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Who first used the vaccination method. The history of vaccinations: what we began to forget about

Useful and interesting information about vaccinations. Vaccination history.

Infectious diseases have plagued man throughout history. There are many examples of the devastating consequences of smallpox, plague, cholera, typhoid, dysentery, measles, and influenza. The decline of the ancient world is associated not so much with wars as with the monstrous plague epidemics that destroyed most of the population. In the 14th century, the plague killed a third of Europe's population. Due to a smallpox epidemic 15 years after Cortez's invasion, less than 3 million people remained from the thirty-million-strong Inca Empire.

In 1918-1920, the influenza pandemic (the so-called “Spanish flu”) killed about 40 million people, and the number of cases exceeded 500 million. This is almost five times more than the losses during the First World War, where 8.5 million people were killed and 17 million were wounded.

Our body can acquire resistance to infectious diseases - immunity - in two ways. The first is to get sick and recover. At the same time, the body will develop protective factors (antibodies) that will further protect us from this infection. This path is difficult and dangerous, fraught with a high risk of dangerous complications, including disability and death. For example, the bacterium that causes tetanus releases the most powerful toxin on the planet in the patient’s body. This poison acts on the human nervous system, causing convulsions and respiratory arrest.

Every fourth person who gets tetanus dies.

The second way is vaccination. In this case, weakened microorganisms or their individual components are introduced into the body, which stimulate an immune protective response. In this case, a person acquires protective factors against the diseases for which he was vaccinated, without suffering from the disease itself.

In 1996, the world celebrated the 200th anniversary of the first vaccination, carried out in 1796 by the English physician Edward Jenner. Jenner devoted almost 30 years to observing and studying this phenomenon: people who had cowpox did not become infected with human smallpox. Taking the contents from the formed vesicles-bubbles on the fingers of milking cows, Jenner injected it into an eight-year-old boy and his son (the latter fact is little known even to specialists). A month and a half later, he infected them with smallpox. The children didn't get sick. This historical moment dates back to the beginning of vaccination - vaccinations using a vaccine.

The further development of immunology and vaccine prevention is associated with the name of the French scientist Louis Pasteur. He was the first to prove that diseases, now called infectious, can only arise as a result of the penetration of microbes into the body from the external environment. This ingenious discovery formed the basis of the principles of asepsis and antisepsis, giving a new round to the development of surgery, obstetrics and medicine in general. Thanks to his research, pathogens of infectious diseases were not only discovered, but also effective ways to combat them were found. Pasteur discovered that introducing weakened or killed pathogens into the body can protect against real disease. He developed and began to successfully use vaccines against anthrax, chicken cholera, and rabies. It is especially important to note that rabies is a disease with a 100% fatal outcome, and the only way to save a person’s life since the time of Pasteur has been and remains emergency vaccination.

Louis Pasteur created a world scientific school of microbiologists; many of his students subsequently became leading scientists. They own 8 Nobel Prizes.

It is appropriate to remember that the second country to open the Pasteur station was Russia. When it became known that vaccination using the Pasteur method saves against rabies, one of the enthusiasts contributed a thousand rubles to the Odessa Society of Microbiologists so that a doctor would be sent to Paris with this money to study Pasteur’s experience. The choice fell on the young doctor N.F. Gamaleya, who later - on June 13, 1886 - gave the first vaccinations to twelve people who were bitten in Odessa.

In the 20th century, vaccinations against polio, hepatitis, diphtheria, measles, mumps, rubella, tuberculosis, and influenza were developed and began to be successfully used.

KEY DATES IN THE HISTORY OF VACCINATION

First immunization against smallpox - Edward Jenner

First immunization against rabies - Louis Pasteur

First successful serotherapy for diphtheria - Emil von Behring

The first preventive vaccine against diphtheria - Emil von Behring

First vaccination against tuberculosis

First tetanus vaccination

First flu vaccination

First vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis

First trials of inactivated polio vaccine

Live polio vaccine (oral vaccination)

WHO statement on the complete eradication of human smallpox

First publicly available vaccine to prevent chickenpox

The first publicly available genetically engineered vaccine against hepatitis B

The first vaccine to prevent hepatitis A

The first combined acellular pertussis vaccine for the prevention of whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus

The first vaccine to prevent hepatitis A and B

The first combined acellular pertussis vaccine for the prevention of whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus and polio

Development of a new conjugate vaccine against meningococcal C infection

First conjugate vaccine to prevent pneumonia

History of vaccination. Consequences of the formation of specific immunity. Features of the vaccination technique

Vaccination is one of the greatest achievements of medicine. 100 years ago, millions of deaths worldwide occurred due to measles, mumps or chickenpox.

Vaccinology is a young science, but the vaccine is already more than 200 years old.

How did vaccinations come about?

The idea of ​​vaccination appeared in China in the 8th century AD, when humanity was trying to save itself from smallpox. Having recovered from an infectious disease, a person had the opportunity to prevent this disease in the future. Therefore, the inoculation method was invented - transfer, or preventive infection with smallpox by transferring smallpox pus through an incision.

In Europe, this method appeared in the 15th century. In 1718, the wife of the English ambassador, Mary Wortley Montagu, inoculated her children, a son and daughter. Everything went well. After this, Lady Montagu suggested that the Princess of Wales protect her children in the same way. The princess's husband, King George I, wanted to further ensure the safety of this procedure and conducted a test on six prisoners. The results were successful.

In 1720, inoculation was temporarily stopped due to several deaths of those inoculated. After 20 years, inoculation revives. The method was improved by the English inoculator Daniel Sutton.

At the end of the 1780s, a new round of vaccination history began. English pharmacist Edward Jenner claimed that milkmaids who were exposed to cowpox did not get smallpox. And in 1800, vaccinations from cow ulcer fluid began to spread throughout the world. In 1806, Jenner secured funding for vaccination.

A great contribution to the development of vaccination was made by the French chemist Louis Pasteur, who worked in bacteriology. He proposed a new method to weaken the infectious disease. This method paved the way for new vaccines. In 1885, Pasteur vaccinated against rabies the boy Joseph Meister, who was bitten by a rabid dog. The boy survived. This became a new round in the development of vaccination. Pasteur's main merit is that he developed the theory of infectious diseases. He defined the fight against disease at the level of “aggressive microorganism - patient.” Doctors could focus their efforts on fighting the microorganism.

In the 20th century, outstanding scientists developed and successfully used vaccinations against polio, hepatitis, diphtheria, measles, mumps, rubella, tuberculosis, and influenza.

Main dates of vaccination history:

  • 1769 - first immunization against smallpox, Dr. Jenner
  • 1885 - first immunization against rabies, Louis Pasteur
  • 1891 - first successful serotherapy for diphtheria, Emil von Behring
  • 1913 - first prophylactic vaccine against diphtheria, Emil von Behring
  • 1921 - first vaccination against tuberculosis
  • 1936 - first vaccination against tetanus
  • 1936 - first flu vaccination
  • 1939 - first vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis
  • 1953 - first trials of inactivated polio vaccine
  • 1956 - live polio vaccine (oral vaccination)
  • 1980 - WHO statement on the complete elimination of human smallpox
  • 1984 – First publicly available vaccine to prevent chickenpox
  • 1986 - the first publicly available genetically engineered vaccine against hepatitis B
  • 1987 - first conjugate vaccine against Hib
  • 1992 – the first vaccine to prevent hepatitis A
  • 1994 - the first combined acellular pertussis vaccine for the prevention of whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus
  • 1996 – the first vaccine to prevent hepatitis A and B
  • 1998 - the first combined acellular pertussis vaccine for the prevention of whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus and polio
  • 1999 - development of a new conjugate vaccine against meningococcal C infection
  • 2000 - first conjugate vaccine to prevent pneumonia

Immunity and vaccination

Immunity is the body’s ability to protect itself from what is “foreign” to it. And “foreign” are various microorganisms, poisons, and malignant cells that form in the body itself. The main task of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between foreign agents. They can be very persistent or hidden. Immunity and vaccinations can resist them.

This happens thanks to the cells of the body. Each cell has its own individual genetic information. This information is recorded in DNA. The body constantly analyzes this information: if it matches, it means “ours,” if it doesn’t match, it means “alien.” All “foreign” organisms are called antigens .

The immune system tries to neutralize antigens using special cells called antibodies. This mechanism of the immune system is called specific immunity. Specific immunity can be innate—at birth, the child receives a certain set of antibodies from the mother—and acquired—the immune system produces antibodies in response to the penetration of antigens.

The basis for the formation of specific immunity and protection of the body from whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, polio, tetanus, and hemophilus influenzae infection is vaccination (inoculation). The basic principle of vaccination is the introduction of a disease pathogen into the body. In response to this, the immune system produces antibodies. These antibodies further protect the body from infections against which the vaccination was carried out. Therefore, vaccination is an important and necessary measure to protect the child’s body from serious diseases.

Vaccinations are carried out at a certain time. The vaccination calendar takes into account the child’s age, the interval between vaccinations, and provides a list of contraindications. Each vaccination has its own scheme and route of administration.

The body reacts differently to vaccination

In some cases, double vaccination is sufficient to form long-term immunity (measles, rubella, mumps). In other cases, the vaccine is administered repeatedly. For example, vaccination against diphtheria is carried out three times at intervals of a month (3, 4, 5 months), and then 1.5 years at 6 and 18 years. This vaccination regimen is necessary in order to maintain the required level of antibodies.

Sequence of vaccination technique

Before vaccination, the doctor:

The nurse in the treatment room when conducting vaccinations:

  1. Carefully records data on vaccination in the immunization card and the patient’s medical record: date, number, vaccine series, manufacturer, route of administration
  2. Rechecks doctor's orders
  3. Carefully checks the expiration date of the drug and the labeling of the vaccine
  4. Wash hands thoroughly
  5. Carefully draws the vaccine into the syringe
  6. Carefully treats baby's skin
  7. Carefully administers the vaccine

4 ways to administer the vaccine

    Intramuscular injections

    The preferred sites for intramuscular injection of vaccines are the anterior outer mid thigh and deltoid muscle of the arm.

    For children over one year old, if they have sufficient muscle mass, the deltoid muscle can be used to administer the vaccine

    Intradermal injections

    Typically, intradermal injections are made into the outer surface of the shoulder. Due to the small amount of antigen used in IV vaccination, care must be taken not to administer the vaccine subcutaneously, as such administration may result in a weak immunological reaction.

    Subcutaneous administration

    Vaccines are administered subcutaneously into the thigh of newborns or into the deltoid area of ​​older children and adults. In addition, the subscapular region is used.

    Oral administration of vaccines

    Infants sometimes cannot swallow oral medications (OPVs). If the vaccine is spilled, spat out, or the child vomits soon after administration (after 5-10 minutes), then another dose of the vaccine should be given. If this dose is also not absorbed, then you should no longer repeat it, but postpone the vaccination to another time.

In Russia. Our article is devoted to the history of vaccination against this dangerous disease.

A few words about smallpox

According to scientists, this highly contagious infection appeared on our planet between 66-14 millennia BC. However, according to the results of recent scientific research, humanity began to suffer from smallpox only about 2000 years ago, contracted from camels.

In typical cases, the disease was accompanied by fever, general intoxication, as well as the appearance of peculiar rashes on the mucous membranes and skin, which successively passed through the stages of spots, blisters, pustules, crusts and scars.

Anyone can become infected with smallpox unless they have immunity from vaccination or a previous illness. The disease is transmitted by airborne droplets, making it extremely difficult to protect against. At the same time, infection is possible through direct contact with the affected skin of a patient or any infected objects. The patient poses a danger to others throughout the entire illness. Even the corpses of those who died from smallpox remain infectious for a long time.

Fortunately, in 1980, the WHO declared complete victory over this disease, so vaccinations are not currently carried out.

Story

The first large-scale smallpox epidemic was recorded in China back in the 4th century. Four centuries later, the disease claimed the lives of almost a third of the population of the Japanese islands. Around the same period, smallpox struck Byzantium, where it arrived from Africa during the reign of Emperor Justinian.

In the 8th century, outbreaks of the disease were recorded in Syria, Palestine and Persia, Sicily, Italy, Spain and France.

By the 15th century, smallpox had become commonplace in Europe. One of the famous doctors of that time wrote that everyone should get sick from it. After Columbus's voyages, smallpox spread to the American continent, where it claimed hundreds of thousands of lives. By the beginning of the 18th century, when Europe began to accurately record the causes of death among the population, it turned out that the number of deaths from this disease in Prussia reached about 40,000, and in Germany - 70,000 deaths per year. In general, in the Old World, up to one and a half million adults and children died annually from smallpox. In Asia and other continents, things were even worse.

Smallpox in Russia

There are no written references to this disease in our country until the middle of the 17th century. However, this does not mean that it did not exist. This is evidenced by a dozen names of ancient noble families, such as the Ryabovs, Ryabtsevs or Shchedrins.

By the middle of the 18th century, smallpox had already penetrated all Russian regions, right up to Kamchatka. The disease affected all layers of Russian society, sparing no one. In particular, in 1730, 14-year-old Emperor Peter II died from smallpox infection. Peter the Third also suffered from it, and until his tragic death he suffered from the consciousness of his deformity, which was a consequence of smallpox.

Early methods of fighting

From the moment when smallpox epidemics began to break out here and there, attempts were made to find a cure for it. Moreover, sorcerers were involved in the “treatment”, who fought the infection through spells and wearing red clothes designed to draw out the infection from the body.

The first more or less effective method of combating smallpox in the Old World was variolation. The essence of this method was to extract biological material from the pustules of convalescent patients and inoculate them into healthy people by pulling infected threads under the incised skin.

This method came to Europe in 1718 from Turkey, from where the wife of the British ambassador brought it to Europe. Although variolation did not provide a 100% guarantee, among those vaccinated, the percentage of people who became ill, as well as their mortality rate, decreased significantly. The fear of smallpox was so great that after some time members of the family of the British monarch George the First ordered such vaccinations.

The beginning of the fight against the disease in our country

The first smallpox vaccination in Russia was made in 1768. English doctor Thomas Dimmesdale was invited to organize mass variolation in St. Petersburg. So that the population would not resist, Catherine the Second herself decided to set an example. The Empress went to Tsarskoe Selo, where she secretly received the first variolation-type smallpox vaccination in Russia. The biomaterial was taken from a peasant boy, Sasha Markov, who was subsequently granted nobility and the surname Markov-Ospenny.

After the procedure, Catherine was treated for a week, during which she ate almost nothing and suffered from fever and headache. When the empress recovered, the heir Pavel Petrovich was vaccinated, as well as his wife. The English doctor Thomas Dimmesdale received a baronial title as a reward for his labors, as well as the title of physician and a lifelong pension. A few years later, the grandchildren of Catherine II were vaccinated.

Further history

The first smallpox vaccination in Russia, administered to the empress, made variolation fashionable, and many aristocrats followed the example of their monarch. It is known that over the next 2-3 months about 140 courtiers were inoculated. The matter reached the point of absurdity, since even those who had already suffered from this disease and had acquired immunity from it expressed a desire to be vaccinated.

By the way, the Empress was very proud that it was she who received the first smallpox vaccination in Russia and wrote about the effect that her act had on her friends and relatives abroad.

Mass vaccination

The Empress did not intend to stop there. Soon she ordered that all students of the cadet corps, and then soldiers and officers in the units of the imperial army, be vaccinated. Of course, the method was imperfect and deaths were recorded, but variolation, without a doubt, contributed to a decrease in the number of victims from smallpox among the Russian population.

Vaccination using the Jenner method

By the beginning of the 19th century, variolation was replaced by another, more advanced method of preventing the disease, the Latin name of which is Variola vera.

The first vaccination against smallpox in Russia, using the method of the English doctor Jenner, was made in 1801. It was conducted by Professor E. Mukhin, who vaccinated Anton Petrov from the Moscow Orphanage. For this, the child was given the surname Vaccinov and given a pension. Since then, vaccinations have become widespread. The government made sure that as many children as possible were not left without vaccination. In 1815, lists of unvaccinated boys and girls were even compiled. However, until 1919, smallpox vaccination was not mandatory. Only after the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, vaccinations began to be given to absolutely all children. As a result, the number of patients dropped from 186,000 to 25,000 by 1925.

Moscow epidemic

Today it’s hard to believe, but 300 years after the first smallpox vaccination was made in Russia (you already know who knows), an outbreak of this terrible disease occurred in the capital of the USSR. It was brought from India by an artist who was present at the ritual burning of a deceased barmin. Upon his return, the man infected seven of his relatives, and nine of the staff and three patients of the hospital, where he was taken due to an illness, the cause of which the emergency doctor could not diagnose. The artist himself died, and the epidemic affected more than 20 people. As a result, out of 46 people infected, three died, and the entire population of the capital was vaccinated.

Worldwide Smallpox Eradication Program

If the first vaccination against smallpox in Russia was carried out back in the 18th century, in many countries of Asia and Africa the population was not vaccinated even by the middle of the 20th century.

In 1958, Deputy Minister of Health of the Soviet Union V. Zhdanov presented at the 11th session of the World Health Assembly a program to eradicate smallpox from the planet. The USSR initiative was supported by the summit participants, who adopted a corresponding resolution. Later, in 1963, WHO decided to intensify mass vaccination of humanity. As a result, no cases of smallpox have been reported since 1977. This allowed 3 years later to declare complete victory over smallpox. In this regard, a decision was made to stop vaccination. Thus, everyone who was born on our planet after 1979 is currently defenseless against smallpox.

Now you know the answer to the question of when the first smallpox vaccination was made in Russia. You also know who first came up with the idea of ​​mass vaccination. We can only hope that this dangerous disease has truly been defeated and will never threaten humanity again.

Attempts to prevent infectious diseases, in many ways reminiscent of the methodology that was adopted in the 18th century, were made in ancient times. In China, vaccination against smallpox has been known since the 11th century. BC e., and it was carried out by inserting a piece of cloth soaked with the contents of smallpox pustules into the nose of a healthy child. Sometimes dry smallpox crusts were also used. One of the Indian texts of the 5th century spoke of a way to combat smallpox: “Using a surgical knife, take smallpox matter either from the udder of a cow or from the hand of an already infected person, between the elbow and shoulder, make a puncture on the other person’s hand until it bleeds, and when pus will enter the body with blood, a fever will appear.”

There were folk ways to combat smallpox in Russia. Since ancient times, in the Kazan province, smallpox scabs were ground into powder, inhaled, and then steamed in a bathhouse. This helped some, and the illness was mild; for others, it all ended very sadly.

It was not possible to defeat smallpox for a long time, and it reaped a rich, mournful harvest in the Old World, and then in the New. Smallpox claimed millions of lives throughout Europe. Representatives of the reigning houses - Louis XV, Peter II - also suffered from it. And there was no effective way to combat this scourge.

An effective way to combat smallpox was inoculation (artificial infection). In the 18th century it became “fashionable” in Europe. Entire armies, as was the case with George Washington's troops, were subjected to mass inoculation. The first persons of the states demonstrated the effectiveness of this method. In France, in 1774, the year Louis XV died of smallpox, his son Louis XVI was inoculated.

Shortly before this, under the impression of previous smallpox epidemics, Empress Catherine II sought the services of an experienced British inoculator, Thomas Dimmesdale. On October 12, 1768, he inoculated the empress and heir to the throne, the future Emperor Paul I. Dimmesdale's inoculation was not the first done in the capital of the empire. Before him, the Scottish doctor Rogerson vaccinated the children of the British consul against smallpox, but this event did not receive any resonance, since it did not receive the attention of the empress. In the case of Dimmesdale, we were talking about the beginning of mass smallpox vaccination in Russia. In memory of this significant event, a silver medal was stamped with the image of Catherine the Great, the inscription “She set an example” and the date of the significant event. The doctor himself, in gratitude from the empress, received the title of hereditary baron, the title of life physician, the rank of full state councilor and a lifelong annual pension.

After a successfully completed exemplary grafting in St. Petersburg, Dimmesdale returned to his homeland, and in St. Petersburg the work he had begun was continued by his compatriot Thomas Goliday (Holiday). He became the first doctor of the Smallpox (Vaccination) House, where those who wished were vaccinated for free and were given a silver ruble with a portrait of the Empress as a reward. Goliday lived in St. Petersburg for a long time, became rich, bought a house on the English Embankment and received a plot of land on one of the islands of the Neva delta, which, according to legend, was named after him, converted into a more understandable Russian word “Goloday” (now Dekabristov Island).

But long-term and complete protection against smallpox was still not created. Only thanks to the English doctor Edward Jenner and the vaccination method he discovered, smallpox was defeated. Thanks to his powers of observation, Jenner spent several decades collecting information about the incidence of cowpox among milkmaids. An English doctor came to the conclusion that the contents of young immature cowpox pustules, which he called the word “vaccine,” prevent smallpox if it comes into contact with thrush, that is, during inoculation. This led to the conclusion that artificial infection with cowpox was a harmless and humane way to prevent smallpox. In 1796, Jenner conducted a human experiment by vaccinating an eight-year-old boy, James Phipps. Jenner subsequently discovered a way to preserve graft material by drying the contents of smallpox pustules and storing it in glass containers, which made it possible to transport the dry material to various regions.

The first vaccination against smallpox in Russia using his method was done in 1801 by Professor Efrem Osipovich Mukhin to the boy Anton Petrov, who, with the light hand of Empress Maria Feodorovna, received the surname Vaktsinov.

The vaccination process of that time was significantly different from modern smallpox vaccination. The vaccination material was the contents of the pustules of vaccinated children, a “humanized” vaccine, as a result of which there was a high risk of side infection with erysipelas, syphilis, etc. As a result, A. Negri proposed in 1852 to receive an anti-smallpox vaccine from vaccinated calves.

At the end of the 19th century, advances in experimental immunology made it possible to study the processes that occur in the body after vaccination. The outstanding French scientist, chemist and microbiologist, founder of scientific microbiology and immunology, Louis Pasteur, concluded that the vaccination method can be applied to the treatment of other infectious diseases.

Using the chicken cholera model, Pasteur was the first to draw an experimentally substantiated conclusion: “a new disease protects against subsequent ones.” He defined the absence of recurrence of an infectious disease after vaccination as “immunity.” In 1881 he discovered a vaccine against anthrax. Subsequently, an anti-rabies vaccine was developed, which made it possible to fight rabies. In 1885, Pasteur organized the world's first anti-rabies station in Paris. The second anti-rabies station was created in Russia by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, and began to appear throughout Russia. In 1888, in Paris, with funds raised through international subscription, a special institute for the fight against rabies and other infectious diseases was created, which subsequently received the name of its founder and first director. Thus, Pasteur’s discoveries laid the scientific foundations for the fight against infectious diseases by vaccination.

Discoveries by I.I. Mechnikov and P. Ehrlich made it possible to study the essence of the body’s individual immunity to infectious diseases. Through the efforts of these scientists, a coherent doctrine of immunity was created, and its authors I.I. Mechnikov and P. Erlich were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1908 (1908).

Thus, scientists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were able to study the nature of dangerous diseases and propose effective ways to prevent them. The fight against smallpox turned out to be the most successful, as the organizational foundations for combating this disease were laid. The smallpox eradication program was proposed in 1958 by the USSR delegation at the XI Assembly of the World Health Organization and was successfully implemented in the late 1970s. joint efforts of all countries of the world. As a result, smallpox was defeated. All this has made it possible to significantly reduce mortality in the world, especially among children, and increase life expectancy.



1712 First record of smallpox vaccinations in France.

1717 After returning from Turkey, where experiments with inoculation were being actively carried out at that time, Lady Mary Montagu began the practice of inoculation against smallpox in England.

1721 In the United States of America, a priest named Cotton Mather is trying to introduce a crude form of smallpox vaccination - applying pus from the rashes of patients to scratches on healthy people. About 220 people underwent this procedure during the first six months of the experiment. Only six had no obvious reaction. Mather came under severe criticism for his recommendation of this method (Boston, Massachusetts).

1722 In Wales, Dr. Wright speaks of smallpox vaccination in the British Isles as an "ancient method." The 99-year-old Welshman claimed that inoculation had been known and used throughout his life, and his mother said that it was a common practice with her, and that she herself contracted smallpox through such “inoculation.”

1884 In England, more than 17,00 children vaccinated against smallpox die from syphilis.

1884 Dr. Sobatta, a German army doctor, reports the results of smallpox vaccination to the German Vaccination Commission, which subsequently publishes data proving that revaccination does not work. Vaccination deaths are usually hidden by doctors.

1886 Japan begins a seven-year period during which 25,474,370 vaccinations and revaccinations were carried out, covering 66% of the total Japanese population. During this period, there were 165,774 cases of smallpox with 28,979 deaths (see 1955).

1885 A mass rabies vaccination program begins in the United States.

1887 In England, Dr. Edgar M. Cruickshank, professor of pathology and bacteriology at King's College, is investigating an outbreak of smallpox in Wiltshire at the request of the British government. The results of his work were summarized in two volumes of The History and Pathology of Vaccination, in which he argues that “the credit attributed to vaccination must go to the improvement of sanitation.”

1888 The Institute of Bacteriology opens in Paris for experiments on animals and the production of vaccines and serums. Following his example, institutes are opening all over the world.

1888 The Bacteriological Institute in Odessa is trying its hand at creating a vaccine against anthrax. More than 4,500 sheep were vaccinated, 3,700 of them died from vaccination.

1889 In England, a Royal Commission is appointed to examine certain aspects of vaccination. The commission will meet for 7 years and publish six reports, the final one in 1896. It would result in the Vaccination Act of 1898.

1895 A diphtheria vaccination program begins. Between 1895 and 1907, 63,249 cases of diphtheria were treated with antitoxin. More than 8,900 people died (mortality rate 14%). During the same time, out of 11,716 patients in whose treatment antitoxin was not used, 703 people died (mortality rate 6%).

1898 The Vaccination Act has been passed in England. Elections were held for the boards of trustees that administer vaccination laws. By 1898, more than 600 councils in England had pledged not to impose the law. The 1898 law for the first time contained a paragraph on “reasons of conscience,” although not a single statement of this kind was approved by officials.

1943 A universal influenza immunization program begins in the United States.

1943 The polio epidemic in the United States kills 1,200 children and maims many more.

1943 After the Nazis impose vaccinations in occupied France, the number of diphtheria cases rises to 47,000. In neighboring Norway, which refused vaccinations, 50 cases of diphtheria were reported.

1947 In a Brooklyn hospital, Matthew Brody gives a detailed description of two cases of brain damage that led to the death of children vaccinated against whooping cough.

1947 The British Medical Research Council begins testing 50,000 children vaccinated against whooping cough. All children tested were over 14 months of age (not newborns). Eight experienced seizures within 72 hours of vaccination, and 34 experienced seizures within 28 days of vaccination. British doctors deny a link between the vaccine and seizures, saying the test was successful, and are starting to vaccinate all children in Britain. Although no testing has been done on children under 14 months of age (newborns and infants), the United States of America is conducting studies that show the vaccine is safe in infants 6 weeks of age and older. Tests continue until 1957.

1948 Randolph C. Byers and Frederick C. Moll of Harvard University School of Medicine publish a paper describing children who suffered brain damage from pertussis vaccination. The findings, published in the journal Pediatrics, were the first evidence that the vaccine causes serious neurological complications in children. Researchers at Boston Children's Hospital studied 15 children who had a severe reaction to the vaccine over the next 72 hours. All children were normal before the injection and none had previously had seizures. One child, after vaccination, became blind, deaf and helpless due to spastic paralysis. Of the 15 children, two died and nine had nervous system damage. Doctors were unhappy with this information and did nothing to stop the use of DPT.

1948 In England, studies were conducted on three groups of schoolchildren with bone defects. Two groups were from areas where the water contained virtually no fluoride. The third group was from Lawnton, where natural springs contained 1 mg of fluoride per liter of water (this amount was considered "safe" by the US Department of Health). X-rays showed that 20% of cases from the first two groups had mild nonspecific curvatures of the spine. In the third group, which drank fluoride water, 64% had spinal defects and the injuries were more severe.

1974 An article by Kulenkampf, Schwarzman and Wilson was published in Britain on a retrospective analysis of 36 cases of neurological diseases at the Hospital for Sick Children in London from 1961 to 1972. All cases were suspected to be associated with DPT vaccination. 4 fully recovered, 2 died and 30 were left with mental retardation or seizures.

1974 British researcher George Dick found that 80 cases of severe neurological complications from the pertussis vaccine occur each year. Over 33% of these children die, and the other 33% are left with brain damage. Dick says he's not sure the public benefits of vaccines outweigh the harm they cause.

1975 Japan is stopping use of the pertussis vaccine after reports of vaccine-related deaths go public.

1976 A letter from the British Association of Parents of Vaccine-Injured Children, published in the British Medical Journal in February 1976, said: “Two years ago we began to receive detailed information from parents about the serious consequences of various vaccinations affecting their children. In 65 % of cases of reaction followed the trivaccine. To date, there are 182 children in this group, all of them suffer from severe brain damage, some are paralyzed, five have died in the last year and a half. Approximately 60% of reactions (generalized convulsions, shock, screams) appear in the first. 3 days, and all within 12 days after vaccination."

1977 Jonas and Darrell Salk warn that live virus vaccines cause the same disease.

1981 Formaldehyde is a common component of vaccines. At OSHA headquarters, the director of the Office of Carcinogen Identification, Dr. Peter Infant, noted that the Formaldehyde Update (CIB) is "an important documentation of the cancer-causing potential of formaldehyde." The top management of the Directorate was confused by the revealed truth and tried to get rid of the Infant. On July 27, he wrote to Dr. John Higginson, chief of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), about his disagreement with the IARC's decision to remain silent about the carcinogenic nature of the substance.

1981 Britain is conducting a national study of childhood encephalopathy and is finding a pattern of association between pertussis vaccination and serious neurological disease occurring within 7 days of vaccination. In the US, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) limits the collection of statistical data to 48 hours after vaccination in order to mask information about the dangers of vaccinations and eliminate data on deaths and disorders that occur after this period.

1981 The New England Journal of Medicine published a November 26, 1981 study showing that the tetanus vaccine causes T-cell levels to fall below normal, with a significant decline two weeks after vaccination. The same changes in the level of T-lymphocytes are observed in victims of AIDS.

1982 The 34th Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology reports a study to be published later in the journal Neurology showing that of 103 infants who died from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 66% had received DPT before death. ). Of these, 6.5% died within 12 hours of injection, 13% within 24 hours, 26% within 3 days, 37% within the first week, 61% within two weeks, and 70% within within three weeks. It has also been found that SIDS peaks twice at 2 and 4 months of age, which is when infants are vaccinated with DPT. The study was conducted at the University School of Medicine in Reno, Nevada, by Dr. William Torch. (Note: Japan later passed a law prohibiting vaccination of children under two years of age. The result was that there were no more cases of SIDS in Japan.)

1983 Bellman, Ross, and Miller publish a study of 269 cases of infantile seizures, echoing the establishment position that "DPT vaccines do not cause infantile seizures but may initiate their onset in those children who were 'intended' to have seizures."

1984 The UK Epidemiology Research Laboratory publishes a study on the pertussis vaccine, which states: "Since the number of whooping cough vaccinations decreased, the number of people admitted to hospital and deaths from whooping cough unexpectedly fell."

1985 Assistant Secretary of Health Edward Brandt Jr., MD, testified before a US Senate committee: "Any year, 35,000 children experience neurological complications caused by the DPT vaccine." On May 3, 1985, the book "DPT: A Shot in the Dark" by H. Coulter and B. Fisher was published about the DPT vaccine, revealing a conspiracy between government organizations, the medical establishment and the pharmaceutical industry.

1986 1,300 cases of whooping cough in Kansas. More than 1,100 sick people were vaccinated.

1988 Two scientific studies have found that the rubella vaccine, introduced in 1979, causes chronic fatigue syndrome, an immune disorder discovered in 1982.

1988 Robert S. Mendelson, MD, publishes a piece in which he mentions Dr. John Seale of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, who believes that “any and all of the influenza vaccines have the potential to cause Guillain-Barré syndrome.”

1988 In the United States, a new “conjugate” vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) has been approved for use in children 18 months and older.

1988 The study reveals that 25% of people vaccinated against rubella do not show immunity over five years. In Wyoming, 73% of illnesses occurred in vaccinated children.

1988 The Washington Post states that all polio cases since 1979 have been caused by the vaccine.

1990 The US Department of Health's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the American Academy of Pediatrics have considered high-pitched screaming following pertussis vaccination to be an absolute contraindication to further pertussis vaccination.

1990 Pediatric neurologist Dr. John G. Menkes, retired professor emeritus at the University of California, Los Angeles, reports on 46 children who had neurological adverse reactions within 72 hours of receiving DPT vaccine. Over 87% had seizures, two died, most survivors became mentally retarded, and 72% suffered from epilepsy.

1991 Operation Desert Storm. American troops are being vaccinated with experimental vaccines against bacteriological pathogens. Over the next months, thousands of soldiers develop cancer caused by the virus. A disease called Gulf War Syndrome develops. The government denies responsibility. More than 8,000 soldiers were vaccinated against botulism, more than 15,0000 were vaccinated against anthrax, and all 50,0000 received pyridostigmine, an experimental organic nerve agent. All medications used were experimental.

1991 The US Department of Health's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) is making new recommendations that eliminate most contraindications to pertussis vaccine. In fact, this was the result of denial of recognition and careful concealment of most reactions on the basis that “there is no evidence of brain damage from the vaccine.” The position is based on several vaccine manufacturer-funded studies conducted in the late 1980s by vaccine policymakers such as Dr. James Cherry and Dr. Edward Mortimer. These men sat on the ACIP and were also paid consultants to the American pertussis vaccine manufacturers, resulting in biased and flawed studies that purported to prove that there was "no connection or effect" between the pertussis vaccine and permanent brain damage. The U.S. vaccine policy makers are the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and the American Academy of Pediatrics. All this despite decades of experience leading to the opposite conclusions. (Note: this policy was based on criminal negligence, extortion and conspiracy.)

1991 The Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) “conjugate” vaccine, introduced in 1988, is approved for use in infants as young as two months. It becomes mandatory in 44 US states.

1991 The CDC is beginning the process of making hepatitis B vaccination mandatory for all infants. Many children receive multiple vaccinations from birth.

1991 Second Immunization Conference in Canberra (Australia). Dr. Viera Scheibnerova speaks on how "vaccination is the single most common and most preventable cause of infant death."

1991 The US Department of Health recommends the first DPT vaccine at two months of age, followed by boosters at 4, 6 and 18 months, and between 4 and 6 years of age. At the same time, Europe, Sweden and some other countries usually "wait" for the child to reach 6 months, "since the formation of antibodies is better in children whose immune systems are more developed."

1992 From 1988 to 1992 More than $249 million has been paid out in connection with hundreds of deaths and injuries caused by mandatory vaccinations. Thousands of cases are still pending. Permanent damage from vaccines includes, but is not limited to, learning disabilities, epilepsy, mental retardation, and paralysis. Many decisions regarding payments for pertussis vaccine-related deaths initially misclassified the event as Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).

1993 More than 25% of all measles cases occur in children under one year of age. The CDC attributes this to the growing number of mothers vaccinated between 1960 and 1980. When natural immunity is replaced by vaccination, immunity to measles cannot be passed on to infants.

1993 Whooping cough epidemic in Massachusetts. 218 schoolchildren fell ill, 96% of whom were vaccinated against whooping cough.