Tobacco shops are being robbed in France. A detailed history of tobacco smoking from Columbus to the present day Brought tobacco to France crossword clue 4 letters
“This vice will be condemned, and people will always be drawn to it.”
Bernardino Ramasini.
Somehow, an idea came to me - should I write an article about tobacco, the history of its origin, and then continue the logical chain to the present day. I liked the idea, because tobacco has long entered our culture and taken its strong place in it.
According to studies conducted in 2009, about 40% of the adult population in Russia smoke. Serious numbers, I would say. It follows from this that the issue of tobacco smoking deserves the closest attention and investigation.
But in fact we have a completely different picture. After searching for information on the Internet, it became clear that nothing had been written on this topic. More precisely, it is written, but in such a form and so fragmented that, as they say, “the devil himself will break his head.” Therefore, I decided to fill this gap, at least partially.
Whether I coped with this task or not is up to you to decide.
“Now they write so much about the dangers of smoking that I have firmly decided to stop reading.”
Joseph Cutten.
Fasten your seat belts, the journey begins...
Travel to America.
Columbus declares the discovered land the property of Spain.
“When the earth was empty and people were starving, the Great Spirit sent a woman to save humanity. She walked around the world and wherever her right hand touched the ground, potatoes grew, and wherever her left hand touched the ground, corn grew. And when the world became rich and fertile, she sat down to rest. When she got up, tobacco grew in that place..."
Legend of the Huron Indian tribe.
Christopher Columbus can be considered the discoverer of tobacco. Having “discovered” America, so to speak, during his expedition to India, he also “discovered” the custom of smoking. Having landed on the island of San Salvador (Guanahani), he and his team met the local aborigines, misunderstanding them for the inhabitants of India and calling them Indians. Subsequently, this name stuck with them.
On November 15, 1492, Columbus described tobacco in his journal, the first written evidence of the unusual plant. He and his team were amazed to see locals rolling up tobacco leaves, setting one end on fire and inhaling the smoke through their mouths.
But Columbus was only the discoverer of tobacco; one should not attribute its spread to him, as many do today. Columbus didn't spread anything.
The Indian brings tobacco as a gift to De Jerez.
The Aborigines gave him some dried tobacco leaves, which he brought with him (some say that he threw them overboard), according to another version, the tobacco leaves were secretly smuggled by members of his expedition from other ships. I think it’s impossible to find out what it really was like.
Overall, the Columbus team perceived smoking negatively. Of the entire team, only two decided to try smoking tobacco. These were Luis de Torres and Rodrigo de Jerez. Upon arrival in Spain, Rodrigo de Jerez decided to demonstrate his new “skills” acquired during the voyage, for which he was convicted by the Inquisition and imprisoned (blowing smoke through his nose and mouth was regarded as a connection with evil spirits).
Smoking devil.
For those who don’t understand, and I’m sure there will be some kind of “finger pointer”, I’ll repeat it again.
Columbus brought with him only tobacco leaves, he did not bring seeds.
But what if Columbus only described tobacco? By the way, the origin of the word “tobacco” has not yet been established for certain; it is believed that this is what the aborigines called it - “tobacco”; according to another version, it got its name from the island of “Tobago”. Then who brought the seeds to Europe?
By seed and fruit.
It is believed that the first tobacco seeds were brought to Spain by the monk Froy Roman Pano in 1496, who participated in Columbus’s second expedition to the New World. But they began to spread from Portugal, because Spain and Portugal at that time were considered the largest maritime competing countries and both took part in the plunder of America.
The name of Roman Pano is almost never associated with tobacco; later names such as Andre Theve and Jean Nicot entered the story.
André Theve (1516 - 1590)
André Thévet was a French monk traveler who took part in Admiral Nicolas Villegagnon's expedition to South America in 1555. From there he brought the first tobacco seeds to France.
During the expedition, he instructed the Indians on the “true path”, took notes with sketches in his diary, and also studied in detail the strange custom of smoking tobacco by the Indians. He describes all these customs, the process of growing, collecting and drying tobacco in his work “Les Singularitez...” (1557).
“They have an unusual herb that they call petun, which they use for many purposes. They wrap the dried grass in a palm leaf and roll it into a tube the length of a candle. Then they light the end of the pipe and inhale the smoke through the mouth, expelling it through the nose, because it attracts and dispels the fluids flowing in the brain, and even makes the feeling of hunger pass away, which is the reason for its constant use. Even when talking to you, they first puff smoke and then speak, and do this up to 200 times. Women also use this herb, but less frequently. The Christians who were there liked the smoke. At first it is not safe to use it, because before you get used to it, the smoke causes weakness, even fainting, as I found out myself. I can be proud that I was the first in France to bring the seeds of this plant to France, sow it and call it Angumoise grass.”
Andre Teve.
With his colorful stories about America, Teve captivated the mind of Queen Catherine de Medici, for which she made him her confessor.
Andre Theve is considered one of the first to popularize tobacco in Europe.
Jean Nicot (1530 - 1600)
The starting point, or more precisely, the breakthrough in the mass spread of tobacco throughout Europe, can be considered the year 1560, when the French diplomat Jean Villeman Nicot, compiler of one of the first French dictionaries, brought snuff from Portugal, where he was ambassador, to France.
In France, Nico presented tobacco as a panacea for all diseases, especially for migraines, which either the Queen of France Catherine de Medici or her son Charles IX suffered from (I was never able to figure out this issue, but I think it’s not important for us).
The queen liked the tobacco, apparently it really distracted from pain, and after the queen, as they say after her example, tobacco began to become fashionable among the highest nobility of France. And this is not surprising; at all times, the nobility tried to imitate the kings in everything.
The snuff was called “poudre a la reine” (“queen’s powder”).
Later, Jean Nicot wrote a voluminous collection in which he listed the diseases that tobacco treats. These diseases included: colic, nephritis, hysteria, dysentery, toothache, migraines, ulcers, neuroses, ailments, runny nose and much more, you can’t count them all.
Also, a little later, the master of the Order of Malta liked tobacco, who was not slow in distributing it among his adherents.
Tobacco began to become increasingly popular, especially noticeable in Paris.
As a result, the plant was given the name “herbe nicotiniane” (“nicotine grass”), in honor of Jean Nicot. Later, an alkaloid contained in tobacco - “nicotine” - would be named after Niko.
Much later, in 1735, the Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus classified tobacco and gave its two species names in honor of the same Jean Nicot: “Nicotiana rustica” and “Nicotiana tabacum”. That is what they are called to this day.
From the state to “effective private hands”, a chronicle of events.
“This vice brings the treasury 100 million francs in taxes a year. I would ban it right now if you find an equally profitable virtue.”
Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon III).
It is not difficult to guess that soon there were people who realized that they could make good money on tobacco.
Colony in Virginia
In 1636, the first fully state-owned tobacco company, Tabacalera, was founded in Spain. She was engaged in the production of cigars - from Spanish. “cigarro” (Read about the symbolism of the cigar here - link, 18+).
Subsequently, all other countries also began to try to establish a state monopoly on the sale of tobacco.
At the same time (around 1636), the first cigarettes were born.
The poor people of Seville, who worked in tobacco factories, collected cigar scraps, which they crushed and wrapped in thin paper. So we got the word formation “cigar - cigarette”, that is, a cigarette is a kind of “under-cigarette” (“cigarette” - the word was coined by Théophile Gautier in 1833, after visiting a factory in Seville).
But the tobacco business was too profitable to remain in the hands of the state; its market was constantly growing. Private capital became interested in tobacco, as a result of which the tobacco industry began to develop exponentially.
In 1760, Pierre Lorillard founded the P. tobacco company in the United States. Lorillard."
In 1847, Philip Morris opens its first store in England.
Presumably in 1849, John Edmund Legette founded the J. E. Ligget and Brother (later Ligget and Myers Company).
In 1854, Philip Morris began producing cigarettes.
In 1864, the first cigarette factory opened in the United States.
In 1875, R. J. Reynolds founded the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco" in the USA.
In 1881, Engineer James Albert Bohnsack received a patent for the world's first machine for rolling cigarettes, which he invented, which made it possible to reduce manual labor and switch to a conveyor type of production.
In 1902, Philip Morris opened a representative office of its company in the USA.
in 1914, the first tobacco production monopoly in Russia was formed - the St. Petersburg Export and Trade Joint Stock Company, which covered thirteen tobacco factories in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Rostov-on-Don and Feodosia.
In 1917, all tobacco enterprises in Russia were nationalized.
In 1932, George J. Blaisdell began producing the famous Zippo lighters, which became very popular among the military during World War II.
The First World War (1914 - 1918) marked a sharp turn in the development of the tobacco industry, as tobacco was introduced into the army diet of almost all countries of the world.” In order to win the war, we need tobacco as much as we need bullets,” said American General John Pershing. The result is a huge number of men who smoke.
The second major round of development of the tobacco industry was, oddly enough, the Second World War (1939 - 1945), cigarettes were introduced into soldiers' rations as food. Tobacco companies send millions of cigarettes to the front for free. The result is that men become increasingly addicted to smoking.
And don’t think that the spread of cigarettes in the army is an accident. I'll tell you a secret, there are no accidents.
But the biggest contribution to the spread of tobacco was made by cinema. Beginning in the late 1940s and early 1950s, film actors made the cigarette an integral part of their image. But we'll talk about this later.
Herbal journey or “how tobacco went around the world.”
Plantations in Virginia.
Attitudes towards smoking in all countries of the world, at first, were equally negative. The churches regarded this act as a connection with the Devil, and the authorities cruelly punished.
Spain - Italy - Portugal.
I think that Spain can be safely called the first country that tried tobacco and began to spread it (namely tobacco, not its seeds). It was the Spaniards who “discovered” America, it was the Spaniards who robbed it, it was the Spaniards who made America their colony, and that is why Spain became the strongest power in Europe at that time. The first tobacco plantations were also established by the Spaniards in the American colonies.
At first, when tobacco appeared in Spain, the Inquisition harshly suppressed all acts of smoking, but soon it was allowed (legalized, so to speak). The exact years when this happened are unknown, but if Rodrigo de Jerez was sent to prison for smoking in 1501 and he sat in it for 7 years, then it can be assumed that by 1508 the views of the Inquisition softened, but not completely, since the boom in the spread of tobacco It spread throughout the countries from the middle of the 16th century, but before that it was somehow possible to contain it.
In 1559, as a result of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresia, most of Italy (the Holy Roman Empire) passed to Spain, so we will look at these countries together.
Tobacco came to Italy through its ambassador to Portugal, Prospero Santacroce, in 1561. Thus he ended up in Rome.
As a result, in Spain (and Italy) even priests became addicted to tobacco and were no longer embarrassed to smoke in the churches themselves during services (mass). In 1624, Pope Urban VIII responded to these daring antics with a decree in which he threatened to renounce the church to anyone who smoked or sniffed tobacco in holy places (renunciation of the church, by the way, was the worst punishment at that time).
Portugal was the second of the two most powerful powers in Europe. The peak of its development occurred at the beginning of the 16th century.
The clearest example of the power of two states of that time is the Treaty of Tordesillas between Portugal and Spain, on the basis of which the countries divided the zones of world influence into two parts.
To explain roughly and briefly, the world was divided into two parts by a line, the territory on the right side of the meridian belonged to Portugal, and the one on the left belonged to Spain. This entire agreement was based on the ideas of that time that the Earth was flat.
Zones of influence of Spain and Portugal.
But from 1580 to 1640, Portugal also became subject to Spain.
It is not known exactly who first brought tobacco to Portugal; it is assumed that it was done by Juan Ponce de Leon, who later went to South America in search of the source of eternal youth, where he laid down his violent head. What is known for sure is that by the end of the 15th century, Portugal already knew about tobacco.
England.
In England, tobacco appeared thanks to the English admiral Sir John Hawkins in 1564 (there is a version that Francis Drake also contributed to the spread of tobacco in England in 1573), but tobacco does not gain much popularity; it is smoked only by sailors.
The popularity of tobacco in England is associated with the name of Walter Raleigh, a courtier of Elizabeth I and part-time navigator (this was a common occurrence at that time). In 1585, he returned from an expedition to America, from where he brought tobacco seeds and the addiction itself.
It was he who introduced Queen Elizabeth to smoking, after which the fashion also began to spread among her courtiers (many say that Elizabeth I fought hard against tobacco, perhaps this is true, but it was definitely before she became addicted herself).
“I have seen many men turn their gold into smoke, but you are the first to turn smoke into gold.”
Elizabeth I to Sir Walter Raleigh.
Walter Raleigh (1552 - 1618)
A story spread throughout London that when Raleigh first lit a cigarette in the presence of his servant, the servant yelled, “The master is on fire!” - and poured a jug of water on Sir Walter's head.
By the way, Walter Raleigh is the one who first went in search of Eldorado, a city of pure gold, that so attracted Europeans.
In 1603, King James I, who was an ardent opponent of smoking, came to power in England. He is the first in the world to write about the dangers of smoking (“Tobacco Protest”).
In 1618, James I sentenced Raleigh to death by beheading. This was connected with a conspiracy against the crown, but some considered the reason for the execution to be tobacco smoking, which is where the myth originates that in England heads were cut off for smoking.
Raleigh's last wish before his death was to smoke a pipe of tobacco.
After the execution of Walter Raleigh, no one else “lost their heads” from smoking.
“The custom is disgusting to the eyes, disgusting to the nose, harmful to the brain, dangerous to the lungs, and this black, stinking smoke, most of all reminiscent of the terrible hellish smoke from the underworld.”
James I, 1604.
Jacob's fight against tobacco ended with him imposing a “draconian” tax on it (I don’t know if this is true, but I came across a figure of 4000%).
England became the trendsetter for smoking pipes.
France.
In France, smoking tobacco began under Louis XIII (reign: 1610 - 1643), before that it was mainly sniffed. In 1621, by decree of King Armand's chief minister, Jean du Plessis, the cultivation and sale of tobacco was allowed in France.
Germany.
In 1565, tobacco entered Germany. There it receives the name “heilige kraut” (“holy grass”). Tobacco in Germany, just like in France, was snorted; the fashion for smoking it came from England in the 1620s.
Johann Sebastian Bach, who was a heavy smoker, even wrote the following poems:
“Tobacco makes my mind clearer.
O pipe, you are my faithful friend!
I'm not breaking up - oh no! - I'm with her,
My leisure time with her is pleasant.”
Asian countries.
“The Prophet Muhammad was once walking through the desert in winter and found a half-frozen snake, picked it up and, out of the kindness of his heart, warmed it in his bosom. When the snake came to its senses, it said to Muhammad: “I must bite you because I made such an oath.” “In that case, you must keep your word,” said the prophet and offered his hand. Then, shaking off the snake, he sucked the poison out of the wound and spat it on the ground. In this place grew a plant that has both the poisonousness of a snake and the meekness of a prophet - tobacco.”
Eastern legend.
From Western Europe, in the second half of the 16th century, tobacco entered Turkey, and through it quickly spread throughout the rest of Asia.
In Muslim countries, tobacco was treated more harshly than in Europe, because the Koran forbids harming oneself. Actually, if you look at it, the Bible also forbids harming yourself and others, but this did not stop anyone, because many were treated with tobacco and considered it for some time a panacea for everything.
“The Prophet allows everything good, positive, useful. And he forbids everything nasty, bad, harmful.”
Holy Quran, 7:157."Don't kill yourself."
Holy Quran, 4:29.
“Do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit who dwells in you, which you have from God, and you are not your own? For you were bought at a price. Therefore glorify God both in your body and in your soul, which are God’s.”
1 Cor. 6:19,20.
Smoking hookah in Turkey.
In Turkey, smoking was subject to corporal punishment, shameful ceremonies and even death sentences.
The genus Nicotiana belongs to the Solanaceae family and has about 70 species of annual herbs, perennial herbaceous plants and shrubs. Most species are native to South America, with 9 species found in Mexico and North America, and 15 species found in Australia and some islands in the South Pacific. According to many geologists, it was these land areas that formed a single continent in the southern hemisphere during the Paleozoic era.
Annual, less often perennial, herbaceous or subshrub plants with sticky, glandular abscesses. Stems are erect, branched. The leaves are arranged in alternate order, entire or wavy-notched. mostly sessile or almost sessile, basal ones collected in a rosette. The flowers are regular, long-tubular, open mainly at night and are then most fragrant, collected in paniculate or racemose inflorescences. The fruit is a multi-seeded, ovoid capsule. The seeds are small, brown, remain viable for up to 8 years, 6500-8500 pieces in 1 g.
It is known that approximately three thousand years before Columbus discovered America, the Indians were already cultivating several types of tobacco, including real tobacco and shag. The Indians used tobacco for different purposes and in different forms: they sniffed it, chewed it, but most often smoked it, wrapping dry leaves in a corn wrapper in the form of a cigar or filling pipes with tobacco. The Indians called both primitive cigars and pipes “tobacco”, and the plant itself was called “cohoba”, “petum”. With the discovery of America, a new stage in the history of tobacco began. In 1560, Jean Nicot, a French envoy to the Portuguese court, brought to France the seeds of an overseas plant, which he called the “queen's grass” and was initially used to treat skin diseases. In addition, they tried to treat asthma by inhaling tobacco smoke. But by 1585, Europeans had learned to smoke. By 1605-1610, tobacco was known on all continents of the globe. Academician V.L. Komarov wrote: “There is no other plant that has so quickly conquered the world and entered into general use as tobacco.” Botanists immortalized the name of Jean Nicot by giving the tobacco the Latin name “nicotiana, Nico herb.” Under the same name, the plant entered the system of Carl Linnaeus. For the species name of true tobacco, Linnaeus used the Indian word “tobacco.” True, there is also another version of the origin of the specific name - from the island of Tabagos in the Caribbean Sea. Much later - in 1883 - another representative of the tobacco genus appeared in Europe - winged tobacco, or Athenian tobacco (Nicotiana alata), better known as fragrant tobacco. Even later, forest tobacco (N. sylvestris) and Langsdorff tobacco (N. langsdorffii) appeared in European flower beds.
Of decorative value are: winged or decorative tobacco (N. alata), Langsdorff tobacco (N. langsdorfii), forest tobacco (N. sylvestris), Sander tobacco (N. x sanderae). Not of decorative interest: real, or Virginia tobacco (N. tabacum), country tobacco, or shag (Nicotiana rustica), sticky tobacco (Nicotiana glutinosa), fragrant tobacco (Nicotiana suaveolens) and Knight's tobacco (Nicotiana knigtiana).
Location: prefer sunny places
Soil: requires moderately fertile and moist soil. Loves moisture, but is quite resistant to drought.
Care: unpretentious in culture. However, it should be remembered that tobacco leaves have a fairly large surface and evaporate a large amount of water per day, so all tobaccos are moisture-loving. For example, growing 1 kg of dry shag requires up to 500 liters of water. Tobacco can withstand light frosts.
Reproduction: in the conditions of central Russia, all tobacco is grown through seedlings; for this, the seeds are sown in March-April in boxes on the surface of the ground and are not covered. Early spring and winter sowings in the ground give good results. Shoots appear in 10-12 days. The first picking is carried out in boxes, the second - in 11 cm pots of 4 pieces. They are quite cold-resistant, but they are planted in open ground after the end of spring frosts, maintaining a distance of 20-30 cm between plants.
Reference books and magazines give another interesting recommendation for cultivating fragrant tobacco, tested in practice: you can dig up the plants in the fall, plant them in a pot, move them to a bright window, cut off flower stalks with faded flowers, and water them moderately. Then the plants bloom in indoor conditions in January-February, which, of course, is especially pleasant at a time when snowstorms are raging outside the window or there is dank dampness. There are cases when specialist breeders maintained plants in this way for 10-12 years.
Use: in discounts and groups. The cut lasts for several days.
A pack of cigarettes costs almost 7 euros, more expensive than a bottle of good wine, and the minimum hourly wage is about 7.5 euros; it's quite expensive for the average Frenchman,
And if at first the sharp rise in price of tobacco actually led to a decrease in the number of smokers, now the high price of tobacco contributes to the development of a new type of trade from the underground - the sale of cigarettes by hand.
It is estimated that the illegal trade in cigarettes costs Europe around 10 yards tax loss per year.
This led to the fact that the income of cigarette sellers fell sharply, and recently the first demonstration of tobacco workers took place, who demanded that the state strengthen the fight against the illegal sale of cigarettes.
Presumably to every 5th cigarette, smoked in France - illegal.
Can you imagine something like this in Russia??? !!!)))
But tobacco farmers have recently suffered not only from the loss of expected income, but even from bandit robberies. Their cafes (tobacco workers and cafe owners most often) break into and rob their cigarettes.
Because it is now very profitable to steal cigarettes - the profit from these robberies is comparable to the income of marijuana dealers, and the criminal punishment is much lighter - at the first trial - a condition in the worst case))).
And if you steal 100 blocks, you’ll have 3-4 thousand almost immediately in your pocket.. Because for 3-4 euros the packs go away..
About a hundred tobacco shops are robbed in France every year.. This never happened before..
Some tobacco workers are robbed 2-3 times a year!!
The robbers are mostly young people. They cut a hole at floor level with a silent saw and crawl towards the cigarette stock.
And tobacconists are indignant: - the higher the prices for cigarettes, the more often the robberies of tobacco shops.
Because cigarettes have become a luxury product.
But you won’t envy how an illegal cigarette dealer lives ((
Akim, an illegal Tunisian who came to France during the Arab Spring, lives in a squat with no water or electricity. He speaks almost no French.
He works, that is, he sells near the Barbes metro station.
He gets up very early to be at work at 6.
He got the early morning as a newbie because among the illegal sellers there were few people willing to take this time. And he himself is rather pleased with this early shift - after all, the police are also still sleeping, so his risks are reduced to almost nothing.
He has 5 packs with him, which quickly go for 4 euros. He earns 1 euro on each pack.
Having sold the goods, he calls his compatriot supplier, also an illegal immigrant. In the gateway they make a transaction - Akim buys a carton of cigarettes from Kamil for 30 euros.
Kamil is a small wholesaler; he earns only 3 euros on each block, buying it from a wholesaler for 27 euros.
If Kamil earns 700-800 euros a month, then a wholesaler earns 200-400 euros a day, since he buys cigarettes at 24 euros per block - and sells several hundred blocks a day to small wholesalers.
If the inexorable and cruel SUP does not “cheat” this post.,
I will reveal many more interesting things about French smuggling and the fight against it...
Counterfeits are sold even in regular stores under the guise of originals, but fortunately they are rare. The authorities are fighting the black market as best they can, but they are seeing almost no success.
Counterfeits are sold underground for 2-3 euros. Naturally, you can’t buy them on or from them. They sell in the suburbs where migrants live, and tourists are not recommended to go there. Therefore, tourists cannot save money by using smuggled cigarettes.
Rolled cigarettes
In many European countries, rolling papers help you save money. In France, a package of cigarette tobacco costs 9-10 euros per 30 grams. From this tobacco you can make about 35 regular format cigarettes or about 60 compact format cigarettes.
If you know how to roll a cigarette or have purchased a machine for stuffing sleeves, you can save 2-3 times. In the photo next to it you can see such a machine, click on the photo to enlarge.
By the way, you can bring 250 grams of tobacco across the border, which can be used to make 300 standard format cigarettes or 500 compact format cigarettes. You can import no more than 200 finished cigarettes.
Minimum smoking age in France
The minimum age to purchase tobacco products in France is 18 years. The measure was introduced by law on July 21, 2009, before that it was 16 years old.
To comply with the law, cigarette vending machines are prohibited in France. You can only buy it in stores from a live seller who will ask you to show your passport.
There is no age limit for smoking. Minors can also smoke; this is not prohibited by French law.
Smoking rules and laws
Understanding French anti-tobacco laws is very difficult. There is no single such law in the country, but several are in force: the Viel Law (1976), the Evin Law (1991), anti-tobacco laws of 2006, 2013, 2014, 2016.
In addition, Parliament introduced several additional amendments to bring French anti-tobacco legislation in line with EU requirements, in particular Directive 2014/40/EU.
Let's start with the packaging. In France, “clean packaging” of cigarettes was adopted in 2016. This packaging is neutral in color, the entire surface is filled with information about the dangers of smoking, and the brand of cigarettes is indicated only in small letters. How it looks, look at the photo next to it, click on the photo to enlarge.
Smoking is prohibited in cafes, bars, clubs and restaurants. Smoking is allowed on the open terraces of cafes and restaurants. Smoking is prohibited on the territory of government institutions, educational and medical organizations. The fine for violation is 500 euros. The measure was established by the Tobacco Law of 2006.
Cafes and restaurants used to be divided into smoking and non-smoking areas, according to the Evin Law (1991). However, indoor smoking is now strictly prohibited under the Tobacco Act 2006.
