.).

Recently, when talking about the situation of young disabled people in Russia, the term “social deprivation” is increasingly used. It implies deprivation, limitation, insufficiency of certain conditions, material and spiritual resources necessary for the survival of young people, due primarily to a low standard of living. Deprivation affects young people with disabilities especially acutely. Disability makes it difficult for a person to have full social contacts, and the lack of a sufficient circle of friends leads to maladaptation, which in turn leads to even greater isolation and, accordingly, to developmental deficiencies.

In recent years, the number of young people with disabilities in the country has been constantly increasing. This means that the increase in the number of young disabled people is becoming a problem not only for individuals, or even part of the population, but for society as a whole. The problem of social protection of young disabled people is becoming more acute, which is the activity of the state and society to protect this category of citizens from social dangers and prevent the deterioration of the situation of persons with disabilities.

Disability of young people significantly limits their abilities for self-care, movement, orientation, learning, communication, and work in the future. In addition, disability, whether congenital or acquired, limits the position of a young person in society. Social status is usually determined by an individual's position in a group or a group's relationship with other groups (some scholars use the term "social position" as a synonym for social status). Social status is also a certain set of rights, privileges and responsibilities of a young disabled person. All social statuses are divided into two main types: those that are prescribed to an individual by society or a group, regardless of his abilities and efforts, and those that an individual achieves through his own efforts. Recognition of a person as disabled is associated with the acquisition of a certain social status, which provides social guarantees from the state and at the same time limits a person’s life activity.

The social status of young people with special needs is characterized by certain indicators: health status, financial situation, level of education, specifics of employment and features of the organization of leisure activities.

Based on Russian legislation, a disabled person is called “a person who has a health impairment with a persistent disorder of body functions, caused by a disease, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to limited life activity and causing the need for his social protection...” (Federal Law “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons”) in the Russian Federation" dated November 15, 1995). Much attention in the social protection system is paid to the health of young disabled people, as an indicator of their social status. Limitation of a young person’s life activity associated with poor health can occur in childhood (congenital diseases and birth injuries, illnesses and injuries in childhood), as well as in adolescence (chronic diseases, domestic and work injuries, injuries during military service, etc.) d.). Currently, this concept is considered not only as the absence of disease, but also as the psychological and social well-being of a person. The main goal of social services within the framework of an integrated approach to health is to achieve the ability of a young person with disabilities to live independently, productive work and leisure. The mechanism to achieve this goal is rehabilitation, understood as the restoration of health, functional status and ability to work impaired by disease, injury or physical and social factors.

The medical difficulties of young disabled people are associated with a lack of awareness about the diagnosis, the choice of methods, methods and institutions for treatment, pedagogical and mental correction of the young person, and the degree of readiness of parents and the immediate environment to carry out rehabilitation measures at home. In addition to medical indicators, the psychological health of a young disabled person is important. Psychological health problems are caused by the worries of relatives and friends about the outcome of the disease and the fate of the young man, conflicts between parents, the absence or lack of assistance in caring for the patient from family members and relatives, and a painful perception of the sympathy of others.

An important indicator that determines the social status of a young disabled person is his financial situation. When characterizing the place of young people with disabilities in society, it is necessary to note their low property status. The financial situation of a young disabled person depends not only on the level of wages, but also on cash payments guaranteed by the state (pensions, benefits, insurance payments, compensation). The monthly state cash payment for young disabled people is a pension, which is provided to citizens in order to compensate for the inability to earn money. In addition, young disabled people have the right to various benefits - benefits in payment for certain services provided by the state, municipality, their institutions or other organizations, exemption from obligations for mandatory payments collected by central and local authorities from individuals and legal entities in budgets of various levels.

The material difficulties of young people with disabilities are solved by social service systems (center for socio-psychological assistance to youth, social rehabilitation center for adolescents and young people, center for vocational guidance and youth employment, etc.), which take additional measures to improve the quality of life of young people with disabilities and their families The activities of social services include support, provision of social services and assistance in adaptation and rehabilitation of young disabled people. Particular attention must be paid to assessing their real material needs and the targeted nature of the assistance provided.

Priority, along with the norms on material support (pensions, allowances, benefits), should be the norms that unconditionally provide disabled people with work and appropriate, including vocational, education.

State activities in the field of education of people with disabilities are aimed at introducing flexible mechanisms to meet the educational needs of young people with disabilities and creating conditions for their most effective participation in society. Young people with hearing, vision, speech, intellectual, and musculoskeletal impairments; with psychopathic forms of behavior need special (corrective) education that meets their special educational needs.

In our society, for a long time, the dominant attitude was towards training and educating young people with disabilities only within the framework of the state system of special schools and boarding institutions, which led to a limitation of the social status of young people with disabilities:

Artificial isolation of young disabled people in a special society, which often does not contribute to their subsequent adaptation in society;

Rigidity and lack of options in forms of education;

Almost complete exclusion of the family from the process of raising and educating a young person with special needs.

The education of young disabled people plays a decisive role in their professional rehabilitation, since it creates the basis for the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities for people with disabilities. To solve the problems of education for young disabled people, projects are beginning to be implemented to expand distance learning networks based on Internet classes. Such training and subsequent employment allows people with disabilities to realize the concept of independent living, ensures independent income, and is also economically beneficial to the state. Education creates conditions to meet the many needs of young people with disabilities, and also reduces the processes of marginalization of people with disabilities. However, most educational institutions are still not ready to welcome people with disabilities.

The following difficulties are identified in the field of education for young disabled people. Firstly, the lack of a comfortable environment and special educational programs in educational institutions. Secondly, the lack of training of teaching staff. Thirdly, there is often a biased attitude towards students with disabilities, which does not guarantee equal educational opportunities compared to all students. In recent years, there have been positive trends in solving the problems of education of young disabled people. This is manifested in the emergence of new forms of education. In general, the education of young disabled people is a fundamental value that determines their social status and opportunities for personal self-realization. Creating a system of multi-level integrated education is impossible without a system of special training for teachers aimed at developing skills in dealing with people with disabilities.

Social isolation of young disabled people results in reduced chances for effective employment and low socio-economic status. Often, employment is not considered by young disabled people as a worthy alternative to living on a pension. This is due to low and often even minimum wages and the lack of decent working conditions. Vocational training for young disabled people must be carried out for a wider range of vacancies and take into account the needs of regional and local labor markets. To improve the opportunities for young disabled people to enter the labor market, it is necessary to create an institution of “supervision” of disabled people from school to the moment of employment.

Currently, young people with disabilities are in little demand in the labor market; their employment is a significant problem in society, although young people with disabilities have certain prospects for employment in the intellectual sphere and in small businesses. The number of young employed disabled people is decreasing every year. There is a significant discrepancy in the employment situations of different groups of disabled people. Young disabled people are more likely than their healthy peers to be employed in blue-collar jobs and are much less likely to hold management positions.

We can highlight the main difficulties in the employment of young disabled people. Firstly, this is the inaccessibility of educational programs and the lack of career guidance for people with disabilities, which has a direct impact on their employment and competitiveness in the labor market. Secondly, specialized enterprises do not have the opportunity to hire everyone who wants to work, since they experience significant difficulties in a market economy. Therefore, the opportunities for labor rehabilitation of young disabled people through employment in specialized enterprises are significantly reduced. Thirdly, hiring a disabled person entails additional costs for organizing the workplace, which affects the employer’s reluctance to cooperate with a young disabled person. These difficulties are solved by employment centers and youth labor exchanges, which not only provide a place of work for young disabled people, but also organize seminars, trainings and courses on vocational guidance and training. The goal of employment policy for young disabled people is their integration into the open labor market. To this end, approaches have been proposed that eliminate the physical inaccessibility of the place of work: the employer must adapt the workplace to the limitations of the young disabled people employed by him or make all workplaces accessible for the employment of disabled people. In case of severe disability, it is proposed to introduce “supportive” (“supportive”) employment, that is, to create special jobs in ordinary enterprises. Social enterprises (non-profit enterprises of the non-state sector) managed by disabled people themselves can become a form of integrated employment for young disabled people, although in practice their effectiveness in this capacity is almost never confirmed. Among the tools for increasing the employment of people with disabilities, we can mention financial incentives for employers, an analysis of the use of which showed that only some payments (for example, subsidies for the arrangement of workplaces) led to an increase in the number of people with disabilities, which implies the need to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of such support programs.

A peculiarity of the organization of leisure for young disabled people is the underdevelopment of the free time infrastructure. Thus, we can highlight the difficulties of organizing leisure time for young disabled people. Firstly, there is a limited number of specialized equipment and places for effectively spending free time. Secondly, there is a lack of training for organizers of leisure activities for people with disabilities, without whom further development of this area is impossible.

An important role in solving the difficulties of organizing leisure time for young disabled people is played by rehabilitation centers and youth affairs agencies, which organize various events, festivals and rallies for this category.

All of the above allows us to define the social status of young disabled people as limited. Therefore, the goal of social work with them is the integration of this category into society. The most typical difficulties of young disabled people are related to their state of health, financial situation, characteristics of obtaining an education, specifics of employment and organization of leisure time. All of the above allows us to assert that youth with disabilities are a special social category that requires support from the state. Working with it requires an individual approach to everyone.

In recent years, the social situation of young disabled people has begun to change significantly for the better. Innovative technologies are being introduced into practice to expand opportunities for young disabled people to access information, education and employment, and improve their financial situation.

Creating an accessible living environment for young people with disabilities is an integral part of our country’s social policy, the practical results of which are designed to provide disabled people with equal opportunities as other citizens in all spheres of life and in their social status.

In the West, people with Down syndrome are called “alternatively gifted.” In Russia, they are treated in two ways: some call them “sunny”, surround them with love and affection, others turn away.

Children with intellectual, mental and psychological disabilities are a special group of people who, from birth, have to literally fight for their place in the sun. For many, this path is thorny and difficult, especially for those who have already crossed the age line of 18 years.

The road to nowhere?

The childhood of the boy Valentin was almost no different from the life of children his age. From the age of three he went to kindergarten, although in a special group - for children with developmental delays. Valya was also “special” from birth: doctors diagnosed him with “Down syndrome”.

Then - training at school, in a class for children with mental retardation.

“For 10 years, without a break, my son attended school, and for the last 5 years, on his own. I knew that all this time the child was sitting at his desk and listening carefully to the teacher. And what crafts he brought from school! The youngest son, 5 years later, already in the 7th grade, often took his brother’s work for his labors, and they turned out to be the best of all,” said mother Valentina Olga Vasilyeva.

Vali's life changed dramatically as soon as he turned 18 years old. He seemed to be erased from the world, like many “special” children of his age.

My son teaches me a lot too: for example, how to treat offenders and simply love life.

“The doors of the schools are closed: we left school with a certificate of completion of school instead of a certificate. Young people with intellectual disabilities, having learned basic arithmetic, reading, and writing at school, at the age of 18 cease to be disabled in childhood, they are recognized as disabled people of groups II, III, people capable of working if other people constantly provide them with assistance. But they did not receive vocational or craft training in workshops, CPC, schools, jobs were not created for them, they do not have the opportunity to earn a minimum income, and for a pension for a disabled person of group II, III (in the Kirov region, for example, on average 10 thousand rubles) I can’t live without a part-time job, considering that my mother’s additional payment for care was also withdrawn. Fortunately, I work, but there are so many mothers who raise young disabled people alone! And if, for example, I can’t afford a nanny, what next - quit my job?!” – Olga Vasilyeva is perplexed.

Valentin, like many young disabled people, feels like a full member of society and is trying to find his place in life.

“Once they called me from the Theater for Young Spectators in Kirov and said: “Your child said that he wants to perform on stage”: he does break dancing,” said Valentina’s mother. - He fulfills any requests and instructions impeccably, for example, in terms of cleaning. These children are generally very capable of working. Those 12 people with mental disabilities who studied in Valya’s class could become a ready-made labor cell, only they need a mentor. My son teaches me a lot too: for example, how to treat offenders and just love life.”

That's the end of the holiday

In 2010, in Kirov, the parents themselves opened an informal public association “Club 18+” for children with mental and mental disabilities, disabled people of groups I and II. 25 girls and boys learned to make friends, sing and dance, read poetry, sculpt from clay, weave from paper, stage plays, met with creative people of the city, visited theaters, exhibitions, concerts, and prepared for performances at festivals and home concerts.

The club had its own stars. Nikolai Darovskikh, for example, became the winner of the International Inclusive Dance Festival in 2013. A young man with Down syndrome performed “Gypsy Dance” at the Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko Musical Theater in Moscow.

The club was created by Kirov resident Vera Darovskikh. The woman knows firsthand that young disabled people need not only care and attention, but also employment, as she is raising a disabled son herself.

Over time, the club was given premises and became a socio-cultural day department of the Regional Center for the Rehabilitation of Young Disabled Persons (Kazanskaya St., 3a.) More and more young people came, and additional help from specialists was required.

Vera Darovskikh repeatedly turned to the governor for help and met with members of the government and ministry officials. The Council of Parents and Guardians of Young Disabled Persons sincerely believed that the social security authorities would provide support to the club.

“Instead, parents were asked to pay for existing social services at very high prices. We were forced to refuse,” noted Vera Alexandrovna.

Despite their disability, these are in fact adults who are humiliated by “childish” activities.

After the day department of sociocultural rehabilitation was closed, Vera Darovskikh turned for help to Moscow, to Ella Panfilova, who at that time was the Commissioner for Human Rights in Russia. Only then did the situation move from the “dead point”: rates, social workers, and a new place for classes with young disabled people were again found. At the Social Services Center, on the street. Pugacheva, 24, there was a small office for handicrafts, filled with old furniture.

“Musical, theatrical and entertainment classes at the level of matinees in kindergarten no longer give anything to a young disabled person: they do not prepare him for a future independent life without parents, they do not “cultivate” him, they do not educate him. Such “social services” for young people with disabilities are a thing of the century before last. Despite their disability, these are in fact adults who are humiliated by “childish” activities,” says Vera Darovskikh.

Just 2 hours in the morning - that’s all the time for “rehabilitation” allocated for young disabled people from all districts of the city of Kirov and the region.

“For some young disabled people living in remote areas of the city, this schedule is not suitable, there is not enough space, and the location itself is inconvenient and simply incompatible with their health,” says Vera Alexandrovna.

So young people do not study, and do not work, and are not rehabilitated. And how many similar examples can you count across the country?

Happiness is at home

Parents raising adult children with disabilities often do everything possible for them, but have a very vague idea of ​​what awaits them in the future.

“The prospects for such people are too limited. There are, of course, boarding schools that accept young disabled people, but what normal mother would voluntarily send her child to such an institution - this would mean destroying him with her own hands! Their place is at home, among loved ones. It is important that the state pays attention to our children - even if they are already big, but so unprotected. The main task of healthy and smart adults is to socialize them and prepare them for independent life, he believes Member of the Council of the “Club 18+”, mother of a disabled daughter Alla Rossikhina.- The main thing for our children is communication and socialization. There should be an interest club for young disabled people aged 18 to 45, where they could get to know each other and communicate.”

Often in society, “special” people are looked at as doomed, for whom the only way to go to a boarding school is.

There are, of course, boarding schools that accept young disabled people, but what normal mother would voluntarily send her child to such an institution.

“There is simply no place for many young disabled people there. On the contrary, they must live their lives at home, in their apartment, among friends, acquaintances, relatives and helpers. This requires new forms of social work, says Vera Darovskikh. “They do not require millions of investments, and there are examples of this.”

Thus, in the Vladimir region, young people with severe disabilities are being prepared for life without parents in a so-called “study living apartment.” The children are temporarily placed in a separate apartment without their parents, but under the guidance of a mentor, where they are taught how to run a household: clean the house, cook, do laundry, do shopping, and spend their pension correctly and economically.

“In my opinion, it is very important to take care of social support for young disabled people, but for this, social services must know all the families in which there are adult disabled people, be interested in what they are doing and what kind of help they need,” noted Vera Alexandrovna. “Disabled people have the right to assistance not out of mercy, but by legal right.”

On the implementation in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of programs for accompanying young disabled people when they receive vocational education and assistance in subsequent employment for 2016 - 2020.

Currently, scattered measures are being implemented in Russia for the vocational guidance of young disabled people, their training and subsequent employment. The approved Plan will make it possible to systematize the work of regional executive authorities, employment services and educational organizations in implementing programs to support people with disabilities.

“This year, the Russian Ministry of Labor will prepare a standard program for supporting young disabled people in employment with the aim of a unified approach to this process,” commented Maxim Topilin, Minister of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation. “The standard program will contain an algorithm for accompanying a disabled person, taking into account impaired body functions.”

“Based on the standard program, regions should prepare their own programs and begin their implementation in 2017,” the head of the Russian Ministry of Labor emphasized.

In accordance with the approved Plan, regional programs will provide for the implementation of such activities as vocational guidance for disabled children, people with disabilities and people with disabilities, inclusive vocational education, promoting the development of entrepreneurial skills among young people with disabilities and others. It is also planned to train specialists from employment services in the specifics of organizing work with people with disabilities.

In the future, work to support young disabled people, according to the Minister, will be carried out on the basis of information from the Federal Register of Disabled Persons, which will include data on the professional potential of a disabled person.

“Based on the results of the implementation of regional programs in 2017-2019, a standard service for accompanying a disabled young person in resolving employment issues will be developed,” said Minister Maxim Topilin. “A unified and mandatory standard for all regions must be approved by 2020.”

For information:

According to the Russian Ministry of Labor, currently about 3.9 million disabled people are of working age. At the same time, 948.8 thousand of them work, or 24% of the total number of disabled people of working age.

The state program “Accessible Environment” for 2011-2020 provides for an increase in the share of employed disabled people of working age in the total number of disabled people of working age to 40% by 2020.

According to the World Health Organization classification, a young disabled person is a disabled person aged 18-44 years. At the same time, the activities of the Plan cover persons from the age of 14, since the Federal Law of July 24, 1998 No. 124-FZ “On Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation” establishes that the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation carry out measures to ensure vocational guidance, vocational training for children over 14 years of age.