Other

A biopsy is a method of confirming any form of cancer. Core biopsy of the breast Treatment methods for the cervix

What is histological examination?

Histological examination– this is a morphological study of tissues and organs of a sick person, including a biopsy and examination of surgical material. Biopsy– this is a morphological study of pieces of tissue taken from the patient for diagnostic purposes. Study of surgical material is a morphological study of tissues and organs removed from a patient during a surgical operation performed for medicinal purposes. Histological or pathological examination is the most important in the diagnosis of malignant tumors, one of the methods for assessing drug treatment.

What types of biopsies are there?

Biopsies can be external or internal. External biopsies- these are biopsies in which material is taken directly under “eye control”. For example, biopsies of skin and visible mucous membranes. Internal biopsies- these are biopsies in which pieces of tissue for examination are obtained using special methods. Thus, a piece of tissue taken by puncture using a special needle is called needle biopsy taken by aspiration of a piece of tissue is called aspiration biopsies, by trephination of bone tissue - trepanation. Biopsies obtained by excision of a piece by dissecting superficial tissues are called incisional, “open” biopsies. For morphological diagnosis they are also used targeted biopsies, in which tissue is collected under visual control using special optics or under ultrasound control.

Material for biopsy should be taken at the border with unchanged tissue and, if possible, with the underlying tissue. This primarily applies to external biopsies. Do not take pieces for biopsy from areas of necrosis or hemorrhage.

After collection, the biopsy and surgical material must be immediately delivered to the laboratory; if delivery is delayed, it must be immediately recorded. The main fixative is a 10-12% formaldehyde solution or 70% ethyl alcohol, and the volume of the fixative liquid should be at least 20-30 times the volume of the object being fixed. When sending material for pathomorphological examination, most often tumor tissue, lymph nodes, before fixation, it is necessary to make a smear for cytological examination.

Depending on the timing of the response, biopsies may be urgent (“express” or “cyto” biopsy), the answer to which is given in 20-25 minutes and planned, the answer to which is given in 5-10 days. Urgent biopsies are performed during surgery in order to resolve the issue of the nature and extent of surgery.

The pathologist, conducting the examination, makes a macroscopic description of the delivered material (size, color, consistency, characteristic changes, etc.), cuts out pieces for histological examination, indicating which histological techniques should be used. Examining the prepared histological preparations, the doctor describes the microscopic changes and conducts a clinical and anatomical analysis of the detected changes, as a result of which he makes a conclusion.

Biopsy results

The conclusion may contain an indicative or final diagnosis, in some cases only a “descriptive” answer. Approximate answer allows you to determine the range of diseases for differential diagnosis. Final diagnosis pathologist is the basis for formulating a clinical diagnosis. "Descriptive" answer, which may occur when there is insufficient material or clinical information, sometimes allows us to make an assumption about the nature of the pathological process. In some cases, when the sent material turns out to be scanty, insufficient for a conclusion, and the pathological process may not have been included in the piece being examined, the pathologist’s conclusion may be "false negative". In cases where the necessary clinical and laboratory information about the patient is missing or is ignored, the pathologist’s answer may be "false positive". In order to avoid “false negative” and “false positive” conclusions, it is necessary, together with a clinician, to conduct a thorough clinical and anatomical analysis of the detected changes with a discussion of the results of the clinical and morphological examination of the patient.

Cost of a biopsy in our medical center

Study title	Clinical material	Expiration date	Price
HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES
Biopsy of 1st category of complexity without additional research methods	surgical material: anal fissure; hernia sac with a non-strangulated hernia; gallbladder with non-destructive forms of cholecystitis or trauma; wall of the wound canal; tissue of the fistula tract and granulation; ovaries without a tumor process in breast cancer.	10 w.d.	1900.00 rub.
Biopsy of 2nd category of complexity without additional research methods	surgical material: allergic polyp of the paranasal sinuses; vessel aneurysm; varicose veins; inflammatory changes in the uterine appendages; hemorrhoids; ovarian cysts - follicular, corpus luteum, endometrioid; fallopian tube during tubal pregnancy; sclerocystic ovaries; scrapings during uterine pregnancy with artificial and spontaneous abortions; endometriosis internal and external; fragments of blood vessels after plastic surgery; tonsils (for tonsillitis), adenoids; epulids.	10 w.d.	1900.00 rub.
Biopsy of 3rd category of complexity without additional research methods	surgical material: prostate adenoma (without dysplasia); benign tumors of different localization of clear histogenesis; malignant tumors of different localization of clear histogenesis with invasion and metastasis into the lymph nodes; placenta; polyps of the cervical canal, uterine cavity (without dysplasia); serous or mucinous ovarian cyst; fibroadenoma of the mammary gland and fibrocystic mastopathy (without dysplasia)	10 w.d.	1900.00 rub.

	biopsies of the esophagus, stomach, intestines, bronchus, larynx, trachea, oral cavity, tongue, nasopharynx, urinary tract, cervix, vagina.	10 w.d.	2000.00 rub.
Biopsy of 4th category of complexity without additional research methods	surgical material: borderline or malignant tumors of the lungs, stomach, uterus and other organs that require clarification of histogenesis or the degree of dysplasia, invasion, stage of tumor progression; when the tumor grows into surrounding tissues and organs.	10 w.d.	2000.00 rub.
Biopsy of 4th category of complexity without additional research methods	surgical material of the cervix for dysplasia and cancer.	10 w.d.	2000.00 rub.
Biopsy of 4th category of complexity without additional research methods	scrapings of the cervical canal, uterine cavity for dysfunction, inflammation, tumors.	10 w.d.	2000.00 rub.
	immunopathological processes: vasculitis, rheumatic, autoimmune diseases	10 w.d.	2990.00 rub.
Biopsy of 5th category of complexity without additional research methods	tumors and tumor-like lesions of the skin, bones, eyes, soft tissue, mesothelial, neuro-ectodermal, meningovascular, endocrine and neuro-endocrine (APUD-system) tumors.	10 w.d.	2990.00 rub.
Biopsy of 5th category of complexity without additional research methods	tumors and tumor-like lesions of hematopoietic and lymphatic tissue: organs, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, bone marrow.	10 w.d.	RUB 2870.00
Biopsy of 5th category of complexity without additional research methods	puncture biopsy of various organs and tissues: mammary gland, prostate gland, liver, etc.	10 w.d.	1420.00 rub.
Additional research methods
Detection of Helicobacter pylori (Gram stain)		10 w.d.	2540.00 rub.
Additional production of microslides		10 w.d.	2540.00 rub.
Restoration of delivered finished drugs		10 w.d.	2540.00 rub.
Photo registration (1 photo)		10 w.d.	1890.00 rub.
Advisory review of finished microscopic slides		10 w.d.	2540.00 rub.

r.d.- working day

A biopsy is a diagnostic procedure in which a piece of tissue or organ is removed for subsequent microscopic examination. .

If cancer is suspected, a biopsy is required. since without it the diagnosis is not considered definitively established.

A biopsy is also performed for some non-oncological processes. For example, with autoimmune thyroiditis, some types of hepatitis, Crohn's disease, etc.

In this situation, it is an additional research method and is carried out when data from non-invasive diagnostic methods (CT, MRI, ultrasound, etc.) are not enough to make a diagnosis

Types of biopsy

Depending on the method of collecting material, there are the following types of biopsy:

excisional – excision of the entire tumor or organ;
incisional – excision of part of a tumor or organ;
puncture – percutaneous sampling of a tissue fragment with a hollow needle.
washes and smears.

Excisional and incisional biopsy

These types of biopsies are quite painful, so they are performed under anesthesia or local anesthesia in an operating room (the exception is a biopsy under endoscope guidance), and they require suturing. Excisional biopsy often performed not only for diagnostic purposes, but also for treatment purposes, incisional- for diagnostic purposes only. Sometimes during surgery for cancer it is necessary to urgently perform an incisional biopsy to clarify the scope of the operation.

The best clinics in Israel for cancer treatment

Needle biopsy

A minimally invasive method is a puncture biopsy. Its principle is that a hollow needle is inserted into the pathological formation or organ that needs to be examined. Pieces of tissue through which the needle passed get into it. After the needle is removed, these areas are sent for examination. If you need to examine an organ that is located deeply (that is, it cannot be seen and “palpated”), then the puncture is done under ultrasound or X-ray control.

For greater accuracy and to reduce trauma, a biopsy can be done under the control of ultrasound, endoscope, or x-ray.

In practice, two types of puncture biopsy are used:

fine-needle (aspiration, classic);
thick needle (cutting, trephine biopsy).

The advantage of a puncture biopsy is that this procedure is minimally painful. It is done without general or local anesthesia.

Why is a core needle biopsy performed?

In some cases, a local anesthetic is injected into the skin puncture site. But this type of biopsy also has its disadvantages. Firstly, the needle may not penetrate the pathological formation. Secondly, the material remaining in the needle cavity may not be sufficient for examination.

These factors significantly reduce the reliability of the method. The doctor’s experience and the quality of the equipment under whose control the manipulation is performed can compensate for the first drawback. To compensate for the second, modified techniques are used, in particular, core biopsy.

Core needle biopsies use threaded needles that are screwed into tissue like a screw. In this case, tissue areas that are much larger in volume remain in the needle cavity than with a fine-needle biopsy.

Biopsy guns make the procedure much easier for both the doctor and the patient.

This is the name of the devices that are used for fine-needle aspiration biopsy of various organs: pancreas, thyroid and prostate glands, liver, kidney, etc. A sterile needle is attached to the gun, consisting of a trephine (a tube with a very sharp edge) and a harpoon.

When fired, the trephine cuts tissue with great speed, and the harpoon fixes the tissue in the tube. As a result, a large column of material ends up in the needle cavity, which is sent for microscopic examination.

Taking swabs and swabs

In fact, taking smears and swabs is not a type of biopsy, but they, like biopsies, are used to determine the type of tissue and cells. Fingerprints are taken from accessible research objects. Thus, taking smears for atypical cells is widely used in gynecology for early diagnosis of cervical cancer.

To obtain swabs, the lumen of a hollow organ is washed with saline; for example, during bronchoscopy, swabs from the bronchi can be obtained. Fluid from a cyst (for example, breast cysts if breast cancer is suspected) or any body cavity, for example, pleural effusion, ascitic fluid, etc., can also be examined for malignant cells.

Study of the obtained material

Depending on the purpose of the biopsy and the amount of tissue obtained, the following is carried out:

histological examination of the material;
cytological examination of the material.

Histological examination examines tissue sections under a microscope..

To do this, pieces of tissue obtained from a biopsy are placed in a fixing liquid (formalin, ethanol, Bouin's fluid) to compact their structure, and then filled with paraffin. After hardening, they are cut into thin layers with a thickness of 3 micrometers using a microtome (a very sharp cutting tool). The sections are placed on a glass slide, paraffin is removed from them and stained with a special substance. After this, the drug is sent for microscopic examination.

In a cytological study, it is not the tissue that is studied, but the cells.

This type of microscopic examination is considered less precise, but requires less material. In addition, the preparation of a cytological preparation does not require lengthy preparation and special equipment.

Leading Israeli oncologists

Cytological examination is usually carried out after aspiration biopsy, swabs and smears.. It is used to urgently solve diagnostic problems during surgery (establishing the nature of the tumor process, identifying tumor growth into surrounding tissues and metastases, the presence of tumor cells at the edges of the surgical incision, etc.), as well as when biopsy of a tissue area for histological examination is impossible or undesirable (for example, if melanoma is suspected).

Living cells are visible here - an experienced diagnostician quickly distinguishes leukemic (let's say) leukocytes and other atypical elements.

The significance of this method is great when it is necessary to analyze calcified and bone tissues, loose, crumbling masses and very small foci that are not suitable for histological examination.

When biopsy of tumors, it is most rational to carry out both histological and cytological examination of the biopsy material. But the results of histological examination are still decisive for establishing a diagnosis of cancer.

Reliability of biopsy results

The reliability of histological examination exceeds 90%. Its positive result serves as the basis for making a final diagnosis and prescribing a treatment regimen, including surgery for cancer.

If a tumor is suspected, a biopsy is best done in specialized government medical institutions, where experienced doctors and experienced pathologists work. This will significantly reduce the likelihood of a diagnostic error. If the result of the histological examination is negative, but the doctor has good reason to believe that the patient still has cancer, repeat biopsies are performed.

Cytological examination is a screening (intermediate) diagnostic method. Its results largely depend on the amount of material and its preservation, as well as on how precisely it is taken. If the result of a cytological examination is positive, then this serves as the basis for a more complex histological examination.

A negative result does not reject the suspected diagnosis of cancer.

Endometrial biopsy cannula No. 3 is used to obtain material from the uterine cavity and its subsequent morphological examination. Used together with

The cannula is made of flexible plastic; at the working end of the cannula there are two opposite holes.
Each cannula has marks indicating the location of the main opening. The first point is 2 cm from the tip of the cannula; subsequent ones - at a distance of 1 cm from each other, in total - 12 cm.
The cannula has a blue base, and to connect to it you must use an adapter (adapters are included with the MBA syringe).
Endometrial biopsy cannula No. 3 is intended for single use.

Advantages of vacuum endometrial biopsy.

Performed without prior dilation of the cervix (Oehler MK, MacKenzie I, Kehoe S, et al., 2003).
There is no need to use intravenous anesthesia, which can be replaced by paracervical anesthesia with 5 ml of 2% lidocaine (Seamark CJ., 1998).
Endometrial biopsy is a cost-effective and safe procedure that is well tolerated by patients.
Less risk of perforation than using a curette (Seamark CJ, 1998).
- portable, and cannula No. 3 is sterile and intended for individual use.
Detection of endometrial carcinoma using MVA or other endometrial biopsy devices has been shown in a meta-analysis to be 99.6% in postmenopausal women and 91% in premenopausal women (Hui SK, Lee L, Ong C, et al. , 2006).
In postmenopausal women, the combined use of biopsy samples and ultrasound has a high detection rate for endometrial carcinoma (Dijkhuizen FP, Mol BW, Brolmann HA, et al., 2000; Hill GA, Herbert CM, Parker RA, et al. ., 1989).
In identifying endometrial pathology, such as polyps and submucosal nodes of uterine fibroids, endometrial biopsy is less effective (Dijkhuizen FP, Mol BW, Brolmann HA, et al., 2000).
Vacuum endometrial biopsy is highly effective in diagnosing endometrial pathology in premenopausal patients with abnormal uterine bleeding (Van den Bosch T, Vandendael A, Van Schoubroeck D, et al., 1995).
After the end of the manipulation, the aspirated material is squeezed out of the syringe into the fixing solution and sent for examination.

Endometrial biopsy instead of RDV.

A mandatory method for diagnosing various pathological conditions of the endometrium is its morphological examination. Traditionally, obtaining endometrial samples for this purpose was performed using the method of separate diagnostic curettage of the uterine cavity (DUC). However, to perform RDV, the patient must be hospitalized, undergo intravenous anesthesia, and dilate the cervix up to 8 mm. All this increases the time from the appearance of the first signs of endometrial pathology (acyclic uterine bleeding) to obtaining results and increases costs. In addition, cervical dilatation and curettage, especially repeated ones, increase the risk of miscarriage and preterm pregnancy in women with reproductive plans.

The current state of diagnosis of endometrial pathology, in particular uterine cancer, cannot be considered satisfactory (Yu.Yu. Tabakman, 2010). The reason for this is explained by the long latent course of the disease, the long period from the clinical manifestation of the disease to diagnosis and treatment - on average 4.5 and 6 months, respectively. Yu.Yu. Tabakman emphasizes that RDV is a traumatic operation that does not meet the requirements of ablastics. At the same time, curettage of the mucous membrane of the cervical canal does not help to clarify the stage of uterine cancer and is considered an unnecessary procedure according to the conclusion of the Oncology Group of the International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (FIGO), which is reflected in the morphological classification of endometrial cancer of 1988, recognized and used throughout the world.

Therefore, at present, vacuum endometrial biopsy has replaced traditional RDV, which provides the same sensitivity in detecting endometrial diseases (Dimitraki M, Tsikouras P, Bouchlariotou S, et al., 2011).

Hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy are considered today as the “gold standard” for diagnosing intrauterine pathology, primarily to exclude precancerous lesions and endometrial cancer. The method is recommended for suspected endometrial pathology, the presence of risk factors for uterine cancer (obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome, diabetes, family history of colon cancer), and in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding after 40 years. Preference is given to office hysteroscopy and aspiration biopsy as less traumatic and more economical procedures (Chernukha G.E., Nemova Yu.I., 2013).

Hysteroscopy allows you to visualize the uterine cavity, and is indicated if targeted biopsy and removal of endometrial polyps, as well as resection of submucosal myomatous nodes are necessary.

Content

Existing laboratory research methods significantly facilitate diagnosis, allow the patient to promptly initiate intensive care, and speed up the recovery process. One of such informative diagnostics in a hospital setting is a biopsy, during which it is possible to determine the nature of pathogenic neoplasms - benign or malignant. Histological examination of biopsy material, as an invasive technique, is carried out by knowledgeable specialists solely for medical reasons.

What is a biopsy

Essentially, this is the collection of biological material for further examination under a microscope. The main goal of the invasive technique is to timely detect the presence of cancer cells. Therefore, biopsy is often used in the complex diagnosis of cancer. In modern medicine, it is possible to actually obtain a biopsy from almost any internal organ, while at the same time removing the source of pathology.

Due to its pain, such laboratory analysis is performed exclusively under local anesthesia; preparatory and rehabilitation measures are required. A biopsy is an excellent opportunity to promptly diagnose a malignant neoplasm at an early stage in order to increase the patient’s chances of maintaining the viability of the affected organism.

Why do they take it?

A biopsy is prescribed for the timely and rapid detection of cancer cells and the pathological process accompanying their presence. Among the main advantages of this invasive technique performed in a hospital setting, doctors highlight:

high accuracy in determining tissue cytology;
reliable diagnosis at an early stage of pathology;
determining the extent of the upcoming operation in cancer patients.

What is the difference between histology and biopsy

This diagnostic method studies cells and their potential mutation under the influence of provoking factors. A biopsy is a mandatory component of diagnosing cancer and is necessary to take a tissue sample. This procedure is performed under general anesthesia using special medical instruments.

Histology is considered an official science that studies the structure and development of tissues of internal organs and body systems. The histologist, having received a sufficient fragment of tissue for examination, places it in an aqueous solution of formaldehyde or ethyl alcohol, and then stains the sections using special markers. There are several types of biopsy, histology is carried out in a standard sequence.

Species

In case of prolonged inflammation or suspected oncology, it is necessary to perform a biopsy to exclude or confirm the presence of an oncological process. It is first necessary to perform a general analysis of urine and blood to identify the inflammatory process, and implement instrumental diagnostic methods (ultrasound, CT, MRI). The collection of biological material can be carried out in several informative ways, the most common and popular among them are presented below:

Trephine biopsy. It is carried out using a thick needle, which in modern medicine is officially called a “trephine”.
Needle biopsy. The collection of biological material is carried out by puncture of the pathogenic neoplasm using a thin needle.
Incisional biopsy. The procedure is carried out during a full-fledged operation under local anesthesia or general anesthesia and involves the productive removal of only part of the tumor or affected organ.
Excisional biopsy. This is a large-scale procedure, during which a complete excision of an organ or malignant tumor is performed, followed by a rehabilitation period.
Stereotactic. This is a diagnosis carried out by preliminary scanning for the further construction of an individual scheme for the purpose of surgical intervention.
Brush biopsy. This is the so-called “brush method”, which involves the use of a catheter with a special brush for collecting biopsy material (located at the end of the catheter, as if cutting off the biopsy material).
Loop. Pathogenic tissues are excised using a special loop (electric or radio wave), and in this way a biopsy sample is taken for further research.
Liquid. This is an innovative technology for identifying tumor markers in liquid biopsy, blood from a vein, and lymph. The method is progressive, but very expensive, and is not carried out in all clinics.
Transthoracic. The method is implemented with the participation of a tomograph (for more careful control) and is necessary for collecting biological fluid mainly from the lungs.
Fine needle aspiration. With such a biopsy, the biopsy material is forcibly pumped out using a special needle to conduct exclusively cytological examination (less informative than histology).
Radio wave. A gentle and absolutely safe technique, which is carried out using special equipment - Surgitron in a hospital setting. Does not require long-term rehabilitation.
Preskalennaya. This biopsy is used to diagnose the lungs and consists of taking a biopsy sample from the supraclavicular lymph nodes and lipid tissues. The session is carried out with the participation of a local anesthetic.
Open. Officially, it is a surgical procedure, and tissue collection for examination can be done from an open area. It also has a closed diagnostic form, which is more common in practice.
Core. Soft tissue sampling is performed using a special trephine with a harpoon system.

How they do it

The features and duration of the procedure itself completely depend on the nature of the pathology and the location of the suspected focus of the pathology. Diagnostics must be monitored by a tomograph or ultrasound machine, and must be carried out by a competent specialist in a given direction. Below are described options for such a microscopic examination depending on the organ that was rapidly affected in the body.

In gynecology

This procedure is appropriate for extensive pathologies not only of the external genitalia, but also of the uterine cavity, its cervix, endometrium and vagina, and ovaries. Such laboratory research is especially relevant for precancerous conditions and suspected progressive oncology. The gynecologist recommends undergoing the following types of biopsy strictly for medical reasons:

Sighting. All actions of the specialist are strictly controlled by extended hysteroscopy or colposcopy.
Laparoscopic. More often, the technique is used to take biological material from the affected ovaries.
Incisional. Involves careful excision of affected tissue using a classic scalpel.
Aspiration. In this case, the biopsy can be obtained using the vacuum method using a special syringe.
Endometrial. Carrying out a pipel biopsy is possible with the assistance of a special curette.

This procedure in gynecology is an informative diagnostic method that helps to identify a malignant neoplasm at an early stage, initiate effective treatment in a timely manner, and improve the prognosis. With progressive pregnancy, it is advisable to abandon such diagnostic methods, especially in the first and third trimesters; it is first important to study other medical contraindications.

Blood biopsy

Such laboratory testing is considered mandatory if leukemia is suspected. In addition, bone marrow tissue is collected for splenomegaly, iron deficiency anemia, and thrombocytopenia. The procedure is performed under local anesthesia or general anesthesia, performed by aspiration or trepanobiopsy. It is important to avoid medical errors, otherwise the patient may suffer significantly.

Intestines

This is the most common method of laboratory research of the intestines, esophagus, stomach, duodenum and other elements of the digestive system, which is carried out with the participation of puncture, loop, trepanation, pinching, incisional, scarification technology, necessarily in a hospital setting. Preliminary anesthesia and a subsequent rehabilitation period are necessary.

In this way, it is possible to determine changes in the tissues of the gastrointestinal mucosa and promptly recognize the presence of cancer cells. In the stage of relapse of a chronic disease of the digestive system, it is better not to conduct the study in order to avoid gastric bleeding or other potential complications. Laboratory testing is prescribed only on the recommendation of the attending physician; there are contraindications.

Hearts

This is a complex procedure that, if there is a medical error, can cost the patient his life. A biopsy is used if serious diseases such as myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, or ventricular arrhythmia of unknown etiology are suspected. Due to rejection of a transplanted heart, such diagnostics are also necessary to monitor sustainable positive dynamics.

More often, modern cardiologists recommend conducting a right ventricular examination, accessing the source of pathology through the jugular vein on the right, the subclavian or femoral vein. To increase the chances of success of such manipulation, during the collection of biological material, fluoroscopy and ECG are used, and the process is monitored on the monitor. The essence of the technique is that a special catheter is advanced to the myocardium, which has special tweezers for “biting off” biological material. To exclude thrombosis, medicine is administered into the body through a catheter.

Skin

Invasive examination of the epidermis is necessary if skin cancer or tuberculosis, lupus erythematosus, or psoriasis are suspected. An excisional biopsy is performed by shaving off the affected tissue in a column for further microscopic examination. If a minor area of skin is deliberately damaged, after completion of the session it must be treated with ethyl or formic alcohol. With large amounts of damage to the dermis, it may even be necessary to apply sutures in compliance with all aseptic rules.

If the focus of the pathology is concentrated on the head, it is necessary to examine a 2-4 mm area of skin, after which a suture will be applied. It can be removed a week after the operation, but for skin diseases this biopsy method is the most informative and reliable. It is not recommended to collect biological material in case of visible inflammation, open wounds and suppuration. There are other contraindications, so an individual consultation with a specialist is first required.

Bone tissue

This session is necessary to detect cancer and is an additional diagnostic method. In such a clinical picture, it is recommended to perform a percutaneous puncture with a thick or thin needle, depending on medical indications, or by a radical surgical method. After receiving the first results, there may be an urgent need to re-examine a similar biopsy.

Eye

If the development of retinoblastoma is suspected, an urgent biopsy is necessary. Action is required immediately, since such a malignant neoplasm very often progresses in childhood and can cause blindness and death for the clinical patient. Histology helps to give a real assessment of the pathological process and reliably determine its extent and predict the clinical outcome. In such a clinical picture, the oncologist recommends performing an aspiration biopsy using vacuum extraction.

FGDS with biopsy

To understand what we are talking about, you need to decipher the abbreviation FGDS. This is fibrogastroduodenoscopy, which is an instrumental examination of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum using a fiber-optic endoscope. When carrying out such a procedure, the doctor gets a real idea of the source of the pathology, and moreover, he can visually examine the condition of the affected digestive system - tissues and mucous membranes.

A biopsy is performed under local anesthesia, so it is an absolutely painless diagnostic method. This is especially important for patients at risk of gag reflex. A distinctive feature of this diagnosis is the ability to detect Helecobacter pylori infection and the degree of damage to the digestive system and mucous membranes.

Material research methods

After the biological material is obtained, it can be examined in detail under a microscope to promptly identify the nature of the pathological process. The most common and popular research methods and their brief descriptions are presented below:

Histological examination. In this case, sections of tissue taken from the body (exclusively from the surface or contents of the pathology site) come under observation. Using a special tool, biological material must be cut into strips of 3 micrometers, after which sections of such “strips” must be stained to detect cancer cells. Then the prepared material is examined under a microscope to determine the presence of cancer cells dangerous to health in the structure.
Cytological examination. This technique has a fundamental difference, which lies in the study of cells, not affected tissues. The method is less informative, and is used if an insufficient amount of biological material was taken for histological examination. More often, cytology is performed after a fine-needle (aspiration) biopsy, taking swabs and smears, which also causes discomfort when collecting biological material.

How long to wait for the result

If we talk about histological examination, the reliability of laboratory research is 90%. There may be errors and inaccuracies, but this depends on the morphologist who did not perform the sampling correctly, or use obviously healthy tissue for diagnosis. Therefore, it is advisable not to save on this procedure, but to seek help exclusively from a competent specialist.

It is important to clarify that the histological examination is final, i.e., based on its results, the doctor prescribes the final treatment. If the answer is positive, an intensive therapy regimen is selected individually; if negative, repeat biopsies are performed to clarify the diagnosis. Cytological examination, due to its less informative content, is an intermediate “link” of diagnosis. Also considered mandatory. If the result is positive, this is the basis for an invasive histological examination.

Results

When performing a histological examination, the result will be obtained after 4–14 days. When a quick response is needed, the biological material is immediately frozen after collection and sections are made and then stained. In such a clinical picture, the result will be obtained after 40–60 minutes, but the procedure itself requires high professionalism on the part of a competent specialist. If the disease is confirmed, the doctor prescribes treatment, and whether it will be medicinal or surgical depends entirely on the medical indications and the specifics of the body.

As for cytological examination, this is a faster, but less informative diagnostic method. The result can be obtained 1–3 days after the collection of biological material. If it is positive, it is necessary to start oncology treatment in a timely manner. If negative, it would be a good idea to perform a repeat biopsy. This is explained by the fact that doctors do not exclude errors and inaccuracies. The consequences for the body become fatal. Additionally, histology, gastroscopy (especially if the gastrointestinal tract is affected) and colonoscopy may be required.

Care after collection

After the biopsy, the patient needs complete rest, which includes bed rest for at least the first day after the procedure, proper nutrition and emotional balance. At the site where the biopsy is taken, the patient feels some pain, which becomes less and less pronounced every day. This is a normal phenomenon, since some tissues and cells were deliberately injured by a medical instrument. Further postoperative measures depend on the type of procedure and the characteristics of the affected organism. So:

If a puncture was performed, there is no need for additional sutures and bandages. If the pain increases, the doctor recommends taking an analgesic or using an ointment with an analgesic effect externally.
When making incisions to collect biological material, a suture may be required, which can be removed after 4 to 8 days without serious consequences for the patient’s health. Additionally, you will have to apply bandages and be sure to follow the rules of personal hygiene.

The recovery period should proceed under strict medical supervision. If the pain intensifies, purulent discharge or pronounced signs of inflammation appear, a secondary infection cannot be ruled out. Such anomalies can equally occur during biopsy of the bladder, breast, pancreas or thyroid gland, and other internal organs. In any case, action must be taken immediately, otherwise the health consequences could be fatal.

Complications

Since such a surgical procedure is associated with a violation of the integrity of the skin, doctors do not rule out the addition of a secondary infection with subsequent inflammation and suppuration. This is the most dangerous consequence for health, which can even result in blood poisoning, exacerbation of other unpleasant diseases with periodic recurrence. So a temporary scar of different sizes at the site of direct biopsy sampling is not the only problem of an aesthetic nature; potential complications that are no longer dangerous to health may be as follows:

excessive bleeding at the sampling site;
acute pain syndrome in the diagnostic area;
internal discomfort after completion of the session;
inflammatory process with high body temperature;
injury to the organ being examined (especially if a biopsy forceps is used);
infection of the organ being examined;
septic shock;
blood poisoning;
suppuration at the puncture site;
spread of bacterial infection with fatal outcome.