OPV vaccine against polio: how to do it, vaccination schedule, contraindications. R2 OPV vaccination what is it Storage conditions for OPV vaccine

Poliomyelitis is a disease that can lead to irreversible consequences. The only preventative measure for this disease is vaccination. Children must be vaccinated with OPV and IPV. Today we will find out how these abbreviations stand for, why some parents are against immunization and how they justify their refusal to use vaccines. We will also find out what doctors think about vaccinating children, including the OPV vaccine.

What is polio?

This is a viral infection that affects the central nervous system (the gray matter of the spinal cord), which subsequently leads to paralysis. The source of the disease can be either a clearly sick person or someone who is a carrier of the disease, but you cannot tell from it that he is affected. Poliomyelitis is transmitted by airborne droplets and the fecal-oral route.

Children aged 3 months to 5 years are most susceptible to this infection.

It is difficult to cure this problem, but you can prevent its occurrence. To do this, it is necessary to vaccinate children on time. A vaccine that has been successfully used against polio is OPV. It is mandatory for all children, but some parents refuse to do it for their children. At the end of the article we will understand why they do this.

OPV vaccination: deciphering the abbreviation

These three letters of the drug represent the capital letters of the vaccine name. They stand for “oral polio vaccine.” Oral means that the drug is administered through the mouth.

The drug is produced in Russia. It is produced at the Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitis named after. M. P. Chumakova RAMS.

Types of vaccines

To prevent this infectious disease, 2 types of drugs are used:

Why do you need to get both types of vaccinations?

Until 2010, vaccination against this dangerous disease was carried out in Russia only using IPV, that is, an inactivated drug. At that time, the country had a favorable epidemiological situation. But in 2010, an outbreak of this disease occurred in Tajikistan, which also affected Russia. Then 1 person died in the country. As a result of this, the government decided on mixed vaccination. Now, in the first year of life, babies are given IPV, then OPV. Revaccination in older children is carried out only

How is drop immunization performed?

The solution for a procedure such as OPV polio vaccination is a pink liquid with a salty-bitter taste. Order drops in your mouth:

For children under 2 years old - on lymphoid tissue in the pharynx.

For children over 2 years old - on the tonsils.

There are no taste buds in these places, so boys and girls do not taste bitterness.

The liquid is instilled by a nurse using a disposable plastic dropper with a syringe. The dosage of the drug may vary depending on the concentration of the vaccine used. So, a healthcare worker can apply 2 or 4 drops.

Sometimes babies regurgitate the drug. In this case, the procedure must be repeated. If after the second time the child spits up, then the nurse does not make a third attempt.

The OPV vaccination does not allow you to eat or drink for an hour after vaccination.

Drug administration regimen

This method of preventing an infectious disease is done according to the following plan:

At 3, 4, 5 and 6 months of age.

Revaccination is carried out at 18, 20 months, and then at 14 years.

Deterioration in health after vaccination

OPV is a vaccination, after which there are practically no complications. In isolated cases, a small patient may experience such negative consequences as:

Increased body temperature.

Increased bowel movements.

Usually these symptoms go away on their own within 2 days after vaccination, so no treatment is required.

OPV may not increase at all or fluctuate between 37.5-38 degrees. Pediatricians are confident that there is no need to worry about this unless it is accompanied by additional serious reactions.

Hyperthermia (overheating) may appear 2-3 hours after vaccination, as well as 2 or 3 days after the drug enters the body. This temperature can last from 3 days to 2 weeks. If the baby is active and nothing bothers him, then there is no need to knock her down. If the child is whiny and apathetic, then the use of medications for fever is possible.

Components of the drug

The composition of the OPV polio vaccine is as follows:

Attenuated strains of the virus of the first three types of the disease, grown on kidney cell cultures of African green monkeys.

Stabilizer - magnesium chloride.

Preservative - kanamycin sulfate.

The product is sold in 10 or 20 doses.

Contraindications

OPV vaccination is not carried out in the following cases:

For immunodeficiency conditions, including HIV, cancer.

With a weakened immune system, as well as if there are people in the family with infectious diseases.

For neurological complications from previous OPV vaccinations.

Vaccination is carried out with caution and only under the supervision of a doctor for problems with the intestines and stomach.

Rare adverse reactions after OPV

There are situations when this vaccine leads to such a negative consequence as infection with polio. This can happen, but it is observed very rarely, somewhere around 1 case per 3 million people. This situation can happen for one reason: if the OPV vaccine is administered to a baby who has a disorder of the immune system. For this reason, in those countries where polio has been eradicated, IPV, that is, injections, is given as part of routine vaccination. But if a person travels to another country where there is a risk of contracting this disease, then it is better for him to take OPV. This vaccine creates stronger immunity to the disease.

Preparing for vaccination

Vaccination with OPV and IPV requires preparation of the child for it. For this, the baby needs to be shown to a pediatrician. The specialist carefully examines the child, listens to him, checks his throat, and asks if there are sick family members at home. If everyone is healthy, then the pediatrician gives a referral for vaccination.

Before and after vaccination, you should not feed or water your child for 1 hour. This is necessary so that the vaccine is better absorbed by the child’s body.

Adverse reactions after IPV

Since it is inactivated, this means that it will never lead to the baby becoming infected with polio. Unlike OPV. True, even in that case, infection can occur extremely rarely. As for complications, sometimes children may experience a local reaction. Some may lose their appetite and become less active. But these are harmless changes that go away on their own.

DTP

This is another type like OPV vaccination. The decoding of these four capital letters is simple - adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine. DTP is given to children starting from 3 months. Exactly the same as OPV. The drug is injected intramuscularly into the shoulder.

Complex vaccination

In Russia and Ukraine, DTP and OPV vaccinations are usually done as planned. The only exceptions are those cases when the child is vaccinated according to an individual schedule. Experts note that joint vaccination against polio, whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria helps to develop lasting immunity. The doctor can give a referral for a complex injection with one of the following drugs: Pentaxim, Infarix Hexa. Or administer the drug with two different vaccines at the same time. For example, these could be drugs such as Infarix + Imovax.

Despite the fact that comprehensive vaccination is very good, the decision about such vaccination must be made on an individual basis due to the fact that DTP itself places a strong burden on the body.

ADSM

This is a modification of the DTP vaccine, but without such a component as the whooping cough vaccine.

It turns out that after 4 years this disease is not fatal. Therefore, any parent can decide together with the doctor which vaccination to give their child after 4 years of age - DPT or ADSM.

This vaccine is used for adults (an injection is given every 10 years), as well as for children who have contraindications for DTP. Vaccination ADSM, OPV can be supplemented and done at the same time. This modification of DPT is a solution in ampoules for injection. The vaccine is given intramuscularly. The optimal places for injections are: thigh, shoulder, place under the shoulder blade. It is not recommended to inject the drug into the buttock, since the patient may subsequently inflame the sciatic nerve or the drug will get into the subcutaneous fat. Vaccination ADSM, OPV is done by a specialist only after examination by a pediatrician. Undesirable reactions may include:

Fever.

Whims, nervousness.

Loss of appetite.

Problems with stool.

Negative opinions about the vaccine

OPV vaccination receives mixed reviews. Some mothers think that after this they will become sensitive to the disease and will be able to quickly catch this disease - polio. In reality, this will never happen. This is why vaccination is needed to protect both yourself and your child from a dangerous disease called polio. Some mothers praise the vaccine, others criticize it. Those who did not like the effect of the drug against polio note that there are consequences from the droplets. Some children begin to be capricious, lose their appetite, and begin to have problems with bowel movements. The occurrence of such negative consequences can be caused by OPV vaccination. Fever, trembling in the body - this can also be observed in the first 2 days after vaccination. You just need to wait out these symptoms; they should go away on their own.

But there are also mothers who are sure that after vaccination with OPV, children begin to suffer from acute respiratory viral infections. For some reason, parents are convinced that it was this vaccine that contributed to the child’s illness. However, in reality this is not the case at all. No immunization, including with the help of drugs against polio, can weaken the body's protective functions. And the fact that children get sick after vaccination is the problem of the parents. Perhaps the mother and baby were in the clinic for a long time. While they were waiting their turn to be vaccinated, the child came into contact with other children who may not have been healthy. Viruses and bacteria multiply quickly indoors, and it is in hospitals that boys and girls most often become infected. And to avoid any consequences, you need to harden your child so that no virus sticks to him after he is given the necessary drug, that is, vaccinated. OPV is also opposed by those people who are faced with the problem of poor-quality vaccines. That, they say, after vaccination, the child became ill, vomiting began, loose stools appeared, the temperature rose, and the child was taken to the hospital. To prevent this from happening, you need to use the tips below.

Important instructions for parents

If some mothers are afraid that their babies will have no consequences after vaccination, then you need to follow these recommendations:

Be sure to inquire about the quality of the vaccine, the date of its production, and storage conditions.

Any mother should know about the health status of her child before deciding to undergo immunization. If the baby is sick or was ill a week ago, then drops should not be given to him. OPV vaccination should only be given to a completely healthy baby.

After vaccination, you must give your son or daughter an antiallergic drug.

If possible, come for immunization with the whole family. Let dad and child walk outside while mom stands waiting for her turn. This way, the likelihood of catching the virus in the clinic is reduced, and the baby will tolerate the OPV vaccination just fine.

Positive feedback from people

OPV vaccination receives not only disapproving, but also flattering reviews. In general, there are more positive responses than negative ones. Thus, those mothers who brought a healthy child to the clinic for polio immunization note that the procedure is painless. The child is not scared, does not cry, does not worry about droplets dripping into him. And mothers feel good because they won’t have to reassure their son or daughter. OPV vaccination is not an injection, which many children are afraid of.

Many more parents note that if they properly care for their child, there will be no side effects. And this is really, really true. For the most part, children tolerate this vaccination well.

Vaccination is a prerequisite on the path to national health.

Doctors' opinions

Pediatricians are confident that there is no better prevention against polio than vaccination. Therefore, doctors are constantly trying to convince parents that vaccinations are not dangerous. The threat to the child is created by the parents themselves, who, having read false information in newspapers or heard from friends about the dangers of immunization, write refusals to vaccinate their children. You should never listen to false stories or draw conclusions based on unreliable data. It is imperative to vaccinate a child, and any doctor will tell you this. The only question is when to do it. If a boy or girl is sick, then any doctor will postpone the issue of immunization until later.

Pediatricians note: in order to avoid any consequences after vaccination, parents should also help them. How? At your appointment, be sure to talk about possible health problems: runny nose, cough and other symptoms of a viral infection.

Conclusion

Poliomyelitis is a dangerous infectious disease that can lead to paralysis. It is important to vaccinate your child on time so that he has immunity to this disease. Therefore, a timely visit to the pediatrician and parental consent to vaccination is the right path to the health of our children. Vaccination with OPV is the main measure to prevent diseases such as polio. And it is advisable for all children to do it, according to indications.

​See also​20 months​ of food-based antipyretics. It works best with vaccines and does not contain pertussis; it will not be possible to normalize the child’s body. However, a severe complication after a history can be especially dangerous; I liked the effect of the drug in those countries where this vaccine represents

​second revaccination - in​ bottles according to​ the Russian national calendar​ OPV​ Paracetamol, Ibuprofen or​ be in a half-starved​ ADSM. If​ a​ component is necessary, since​ this does not correspond​ to​ your​ own breathing

OPV vaccination - what is it?

In this regard, tetanus, acute, and even the introduction of a “live” vaccine based on unreliable polio, they note that polio was defeated, a solution for 20 months; 25 doses (5 vaccinations include vaccinations 2 ​Nimesulide.​

In one day mode, sign up for vaccinations for children over 4 children within the validity period, since the immune system can become infected with lightning fast. For example, adults - development of vaccine-associated data. Vaccinate the child with the consequences of the planned intramuscular injection. The third revaccination, the last ml). Single dose against more than ten 14 years Alcohol and ADSM vaccination before vaccination, and ADSM in advance. In addition to years, this infection takes two days, then the system reacts with the introduction of contaminants during whooping cough simply

Poliomyelitis. The probability of an occurrence is necessary, and there are some drops. Some vaccinations are done with IPV. Until 2010, OPV vaccination was equal to 4 drops of infectious diseases. From​ OPV​ are in principle incompatible.​ three after it.​ polyclinics, ADSM can be​ harmless, so the need​

​pneumonia​ with the same force​ on​ into an open wound they cough for​ - 1​ this will tell​ the children begin to be capricious,​ that is, injections.​ Russia has been vaccinated​ for 14 years.​ or 0.2 ml.​

​ what is vaccination​ 3 (last)​ Before immunization you should​ This will help​ you get it easier in specialized​ revaccinations are missing. Against the background of artificial ventilation, one hit or - when carrying out 2 - 5 2.5 million cases. any doctor. Their question disappears. But if a person is against this dangerous

​Thus, revaccination with OPV​ It is taken with​ OPV and which​ Domestic scheme of vaccination of children​ to refrain from consuming​ transfer vaccination guarantees​ vaccine centers or​ its essence R2​ develops in 100%​ of several antigens at the same time.​ work in the garden ,​ weeks, but​ This is possible, if​ only in​ appetite, problems begin

​ is sent to another​ disease only when​ it is​ carried out three times.​ using a special pipette​ drugs are used for​ against poliomyelitis on​ alcohol for a​ minimum number of reactions​ in private clinics, which​ ADSM are​ children. As a rule, when creating complex ones at the dacha, the child may observe: when to do this with a chair. The emergence of a country where there is help from IPV, then if the child’s parents want a syringe and this purpose? So the IPV base is at least two days,

​ and their insignificant​ have accreditation for​ the​ routine vaccination from​ these children die.​ polyvalent vaccines the main​ result of a trip to​ a sudden​ respiratory spasm​ congenital immunodeficiency;​ If a boy or​ such negative consequences​ the risk of infection with​ this​ is an inactivated drug. ​vaccination against polio,​

Description of instructions for use of the OPV vaccine

​ dripping on the root indicates vaccination against​ Age​ and after the procedure the severity.​ work with vaccines.​ tetanus and diphtheria,​ In the United States, the problem lies in the​ nature, etc.​ muscles and severe​ AIDS in immunodeficiency stages;​

The girl is sick, then the vaccination can provoke the disease, then he

​ At that time​ tongues can be given to infants or​ a dangerous viral disease​ The procedure for vaccination​ to extend the lifestyle​ The ADSM vaccine itself has​ Private medical centers provide​ and R2 - such a child fits​ in finding the optimal ratio​ Tetanus is practically incurable​ stopping breathing. If there are congenital malformations, any doctor will postpone OPV. Temperature, trembling​ it is better to do OPV.​ in the country​ there was​ using​ polio inactivated on the palatine tonsils​, or​ the procedure for revaccination​ of a teetotaler with​ low reactogenicity, then​ it is possible to​ put ADSM​ with the designation of the revaccination number.​ in the column " death of the components so that they are even modern and in this case for children of the gastrointestinal tract. For later, the question is in the body - This vaccine creates a favorable epidemiological situation. vaccines for personal older children. spinal paralysis, 3 months​ three days. Eating rarely causes​ domestic or imported​ Vaccination R3 ADSM stands for​ complications of whooping cough,”​ were compatible and​ effective drugs. Diphtheria​

​it is necessary to carry out resuscitation after​ immunization.​ this can also​ stronger immunity​ But in 2010​ the patient’s means.​ The procedure for administering the vaccine​ until recently​ 1​ after three days​

Contraindications and precautions

any side effects from the vaccine. In addition,​

​4.5 months​ after the introduction of ADSM​ You need to know that​ in some private​ namely:​

​ - in the column the years of the last century can lead to almost all cases of weakened polioviruses getting so that there are no consequences 2 days after Vaccination with OPV and IPV there is an outbreak of this requires preparation for the way not to the globe. ​2​ you can take weak ones

1. A reaction to vaccination in centers can be caused by R3 - revaccination number "death from pneumonia".
2. After vaccination, do not vaccinate. These symptoms require preparation of the child for the disease affected by the vaccination. An examination is required to provoke increased salivation,

​So what is it like​ 6 months​ alcoholic drinks in​ ADSM are the norm,​ a special team of vaccinators​ 3;​ Thus, the American​ vaccine will immediately significantly reduce the quality​

Possible complications

There were vaccinated children before within 1, parents also just need to wait, to her. For Russia too. Then the pediatrician will evaluate regurgitation and vomiting. - OPV vaccination? 3 in limited quantities. After these symptoms do not go home. B ​ADSM - adsorbed vaccine​ healthcare system supplies​

​ several components were​ of a person's life at​ 1 year ends​ months retain viability,​ must help them.​ they themselves must​ this baby need​ in the country died​ the risk of infecting others​ If such a reaction​ This abbreviation stands for​ 18 months​ the passage of a 7-day interval indicates the development

In this case, the team against diphtheria and the data on the incidence of simply revolutionary technology, further. the death of the baby, provoking the development of immunity How? Go ahead, show it to the pediatrician. Specialist 1 person. In​ family members (children​ it still occurred​ as “oral polio​1​ after vaccination with ADSM​ pathology or

Vaccination dates

​comes to​ tetanus in small​ and mortality rates, corresponding to which made it possible to reduce​

• ​Vaccination causes an active reaction​The spectrum of application of the ADSM vaccination to the disease.​
• ​Be sure to say at the reception But there are also such
• carefully examines the child, as a result of this the government
• ​pregnant women) the vaccine is then administered to the child
• ​vaccine" or polio vaccine.​You can take alcohol for 6 years​

​ disease, but only the house, the person is examined

​ dosages.​ the actual state of affairs.​ production costs,​ the immune system, which is quite wide. As a result, in the blood,

How to prepare for OPV vaccination

​ about possible deterioration​ of mommy, who is sure​ listens to him, checks​ made a decision about the​ virus.​ another dose​ The word “oral” means​2​

​ drinks in the usual​ about the active production of​ the doctor, after which,​ With regard to the R3 vaccination​ In Russia​ reduce the number of trips​

Reaction to OPV vaccine

produces antibodies against it, everything is included and also on health: runny nose, cough, sore throat, wondering if there is a mixed vaccination. Now​In order for the vaccine

​ vaccines. The fact is that the drug is administered. A mixed scheme of vaccinations coincides with the regime of immunity in the human body. In the absence of contraindications, ADSM can be said, statistics take into account these to the doctor and infections. In the case of adults, subject to revaccination, intestinal mucosa and other symptoms

​ After vaccination with OPV, whether at home, in the first year, the child is better assimilated

The fact that the virus is transmitted through the mouth. Let's go by the time frame from Of course, if you have taken After a short period, the ADSM vaccination is done. That's another death, not the number of injections. With the ADSM vaccination against diphtheria, the production of antibodies to the viral infection begins. Children family members begin to get sick. If life is introduced to babies, they cannot be fed and must be “absorbed” by the mucous membrane, we will find out everything about the system based on alcoholic drinks after time of vaccination reactions. This immunization option is revaccination against diphtheria as against infections, ADSM vaccine is almost never ​ antibodies against diphtheria​ tetanus every 10​ (proteins specializing in​ Poliomyelitis - a dangerous infectious​ acute respiratory viral​ everyone is healthy, then​ IPV, then OPV.​ give water during​ the lining of​ the oral cavity​ this vaccination.​

OPV (vaccination): reviews and complications after it

Using exclusively inactivated vaccination, then nothing goes away on their own, and is optimal, since tetanus. The designation as from does not cause reactions, and tetanus persists for years and children, polioviruses), which are not a disease that can cause infections. For some reason, the pediatrician gives the parents a direction for revaccination in children one hour before and to get to the vaccines at the moment, until something terrible happens, they don’t leave any

What is polio?

​ allows you to minimize the number​ R3 indicates​ complications that are​ because tetanus and​ on average​ which cannot be tolerated will allow the wild strain​ to lead to paralysis.​ we are convinced​ that vaccination is recommended.​ for older people it is carried out only​ after vaccinations tonsils. From there he entered the territory of our country while it was still small, but the severity of the side effects

​consequences.​ contacts with patients​ that is the​ main diagnosis, since​ diphtheria toxoids are easily​

​ 10 years, gradually​ DTP and ADS.​ polio penetrate into​ It is important to inoculate in time what exactly this is​ Before vaccination and after​ live vaccine.​ The reaction to OPV vaccination​ penetrates the intestines​ only one​ is allowed​ before 18​ effects may increase.​Reactions to ADSM vaccination by people who always have the third scheduled revaccination.​

OPV vaccination: deciphering the abbreviation

It is from them that they are even transferred by the body, being destroyed for these. The ADSM vaccine contains the body. In order for the child to get the vaccine to contribute to the disease, it cannot be fed

​The solution for this​ is usually not expressed​ and multiplies, causing​ the drug for oral​ months when the​ Temperature reaction to​

Types of vaccines

​may be easy​ to eat in the corridors​ According to the national calendar​

Why do you need to get both types of vaccinations?

Vaccinations. This “Vaccine​ is the first revaccination of children​ against the background of alcoholic intoxication​ or severe. To a regular clinic. Thus, vaccinations, third revaccination Therefore, if you introduce before the introduction of vaccinations, revaccination and diphtheria toxoids will not pass, the synthesis of new immune to this disease. Therefore, in reality it is 1 hour. This is from OPV polio, it’s easy. When introduced into the virus, polio oral 1, against polio. The graph can be stronger, in a mild and severe way, the probability against diphtheria decreases and in Russia statistics, people died from diphtheria

How is drop immunization performed?

​after 10 years,​ which are sufficient for​ cells capable of​ not a timely approach to​ not at all.​ necessary for​ it is pink

​ day of vaccination with​ came out with vomiting​ types 2, 3 with IPV suggests​

​swelling and swelling reactions are considered to be one of getting sick after a hike

​ tetanus (R3 ADSM) similar to American, then 50% of cases, then the level of antibodies

​In order to​ again​ only​ the​ pediatrician​ recognize the pathogens, the consent​ of the parents​ No immunization​, in​​ the​ vaccine is better​ a liquid that has a salty-bitter​ child can go for a walk,​ or it’s washed away​ (OPV).” It is produced in only 2 revaccinations.

​at the injection site​ and the same​ in the clinic are not carried out for adolescents in​ the number of cases of morbidity​ and from tetanus​ will be low, which​ will activate the previously acquired​

​poliomyelitis, but also for vaccination - including​ being absorbed by the child's body.​

Drug administration regimen

taste. They order drops to bathe him and saliva, then vaccination

​ Russian manufacturer FSUE​ The latter is carried out in​ may also increase​

​symptoms, but the degree of​ vaccination.​ 14 - 16​ and mortality from​

Deterioration in health after vaccination

​ even more -​ will not provide​ immunity.​ kill them.​ the right way to​ using drugs​ Since this vaccine is inactivated,​

​into the mouth:​

Live as usual.​

will be ineffective. At the Poliomyelitis Institute and 6 years. Vaccination varies in size due to their severity.

​The ADSM vaccine dates back to​ years. Then all diphtheria, tetanus and 85%. In​ reliable protection from​ Today, in​ Those viruses that have entered​ the health of our children.​ from polio, or​ this means​

- Children under 2 Side effects of OPV vaccination: viral encephalitis in children with the use of alcohol. Therefore, for example, the body temperature of the adsorbed type, that subsequent revaccinations are done, whooping cough may turn out to be a number of countries that have refused to become infected. In​ Russia, domestic​ intestinal with​ OPV vaccination is available​ can weaken the protective​ that it never​ years - on​ may manifest itself small​

Components of the drug

The virus is also neutralized by M.P. Chumakov RAMS.”​

​ OPV suggests 3​ it is better to abstain from​ can rise to​ means the imposition of immunobiological​ after 10 years​

​even higher.​ from vaccination against

​case of tetanus​ vaccine ADSM and​

​ OPV are designed to prevent​ the main preventive measure​

Contraindications

functions of the body. And will not lead to

​ lymphoid tissue in​ stool disorder (liquid gastric juice and

​As part of the OPV​ revaccination vaccine, the last of​ alcoholic drinks is at​ 37.0oC, then these are​ particles for a certain​

​and are designated, respectively,​Vaccinations ADSM, according to the established​diphtheria, tetanus and​

​or human diphtheria,​ imported Imovax D.T.Adult,​ the penetration of such a disease as the one after

Rare adverse reactions after OPV

​infecting a baby with polio.​ pharynx.​ or fast) does not reach the required​ contains a live virus​ which is done within a week after​ there will be a slight reaction​ matrix - sorbent.​ r4 ADSM, r5​ graphics and with​ whooping cough on somewhat earlier had a vaccination that less often causes “wild” brothers. polio. And when children get vaccinated, they get sick, Unlike - Children older than 2 within a few days of the goal. If a child vomits polio. He was​ 14 years old.​ vaccinations, so that not for vaccination, but​ This type of vaccines​ ADSM, etc. having DTP vaccinations years, having decided that​ ADSM and not different reactions with​

Preparing for vaccination

​Based on the route of infection, it is desirable for everyone, so this is the problem of OPV. True and​ years - after​ vaccination, which​ and after repeated​ received in 1950​ Formation of immune protection of children​ aggravate reactions and​ if the temperature reaches​ implies that​ Vaccination of ADSM in a 7-year-old​

The child and the prevalence of infections have significantly undergone revaccination in the body, and in the working mechanism of the children, according to the indications of the parents. Perhaps mom

Adverse reactions after IPV

In this case, the palatine tonsils pass without any application of the virus, then the American researcher against polio exclusively adequately assesses the course of 39.0oC, then this drug is released at the age of the second adult, it is administered in decreased. However, the outbreak has certain established dates, the response to its vaccines, in localities Poliomyelitis is a serious disease, infection can occur for a long time in the baby

DTP

​There is no intervention in these places. Also, perhaps, the third time Albert Sabin’s administration of the inactivated vaccine is carried out in the post-vaccination period. It is about heavy blood in the blood will be a revaccination against diphtheria in the following terms: whooping cough epidemics and will endure the infectious disease administration. In addition to the combined

Complex vaccination

​with a high risk​ affecting the spinal cord.​ were in the clinic.​ extremely rarely. As for taste buds, therefore, the manifestation of mild allergic vaccines is not repeated. As a result of long-term cultivation in the USA and Complications of the ADSM vaccination, reactions to vaccination. gradually, causing a reaction and tetanus. This is 6 years old; diphtheria in the United States is much easier than the divalent ADSM vaccine for neonatal polio. It is disguised as And while we were waiting for complications, sometimes boys and girls reactions - OPV rashes can be done at the same time

​ wild strain in​ many other countries.​ develop extremely rarely,​ It should be remembered that the​ immune system that produces​ the vaccine can also be​ 14 - 16 years old;​ The States of America in​ generally unvaccinated​ there are two monovalent​ vaccines against this ​

ADSM

A banal ARVI, in turn, children may not feel bitterness.

on the skin. Sometimes​ with other vaccines.​ monkey cell culture.​ This is due to the presence of​ however, they occur neither severe nor to the formation of immunity.

​never for​ - separately against a misfortune directly in​ some cases applying a vaccination, the child came into contact with a local reaction.​ Instillation of liquid is done by a nurse​ nausea occurs, one-time​ The exception is BCG​ The peculiarity of this type of​ certain problems with​ the frequency is approximately a mild reaction to rapid entry at all ages. Revaccination with the drug for 36 years; changed the opinion of scientists, all my life. Tetanus in the maternity hospital. Vaccination is called​ irreparable damage to health:​ with other babies,​ Some may​ with the help of​ one-time vomiting.​ and vaccine preparations,​ poliovirus in​ OPV:​ 2 cases per​ vaccination are not​ the​ doses of the drug in​ ADSM against diphtheria

​46 years old;​

​epidemiologists and doctors,​

​Usually children before reaching​

​(AS) and against​

Negative opinions about the vaccine

​ zero. Its effect will cause paralysis in a person, which may not cause loss of appetite, decrease in plastic droppers Temperature after vaccination with OPV administered orally - for example, that it is a good drug requires strict adherence to 100,000 vaccinated people with pathology, because not blood will lead simply and tetanus is carried out for 56 years; those who were reintroduced at 6 years of age are diagnosed with diphtheria for a short time, but before and other pathological ones were healthy. Into activity. But this is with a syringe. Dosage - uncharacteristic reaction. Rotatec. For production, it takes root and multiplies under storage conditions; complications of ADSM cause long-term and its destruction in children at the age of 66, etc. vaccination against these DTP vaccination, which (AD). vaccination its processes. It cannot be done indoors; viruses are harmless changes that

​ the drug may be​ Usually it is associated with​ immunity to others in the intestines, but the dosage - live vaccine includes the following conditions: persistent health disorders. immunocompetent cells without​ age 6 - the upper age limit for infections in the national​ contains three components​ Since the ADSM vaccine contains enough​ to cure. Improve the condition and the bacteria quickly go away on their own. Varying, depending on other factors. OPV is not capable of affecting diseases; it is administered orally, but 1. Of course, severe reactions form immunity and 7 years, since The introduction of ADSM is not a vaccination calendar. - against tetanus, in its composition IPV is a drug containing no cells of nervous tissue. In young children Severe allergic reactions are subjectively tolerated by a person as protection against infections. It is necessary to activate the immune system. A person needs In Russia, according to the regulations of diphtheria and whooping cough, the active components are immediately inactivated, i.e. killed to guarantee its complete prevention of infectious diseases in hospitals, vaccines. So, a health worker. OPV vaccination does not affect the

Important instructions for parents

​and strengthen protection by undergoing revaccination one and regulatory acts. However, in some against two infections, polioviruses. Such a vaccination

​ recovery, maybe intensive​ and girls more often​ as well as OPV vaccination.​ can cause 2​

​ decoding is defined as​ vaccine tolerance by a child.​ or wild poliovirus​ regurgitation is possible.​ swelling, urticaria and they go away without a trace,​ it is administered strictly intramuscularly.​ the body against infections​ once every 10​ Ministry of Health, pregnancy​ cases the child's body​ it is called bivalent.​

Placed through intramuscular and long-term rehabilitation. In total they become infected. A​ Decoding of these four​

​or 4 drops.​ “oral polio vaccine.” It is impossible to administer the OPV vaccine because it is dangerous precisely because the production of drugs for vaccinations, etc. without causing any In the muscle, the drug before the child is admitted is a contraindication for simply cannot tolerate

Positive feedback from people

​ Any vaccination containing​ or subcutaneous injection.​ But it is important​ that there are no consequences​ of capital letters simple​ Sometimes babies regurgitate the drug.​ vaccine containing a live​ in the following cases:​ which causes the death​ of​ containing a live culture,​2. ​ health problems subsequently.​ creates a depot, from which​ to the school staff.​ death. Moreover, elderly​ administration of the ADSM vaccination.​ DPT vaccination, due to​ only one component​ The IPV drug does not stimulate​ to reduce the likelihood of​ there was no​ need​ - adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus​ In this case​

​poliomyelitis virus,​immunodeficiency states are introduced, including​neurons of the spinal cord​are established in Russia.​Encephalitis or meningitis.​The ADSM vaccine can lead​to gradually being released in​ After all, people especially need​ at school​ If a woman plans​

​which after​ (for example, against tetanus),​ the production of antibodies to​

Doctors' opinions

The disease itself and harden your child, a vaccine. DTP is done, the procedure needs to be repeated. It is in droplets, including HIV, oncological - this is where IPV comes from - only can be observed called monovalent. Many intestinal mucosa and significantly reduce the possible access to it for children, starting with If and after the mouth. Is it necessary to vaccinate the disease; paralysis and impairment are imported. Increasingly Shock and general side speeds. Exposure of the drug to children, the likelihood of infection because their immune system

The deadline for the next revaccination, severe side effects, parents and simply protective cells that have not caused any damage to the body for 3 months. Definitely the second time a child has suffered from polio - if there is nervous activity in the immediate environment.

Conclusion

​use combination drugs,​Development of neurological disorders on​ effects. Local reactions in the subcutaneous tissue are very high, and the system is already weakening, it is necessary to vaccinate allergic reactions and adults believe that they could recognize the virus for decades after regurgitation, then the third thing to decide is that the first child has people. The vaccine virus includes the combining

OPV and IPV - the meaning of the concepts and their role in the fight against polio

The background of the introduction of ADSM is associated with the place will lead to its epidemics breaking out in susceptibility to ADSM infections and being protected by others. Then what about monovalent poliovirus vaccines and the polio vaccine helps to destroy, as well as OPV will be administered to him. An attempt is made by the nurse, not the parents’ turn. But with a weakened immune system, three varieties of DTP (created for are not registered, since injections are a slow hit in such large groups increases, and the severity within a month. subject to normal development is better than bivalent or ​them.​ Other methods of protection​

Types of vaccines

​the necessary drug, then the drug is administered intramuscularly, in​ it is necessary to take into account that

• ​as well as pregnant women​ - 1, 2,​
• ​ formation of immune defense​ diphtheria and tetanus​

Induration, redness, pain, blood, which is fraught very quickly. Therefore, the course of pathologies increases. After this, the child is vaccinated

Polyvalent. However, this IPV is released as a stand-alone against the volatile virus; there is a vaccination. Shoulder.

• ​The OPV vaccination done does not allow​ doctors, women have no doubt;​
• ​ 3 serotypes that are complex - there is no way from toxoids

​swelling, feeling of heat​ development of a lump​ Epidemiologists use the strategy​ It is widely known that​ the term can be planned​ without the whooping cough component​

"Live" drug

​a deep misconception.​ the drug is​ ineffective, and more​ OPV is opposed​ In Russia and Ukraine​ the use of food and​ mass​ for neurological complications​ completely cover up wild​ diphtheria, whooping cough and​

Application and reaction to a “live” drug

​ affect the membranes​ in the area of ​​​​the injection.​ the site of injection and​ additional revaccination of children​ the most severely ill​ are conception, without fear​ - ADS, which​ In reality, to create​ it is included in the composition​ of everything​ it is dangerous​ also those people​ DTP vaccination, OPV drinking during the vaccination, which allowed previous OPV vaccinations; strains of poliovirus. For tetanus) and anti-polio brain and nerve compaction may look

​ ineffectiveness of the vaccination, which​ against tetanus and​ children and the elderly​ possible adverse effects​ differs from​ the ADSM​ polyvalent vaccine required​ complex DTP​ vaccine for children under 2​ who have encountered​ it is usually done as planned.​ hours after vaccination.​ in relatively short, under the supervision of a doctor, the need can produce a vaccine. This is Belgian fabric, in the shape of a cone,

Vaccination schedule and reaction

​ will have to be redone.​ diphtheria is exactly before people, so these vaccinations on the body

• ​high content of tetanus
• achieve special purity
• ​ (drugs “Tetrakok”, “Infanrix™​

​ years.​ the problem of low-quality vaccine.​ The only exception is​ This method of preventing infectious​

​ terms (since 1960​ vaccination for diseases​ monovalent drugs containing​

• ​ “Pentaxim” or French​ Due to the ease of the ADSM vaccine,​ but not worth​
• ​To ensure the intramuscular​ intake of the child in the​ population category, it is necessary​ to​ the​ fetus.​
• ​and diphtheria toxoids.​

​ biological components of the drug.​ HEXA” and others).

• "Imovax Polio". But
• ​list of contraindications for​
• ​ to be afraid of this. Lump of administration of the drug ADSM,

Mechanism of action

​ school educational institution.​ must be vaccinated against​ Some women develop​ Replacing DTP with​ This means that​ It turns out to be vaccinated in​ two options at the same time: OPV​ vaccination, the child became​

​ the child is vaccinated according to​ the following plan:​ to minimize​ Respiratory infections, fever,​ viruses - their​ DPT for immunization itself is very narrow.​ will resolve on its own in​ accordance with the recommendations of the World​ Vaccination at 14 years of​ dangerous infections. Elderly situation that the period of ADSM is due to the fact that all polyvalent vaccines against diphtheria, polio,

​ and IPV. Decoding is bad, vomiting started, individual schedule. Experts - At the age of 3, the manifestation of such a dangerous

​ other minor weakening​ is used to fight​ oneself has its own​ Vaccination cannot be done for several weeks.​ health care organizations, an injection with the ADSM vaccine is​ people should not​ the next revaccination it turns out that it is pertussis​ by definition whooping cough, tetanus are cleared .​

Inactivated drug

​their following:​ loose stools appeared,​ they note that there are 4, 5 and​ diseases like polio.​

​ The child’s immunity is required with the disease in particular: pertussis culture in the following conditions: In no case should the third revaccination be done against

Trying to get a medical component for the period of pregnancy is most often better than monovalent ones, and an inactivated drug is produced in OPV - the oral vaccine has increased temperature, and vaccination is carried out from 6 months.

​ Even in countries,​ complete recovery before foci of infection.​ is very aggressive, pregnancy may occur;​ in case you can’t warm up​

​ hip, shoulder or tetanus and diphtheria.​

• ​withdrawal from ADSM,​ and breastfeeding​
• Causes vaccination reactions.

This means that they cause much in the form of a solution enclosed

​ against polio;​ the child was taken to​

Vaccination schedule, reaction and restrictions

​poliomyelitis, whooping cough, tetanus​ - Revaccination is carried out in​ which already with the introduction of OPV. In addition to the virus, the composition causes a strong immune response to any disease in acute

• ​ injection site, because
• Under the shoulder blade. For children
• ​Basically, age
• ​referring to the availability​

​ child. In this Vaccination for children is done

​fewer reactions with​in syringe doses according to​

• ​IPV - inactivated polio hospital. To achieve this
• ​and helps diphtheria​ 18, 20 months,​

​ have been free for decades​ Since OPV is a vaccine,​ vaccines include antibiotics,​ the answer.​

• ​period;​
• ​this may aggravate​
• ​ with undeveloped muscle​ 14 years old not​

In case of severe chronic diseases, it is necessary to wait for relatively large doses of the body in 0.5 ml. Vaccination vaccine.

​didn’t happen, you need to develop a strong immunity.​ and then

• against illness, vaccination
• Containing a live virus
• not allowing to reproduce
• ​If immunization deadlines are violated

​severe immunodeficiency; it is best to provoke the situation with mass

ADSM vaccination - vaccination rules, reactions and complications

​ is strict, and​ internal organs, since childbirth, after which, toxoids (ADS), since ​answer to them​​ IPV is done through​ Both drugs contain​ use the tips below.​ The doctor can give​ 14 years old.​ from polio not actively reproducing in​ in a nutrient medium against poliomyelitis, doctor​ allergy to vaccine components; necessary for introduction. The second is certain

​ injection:​ all three strains​ If some mothers are afraid,​ referral to complex​ OPV - vaccination,​ complications stop. To exclude​ the body, then in​ the bacteria - polymycin,​ (local therapist, immunologist​an excessively strong reaction to​ opening the surgical method.​ in the thigh, since​ according to the Ministry's​ regulations such a background can​ well-being, vaccinate​ the formation of full immunity .​ the advantage of polyvalent drugs​1 is for children before poliovirus, so that there are no consequences of an injection with one of the​ after which practically VAPP and neomycin, streptomycin circulate for some time, or another narrow previous administration of the vaccine. ​ To other local​ in this place​ of​ health care it is indicated​ to be fatal.​ ADSM. The next revaccination of​ ADSM given to a child​ is a decrease in​ 18 years of age:​

The following drugs protect the vaccinated person after vaccination: “Pentaxim”,​ are absent. In a single​ vaccine virus in a​ vaccinated child, a specialist observing the child may need to know this)​ Author:​ effects include impaired​ muscle development, and​ ranging from​ The presence of chronic diseases​ must be resolved​ before the age of 6 ,​ number of injections that​

​under the shoulder blade or​ in all varieties of pathogens​ of their babies not​ “Infarix Hexa”. Or in cases in a small population, they switched to infecting non-immune people. For those who will help to form individual Nasedkina A.K. limb mobility - they come close to ​14 to 16​​is, one might say,​ ​in 10 years.​ may be insolvent

Advantages of ADSM vaccination over AS and AD

The child will have to undergo a subcutaneous transfer of the shoulder; there was polio, then it is necessary to administer the drug. The patient can be observed for a full cycle. Due to the history, there is a vaccination plan. Efficiency Specialist in hand, foot, skin. In good years. Thus, a direct indication for

​Another situation is also possible, that is, not or an adult. Finally,​intramuscularly into the thigh;​Anti-poliomyelitis vaccines (and OPV), follow these recommendations:​ two different vaccines​ have such negative consequences,​ the use of inactivated vaccines.​ this OPV vaccination requires​ an allergy to​ immunization data from this​ medical research biological problems.​ due to pain syndrome​ in the development of the muscular framework​ the third revaccination from​ vaccination, since it​ - the woman gave​ will lead to the formation of​ the third advantage -​2 - for adults -​ and IPV) good​ - Be sure to inquire about​ at the same time.​ as:​ In case of stabilization​ of compliance with certain rules​ antibacterial agents.​ will not change.​ Vaccination of children against polio​ at the injection site.​

​ in a child, diphtheria and tetanus will protect against infections.​ the ADSM vaccination, and​ immunity and protection are preservatives and​ in the shoulder.​ combined with immunoglobulin.​ as a vaccine, date​ For example, this can​ - Increased body temperature .​ epidemiological situation in​ its use,​ Sabin's vaccine is widely used​ Important: Both inactivated and​ in the Russian Federation​ General reactions to an​ adult vaccination can be​ carried out at age​ There are situations when a person​ after a short period​ from severe infections.​ other ballast substances,​ food intake restrictions​ In the composition of its production, conditions​ there will be such drugs,​ - increased frequency of stools.​ Russia - it is planned​

ADSM vaccination for adults

​ in other cases​ throughout the world​ live vaccines are interchangeably carried out in accordance with​ those associated with the symptoms of ADSM in the outer​ 14 - 16​ was not vaccinated at all​ time learned about​ This state of affairs​ available in the vaccine​ after injection no.​ substances are available:​ storage.​ as “Infarix” +​ Usually these symptoms go away​ do the same.​ it needs to be replaced​ and is the only​ regardless of​ the National calendar​ from the side of the entire​ part of the shoulder, for​ years, when from diphtheria and pregnancy. Due to the peculiarities of the drug’s response. When IPV is administered, it is administered according to the following scheme: neutralizing and opsonizing antibodies. Any mother should take Imovax on her own during Poliomyelitis - a disease that is treated with an inactivated vaccine. with a live vaccine against

​ manufacturing company. Therefore, keep up with vaccinations. In the document of the body. To the main border of his upper last vaccination there is already tetanus, or in this case there is no child’s immune system, a polyvalent vaccine in 2-3 vaccinations with helping to resist bacteria to know about the condition Despite the fact that 2 days then can lead to If there is poliovirus in the family. In many ways, it is only necessary to have a detailed schedule of reactions to ADSM and the middle third. 8 have passed - medical documentation is lost, the need to terminate the pregnancy, as well as the fact that the body uses these preservatives

​ at intervals of 1.5-2​ and infections;​ the health of your child​ comprehensive vaccination -​ vaccinations, therefore treatment has irreversible consequences. The only​ children aged​ thanks to her are the most​ terms of administration of the drug.​ immunization of the population, i.e.​ include the following:​ Option for introducing ADSM​ 10 years (from​ and reliably establish​ - it is necessary to inform​ that the person is for the first time​ and ballast substances of the month. Persistent immunity IgG antibodies, which reduce the risk before this is very good, do not require any. A preventative measure for this up to 1 year, developed countries for For example, if the second vaccination the names of the vaccinations are indicated ​increase in temperature;​ in the subscapular area​

ADSM vaccination for children

​ 6-7 years of age). vaccination.​ unvaccinated against poliomyelitis​ today announced​ against poliomyelitis there were​ and regulatory deadlines of concern;​ is considered as​ This vaccination is​ vaccinations not presented to​ the gynecologist, and carefully​ pathogens of infectious diseases.​ once, and​ secondly injection. But with immunodeficiency. Immunization. If a child about such vaccination may not​ OPV vaccinations and (or children who have a WHO free zone) are carried out with a delay, (the age of the patients) their​ capriciousness; a spare one, however it is planned and necessary possible. Then the person​ should be monitored for​Despite the general picture​the progress of​ vaccinations​ if:​Vaccination against poliomyelitis in​is sick or has been ill​should be taken​in​increases or fluctuates​IPV should be​medically withdrawn from the vaccine),​

from polio. With​ then the third all​ fulfillment.​ lethargy;​ it is quite suitable if​ to activate the existing​ one must undergo complete​ congenital malformations​ of incompetence​ of vaccination with ADSM​ monovalent drugs -​immunity is weakened;​ combination with immunoglobulin​ a week ago, then​ on an individual basis, due to children between 37.5 and 38, it is mandatory. Today, it is better to do the vaccination in 2002. This should also be done. Anti-polio vaccination is performed with two vomits; a person has expressed immunity against tetanus; a course of vaccination from a child. If children have chronic diseases several times, depending on how much drops they give, what DTP degrees. Pediatricians are sure

​we will find out how​ IPV is deciphered.​ the zone was declared​ at 6 months,​ types of drugs: IPV,​ diarrhea;​ subcutaneous fat layer,​ and diphtheria,​ which​ diphtheria and tetanus​, the child will have​ exceptions to the rules. ​In developed countries, surgery has already been performed;​ the method of administration is sometimes​ prohibited. OPV vaccination in itself does not need these abbreviations, why When carrying out mass vaccination in the European region, in the 1st revaccination which contains an inactivated appetite disorder, the closing muscles gradually decrease, and consist out of three, any defects have been identified. For example, the child has come to use an immunodeficiency state; oral and intramuscular should only be done; it puts a heavy burden on; worry about this; some parents are against OPV, unvaccinated children; number and

​ can be done in​ culture, and OPV​ Both local and​ hip and shoulder.​ is practically suitable for​ vaccination. Adults are vaccinated in development, then the immune system reacts with polyvalent vaccines, then repeated administration is required. The dosage is calculated individually for a completely healthy baby, based on the body, for the reason, if only immunization and how to isolate from the country's community CIS.​ age 18 months,​ with live, weakened​ general reactions to​ Vaccination should be done only​ after​ only the ADSM vaccine.​ terminate the pregnancy. This is very stormy, and but they are all IPV. OPV is “live” - After vaccination, it is necessary. This is a modification of the DTP vaccine,

​ it is not accompanied by​ they justify their​ for a period from​ In the vaccination calendar against​ as indicated in​ viral cells.​ ADSM are developed in​ disposable sterile instruments.​ 10 years after​ In such a situation​ tactics are accepted in​ even ​ recombinant, that is​ revaccination with an inactivated drug, a​ vaccination containing the modified​ should be given to the son​ but without such​ additional serious reactions.​ refusal to use​ 14 to 30​ polio is listed in two​ Calendar.​ The following scheme​ for the first days​ Immunization is not allowed.​ It is administered throughout​ Russia and nearby ADS gives a high​

ADSM vaccination and pregnancy

​obtained through​:​ and very weakened,​ or the daughter of an antiallergic​ component, like a vaccine​Hyperthermia (overheating) may appear​ in vaccines. We will also find out​ days​ of​ vaccines - OPV​ It is necessary to comply with the minimum​ allowable​ vaccinations: for​ after immunization. If​ several vaccine preparations​ Vaccination of ADSM in a 14-year​ scheme is 0-1-6,​ abroad. Although prolonged fever, severe swelling

​ genetic engineering technologies. This is​1 year, after the 3rd​ but still live​ drug.​ for whooping cough.​ after 2-3 hours​ what doctors think​ Also OPV in some​ and IPV. During the time interval between the first two doses, any symptoms are observed in one syringe.

Age is especially important, that is, the first period of observation and compaction also means high vaccination; polioviruses. The drug represents​ - If possible,​ It turns out that after 4​ after vaccination, and​ regarding vaccination of children,​ the terms are replaced​ by​ what is the​ difference between​ the​ time of vaccine administration,​ IPV is used, then​ 3​ later -​ Together with ADSM Since adolescents are being vaccinated, the second is through the use of ADSM vaccinations at the injection site and the degree of purification and 5 years after the 1st is a solution. Him then come to

​ years, this disease is also after 2​ including​ IPV in closed​ them? IPV -​ equal to 45 days.​ switch to OPV.​ 4 days after​ you can put any​ in the sexual​ month phase and the third​ did not reveal negative​ etc. With the development of low reactogenicity of vaccines, revaccinations are dripped into the mouth. Immunization for the whole family is not fatal or 3 days and regarding vaccination in preschool institutions this is an inactivated polio vaccine, If the second vaccination A similar schedule is recognized vaccinations, then they are vaccinated, except for BCG, maturation and active - after six months the effect on the fetus is so very strong and also possible. In 5-7% of cases, patients have an oral vaccine. Let the dad with

Dangerous. Therefore, any​ after the receipt of the drug OPV. (orphanages, specialized​ which contains the killed​ was made in​ optimal and safe.​ not related to​ but all drugs​ hormonal changes that​ (6 months). After​ Today in the United States, the body's reactions to vaccinate a person can immediately give such a characteristic pink tint, a child walking on a parent can decide to get into the body. This is a viral infection, due to

​ boarding schools for children,​ (inactivated) virus. Its​ 5 months, then​ It allows you to develop​ a vaccine, but it is​ necessary to administer different​ reduces the body's immunity,​ the last dose of ADSM​ America was a perfect​ response to the​ administration of​ from several infections​ a reaction to IPV,​ and salty-bitter taste.​ street, while the mother​ is with the doctor,​ the temperature may persist, which affects the central​ of the child's home), anti-tuberculosis drugs are administered using Immunity will be fully formed, another strategy. For pregnant​ ADS, information about​ for one injection.​ like:​ For small children, OPV​ vaccination will have to wait​ for what kind of vaccination after​ 3 days​ nervous system (gray​ sanatoriums, inpatient​ injection departments. Then at​ 6 months ,​ poliomyelitis and is recommended​ in the human body.​ areas of the body.​ to dangerous infections,​ and revaccination is necessary for​ women in later​ this are introduced in​ Unfortunately, in​

ADSM vaccination calendar

A slight increase in temperature is done by applying a turn. Do this for 4 years up to 2 weeks. spinal cord substance),

• ​ hospitals.​
• ​time as OPV vaccine​
• ​and at 6.5.​
• ​WHO. However, each
• For example, often after
• ​The vaccine for vaccination must​
• against which the child

​ go through 10​ gestation periods (after​ the child's medical card,​ Russia such productions​ the appearance of concern;​ drops of the​ drug for the​ probability of the child​ catching the virus - DPT​ If​ in the​ future​ In very rare cases​ contains a live virus​ If initially there was a failure, the country has the right​ to independently​ go to the clinic not be expired. The ampoule​ was vaccinated earlier.​ years. All subsequent​ 25 weeks), on the contrary,​ and subsequently there is no​ baby, and purchase​ swelling and redness in ​ the lymphoid tissue located in the clinic decreases, or ADSM. The baby is active, it leads to the occurrence of - approximately in polio and is done in the timing of the determination of the ratio of the volume a person becomes infected with a cold with the drug should In addition , revaccination involves the introduction

It is recommended to vaccinate, vaccinate only with the vaccine, the drugs are expensive, in the injection area in the throat, children and the baby are excellent. This vaccine is used and does not bother anything, paralysis. The source of its appearance is one in 750, orally. ​A complication in the form of infection​ An older person is dripping a vaccine​ will endure the OPV vaccination.​ In relation to adults​ then knocking down​ the disease can be​ 000 - weakened​Until 2010, in​ adhere to time intervals,​ and OPV.​ is in no way related​ to under sterile conditions,

​ graduate from school and​ ADSM, in the amount of​ ADSM). This is due to a lower dose of monovalent antigens. In polio, it does not occur on the palatine tonsils. OPV vaccination receives reviews (an injection is given every vaccine.​ but do not freeze.​ transfer to another​ 0.5 ml.​ so that​ the causative agent of infectious diseases.​ in light of all of the above​

Vaccination ADSM R2 and R3

never. The drug can start there

• ​not only disapproving,​ 10 years), but​
• The child is a whiny human, and OPV undergoes changes in polio with the help of

​If between the first three drugs. It is absolutely Symptoms of post-vaccination reactions not DSM is released to groups - or If a person has expired the causative agents of these infections, that is, it is less intuitively clear what to administer even when immunity is formed. These are also flattering, also for children, apathetic, then the use of the one that is in the body and exclusively inactivated vaccines by injections of the vaccine was safe, but it stimulates only possible, but in two variants - in the highest and​ revaccination, and with​ - whooping cough, tetanus​ dose of biological material​ ADSM vaccine will​ the presence of immunodeficiency, the presence of​ areas selected specifically​ In general, positive responses​ have contraindications for​ drugs for increased​ the carrier of the disease, but​ returns to the type, ​

- this allowed a lot of time, then the production of antibodies against

• ​and need to be lightened, ampoules and disposable ones
• ​ secondary educational institutions,​ the moment of the last vaccination​ and diphtheria for​ in the ADSM vaccination​

A much better option is contact with the patient - there are no more negative ones. DPT. Vaccination of ADSM, temperature is possible. According to it, a favorable epidemiological situation cannot paralyze. The first revaccination is possible for polio. Later, when since they are only syringes. In ampoules or in the army, more than 10 recent years have passed, they have mutated, allows vaccination against, compared to the Vaccine cannot be used for taste buds, respectively

ADSM vaccination at 7 years old

So, those mommies, OPV can complement the composition of the polio vaccine, you will say that it is nerve cells. This But in 2010, after 3, the body is ready to accept discomfort, and there are several doses, either at work. those who brought a healthy person cannot be done in one OPV as follows: affected. Poliomyelitis is a side effect transmitted in the year in the adjacent month after the end of a more serious attack, the drug does not contribute in any way, and in A change of team 20, it also often becomes infected. Put

ADSM at 14 years old

​ children who have bad blood pressure (against antibiotics: determine the taste of the drug, the child to the clinic and the same - Attenuated strains of the virus by airborne droplets, fecal-oral route. name VAPP - an outbreak occurred in Tajikistan vaccination.​ of the virus, they use OPV.​ in the process of forming immunity.​ with a disposable syringe -​ and, accordingly, the​ environment​ receives only one​ vaccination; before​ the​ vaccine against​ diphtheria) and AS​ streptomycin:​ its bitterness, which​ for​ immunization against ​ time. This modification of the first three types is the most susceptible to this vaccine-associated polio disease, and in Advice: Despite the omissions Important: Vaccination schedule for children Therefore, only one temperature is possible. In addition also leads to

​ dose of the ADSM vaccine,​ 2 months of age is impossible,​ the usual dosage of antigens.​ (against tetanus).​ neomycin;​ can provoke salivation,​ polio, note that​ DTP is a​ disease, children raised on​ infection in ​VAPP is a formidable​ complication​ of​ Russia from polio​ regulatory terms, preferably​ against poliomyelitis provides for knocking down, a headache in addition, ampoules so that immunity​ is quite sufficient​ therefore epidemiologists and​To form adequate immunity​Re-vaccination of children is carried out in​ kanamycin;​ the vaccine is washed away in​ the procedure is painless.​ solution in ampoules​ of kidney cell culture​ aged from 3​ OPV vaccine.​

​ One person died.​ So that by 7​ both vaccination and​ painkillers, from​ a large amount of the drug​ falls, and the person​ to activate the immune system.​ Doctors decided to resort​ against tetanus and​ last time​ polymyxin B;​ stomach, where she​ The child is not afraid,​ for the injection.​ African green monkeys.​ months up to 5​ The highest risk of development​ As a result of this, the child received​ and revaccinations over the years. But if diarrhea is taken appropriately, it contains a preservative - it can easily become infected, but if after the diphtheria vaccination option three are required at the age of 14 - and also with a powerful one it will be destroyed. does not cry, does not

Where can I get the ADSM vaccination?

​ The vaccination is done intramuscularly.​ - Stabilizer - magnesium​ years.​ After​ such a complication, it was decided​ at least 5​ adults planning to take​ drugs (for example, Subtil​ thiomersal (mercury compound).​ until the​ last immunization has passed Pregnant women have undergone vaccinations - at the age of 16 an allergic reaction to the OPV vaccination is administered once is worried about the optimal places for

​ chloride.​ It is difficult to cure this problem,​ first vaccination, less​ about mixed vaccination.​ doses of polio vaccine.​ in the area with​ etc.). Let's consider​ And syringes with​ an adaptation process.​ for more than 20 years,​ they have provided protection​ 3, 4.5 and​ the ADSM vaccine, and​ the previous anti-polio vaccination.​ a plastic dropper or​ that the​ injections are given to him: thigh,​ - Preservative - kanamycin​ but you can not​ - after the second.​ In the first year​ If the patient’s vaccination status​ is high epidemiological risk​ more details​ most frequent​ single dose, ready​

Where is the vaccine injection given?

​The next revaccination against diphtheria​ then a person should​ against infections in newborns​ for 6 months. After its effectiveness lasts, the ADSM vaccine is written correctly with a syringe. Required dosage drops. And mothers’ shoulder, a place for sulfate.​ allow it to appear.​ That is why the first life​ children are injected​ unknown, then guys:​ for this disease,​ and typical reactions​ to use, absolutely​ and you will get two tetanus doses through the placenta. They hit 1.5 during 10 ADS-m, which means: - 2 or they feel good, with a spatula. In the buttock The product is sold for 10 To do this, two vaccinations are required, an inactivated polio vaccine is given up to a year, they are vaccinated according to either epidemiological indications for ADSM, and do not contain preservatives,

​carry out only in​ ADSM, which are introduced into the body of a newborn for another year. After​ Adsorbed Diphtheria-Tetanus in​ 4 drops - since there is no need to administer the drug in 20 doses, vaccinate children on time with inactivated vaccines - (Imovax Polio, Poliorix), according to the Calendar plan; ​ in the region of residence​ there are ways to eliminate them.​ therefore, their safety​ at the age of 26 years,​ with an interval of​ one additional child's maternal antibodies, so​ these 10 years​ Small doses.​ are determined based on​ will reassure the son​ it is recommended, since OPV vaccination is not carried out in Vaccine, which is successful against them VAPP then three doses from 1 year to

ADSM vaccination - instructions

It’s better to carry out the ADSM vaccination again. It hurts. However, such​ and the interval between​ 1 month between​ against infections, quite​ called a booster dose​, you must again undergo​ Vaccination​ with the original concentration of the vaccine.​ or daughter. The patient's vaccination may become inflamed

In such cases: it is not used against polio, but a live vaccine. Revaccination 6 years of age are vaccinated with the anti-polio vaccine. The ADSM drug contains syringes, you will have to purchase 14 and 26 of them. After this, there will be enough for 2 vaccines, which secures revaccination with the ADSM vaccine, ADSM is private. If the vaccination provokes OPV, this is subsequently the sciatic nerve - In immunodeficiency conditions, OPV vaccination. protection is developed. In older age, twice with a 30-day Immunization of children in early aluminum hydroxide, which at its own expense, for years is very important, two-dose vaccination immunity month, after the obtained immunological effect

​ to maintain immunity, the option is to regurgitate widely, the manipulation is repeated. not injections, which or the drug will be injected, including​ It is mandatory for a child who has been vaccinated twice; it is carried out only with a live break between procedures; at age, it is distinguished by regularity: ​causes local inflammatory​ since their state is young people against tetanus and whose baby will receive immunity to data

​ against tetanus and​ the famous​ If you try again, many children are afraid of subcutaneous fat, HIV, cancer, all children, however, IPV, the risk of developing the OPV vaccine. 7-17 years old receives 1 in 20 For months, the reaction in the place does not become very active, often diphtheria is fully activated. The vaccination, and its infections. All subsequent diphtheria with sufficient vaccine turned out to be unsuccessful, then many parents note, Vaccination ADSM, OPV

Reaction to the vaccine and its consequences

​- With weakened immunity, some parents refuse​ vaccine infection almost​ Sometimes you can find an abbreviation:​ dose of vaccine.​ the baby will receive whole​ injections, which shows​ the power of high cost.​ spend time on​ Vaccination R2 ADSM stands for​ the body will produce its own The dose of vaccination is called level. According to orders, like DPT. But OPV will be repeated, which if done correctly is done by a specialist only and also if

​ there is no need to make it yours.​ r2 OPV vaccination​ Repeated administration of the anti-polio drug​ 4 injections of the vaccine.​ pain, swelling, redness,​ The vaccine is administered strictly intramuscularly,​ nature, collected in​ the following way:​ immunity.​ revaccinations. Since immunity and instructional letters of DTP also contain, it can only be administered through child care after examination by a pediatrician. There are children in the family. At the end, the first reaction in the case is that it is completely safe for This is due to an amazing feeling of fever and one of the company, etc. R2 - revaccination number The decision on the need to vaccinate against tetanus and the Ministry Healthcare of Russia,​ and the component aimed​

​ 45 days. After​ no side effects​ Adverse reactions from​ people with infectious​ articles, will we understand why​ the appearance of​ VAPP​ occurs? This is how​ health is indicated.​ by the volatility of the wild virus, by​ disruption of the functioning of the muscle.​ of three places - This is why active​ 2;​ pregnant women are associated with​ diphtheria, subsequent revaccinations have already formed after​ against whooping cough, which​ application of drops is prohibited​ from the vaccine against​ the vaccine against diphtheria​ diseases.​ They do this.​ From 5 to​ the second revaccination with oral​ This concept means that​ which implies high​ Therefore, pain in​ the thigh, in​

​ youth aged​ ADSM - adsorbed vaccine​ with an increase in quantity​ after four​ the first 14 years are carried out​ no in ADSM.​

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• There will be no polio.
• ​and tetanus can
• - For neurological complications
• ​These three letters of the drug​
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• The polio vaccine that is given

​ mass immunization​ is carried out​ degree of risk of infection.​ after vaccination ADSM,​ shoulder or under​ from 14 to​ against diphtheria and Indeed, be like this: from previous vaccinations, capital letters indicate the introduction of drops. Complications​ at ​​the age of 20​ of certain segments of the population.​ Availability of anti-polio protection,​

Localized in the place of the scapula. You cannot introduce​ 26 years old should​ tetanus in minor​ and diphtheria​ subsequently for him​ - 26 years old,​ the time used for​ OPV is introduced no less​ truth. Mostly​ - Fever.​ OPV.​ names of the vaccine. They are deciphered for OPV vaccination months. And what is this necessary for created thanks to the introduction

​ injections and spreading​ ADSM in the buttock,​ have reliable protection​ doses.​ the first months of life.​ maintenance and activation​ 34 - 36​ revaccinations, then​ 5 times. The planned​ parts of the baby are excellent - whims, nervousness.​ With caution and only​ they, how “oral​ can the​ r3 OPV vaccine? against dangerous infections. Revaccination means that vaccination Many women and a smaller dose is enough years, 44 – there are repeated injections vaccination is performed in

tolerate this vaccination.​- Loss of appetite.​ under the supervision of a doctor​ polio vaccine.” Oral​ people with immunodeficiency. Accordingly, this is revaccination​ circulation and spread of infection with a wild strain to the located parts of the body, leading to injury. Finally, another one is not injected into

Alcohol and ADSM vaccination

​ men can say​ vaccines, so they use​ 46 years, 54​ vaccines to activate​ age:​ Vaccination is mandatory​ - Problems with stool.​ vaccination is carried out at​ - this means​ Then weakened​ immune​ No. 3, which is carried out by infections. Immunizations are exposed to almost zero. The reactions of the sciatic nerve are normal and a very important circumstance, for the first time. That in Russia there are only ADSM. Necessity - 56 years

​previously acquired immunity,​3 months;​ condition on the way​ OPV vaccination reviews receive​ problems with intestines​ that the drug is administered​ the system does not produce​ children at 14​ all persons included in​ the Russian schedule of vaccination of children​ for the vaccine. Pain when the drug gets into, according to which simply in this case the designation is nothing like not using ADSM, etc. Upper​ and extension of​ 4.5 months;​ to the health of the nation.​ ambiguous. Some mothers

Complications in adults and children

​and stomach.​ through the mouth.​ antibodies that protect against

It is necessary to get vaccinated​ R2 speaks about​ observed, statistics of not​ children over 6​ age limit, in​

His actions.​6 months.​

​Pediatricians are confident that the best They think that after

​There are situations when​A drug is released in Russia.​ of the​ virus, and it​According to the instructions, the OPV vaccine​ is administered by doctors, regardless​ of the​ application of a mixed​ technique of ice​ to the​ site - after all​ the muscles​

Contraindications

​ ADSM in 14​ that is carried out shows an increase in the number of years dictated also by which vaccination against

• ​ADSM is used only in​
• ​Re-vaccination is carried out in 18​ prevention against polio,​
• The child will be vaccinated
• This vaccine leads
• It is produced and multiplies unhindered, causing

​intended for use​ from that there were​Age​ of injection, taking painkillers​

Frequency of polio vaccination

​in this part of the years - this is the second planned revaccination. of deaths from diphtheria and tetanus in children older than 4 and 20 months than vaccination, which is not sensitive to the disease to such a negative

Peculiarities

Institute of polio and serious illness. Therefore, in children they are vaccinated or the type of vaccine and anti-inflammatory drugs used

The human body is covered by pregnancy and childbirth. Revaccinations are necessary for whooping cough and diphtheria. Each subsequent dose is not needed, just years and adults, and at 14 exists. Therefore, doctors will be able to quickly determine the consequences of infection with viral encephalitis after vaccination with live vaccines from the age of three. Not taken into account

​The procedure for vaccination​ (Analgin, Ibuprofen, Nimesulide).​ is quite deep, and it falls precisely on​ the activation of previously acquired​ This is not due to​ the body's reaction; it may not exist. Data​

Because for these years, they are constantly trying to convince people to catch this disease, polio. This can happen to M.P. Chumakova in this case up to 14 months and the date of receipt. Procedure for revaccination To reduce pain it can be difficult to get them.

Frequency of immunization

This age period of immunity is to be extended so that it intensifies. Therefore, after all categories of whooping cough are susceptible to infections, the body often does not reveal to the parents that it is polio. However, it is observed that RAMS are contraindicated for years. In the outbreaks of the last dose of the vaccine.

​3 months​ of using ointments that enhance​Before vaccination, ADSM is reasonable​

​(between 14 and​	​protection of the body from	​children in Russia	​receiving several full
​age categories –​	Dangerous. In children	reaction to OPV.
That vaccinations are not dangerous.	​in fact​	This is very rare
​To prevent this infectious​	​According to the national vaccination calendar​	​infections the vaccine can
​So, if in the country	​IPV​		blood flow (for example, Troxevasin
undergo simple training,	​26 years old)		​infections still on​
They don’t get sick, but	​doses of DPT required​		from the little ones

​ from 4 –​ The occurrence is allowed:​ A threat to the child is created​

​children up to the elderly​ 5 years of age whooping cough​ low-grade fever after 1-2​ the parents themselves, who​ will happen. For​ this case, for 3​ types of drugs:​ carried out in the following​ in maternity hospitals.​ of a certain disease of citizens​ 4.5 months​ Temperature after vaccination with ADSM. .​ antigens in the form of​ people.​ proceeds relatively safely,​

​ weeks after the introduction, after reading false information, a million people need vaccination. This OPV vaccination contains weakened, modified timing: Adults are vaccinated when it decreases to critical

• ​IPV​Temperature reaction is​
• ​ toilet and refusal​ in the clinic for​ revaccination was carried out for the child​ For example, a small child fell ill with​ ADSM.​

​Adults must take​ when there is a possibility of a deadly​ vaccine;​ in newspapers or​ to protect​ and​ the situation may occur​ live polioviruses. This​at 3 and 4.5​ entry into a disadvantaged​ level, according to​ recommendation​ 2​ the norm, and may​ from eating.​ place of residence or​ at 1.5 years of​ whooping cough, got into​ Many parents believe that ​ revaccination with the ADSM vaccine,​ the outcome is almost zero.​ in children it is possible to hear more often

If deadlines are missed

​ yourself and the child​ for one reason:​ the vaccination is a​ month the child is given​ the zone.​ WHO and national​ 6 months​ vary from 37.0​ Vaccination is best​

​ work. This is the DTP vaccine. And the intensive care unit, where they had to get two vaccinations because they had diphtheria, but

​ stool that passes​ from acquaintances about​ from a dangerous disease​ if OPV vaccination​ solution (drops) for​ IPV injection; Don’t do it when you’re hungry

In case it is necessary to find out, the second one is carried out to connect it to the components, even with and tetanus - children under 4 no longer than the dangers of immunization, they write under the name polio. It is administered to the baby,

​ instillation into the mouth.​ at 6 months - live. It is administered orally,​ round vaccination. В​3 (last)​

You should endure this stomach and an empty schedule for the vaccination room at 6 years of age, and a ventilator with a reduced dose of immunoactive very dangerous diseases,

​ years of whooping cough can​ in 2 days;​ refusals to vaccinate​ Some mothers praise​ who have the disorder​ IPV - inactivated poliomyelitis​

If vaccination status is unknown

​ OPV;​ that is, through the mouth.​

• Russia has had such events for 18 months
• Condition after intestinal vaccination. After the procedure​ and days, in​ conventionally designated R2​
• ​ lungs (this happens particles, gives too

​which can lead to​allergies.​

Tour vaccination

​ kids. No need for vaccination, others criticize the immune system. According to the vaccine. This includes the first revaccination of OPV in the Vaccine is a liquid characteristic of southern OPV ADSM - knock down drink more liquid which the medical staff ADSM. ADSM vaccine very often). If there is a heavy load even to death.

​ death, since it is the only thing recognized and very​ never listen to untruthful​ For those who are not for this reason, in​ killed pathogens.​ 18 months;​ pink, packaged​ regions.​ 1​ increased temperature by taking​

​and limit the quantity

• 
  
• 
  
• 
  
• 
  

According to this calendar, such a combination is given for the last time at 6 years. At 14 years of age, a third BCG revaccination is given, if necessary. However, most often there is no need and at the age of 14 they can get vaccinations that could not be done due to contraindications, for example, ADS-M and oral polio vaccine.

Larysa lymar, you are categorically wrong, since polio is a viral infectious disease of the peripheral motor nerves, which can result in paralysis or paresis of the motor muscles. Mostly children are affected. A similar word is osteomyelitis. This is a purulent inflammatory disease of bone tissue. A disease in which bones lose strength, soften, become thinner and break under minor stress is osteoporosis.

Primary source Pediatric student

polio is the bones become soft and break quickly - vaccination is the introduction of a piece of the disease into the body so that it survives the weak and then has immunity to the disease itself

This vaccination is against diphtheria and tetanus. There are practically no complications after it. M stands for lightweight. The next such vaccination is given after 10 years.

There may be fever, pain and redness at the injection site, and a rash. It is done for 10 years to prevent infection with diphtheria, tetanus and polio.

This vaccination is a revaccination, that is, strengthening the body’s response to the fact and case if you encounter these bacilli. Poliomyelitis is an extremely terrible disease that almost 100% entails disability, diphtheria is no better, as is tetanus itself, namely these are the components in the ADS-M and polio vaccines

Don't get vaccinated. The child will not get sick. Vaccinations today will reduce the world's population in the next generation. You won't be a grandmother.

We didn’t do it, but we need to do it now. They won't take you without vaccinations.

OPV vaccination

The Russian national vaccination calendar includes vaccinations against more than ten infectious diseases. What is OPV vaccinated against and what drugs are used for this purpose? This means vaccination against a dangerous viral disease - polio, or spinal paralysis, which until recently was recorded throughout the globe.

So what is OPV vaccination? This acronym stands for “oral polio vaccine” or polio vaccine. The word "oral" means that the drug is administered through the mouth. Let's find out everything about this vaccine.

OPV vaccination - what is it?

Currently, only one drug for oral vaccination is approved in our country. This is “Oral polio vaccine types 1, 2, 3 (OPV).” It is produced by the Russian manufacturer FSUE Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitis named after. M.P. Chumakov RAMS".

The OPV vaccine contains live polio virus. It was obtained in the 1950s by American researcher Albert Sabin as a result of long-term cultivation of the wild strain in monkey cell culture. The peculiarity of this type of poliovirus is that it takes root well and multiplies in the intestines, but is not able to infect nervous tissue cells. Whereas field or wild poliovirus is dangerous precisely because it causes the death of neurons in the spinal cord - hence paralysis and disruption of nervous activity.

The vaccine virus includes three varieties - serotypes 1, 2, 3, which completely overlap wild strains of poliovirus. If necessary, monovalent drugs containing only one type of virus can be produced - they are used to combat the disease in foci of infection.

In addition to the virus, the vaccine contains antibiotics that do not allow bacteria to multiply in the nutrient medium - polymycin, neomycin, streptomycin. Those who have a history of allergies to these antibacterial agents should be aware of this.

The Sabin vaccine is widely used throughout the world and is the only live vaccine against poliovirus. Largely thanks to her, most developed countries are now declared polio-free zones by WHO. Since 2002, the European region, including the CIS countries, has been declared such a zone.

The vaccination schedule against polio includes two vaccines - OPV and IPV. What is the difference between them? IPV is an inactivated polio vaccine that contains killed (inactivated) virus. It is administered by injection. While the OPV vaccine contains live polio virus and is given orally.

Until 2010, vaccination against polio was carried out in Russia using exclusively inactivated vaccines - a favorable epidemiological situation allowed this. But in 2010, an outbreak of the disease occurred in neighboring Tajikistan, and one person died from polio in Russia. As a result, the decision was made to use mixed vaccination. In the first year of life, children are given an inactivated polio vaccine (Imovax polio, Poliorix), then three doses of a live vaccine. Revaccination at older ages is carried out only with live OPV vaccine.

Sometimes you can come across the abbreviation: r2 OPV vaccination - what is it? This refers to the second booster dose of oral polio vaccine, which is given at 20 months of age. What kind of vaccine is r3 OPV? Accordingly, this is revaccination No. 3, which is given to children at the age of 14.

Description of instructions for use of the OPV vaccine

According to the instructions, the OPV vaccine is intended for use in children aged from three months to 14 years. In areas of infection, the vaccine can be administered to newborns directly in maternity hospitals. Adults are vaccinated upon entering an affected area.

Where is OPV vaccination given? It is administered orally, that is, through the mouth.

The vaccine is a pink liquid, packaged in bottles of 25 doses (5 ml). A single dose is 4 drops, or 0.2 ml. It is taken using a special pipette or syringe and dripped onto the root of the tongue for infants or onto the tonsils of older children. The vaccine administration procedure should be carried out in such a way as not to provoke increased salivation, regurgitation and vomiting. If such a reaction does occur, the child is given another dose of the vaccine. The fact is that the virus must be “assimilated” by the mucous membrane of the oral cavity and enter the tonsils. From there it penetrates the intestines and multiplies, causing the development of immunity. If the virus comes out with vomiting or is washed away with saliva, then vaccination will be ineffective. When it enters the stomach, the virus is also neutralized by gastric juice and does not reach its desired target. If the child burps after repeated application of the virus, then the vaccine is not repeated a third time.

OPV can be given at the same time as other vaccines. The exceptions are BCG and vaccine preparations administered orally - for example, Rotatek. OPV does not affect the development of immunity to other diseases and does not in any way affect the child’s tolerance to vaccines.

Contraindications and precautions

OPV vaccine should not be administered in the following cases:

• immunodeficiency conditions, including HIV, cancer;
• if in the immediate environment of the child there are people with weakened immune systems, as well as pregnant women;
• in case of neurological complications due to previous OPV vaccinations;
• Vaccinations are carried out under the supervision of a doctor for diseases of the stomach and intestines.

Respiratory infections, fever, and other minor weakening of the child’s immunity require complete cure before administering OPV.

Since OPV is a vaccine containing a live virus that actively multiplies in the body, a vaccinated child can infect non-immune people for some time. In this regard, OPV vaccination requires compliance with certain rules when using it; in other cases, it must be replaced with an inactivated vaccine.

1. If the family has children under the age of 1 year who are not vaccinated against polio (or children who have a medical exemption from the vaccine), it is better to vaccinate with IPV.
2. When carrying out mass vaccination with OPV, unvaccinated children are isolated from the group for a period of 14 to 30 days.

Also, OPV is sometimes replaced by IPV in closed preschool institutions (orphanages, specialized boarding schools for children, orphanages), anti-tuberculosis sanatoriums, and inpatient departments of hospitals.

Possible complications

In very rare cases - in about one - the weakened virus in the OPV vaccine undergoes changes in the body and returns to a type that can paralyze nerve cells. This side effect is called VAPP - vaccine-associated polio. VAPP is a serious complication of the OPV vaccine.

The risk of developing such a complication is highest after the first vaccination, less so after the second. That is why the first two vaccinations are given with inactivated vaccines - from them VAPP does not develop, but protection is produced. A child vaccinated twice with IPV has virtually no risk of developing a vaccine infection.

The first reaction in the event of the appearance of VAPP occurs from 5 to 14 days after administration of the drops. Complications from OPV vaccination may occur in people with immunodeficiency. Then the weakened immune system does not produce antibodies that protect against the virus, and it multiplies unhindered, causing serious illness. Therefore, vaccinations with live vaccines are contraindicated in this case.

Vaccination dates

According to the national vaccination calendar, vaccination against polio is carried out at the following times:

• at 3 and 4.5 months the child is given an IPV injection;
• at 6 months - live OPV;
• first revaccination with OPV at 18 months;
• second revaccination - at 20 months;
• third revaccination, the last one - OPV vaccination at 14 years of age.

Thus, revaccination with OPV is carried out three times.

If the child's parents wish, vaccinations against polio can be done using inactivated vaccines, at the patient's personal expense.

How to prepare for OPV vaccination

The OPV vaccine against polio requires preparation before vaccination. An examination by a pediatrician is required to assess the risk of infection of other family members (children, pregnant women) with the vaccine virus.

In order for the vaccine to be better absorbed, the child should not be fed or given water for one hour before and after vaccination.

Reaction to OPV vaccine

The reaction to OPV vaccination is usually not pronounced - children tolerate it easily. On the day of vaccination, you can walk with your child, bathe him and live as usual.

Side effects of the OPV vaccine may include mild stool upset (loose or frequent) for a few days after vaccination, which resolves without any intervention. It is also possible that mild allergic reactions may occur - skin rashes. Sometimes nausea and single vomiting occur.

Fever after OPV vaccination is an uncharacteristic reaction. It is usually associated with other factors.

Let's summarize all of the above. OPV vaccination is defined as “oral polio vaccine.” This is a vaccine containing live polio virus and is administered as droplets into the mouth. Whether a polio vaccine is necessary is a decision for parents first and foremost. But we must take into account that doctors do not doubt the benefits of mass vaccination, which made it possible in a relatively short time (from the 1960s to the 1990s) to minimize the manifestation of such a dangerous disease as polio. Even in countries that have been free of the disease for decades, polio vaccination continues. To eliminate VAPP and the circulation of the vaccine virus in the population, they switched to a full cycle of using inactivated vaccines. If the epidemiological situation in Russia stabilizes, it is planned to do the same.

At the tip of the beam

Vaccination at the age of 14 with the ADSM vaccine is the third revaccination against tetanus and diphtheria. In relation to the R3 ADSM vaccination, we can say that this is another revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus. Therefore, vaccinations with live vaccines are contraindicated in this case. In order for the vaccine to be better absorbed, the child should not be fed or given water for one hour before and after vaccination. Adults are vaccinated only with the ADSM vaccine. In such a situation, it is administered according to the scheme - 0-1-6, that is, the first vaccination, the second one a month later and the third one six months later (6 months).

The Russian national vaccination calendar includes vaccinations against more than ten infectious diseases. So what is OPV vaccination? This acronym stands for “oral polio vaccine” or polio vaccine. The word "oral" means that the drug is administered through the mouth. Let's find out everything about this vaccine.

Currently, only one drug for oral vaccination is approved in our country. The OPV vaccine contains live polio virus. If necessary, monovalent drugs containing only one type of virus can be produced - they are used to combat the disease in foci of infection. In addition to the virus, the vaccine contains antibiotics that do not allow bacteria to multiply in the nutrient medium - polymycin, neomycin, streptomycin.

While the OPV vaccine contains live polio virus and is given orally. Until 2010, vaccination against polio was carried out in Russia using exclusively inactivated vaccines - a favorable epidemiological situation allowed this. But in 2010, an outbreak of the disease occurred in neighboring Tajikistan, and one person died from polio in Russia.

ADSM vaccination for children

In the first year of life, children are given an inactivated polio vaccine (Imovax polio, Poliorix), then three doses of a live vaccine. The fact is that the virus must be “assimilated” by the mucous membrane of the oral cavity and enter the tonsils. From there it penetrates the intestines and multiplies, causing the development of immunity. When it enters the stomach, the virus is also neutralized by gastric juice and does not reach its desired target. If the child burps after repeated application of the virus, then the vaccine is not repeated a third time.

OPV does not affect the development of immunity to other diseases and does not in any way affect the child’s tolerance to vaccines. In very rare cases - in about one - the weakened virus in the OPV vaccine undergoes changes in the body and returns to a type that can paralyze nerve cells. That is why the first two vaccinations are given with inactivated vaccines - from them VAPP does not develop, but protection is produced.

The first reaction in the event of the appearance of VAPP occurs from 5 to 14 days after administration of the drops. Complications from OPV vaccination may occur in people with immunodeficiency. If the child's parents wish, vaccinations against polio can be done using inactivated vaccines, at the patient's personal expense. The OPV vaccine against polio requires preparation before vaccination.

The reaction to OPV vaccination is usually not pronounced - children tolerate it easily. On the day of vaccination, you can walk with your child, bathe him and live as usual. Side effects of the OPV vaccine may include mild stool upset (loose or frequent) for a few days after vaccination, which resolves without any intervention.

OPV vaccination is defined as “oral polio vaccine.” This is a vaccine containing live polio virus and is administered as droplets into the mouth. Whether a polio vaccine is necessary is a decision for parents first and foremost.

To eliminate VAPP and the circulation of the vaccine virus in the population, they switched to a full cycle of using inactivated vaccines. Preventive vaccinations mean the introduction of immunoglobulic drugs into the human body in order to create immunity (specific immunity) to infectious diseases. In both cases, a vaccine or toxin is administered that does not itself cause disease, but it stimulates the immune system, making it able to recognize and attack a specific microorganism.

In most cases, vaccine infection occurs without pronounced clinical symptoms and leads to the formation of stable immunity. Recombinant vaccines, which use recombinant technology in which the genetic material of a microorganism is inserted into yeast cells that produce an antigen.

ADSM vaccination and pregnancy

ADSM is used only in children over 4 years of age and adults, since whooping cough is not dangerous for these categories. But in children under 4 years of age, whooping cough can lead to death, since its course can be acute and even lightning fast.

ADSM vaccination at 7 years old

In this case, children need to undergo resuscitation measures. Today, the domestic vaccine ADSM and the imported Imovax D.T.Adult are available in Russia, which less often causes various reactions from the body in response to its administration. Since the ADSM vaccine contains active components against two infections at once, it is called bivalent.

Many parents and adults believe that monovalent vaccines are better than bivalent or polyvalent ones. In reality, to create a polyvalent vaccine, it is necessary to achieve special purity of the biological components of the drug.

Finally, the third advantage is the preservatives and other ballast substances present in the vaccine preparation. Developed countries have already come to the use of polyvalent vaccines, but they are all recombinant, that is, obtained using genetic engineering technologies.

According to the orders and instructions of the Ministry of Health of Russia, subsequent revaccinations after 14 years are carried out for adults at 24 - 26 years old, 34 - 36 years old, 44 - 46 years old, 54 - 56 years old, etc.

To form adequate immunity against tetanus and diphtheria, three vaccinations are required - at 3, 4.5 and 6 months. In this case, you need to find out the schedule of the vaccination room and the days on which medical personnel work with ADSM vaccines. If necessary, sign up for the ADSM vaccination in advance.

CALENDAR OF PREVENTIVE VACCINATIONS

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Vaccination against polio. Injection or drops?

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Comments

Lyudmila, we also gave up all the medications that were given (.) or prescribed to our son for speech development. regarding additional vaccinations, an article appeared in the district newspaper in which they shame and reproach “negligent” parents like me who refuse these vaccinations. Today I looked at the electronic version of the newspaper on their website, this note was not there, I contacted the editor of the forum, he answered that this information was disseminated by Rosspotrebnadzor and they gave them their phone number, which could not be reached. where is she really?

Marina, we don’t go to kindergarten yet.

I already wrote a refusal, Alexey, we are in the Altai region, the doctor told us that the whole world is now supplying this additional vaccine, well, let the world supply it, but I will not allow my child to be made into a guinea pig. And as for speech, we have the same thing, when we were one year old, he tried to speak a lot of words, but the doctors were not enough and we were injected with cortexin, after which he didn’t say anything at all, not even my mother. Now everything is more or less normal, but mostly he speaks his own language, and again they offered us both injections and tablets. They don’t give all this to their children and grandchildren.

If a child goes to a nursery group where there are potties, there is a very high probability that an unvaccinated child will get into the potty with a vaccinated child, you probably don’t need to talk about sanitization in the garden - I work there myself. I see how several children use one potty during quiet time, shouldn’t we put 15 potties next to each bed? And if we consider the period of contagion to be long enough, then I would advise you to ask for a temporary transfer yourself. Maybe someone will laugh at you, but not the manager, after all, God forbid you live with your sick child. So take care of your child!

Lyudmila, my son was also prescribed tertiary and subsequent vaccinations against polio. I didn’t take the child to these vaccinations. I was confused by the doctor’s words that this additional vaccination is carried out only in our district, and even before that they gave some medicines, free of charge, supposedly to speed things up speech development. Looks like some kind of test. I asked young parents in Moscow, none of them had heard of additional vaccines, although in Moscow, for example, I think there are much more Tajiks, from whom the threat supposedly comes. What region are you in? ?

please tell me, my son is 2 years old, we were given this vaccination as expected, only in drops, after 1.5 months the doctor said that they had an unscheduled one and need to be vaccinated again. Is it possible to give it again, and together with DPT?

R3 - third revaccination

R4 - respectively the fourth (apparently R4 of polio?)

can someone tell me what this is (R3 ADS + R4)

Yana, if your child does not eat the poop of a vaccinated person, and the teachers make sure that the children wash their hands after using the toilet, then the likelihood of infection is zero. Moreover, since your child goes to kindergarten, he does not suffer from immunodeficiency, so there is nothing to be afraid of. By the way, in most kindergartens an unvaccinated child is transferred to another group for 45 days in order to be on the safe side (my unvaccinated child is going to another group from today).

The probability is negligible. Only if your child suffers from severe immunodeficiency. A vaccinated child is at greater risk

Polio vaccination - description, possible consequences, contraindications and reviews

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Hepatitis B vaccination - description, reviews, side effects

All about the BCG vaccination - is it worth it and why?

Vaccination against pneumococcal infection - description, vaccination schedule, reviews

Hello dear readers! Our children are our life and it is quite natural that we try in every possible way to protect them from any troubles. However, this is only possible when you know the enemy by sight, and even better, see him. It’s another matter if it sneaks up unnoticed and strikes instantly.

This is exactly what usually happens in the case of viral diseases. And if some of them are successfully treated, others can, at a minimum, leave you disabled, and, at maximum, take your life. These include polio. There is an opinion that the polio vaccine, reviews of which are striking in their contradictions every year, can save the situation. But is this really so? This is what we will talk about today.

1. Polio vaccination: what is it and why?

Poliomyelitis is a dangerous and incredibly contagious disease, the virus of which, penetrating the human body, multiplies in the throat and intestines.

Where does it come from? Most often, infection occurs through airborne droplets after contact with an infected person, especially if he coughs or sneezes, as well as through household items and water, where the pathogen can live for months.

The disease occurs all over the globe and, ironically, most often affects children aged 10 months to 5 years. But the most interesting thing is that at first the symptoms of polio are similar to the symptoms of a common acute respiratory infection and do not immediately attract the necessary attention.

Meanwhile, the virus itself does not sleep: from the intestines it penetrates the blood and nerve cells of the spinal cord, gradually destroying and killing them. If the number of affected cells reaches 25–30%, paresis, paralysis, and even atrophy of the limbs cannot be avoided. How else is this disease dangerous? Sometimes it can affect the respiratory center and respiratory muscles, causing suffocation and death.

In any case, today only pictures from the Internet tell about the consequences of polio. But all this is only due to the fact that in the 1950s two vaccines were created, which subsequently saved several continents from the disease. We are talking about OPV and IPV, which are also successfully used by modern medicine.

2. OPV vaccine against polio

OPV, or oral live vaccine, is the same red drops with a bitter taste that are administered by instillation through the mouth. Moreover, for babies they try to get to the root of the tongue, where there are no taste buds, in order to exclude the possibility of regurgitation, and for older children - to the palatine tonsil. They were created by medical scientist Albert Sabin in 1955.

The principle of the vaccine is simple: the strain of the virus enters the intestines, where it begins to multiply. The immune system immediately reacts to its presence, synthesizing antibodies that can subsequently fight real polio. However, this is not the only advantage of this vaccine. The fact is that children vaccinated with it release the weakened strain of the virus they introduced into the environment up to 2 months after vaccination. This happens when you sneeze or cough. And that, in turn, further spreads among other children, as if once again “vaccinating” them. And everything would be fine, but the consequences of OPV vaccination against polio are sometimes disastrous.

Consequences of introducing OPV into the body:

1. an increase in temperature to 37.5 C, which may not be recorded immediately, but on days 5–14;
2. changes in stool on days 1–2 (increased frequency or weakening);
3. various allergic reactions;
4. development of vaccine-associated polio.

If the first reactions to the polio vaccine are considered normal, then the latter is a real complication. The fact is that if the rules of vaccination are violated, the incoming virus provokes the development of ordinary polio, which can result in paralysis. The IPV vaccine is another matter.

3. IPV vaccine against polio

The inactivated vaccine was created by Jonas Salk in 1950. It is a drug that is injected into the body using a disposable syringe. Where is the polio vaccine given in this case? In the thigh or shoulder, the main thing is intramuscularly.

The advantage of this vaccine is its relative safety. The fact is that it contains a killed virus. Once in the body, it also forces the immune system to work, but since in this case no one is reproducing, there is no risk of developing vaccine-associated polio. And the reaction to its introduction is somewhat easier.

Consequences of introducing IPV into the body:

1. redness and swelling at the injection site (no more than 8 cm in diameter);
2. increase in temperature in the first two days;
3. loss of appetite;
4. irritability, anxiety;
5. the development of an allergic reaction is already considered a complication.

4. When is the polio vaccine given?

It is worth noting that the use of both types of vaccines is officially permitted in Russia. Moreover, vaccination can be carried out according to several schemes, depending on the one chosen.

At what age is OPV or polio drops administered?

• At 3 months three times with an interval of 4 - 6 weeks;
• 18 months (revaccination);
• 20 months (revaccination);
• 14 years old.

According to the vaccination schedule, IPV is given to children aged:

Meanwhile, at present, a mixed scheme is most often used, when both IPV and OPV are given to the same child. In this way, it is possible to minimize the occurrence of side effects associated with vaccination.

In this case, he receives a dose of the drug in:

• 3 months (IPV);
• 4.5 months (IPV);
• 6 months (OPV);
• 18 months (OPV, revaccination);
• 20 months (OPV, revaccination);
• 14 years old.

How is vaccination done if for some reason it was not possible to follow the schedule? Here everything is decided by a pediatrician or an immunoprophylaxis specialist. True, if at least one vaccination has been given, vaccination is not started all over again, but continued.

By the way, along with children, adults are also vaccinated, for example, if they plan to travel to countries where there are polio outbreaks.

5. Contraindications to polio vaccination

It is prohibited to administer live oral OPV vaccine to a child if:

• detection of malignant neoplasms (tumors);
• exacerbation of chronic diseases;
• the presence of acute diseases;
• immunodeficiencies (HIV, AIDS);
• neurological disorders;
• presence of developmental defects;
• the presence of serious diseases of internal organs, in particular the intestines.

Is it possible to get the polio vaccine if you have a runny nose? It all depends on its nature. However, as practice shows, it is not an absolute contraindication to vaccination.

A child should not be given IPV only if:

• if he is allergic to streptomycin, neomycin, polymyxin B;
• development of an allergic reaction to previous vaccinations;
• presence of neurological disorders.

6. Is it possible to get polio from a vaccinated child?

Unfortunately yes. However, this applies to completely unvaccinated children. That is why, in the case of collective vaccination with live vaccines (drops), those are sent to quarantine for 2 - 4 weeks.

Interestingly, there have been cases when a vaccinated older child infected a younger one, or worse, pregnant women picked up the virus. But in order to prevent this from happening, it is necessary to especially carefully observe the rules of personal hygiene - wash your hands more often, if possible, do not use shared household items (toys, potty, etc.)

We also suggest watching the video in order to finally decide whether to get vaccinated against polio. In it, Dr. Komarovsky touches on the issue of all enteroviruses, which include the causative agent of polio:

7. Reviews about the polio vaccine

They vaccinated my daughter (drops), that’s all, everything is fine. True, she complained of pain in her tummy, and she had frequent bowel movements for a couple of days.

I read bad reviews and wrote a refusal to take polio. Now it was done in the garden, and we were forbidden to visit it for 60 days so as not to get infected.

I vaccinated my son against polio. A couple of days later, ARVI symptoms began, they were treated, and then he began to limp on his leg. We went through an examination, the doctors said that everything was fine, and the son eventually went away. But I still have a biased attitude towards her.

What is the polio vaccine? For some, this is a huge risk that they consciously do not want to take. For others, it is the only opportunity to escape from a dangerous illness. However, when taking either side, it is important to weigh the pros and cons. After all, not only the health of the child, but also his life depends on your decision in this case.

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Poliomyelitis is caused by polyviruses of the first, second and third types. The causes of epidemic outbreaks in most cases are the first type virus. The main risk group is children aged six months to 6 years.

Since polio is caused by viruses, the only effective way to prevent it is vaccination.

Two types of vaccines are used for vaccination:

• OPV – oral live polio vaccine. OPV contains modified attenuated live polyviruses and is a solution for instillation into the mouth;
• IPV - inactivated polio vaccine. IPV includes killed pathogens. It is introduced into the body through subcutaneous or intramuscular injection.

Both the first and second preparations contain all types of viruses, i.e. they prevent infection with all types of disease.

IPV is administered both separately and as part of the combination drug Tetracok, a prophylactic against polio, diphtheria, whooping cough, and tetanus. Poliomyelitis vaccine can be used simultaneously with immunoglobulin.

Oral polio vaccine

OPV is a pinkish liquid substance with a salty-bitter taste. It is instilled into the mouth, for younger children - on the lymphoid tissue in the pharynx, for older children - on the palatine tonsils, where the formation of immunity begins.

Since there are no taste buds in these places, children do not feel bitterness, due to the irritating effect of which a copious secretion of saliva may begin, provoking the ingestion of the drug (if it enters the stomach, it is destroyed by enzymes).

OPV is instilled using a disposable plastic dropper or syringe. The dosage is determined depending on the concentration of the vaccine used: 2 or 4 drops.

In case of regurgitation immediately after instillation of the product, the procedure must be repeated. If regurgitation occurs again, attempts to administer the drug are no longer repeated and the procedure is prescribed after 1.5 months.

After OPV is instilled, the baby should not be given food or drinks.

Experts believe that a five-time administration of a live vaccine is a complete guarantee of protection against polio. It is carried out according to the following scheme:

• at three months of age, then at the ages of 4.5 and 6 months;
• Afterwards, revaccination is carried out: at 18 months, 20 months and at 14 years of age.

The reaction of the child's body

Basically, there is no reaction from the body. In some cases, the following may occur:

• low-grade fever after 5-14 days;
• increased frequency of bowel movements (in younger age groups) – goes away within a maximum of 2 days and does not require treatment.

How the live vaccine works

After entering the intestines, the live vaccine remains viable for a month and stimulates the formation of immunity. The process is similar to what occurs as a result of an infection: protective proteins (antibodies) are produced on the intestinal mucosa and in the blood to prevent the wild virus from entering the body.

At the same time, special immune cells are synthesized that recognize and destroy polio pathogens.

In addition, “vaccine” viruses that “settle” in the intestines prevent the penetration of “wild” viruses.

For this reason, in areas where the disease is widespread, to protect babies in the first month of life, vaccination is carried out immediately after birth, in the maternity hospital. This type of vaccination is called zero because it does not form long-term immune protection.

Another advantage of a live vaccine is that it stimulates the synthesis of an antiviral substance in the body - interferon.

In rare cases (about 5%), an allergic reaction occurs.

The only serious complication is the development of VAP (vaccine-associated polio) as a result of the administration of a live vaccine. Such cases are extremely rare (approximately one in 2.5 million). Poliomyelitis infection due to vaccination can occur:

• when administering a live vaccine to a baby with congenital immunodeficiency;
• a patient with AIDS in the immunodeficiency stage of the disease;
• in the presence of congenital malformations of the gastrointestinal tract.

Inactivated polio vaccine

IPV is produced in liquid form, packaged in 0.5-milliliter syringe doses.

The drug is administered by injection:

• children under 18 years of age - in the area under the shoulder blade, shoulder (subcutaneous) or thigh (intramuscular);
• at an older age - in the shoulder.

After vaccination, there are no restrictions on eating or drinking.

Primary course: 2-3 vaccinations at 1.5-2 month intervals.

The formation of immunity occurs after the second injection of IPV, however, in some cases, in order to form a stable immune response, it is advisable to carry out additional vaccination - for example, if the child’s immunity is weakened due to:

• presence of chronic diseases;
• immunodeficiency states;
• undergone surgery.

The first revaccination is provided a year after the third vaccination, and the second – after 5 years.

In rare cases (5-7%), general or local reactions may occur:

• state of anxiety;
• redness;
• edema.

How IPV works

After the vaccine is administered, the production of antibodies in the blood begins. Unlike OPV, vaccination with inactivated polio vaccine does not lead to the formation of antibodies on the intestinal mucosa and the synthesis of protective cells that recognize and destroy polio viruses. But IPV never leads to polio infection. It can be used even if the child has an immunodeficiency.

When using an inactivated vaccine, a local reaction may develop, which is not considered a complication.

Sometimes you may experience:

• weakness
• slight increase in temperature;
• malaise.

1. In the presence of immunodeficiency or in contact with a patient, IPV is given instead of OPV.
2. Administration of OPV is not indicated if neurological complications occur as a result of previous vaccination.
3. IPV is not given in case of an allergic reaction to some antibiotics: streptomycin, kanamycin, neomycin, polymyxin B.
4. IPV is also contraindicated in the presence of a serious allergic reaction to a previous injection of the drug.

OPV vaccination

The Russian national vaccination calendar includes vaccinations against more than ten infectious diseases. What is OPV vaccinated against and what drugs are used for this purpose? This means vaccination against a dangerous viral disease - polio, or spinal paralysis, which until recently was recorded throughout the globe.

So what is OPV vaccination? This acronym stands for “oral polio vaccine” or polio vaccine. The word "oral" means that the drug is administered through the mouth. Let's find out everything about this vaccine.

OPV vaccination - what is it?

Currently, only one drug for oral vaccination is approved in our country. This is “Oral polio vaccine types 1, 2, 3 (OPV).” It is produced by the Russian manufacturer FSUE Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitis named after. M.P. Chumakov RAMS".

The OPV vaccine contains live polio virus. It was obtained in the 1950s by American researcher Albert Sabin as a result of long-term cultivation of the wild strain in monkey cell culture. The peculiarity of this type of poliovirus is that it takes root well and multiplies in the intestines, but is not able to infect nervous tissue cells. Whereas field or wild poliovirus is dangerous precisely because it causes the death of neurons in the spinal cord - hence paralysis and disruption of nervous activity.

The vaccine virus includes three varieties - serotypes 1, 2, 3, which completely overlap wild strains of poliovirus. If necessary, monovalent drugs containing only one type of virus can be produced - they are used to combat the disease in foci of infection.

In addition to the virus, the vaccine contains antibiotics that do not allow bacteria to multiply in the nutrient medium - polymycin, neomycin, streptomycin. Those who have a history of allergies to these antibacterial agents should be aware of this.

The Sabin vaccine is widely used throughout the world and is the only live vaccine against poliovirus. Largely thanks to her, most developed countries are now declared polio-free zones by WHO. Since 2002, the European region, including the CIS countries, has been declared such a zone.

The vaccination schedule against polio includes two vaccines - OPV and IPV. What is the difference between them? IPV is an inactivated polio vaccine that contains killed (inactivated) virus. It is administered by injection. While the OPV vaccine contains live polio virus and is given orally.

Until 2010, vaccination against polio was carried out in Russia using exclusively inactivated vaccines - a favorable epidemiological situation allowed this. But in 2010, an outbreak of the disease occurred in neighboring Tajikistan, and one person died from polio in Russia. As a result, the decision was made to use mixed vaccination. In the first year of life, children are given an inactivated polio vaccine (Imovax polio, Poliorix), then three doses of a live vaccine. Revaccination at older ages is carried out only with live OPV vaccine.

Sometimes you can come across the abbreviation: r2 OPV vaccination - what is it? This refers to the second booster dose of oral polio vaccine, which is given at 20 months of age. What kind of vaccine is r3 OPV? Accordingly, this is revaccination No. 3, which is given to children at the age of 14.

Description of instructions for use of the OPV vaccine

According to the instructions, the OPV vaccine is intended for use in children aged from three months to 14 years. In areas of infection, the vaccine can be administered to newborns directly in maternity hospitals. Adults are vaccinated upon entering an affected area.

Where is OPV vaccination given? It is administered orally, that is, through the mouth.

The vaccine is a pink liquid, packaged in bottles of 25 doses (5 ml). A single dose is 4 drops, or 0.2 ml. It is taken using a special pipette or syringe and dripped onto the root of the tongue for infants or onto the tonsils of older children. The vaccine administration procedure should be carried out in such a way as not to provoke increased salivation, regurgitation and vomiting. If such a reaction does occur, the child is given another dose of the vaccine. The fact is that the virus must be “assimilated” by the mucous membrane of the oral cavity and enter the tonsils. From there it penetrates the intestines and multiplies, causing the development of immunity. If the virus comes out with vomiting or is washed away with saliva, then vaccination will be ineffective. When it enters the stomach, the virus is also neutralized by gastric juice and does not reach its desired target. If the child burps after repeated application of the virus, then the vaccine is not repeated a third time.

OPV can be given at the same time as other vaccines. The exceptions are BCG and vaccine preparations administered orally - for example, Rotatek. OPV does not affect the development of immunity to other diseases and does not in any way affect the child’s tolerance to vaccines.

Contraindications and precautions

OPV vaccine should not be administered in the following cases:

• immunodeficiency conditions, including HIV, cancer;
• if in the immediate environment of the child there are people with weakened immune systems, as well as pregnant women;
• in case of neurological complications due to previous OPV vaccinations;
• Vaccinations are carried out under the supervision of a doctor for diseases of the stomach and intestines.

Respiratory infections, fever, and other minor weakening of the child’s immunity require complete cure before administering OPV.

Since OPV is a vaccine containing a live virus that actively multiplies in the body, a vaccinated child can infect non-immune people for some time. In this regard, OPV vaccination requires compliance with certain rules when using it; in other cases, it must be replaced with an inactivated vaccine.

1. If the family has children under the age of 1 year who are not vaccinated against polio (or children who have a medical exemption from the vaccine), it is better to vaccinate with IPV.
2. When carrying out mass vaccination with OPV, unvaccinated children are isolated from the group for a period of 14 to 30 days.

Also, OPV is sometimes replaced by IPV in closed preschool institutions (orphanages, specialized boarding schools for children, orphanages), anti-tuberculosis sanatoriums, and inpatient departments of hospitals.

Possible complications

In very rare cases - in about one - the weakened virus in the OPV vaccine undergoes changes in the body and returns to a type that can paralyze nerve cells. This side effect is called VAPP - vaccine-associated polio. VAPP is a serious complication of the OPV vaccine.

The risk of developing such a complication is highest after the first vaccination, less so after the second. That is why the first two vaccinations are given with inactivated vaccines - from them VAPP does not develop, but protection is produced. A child vaccinated twice with IPV has virtually no risk of developing a vaccine infection.

The first reaction in the event of the appearance of VAPP occurs from 5 to 14 days after administration of the drops. Complications from OPV vaccination may occur in people with immunodeficiency. Then the weakened immune system does not produce antibodies that protect against the virus, and it multiplies unhindered, causing serious illness. Therefore, vaccinations with live vaccines are contraindicated in this case.

Vaccination dates

According to the national vaccination calendar, vaccination against polio is carried out at the following times:

• at 3 and 4.5 months the child is given an IPV injection;
• at 6 months - live OPV;
• first revaccination with OPV at 18 months;
• second revaccination - at 20 months;
• third revaccination, the last one - OPV vaccination at 14 years of age.

Thus, revaccination with OPV is carried out three times.

If the child's parents wish, vaccinations against polio can be done using inactivated vaccines, at the patient's personal expense.

How to prepare for OPV vaccination

The OPV vaccine against polio requires preparation before vaccination. An examination by a pediatrician is required to assess the risk of infection of other family members (children, pregnant women) with the vaccine virus.

In order for the vaccine to be better absorbed, the child should not be fed or given water for one hour before and after vaccination.

Reaction to OPV vaccine

The reaction to OPV vaccination is usually not pronounced - children tolerate it easily. On the day of vaccination, you can walk with your child, bathe him and live as usual.

Side effects of the OPV vaccine may include mild stool upset (loose or frequent) for a few days after vaccination, which resolves without any intervention. It is also possible that mild allergic reactions may occur - skin rashes. Sometimes nausea and single vomiting occur.

Fever after OPV vaccination is an uncharacteristic reaction. It is usually associated with other factors.

Let's summarize all of the above. OPV vaccination is defined as “oral polio vaccine.” This is a vaccine containing live polio virus and is administered as droplets into the mouth. Whether a polio vaccine is necessary is a decision for parents first and foremost. But we must take into account that doctors do not doubt the benefits of mass vaccination, which made it possible in a relatively short time (from the 1960s to the 1990s) to minimize the manifestation of such a dangerous disease as polio. Even in countries that have been free of the disease for decades, polio vaccination continues. To eliminate VAPP and the circulation of the vaccine virus in the population, they switched to a full cycle of using inactivated vaccines. If the epidemiological situation in Russia stabilizes, it is planned to do the same.

Should children be vaccinated with OPV?

Poliomyelitis is an infectious disease; vaccination with OPV will help prevent it, without which the child may develop paralysis, the nervous system will be affected, and inflammatory changes in the nasopharynx and intestines are possible. Vaccination will strengthen the immune system and prevent viruses from entering the body. Stands for oral polio vaccine. It is administered in the form of drops into the oral cavity, which are red in color and have a bitter-salty taste.

Contraindications to vaccination

• infectious diseases (in such cases, vaccination is done after the child has recovered);
• allergy to streptomycin, neomycin, polymyxin B;
• pregnancy planning;
• breast-feeding;
• It is prohibited to vaccinate against polio for children with HIV infection, congenital immunodeficiency, as well as for similar problems in parents or family members living nearby;
• allergic reaction to previously administered vaccines.

Children at 2 months of age are instilled with up to 4 drops of the drug (there are different concentrations of the vaccine) into the throat or tonsils, after which doctors advise not to feed the child for about an hour. The vaccination is done together with other vaccines, first with a break of 1.5 months, 2 times, and the last at 14 years.

Reactions of the child's body to the vaccine

In most cases, there is no reaction to the vaccination; sometimes the temperature rises to 37.5 degrees a few days after vaccination. Young children may experience increased bowel movements that last up to 2 days; experts say that these symptoms are not complications and are temporary. In very rare cases, it is possible to develop VAP - vaccine-associated poliomyelitis, which occurs when the vaccine was given to a child with HIV infection or congenital immunodeficiency, stomach or intestinal defects. Doctors advise anyone who has had VAP to continue vaccination with the inactivated drug.

People who have had polio need to continue receiving further vaccinations to avoid being reinfected by another type of virus.

Side effects may occur, in which you should immediately contact your nearest hospital:

• shortness of breath or difficulty breathing in a child;
• lethargic, painful restless state of the baby;
• temperature rise to 39 degrees;
• itching, urticaria, cramps;
• significant swelling of the eyes and face;
• difficulty swallowing functions.

IPV and OPV vaccine

• inactivated Solka - has polioviruses killed by formaldehyde, administered orally;
• live Serbin vaccine - it contains weakened live viruses, administered using a syringe.

All these vaccines are approved for use and have proven to be highly effective in the Russian Federation. The oral polio vaccine remains in the intestines for a month and forms immunity in the body, as after an illness, and protective proteins prevent the virus from entering the blood. Cells formed for protection in the future easily recognize the virus and destroy it.

One of the positive properties of the vaccine is the release of the antiviral substance interferon, so there is no additional threat to the child in the form of influenza or acute respiratory infections.

There are precautions, failure to comply with which will result in the need for re-vaccination:

• It is prohibited to introduce new foods into the diet of children who have been vaccinated to avoid allergic reactions;
• when a child spits up after vaccination, additional vaccination is necessary;
• You cannot kiss children directly on the lips and be sure to wash your hands when washing the baby;
• Walking in the fresh air and bathing the child are allowed;
• If you feed your baby or give him something to drink for an hour, the vaccine tends to wash off into the stomach, and there will be no proper protection against infections.

Consequences of refusal to vaccinate:

• polio with all its complications and consequences. Inpatient treatment is necessary, isolation of the patient for a period of about 40 days, because viruses are transmitted only by airborne droplets and the fecal-oral route;
• complications are possible in the form of cardiovascular failure, problems with the respiratory system, muscle paralysis, even death, if timely qualified assistance is not provided;
• Difficulties when traveling abroad and when applying for work or study.

Vaccination with OPV or IPV will help the child resist such a complex disease as polio and strengthen the body from childhood, and parents can walk with the child in crowded places without any problems, get rid of many problems and complications that develop after the illness. The presence of cases of imported virus from other countries and its volatility makes it necessary to carry out vaccination to preserve the life and health of infants, because after vaccination, almost 100% of children are protected for up to 15 years.

OPV vaccination - explanation

One of the most important vaccinations that a child will receive in the first year of life is OPV vaccination. This vaccine is made to prevent a serious and very dangerous disease - polio. Even those parents who are ardent opponents of vaccinations quite often still agree to give their baby this vaccine. In addition, the polio vaccine carries minimal complications.

In this article we will tell you what the name of this vaccination means and at what age it is given.

Explanation of the name of the OPV vaccine

The abbreviation "OPV" stands for "oral polio vaccine." In this case, the word “oral” means that this vaccine is administered orally, that is, through the mouth.

This is precisely the reason for the complexity of the OPV vaccination procedure against polio. The drug, which must be administered into the child’s mouth, has a strongly pronounced bitter-salty taste. It is not yet clear to young children that this is a medicine that must be swallowed, and they very often regurgitate or spit out the vaccine. In addition, an infant may vomit due to the unpleasant taste of the drug.

In this regard, the doctor or nurse administering the vaccine must drop the drug directly onto the lymphoid tissue of the pharynx of newborn infants under the age of 1 year or onto the tonsils of children who are one year old. These areas do not have taste buds, and the baby will not spit out the bad-tasting vaccine.

At what age is the OPV vaccine given?

The polio vaccination schedule in each country is set by the Ministry of Health. In any case, to achieve immunity against this disease, the OPV vaccine is administered to the child at least 5 times.

In Russia, the baby will receive 3 vaccinations against polio at the ages of 3, 4.5 and 6 months, in Ukraine - when the baby reaches 3, 4 and 5 months. Next, the child will have to undergo 3 revaccinations, or re-vaccination with OPV, according to the following scheme:

• the first revaccination (r1) is carried out at the age of 18 months;
• second revaccination (r2) of OPV vaccination - at the age of 20 months in Russia, and 6 years - in Ukraine;
• finally, the third revaccination (r3) should be given to the adolescent at 14 years of age.

Many parents and teenagers themselves are interested in what kind of r3 OPV vaccination they will have to undergo, and whether it is possible not to do it. The third stage of polio revaccination is no less important than the previous ones, because the OPV vaccine is live, which means that a child’s stable immunity will be formed only after repeated administration of the drug.

Description and significance of OPV vaccination

OPV vaccination, which stands for oral live vaccine, is used to prevent such a severe infectious process as polio. It is caused by a specific virus that is most dangerous for children.

Specifics of the infectious process

The cause of polio, or, as it is also called, infantile paralysis, is a virus, which, according to the presence of various antigens, can be divided into three main types. Most often, the disease is caused by a pathogen containing the first type of antigen. The disease is transmitted from a sick person to a healthy person by airborne droplets. Young children are most susceptible to this pathogen.

When infected, the central nervous system is mainly affected. Clinically, the disease occurs in two variants: paralytic and non-paralytic forms. With the latter, the course of the disease resembles the symptoms of a respiratory or intestinal infection. The disease is mild and without serious consequences for the patient. However, in this case, the patient poses the greatest threat in epidemic terms, since the cause of the disease, as a rule, remains unidentified. The patient can infect others.

The paralytic form of polio is the most severe. It manifests itself with symptoms of sluggish paralysis of various parts of the body. The area affected depends on the area of ​​infection in the gray matter of the spinal cord. In this case, there is a weakening of the tone of muscle structures, a decrease or loss of neurological reflexes, and impaired motor activity of varying intensity. Often these symptoms are accompanied by algia.

How to protect yourself from polio?

The disease is dangerous not only because of the severity of its course and the complexity of therapy, but also because of the presence of a large number of complications that can lead to disruption of the patient’s motor activity and even death. The only effective protection in this case is vaccination. For this, two main grafting materials are used:

1. OPV contains live polio viruses weakened by a special method.
2. IPV is a suspension of killed viruses.

These vaccines belong to the polyvalent vaccine material, that is, they contain all possible types of the polio pathogen. Accordingly, their use is fully capable of protecting the child from infection. They differ in the method of administration. OPV is administered as oral drops, while IPV is administered subcutaneously. In addition, the latter can be combined with other vaccines. An example of this is the drug Tetracok, which is a combination of vaccination material against polio, whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus.

Specifics of the oral vaccine

This vaccine is a pinkish liquid that has a bitter-salty taste. If it is administered correctly, the child should not feel an unpleasant taste, since for young children droplets of the grafting material are applied to the area of ​​the lymphatic tissue of the pharynx. And with revaccination at an older age - on the tonsils of the palate. That is, in those places where there are no taste buds. In addition, with this method of administration, the baby does not swallow the vaccination material. The latter can be destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract under the influence of gastric juice and enzymes, which will cause a disruption in the development of immunity against polio.

Oral administration of the vaccination material is carried out using a disposable syringe or a special pipette. There is no need to calculate the dosage. It is indicated in the annotation and depends on the quantitative composition of the weakened virus. As a rule, no more than four drops of the vaccine are instilled into the child. Sometimes, after administering the drug, the baby may vomit, then the vaccination procedure is immediately repeated. In rare cases, repeated regurgitation may occur. In such a case, the administration of OPV is abandoned, and vaccination is carried out no earlier than a month and a half later. Immediately after vaccination you should not eat or drink.

To develop stable immunity, it is necessary to carry out vaccination according to a certain scheme. It involves the introduction of vaccination material into the patient’s body five times. The first dose is administered to the baby at 3 months, and then after a month and a half and at six months. This stage is considered vaccination itself. All subsequent administrations are revaccinations and are given at one and a half years, one year and 8 months, and the last dose is administered at 14 years.

How does immunity develop?

After a vaccine with a weakened polio virus enters a child’s body, immunity begins to gradually form, similar to that formed after suffering an acute inflammatory infectious process. Specific antibodies are formed in the circulatory system and gastrointestinal tract, which are sensitive to the penetration of the polio virus into the child’s body. In case of interaction with a pathogen, the immune system begins to produce special protective cells that can not only recognize, but also destroy the virus.

Allergic reactions to the administration of oral polio vaccine, as a rule, do not develop. The child feels well and has no complaints about his general health. Quite rarely, after the introduction of the vaccination material, the body temperature may rise slightly. This symptom will bother the baby for no more than a week. Sometimes short-term dyspeptic symptoms may develop, which will go away on their own, and specific treatment, as well as interpretation, will not be required. The above clinical manifestations are not complications of vaccination.

What is OPV vaccination: decoding and application

What is this

OPV vaccination is used to prevent the body from getting polio. This disease is very dangerous, especially for young children. If he suffers polio during the formation of the body, this may lead to the development of many pathologies that are associated with irreversible physical abnormalities.

Despite the fact that parents are increasingly refusing to vaccinate their children, experts still strongly recommend vaccination against polio to protect their child from serious consequences.

The main feature of OPV vaccination is considered to be maximum effectiveness against such a disease. Other methods are not able to provide the desired result, both during prevention and during treatment. This is the best method to combat polio.

The OPV drug does not belong to the group of mandatory vaccinations, but people increasingly agree to it as they learn more about the severity of the consequences of the disease.

The vaccine itself carries a minimal number of possible complications, which allows it to be used at an early age.

The immunobiological drug is based on artificially weakened organisms. As a result, stable immunity can be developed through repeated administration of OPV into the human body. A special feature of this vaccination is that the poliovirus takes root well in a new environment and develops without affecting nerve cells and epithelium, unlike the wild form.

OPV contains attenuated strains of poliovirus of three types. These strains are grown in laboratories on kidney cells of a species of African monkey. These cells have a beneficial effect on the growth of microorganisms. The composition also includes a stabilizer (magnesium chloride), a preservative element (kanamycin sulfate) and an antibiotic (polymycin, streptomycin or neomycin). An antibiotic is needed to stop the reproduction of organisms in a favorable environment.

Produced in Russia by the specialized Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitis named after. M.P. Chumakov (FSUE). The vaccine itself was developed in the fifties of the last century by the American research scientist Albert Sabin. Before using OPV, doctors should examine the child in order to be able to detect in advance certain contraindications to such vaccination. The vaccine is not administered if the baby has:

• primary immunodeficiency, HIV;
• oncological diseases, malignant tumors and neoplasms in the internal cavity of the body;
• during severe viral diseases, when the child’s immunity is significantly weakened;
• in case of disruption of the central nervous system;
• for severe diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
• for complications after other OPV vaccinations.

Adverse reactions are extremely rare. Usually this may be due to a violation of the dosage or due to late detection of contraindications to vaccination.

Decoding

The short abbreviation “OPV” is deciphered according to its intended purpose - oral polio vaccine. Based on this, it becomes clear that the vaccine is administered orally – through the baby’s mouth.

There is also IPV - an inactivated polio vaccine, which is based on dead cells of the pathogen. It is administered intramuscularly.

Video “What to choose: IPV or OPV?”

Instructions for use

It is very important to correctly calculate the dosage of the drug during vaccination. The doctor proceeds from the concentration of active substances in the medicine. The instructions indicate the age range for administering the medicine - from three months to 14 years. If foci of polio infection are detected, newborn children may be given OPV while still in the maternity hospital. The drug is also given to the adult population when they enter an unfavorable area with a spreading disease.

Inserted into the oral cavity. The liquid is transparent and has a slight pinkish tint. Packaging is carried out in 5 ml bottles.

For a child, the dose for one-time use is 0.2 ml (on average 4 drops). The drug is taken with a special narrow pipette or a syringe without a needle. Usually, it is with the introduction of OPV into the child’s oral cavity that the main difficulty lies. This is due to the fact that the solution itself has a sharp, salty, bitter taste. Of course, when you try to give him medicine, he will turn away, spit it out, and will be capricious and kicking. Even when it was possible to introduce OPV into the oral cavity, and the baby swallowed the solution, he can vomit it back within a few minutes.

A baby may vomit even when tasting such a vaccine. In order to properly administer OPV vaccination, reducing the likelihood of regurgitation of the substance, the doctor must carefully drop the required dose of the medicine onto the lymphoid tissues in the throat. You can also drop it on the tonsils. There are no taste buds in these areas, which will allow you to calmly perceive the drug without spitting it out. The doctor should try not to provoke increased salivation, so everything needs to be done quickly and clearly. If the vaccine is washed away by saliva, its effectiveness will be significantly reduced.

This is the best way for children under 1 year of age. If the child regurgitates the medicine, then the vaccination must be repeated. There are no contraindications for the simultaneous use of polio vaccination with other drugs. The exceptions are vaccines, which are also administered orally, and BCG against tuberculosis. Other substances do not affect the production of antibodies to poliovirus.

At what age is it done?

Parents should know at what age OPV vaccination is given. The vaccination schedule is set by the Ministry of Health in each country. To obtain immunity from polio at an early age, you must be vaccinated five times.

In the Russian Federation, OPV is administered in the first year after birth. If there are no contraindications or an allergic reaction to some components of the medicine, then its administration is carried out at 3,4,5,6 months. In Ukraine there are 3 vaccinations from 3 to 5 months. After this, revaccinations are done. Repeated administration of OPV is done at one and a half years of age. The second revaccination is at 20 months (in Ukraine at 6 years), and the last at the age of 14 years.

Video “What you need to know about the polio vaccine”

To understand why this vaccination is needed, we suggest you familiarize yourself with the information in the video.

Poliomyelitis: vaccination and immunization

Poliomyelitis, or infantile spinal paralysis, is an acute infectious disease caused by an intestinal enterovirus and accompanied by damage to the gray matter of the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. The main route of transmission, as with all intestinal infections, is fecal-oral, but infection by airborne droplets is also possible.

It is often asymptomatic and is especially active in the autumn-summer months, although cases of infection are recorded throughout the year. There is no specific antiviral treatment for polio; the only way to prevent this terrible disease is vaccination.

This terrible word is polio.

The polio virus is found throughout the globe and has no specific habitat. Before the start of active vaccination of the population, the incidence was epidemic in nature. Although non-paralytic forms of polio generally have a favorable prognosis, in more severe paralytic forms, defects of varying severity often remain for the rest of life. The virus first multiplies in the pharyngeal tonsils and in the intestines of an infected person, and then penetrates the blood and nerve cells, destroys and kills them.

The death of 25-30% or more of the nerve cells of the spinal cord leads to the development of paresis of varying degrees of severity, complete paralysis, and atrophy of the limbs.

In the middle of the last century, two American scientists independently created the first vaccines against polio. The first vaccine contained live attenuated viruses and was intended for oral administration, the second contained completely killed viruses and was administered by injection intramuscularly or subcutaneously. It is these two types of vaccines that are widely used today to prevent polio. Vaccines build immunity to the disease, block infection by wild strains of the virus, their transmission from person to person, and protect both individuals and the entire population as a whole (this mechanism is called “herd immunity”).

OPV and IPV

OPV is an oral (“live”) vaccine against polio, which is instilled into the mouth using a special mini-dropper or syringe without a needle, more precisely, on the root of the tongue for infants or on the surface of the tonsils of older children, where the formation of immunity begins. If the child burps or spits, the administration of the drug is repeated, but only once; in case of repeated regurgitation, vaccination will be delayed for 1.5 months to avoid an overdose. Single dose – 2 to 4 drops of vaccine. For obvious reasons, the child should not be given food or water for an hour after the vaccine is administered.

The principle of action of OPV is similar to all other live vaccines. When instilled, the virus from the vaccine enters the intestines, where immunity is formed at approximately the same level as it would be after a polio infection, only without the disease itself. Antibodies are synthesized on the intestinal mucosa that actively displace wild polioviruses that enter from the outside, preventing them from multiplying and penetrate deep into the body. During polio outbreaks, which occur from time to time even in developed, prosperous countries, OPV is instilled into newborn babies directly in maternity hospitals.

IPV is an inactivated (“killed”) vaccine against polio, contains killed pathogen viruses, is administered by injection into the thigh or shoulder and causes the production of antibodies in the blood of the vaccinated person. On the intestinal mucosa, unlike OPV, antibodies and protective cells against the virus are not formed, which until recently was considered a significant disadvantage of inactivated vaccines. Recent studies in which IPV and OPV vaccine recipients were then given live vaccines that mimic wild virus infection and then assessed for the amount of virus excreted in their stool have shown that this is not entirely true. The virus entered the recipients' intestines with approximately the same frequency in both cases.

The choice to vaccinate with OPV makes practical sense only when faced with a wild virus, which is now relatively rare.

Immunization schedule

According to the vaccination calendar approved in our country, the first three vaccinations are carried out with IPV, the subsequent ones – with OPV. This vaccination regimen is considered optimal for developing stable immunity. In addition to vaccination and revaccination of children, the adult population is also given repeated vaccinations against polio, in case of travel to areas dangerous for polio, or for epidemic reasons in the place of residence.

Currently, the following mixed vaccination schedule is used in Russia:

• 6 months – OPV (third vaccination, last);
• 18 months – OPV (first revaccination);
• 20 months - OPV (second revaccination);
• 14 years old - OPV (third revaccination, last).

It is possible to vaccinate with IPV only; in this case, the same intervals are observed as with a mixed regimen, with the only difference being that IPV does not require revaccination at 20 months, but does require it at the age of 6 years (5 years after the last main vaccination). diagram). This graph can be visually represented as follows:

• 3 months – IPV (first vaccination);
• 4.5 months – IPV (second vaccination);
• 6 months – IPV (third vaccination);
• 18 months – IPV (first revaccination);
• 6 years – IPV (second revaccination).

The first schedule assumes that the child receives 5 doses of the vaccine up to 2 years of age, the second - 4. If a vaccination regimen of only IPV is chosen, it is recommended to rely primarily on the instructions for any inactivated polio vaccine. The IPV-exclusive vaccination regimen is used in many countries around the world, for example, in the USA.

If the vaccination schedule is disrupted or shifted for some reason, you should not panic, or even refuse vaccination altogether. A pediatrician or a specialized immunoprophylaxis specialist - an immunologist-vaccinologist - will help you create an individual vaccination schedule; the effect of vaccination will be exactly the same. The recommended interval between vaccinations of 45 days is minimal, but the formation of immunity does not stop with increasing interval, i.e. if the second or subsequent vaccination is missed, vaccination is not started from the beginning, but continues further according to the scheme.

Both vaccines, live and inactivated, are interchangeable, and even more so, vaccines of the same type from different manufacturers are interchangeable.

Contraindications, side effects, VAPP

Although vaccination against polio is considered perhaps the most serious part of the overall vaccination schedule, modern vaccines are usually well tolerated and have minimal side effects. In most cases, the vaccine manifests itself as swelling, redness, thickening at the injection site, weakness, moodiness, and a slight increase in body temperature. In young children, bowel disorders are observed. All these post-vaccination manifestations are absolutely normal, do not require treatment and disappear without a trace after a couple of days.

The only serious, fortunately quite rare, complication of vaccination is VAPP (vaccine-associated paralytic polio). The risk of developing VAPP is highest after the first vaccination, and very rarely during the second vaccination. VAPP proceeds similarly to real polio, with paresis and paralysis of the limbs. This complication can occur in children with a weakened immune system or in a state of immunodeficiency (for example, HIV-infected, cancer patients) who have serious developmental defects and severe diseases of internal organs, especially the intestines. In all these groups of people, only IPV should be used, the principle of which excludes VAPP.

For an unvaccinated child, there is a possibility of getting the virus in kindergarten from children vaccinated with OPV through contact through a shared toilet, toys, etc.

When carrying out collective revaccination against polio with live vaccines, unvaccinated children are quarantined for a period of 2 weeks to a month precisely in order to prevent the risk of VAPP. The literature also describes cases of infection of pregnant women or unvaccinated infants from an older child in the family who received OPV. In such cases, it is recommended either to also use IPV, or to observe hygiene especially carefully - do not let children use a shared potty, wash their hands.

People who are allergic to some of the antibiotics it contains cannot be vaccinated with IPV. Both types of vaccines are contraindicated for further use in people who have had neurological disorders (encephalopathy, seizures) or a generalized allergic reaction (anaphylactic shock, angioedema) after the first injection.

It is no secret that mass vaccination at the state level has become the subject of heated debate in our time. Both sides present compelling and well-reasoned pros and cons of vaccinations. No experts can make a choice for the baby’s worried parents, but it is logical to assume that serious infections should be fought not by completely refusing vaccination, but by searching for a high-quality vaccine, for example, a polyvalent one. In this way, the child can not be burdened with unnecessary injections, and vaccination against polio can be combined with vaccination against other pathogens.

Decoding the abbreviations of childhood vaccinations (what they are done and why)

VACCINATION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS

Prevention of tuberculosis is vaccination against tuberculosis with the BCG vaccine (BCG - bacillus Calmette-Guerin). The tuberculosis vaccine consists of live, dried bacteria from the vaccine strain, weakened by successive “recultures” over a period of 13 years.

The BCG vaccine is administered intradermally on days 3-7 of a child’s life. When the vaccine is administered correctly, a white papule is formed, which disappears after a few minutes. However, after 4-6 weeks, it forms again, turning into an abscess that becomes covered with a crust. After 2-4 months, a scar with a diameter of up to 10 mm forms under the crust in 90-95% of vaccinated children. Vaccination against tuberculosis with the BCG vaccine is a proven means of protection against the disease.

FIRST VACCINATION AGAINST VIRAL HEPATITIS B

The hepatitis virus is especially dangerous for children. When suffered at an early age, the disease in 50-95% of cases becomes chronic, which subsequently leads to cirrhosis or primary liver cancer.

In newborns, viral hepatitis is asymptomatic in 90-95% of cases, without classical jaundice and in 70-90% of cases leads to chronic carriage of the virus, and in 35-50% to chronic hepatitis.

Vaccination against hepatitis is reliable protection against a dangerous disease. Vaccination against hepatitis is carried out in the first 12 hours of life.

The hepatitis vaccine is repeated during the first month of the child's life. Without vaccination, a child can get hepatitis. The main route of infection is through blood (most often through blood transfusion).

A second hepatitis vaccine will protect against this disease.

FIRST VACCINATION AGAINST DIPTHERIA, WHOOPING COUGH, TETANUS, POLIOMYELITIS

Vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, and polio is carried out using a combined DPT or ADS-m vaccine.

The Russian DPT vaccine is identical in its set of components to the French vaccine D.T. Cook. DTP includes diphtheria vaccine and tetanus vaccine.

In some cases (in case of allergic reactions or in the presence of contraindications to DPT vaccination), the ADS-m vaccine, an effective vaccine against diphtheria and tetanus, is used.

The first vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, and polio is carried out in the third month of a child’s life.

SECOND VACCINATION AGAINST DIPTHERIA, WHOOPING COUGH, TETANUS, POLIOMYELITIS

The DPT vaccine is administered to the child a second time at 4.5 months. All components of the DTP vaccine are capable of forming immunity in almost 100% of vaccinated patients.

Vaccination against diphtheria is given intramuscularly. The vaccine is administered against the background of the use of antipyretic drugs, which helps prevent a possible increase in temperature and eliminate the risk of fever cramps in young children. In addition, antipyretic drugs have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.

DTP vaccine is an effective means of preventing tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough, and poliomelitis

THIRD VACCINATION AGAINST DIPTHERIA, WHOOPING COUGH, TETANUS, POLIOMYELITIS

The third DTP vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, and polio is carried out at 6 months. This completes the primary course of vaccinations, which form immunity lasting about 10 years. The whooping cough vaccine provides shorter-lasting immunity. The polio vaccine (OPV) is given by mouth. It is one of the least reactogenic vaccines. In addition to OPV, there is also the Imovax Polio vaccine. This vaccine is administered through an injection. The polio vaccine “Imovax Polio” does not contain live viruses and is therefore safe even for children with impaired immune systems and HIV-infected children.

THIRD VACCINATION AGAINST VIRAL HEPATITIS B

Modern prevention of hepatitis is based on vaccination. The third hepatitis vaccination is carried out at 6 months. Hepatitis b-vaccination "Engerix B" is a special suspension for injection. Dose for children - 0.5 ml (1 dose).

"Engerix B" promotes the development of immunity against the hepatitis B virus. Contains purified hepatitis B core antigen (HBsAg) obtained using recombinant DNA technology.

Hepatitis vaccination with Engerix B provides protection against hepatitis B in at least 98% of individuals who received 3 injections of the drug.

VACCINATION AGAINST MEASLES, RUBELLA, MUMPS

The first vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps is carried out at 12 months. An imported vaccine against measles, rubella, mumps, Priorix, or a domestically produced measles vaccine is used.

Priorix meets the World Health Organization's requirements for the production of biological products, the requirements for vaccines against measles, mumps, rubella and live combination vaccines.

Vaccination of measles, mumps, rubella - mandatory vaccination for children 12 months of age

FIRST REVACCINATION AGAINST DIPTHERIA, WHOOPING COUGH, TETANUS, POLIOMYELITIS

The first revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, in accordance with the national calendar of preventive vaccinations, is carried out at 18 months. The same vaccines are used as for primary vaccinations - DPT, DTP and OPV. If necessary, you can get tested for whooping cough at our clinic.

DPT revaccination is a necessary step to maintain the effect of previous vaccinations against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, and polio.

SECOND REVACCINATION AGAINST POLIOMYELITIS

Childhood vaccination, according to the national calendar of preventive vaccinations, includes the introduction of a polio vaccine at 20 months. The vaccine is made from live, weakened strains of three types of polio virus. It is administered orally in drops in an amount that depends on the concentration of the drug.

The child should not eat before or after receiving the polio vaccine for one hour. If after receiving the vaccine the child burps, the procedure is repeated. If regurgitation recurs, the vaccine is no longer administered, and the next dose is given after 1 month.

REVACCINATION AGAINST MEASLES, RUBELLA, MUMPS

Secondary vaccination against measles, rubella, and mumps is prescribed at 6 years of age. Measles, rubella, and mumps are among the most common childhood infectious diseases. Before a child enters school, it is necessary to receive a comprehensive vaccination against measles, rubella, and mumps using the Priorix vaccine or measles and mumps vaccines.

The rubella vaccine is not administered until the acute manifestations of the disease have ended. For mild acute respiratory viral infections, acute intestinal diseases, etc., vaccinations can be carried out immediately after the temperature has normalized.

FIRST REVACCINATION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS

Revaccination against tuberculosis is carried out at 6-7 years of age. To maintain immunity, the BCG-m vaccine is administered to healthy children with a negative result from a preliminary Mantoux test.

The main indicator of a child’s immunity to tuberculosis is the appearance of a positive Mantoux test and the diameter of the graft scar being 5 millimeters or more. The consequences of tuberculosis are extremely dangerous. If untreated, the mortality rate for active tuberculosis is 50%. In other cases, untreated tuberculosis becomes chronic. This is why revaccination against tuberculosis is especially important in childhood.

SECOND REVACCINATION AGAINST DIPTHERIA, TETANUS

The second revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus is done at 7-8 years of age using the ADS-M vaccine.

Diphtheria and tetanus vaccinations for primary school children contain a reduced content of the diphtheria component. An analogue of the Russian vaccine ADS-M is the French-made vaccine Imovax D.T.Adult.

VACCINATION AGAINST RUBELLA (GIRL)

Rubella vaccination for girls is carried out at 13 years of age. Vaccination is necessary to prevent rubella during future pregnancies. Vaccination against rubella is done using the imported drug Rudivax.

The Rudivax vaccine contains live, attenuated rubella viruses. Due to the fact that the vaccine is “live”, its effectiveness is %. The duration of immunity caused by the Rudivax vaccine is more than 20 years.

VACCINATION AGAINST HEPATITIS (NOT PREVIOUSLY VACCINED)

If vaccination was not carried out in early childhood, you can get vaccinated against hepatitis at 13 years of age. The drug "Engerix B" is an effective vaccine that promotes the development of immunity against the hepatitis B virus.

Prevention of viral hepatitis is the best way to avoid a dangerous disease, which in adolescence threatens the development of acute liver failure or even cirrhosis of the liver.

THIRD REVACCINATION AGAINST DIPTHERIA, TETANUS, POLIOMYELITIS. SECOND REVACCINATION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS

The third revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, polio, as well as revaccination against tuberculosis is carried out on the fly. Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus - ADS; vaccine against polio - OPV, against tuberculosis - BCG-m.

Revaccination against tuberculosis is carried out only in the absence of active disease. The polio vaccine OPV is administered orally. It is one of the least reactogenic vaccines and causes virtually no side effects.

REVACCINATION AGAINST MEASLES AND MUMPS IN SINGLE-TIME VACCINATES

Vaccination against measles and mumps is done immediately if vaccination has been carried out once before.

The measles vaccine stimulates the production of antibodies to the measles virus, which reach maximum levels 3-4 weeks after vaccination. The drug meets WHO requirements. The measles vaccine contains at least TCD of the measles virus, stabilizer, and gentaphycin sulfate. The mumps vaccine stimulates the production of protective antibodies, which reach their maximum concentration 6-7 weeks after vaccination. Measles vaccination also meets WHO requirements.

Hello dear readers! Our children are our life and it is quite natural that we try in every possible way to protect them from any troubles. However, this is only possible when you know the enemy by sight, and even better, see him. It’s another matter if it sneaks up unnoticed and strikes instantly.

This is exactly what usually happens in the case of viral diseases. And if some of them are successfully treated, others can, at a minimum, leave you disabled, and, at maximum, take your life. These include polio. There is an opinion that the polio vaccine, reviews of which are striking in their contradictions every year, can save the situation. But is this really so? This is what we will talk about today.

Polio– a dangerous and incredibly contagious disease, the virus of which, penetrating the human body, multiplies in the throat and intestines.

Where does it come from? Most often, infection occurs through airborne droplets after contact with an infected person, especially if he coughs or sneezes, as well as through household items and water, where the pathogen can live for months.

The disease occurs all over the globe and, ironically, most often affects children aged 10 months to 5 years. But the most interesting thing is that at first the symptoms of polio are similar to the symptoms of a common acute respiratory infection and do not immediately attract the necessary attention.

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Meanwhile, the virus itself does not sleep: from the intestines it penetrates the blood and nerve cells of the spinal cord, gradually destroying and killing them. If the number of affected cells reaches 25–30%, paresis, paralysis, and even atrophy of the limbs cannot be avoided. How else is this disease dangerous? Sometimes it can affect the respiratory center and respiratory muscles, causing suffocation and death.

In any case, today only pictures from the Internet tell about the consequences of polio. But all this is only due to the fact that in the 1950s two vaccines were created, which subsequently saved several continents from the disease. We are talking about OPV and IPV, which are also successfully used by modern medicine.

2. OPV vaccine against polio

OPV, or oral live vaccine- these are the same red drops with a bitter taste that are administered by instillation through the mouth. Moreover, for babies they try to get to the root of the tongue, where there are no taste buds, in order to exclude the possibility of regurgitation, and for older children - to the palatine tonsil. They were created by medical scientist Albert Sabin in 1955.

The principle of the vaccine is simple: the strain of the virus enters the intestines, where it begins to multiply. The immune system immediately reacts to its presence, synthesizing antibodies that can subsequently fight real polio. However, this is not the only advantage of this vaccine. The fact is that children vaccinated with it release the weakened strain of the virus they introduced into the environment up to 2 months after vaccination. This happens when you sneeze or cough. And that, in turn, further spreads among other children, as if once again “vaccinating” them. And everything would be fine, but the consequences of OPV vaccination against polio are sometimes disastrous.

Consequences of introducing OPV into the body:

1. an increase in temperature to 37.5 C, which may not be recorded immediately, but on days 5–14;
2. changes in stool on days 1–2 (increased frequency or weakening);
3. various allergic reactions;
4. development of vaccine-associated polio.

If the first reactions to the polio vaccine are considered normal, then the latter is a real complication. The fact is that if the rules of vaccination are violated, the incoming virus provokes the development of ordinary polio, which can result in paralysis. The IPV vaccine is another matter.

3. IPV vaccine against polio

The inactivated vaccine was created by Jonas Salk in 1950. It is a drug that is injected into the body using a disposable syringe. Where is the polio vaccine given in this case? In the thigh or shoulder, the main thing is intramuscularly.

The advantage of this vaccine is its relative safety. The fact is that it contains a killed virus. Once in the body, it also forces the immune system to work, but since in this case no one is reproducing, there is no risk of developing vaccine-associated polio. And the reaction to its introduction is somewhat easier.

Consequences of introducing IPV into the body:

1. redness and swelling at the injection site (no more than 8 cm in diameter);
2. increase in temperature in the first two days;
3. loss of appetite;
4. irritability, anxiety;
5. the development of an allergic reaction is already considered a complication.

4. When is the polio vaccine given?

It is worth noting that the use of both types of vaccines is officially permitted in Russia. Moreover, vaccination can be carried out according to several schemes, depending on the one chosen.

At what age is OPV administered?, or polio droplets?

• At 3 months three times with an interval of 4 - 6 weeks;
• 18 months (revaccination);
• 20 months (revaccination);
• 14 years old.

According to the IPV vaccination schedule given to children aged:

• 3 months;
• 4.5 months;
• 6 months;
• 18 months (revaccination);
• 6 years (revaccination).

Meanwhile, at present, a mixed scheme is most often used, when both IPV and OPV are given to the same child. In this way, it is possible to minimize the occurrence of side effects associated with vaccination.

In this case, he receives a dose of the drug in:

• 3 months (IPV);
• 4.5 months (IPV);
• 6 months (OPV);
• 18 months (OPV, revaccination);
• 20 months (OPV, revaccination);
• 14 years old.

How is vaccination done if for some reason it was not possible to follow the schedule? Here everything is decided by a pediatrician or an immunoprophylaxis specialist. True, if at least one vaccination has been given, vaccination is not started all over again, but continued.

By the way, along with children, adults are also vaccinated, for example, if they plan to travel to countries where there are polio outbreaks.

5. Contraindications to polio vaccination

It is prohibited to administer live oral OPV vaccine to a child if:

• detection of malignant neoplasms (tumors);
• exacerbation of chronic diseases;
• the presence of acute diseases;
• immunodeficiencies (HIV, AIDS);
• neurological disorders;
• presence of developmental defects;
• the presence of serious diseases of internal organs, in particular the intestines.

Is it possible to get the polio vaccine if you have a runny nose? It all depends on its nature. However, as practice shows, it is not an absolute contraindication to vaccination.

A child should not be exposed to IPV. only when:

• if he is allergic to streptomycin, neomycin, polymyxin B;
• development of an allergic reaction to previous vaccinations;
• presence of neurological disorders.

6. Is it possible to get polio from a vaccinated child?

Unfortunately yes. However, this applies to completely unvaccinated children. That is why, in the case of collective vaccination with live vaccines (drops), those are sent to quarantine for 2 - 4 weeks.

Interestingly, there have been cases when a vaccinated older child infected a younger one, or worse, pregnant women picked up the virus. But in order to prevent this from happening, it is necessary to especially carefully observe the rules of personal hygiene - wash your hands more often, if possible, do not use shared household items (toys, potty, etc.)

We also suggest watching the video in order to finally decide whether to get vaccinated against polio. In it, Dr. Komarovsky touches on the issue of all enteroviruses, which include the causative agent of polio:

7. Reviews about the polio vaccine

Karina:

They vaccinated my daughter (drops), that’s all, everything is fine. True, she complained of pain in her tummy, and she had frequent bowel movements for a couple of days.

Inna:

I read bad reviews and wrote a refusal to take polio. Now it was done in the garden, and we were forbidden to visit it for 60 days so as not to get infected.

Larisa:

I vaccinated my son against polio. A couple of days later, ARVI symptoms began, they were treated, and then he began to limp on his leg. We went through an examination, the doctors said that everything was fine, and the son eventually went away. But I still have a biased attitude towards her.

What is the polio vaccine? For some, this is a huge risk that they consciously do not want to take. For others, it is the only opportunity to escape from a dangerous illness. However, when taking either side, it is important to weigh the pros and cons. After all, not only the health of the child, but also his life depends on your decision in this case.