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Definition of predicate

The predicate is the main member of a sentence, which denotes what is said about the subject of speech (the subject of speech in a sentence denotes the subject). The predicate usually agrees with the subject and answers the general question: what is said about the subject of speech?(In most cases, more specific questions can be asked about the predicate - what does the item do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? Who is he? etc.) To me will be remembered the melting of snow in this bitter and early spring.(what does it say about snow melting?) . Child coming barefoot along the path, carries strawberries in an open basket(what is the child doing?). Like a golden bird trembling fire in the dark(what happens to the fire?). AND yellowish And red the moon is in the last quarter(what is the moon like?). We are an early taste of nature(what are we?) . I'm a fisherman(who am I?) , and the nets were carried out to sea.(A.A. Tarkovsky)

Exercise. Find the predicates and highlight them.

Sir, I am a hat and hat maker. I make the best hats and caps in the world. Today I worked all night for you, sir, and cried like a child with grief. This is such a tragic, special style. This is an invisibility hat. As soon as you put it on, you will disappear, and the poor master will never know whether it suits you or not. Take it, just don’t try it on in front of me. I can't stand this! (E.L. Schwartz)

Answer. Sir, I am engaged in hat and hat business master. I I do the best hats and caps in the world. Today I'm up all night worked at you, sir, and cried like a child, with grief. It's so tragic, special style. This invisible hat. As soon as you put it on, so disappear, and the poor master forever won't know, coming whether she is for you or not. Take it, only don't try it on with me. I this I can't bear it! (E.L. Schwartz)

Lexical and grammatical meaning of the predicate

Each predicate has lexical and grammatical meanings. The lexical meaning of the predicate is the name of the action (I go to that familiar mountain a hundred times a day I'm coming. V.A. Zhukovsky), states (Already turns pale day, hiding behind the mountain. V.A. Zhukovsky), quality (Like the sun behind the mountain captivating sunset... Silent And sad dear Svetlana. V.A. Zhukovsky), generic concept (Love There is sky gift. V.A. Zhukovsky), etc.
The grammatical meaning of the predicate is tense and mood.
Lexical and grammatical meanings can be expressed in one word, or in two or more words.

Simple verb predicate

A predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word - a verb in the form of some mood - is called a simple verb. Grasshopper in the meadow chirps in his protective raincoat.(A.A. Tarkovsky) – exc. on, present vr. Sergey Sergeich, I I'll go And will wait you in the office.(A.S. Griboedov) – excised. on, bud. vr. (the first verb is in the form of a simple future, the second - a future compound; both predicates are simple verbs). My father's house was still in the spring of my days left I.(V.A. Zhukovsky) – excised. on, elapsed time You, fellow youths, take the horse. (A.S. Pushkin) – rev. incl. I never I wouldn't know you, I wouldn't know bitter torment...(A.S. Pushkin) – conditional. incl.
A simple verbal predicate can be expressed by a phraseological phrase that contains a verb in some mood. Deceased With went crazy eight times.(A.S. Griboedov) Hussar Pykhtin visited us; how he was seduced by Tanya, how crumbled into a little demon! (A.S. Pushkin)

Simple verbs also include predicates that do not have a formal indicator of mood, tense and grammatical subordination to the subject. These are predicates, expressed

truncated verb forms: push, grab, bam etc. ... Lighter than a shadow Tatyana jump to another entryway, from the porch to the yard...(A.S. Pushkin); And you, madam, are just out of bed jump, with a man! with the young one!(A.S. Griboedov); ...And Prince Guidon from the shore with a sad soul accompanies their long run; lo and behold- a white swan swims on top of the flowing waters.(A.S. Pushkin); I'm hurrying here grab, hit the threshold with his foot and stretched out to his full height.(A.S. Griboyedov); But princess in both hands grab- caught it.(A.S. Pushkin);

infinitive in the meaning of the indicative mood: And the queen laugh, and shoulders shake, And wink with your eyes, and snap fingers, and spin, akimbo, looking proudly in the mirror.(A.S. Pushkin)

It happens that in simple verbal predicates, verbal forms of one mood are used in the meaning of another; then additional semantic shades arise. For example, in the sentence She doesn't notice him like he don't worry, at least die (A.S. Pushkin) the form of the imperative mood is used in the indicative meaning (cf. no matter how he fought), but with the additional meaning of conditional (cf. no matter how he fights).
In a sentence ...You put your foot in the stirrup and rush around on a greyhound stallion; autumn wind blow either from the front or from the rear(A.S. Griboedov) the imperative mood in the indicative sense creates an additional shade of possibility (the wind can blow from anywhere - it will not interfere with anything).

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate consists of an auxiliary verb and a verb in the indefinite form (in the infinitive). The main lexical meaning is expressed by the verb in the infinitive, and the auxiliary verb expresses the general grammatical meanings of mood, tense, person, as well as additional meanings.

In a compound verbal predicate, two types of auxiliary verbs can be used:

phase(indicating the beginning, continuation or end of an action): start, become, continue, finish, stop, stop, quit. Oh my God! What will start talking Princess Marya Aleksevdatsya, and people can deceive

on!(A.S. Griboedov);

I said something - he started laughing. (A.S. Griboedov);

modal(with the meaning of possibility, desire, etc.): be able, want, wish, prepare, strive, decide, be able etc. He's nice knows how to make you laugh everyone. Not with him bold I die uh, you have ask, on you take a look. We, Alexey Stepanych, are with you couldn't say two words. Ranks by people

there is. Ah, Chatsky! Love you are all fools dress up... (A.S. Griboyedov) Chichikov, as we have already seen, made up my mind at all don't stand on ceremony... Got it in my head it was for the night make a wish on the cards after prayer...(N.V. Gogol) But why with a rhymer wander across the world in defiance of the elements and the mind so I want and at the hour of death of the poet? I have done so little for the future, but I only yearn for the future and I don't want to start at first...(A.A. Tarkovsky)

Modal meaning can be expressed not only by auxiliary verbs, but also by some short adjectives and participles, adverbs (state category words), and nouns: glad, must, ready, obliged, capable, forced, necessary, possible, impossible, master, able, able etc. Molchalin for others himself ready to forget. She didn't give birth, but according to my calculations, must give birth. And you glorify This glad? After all necessary and depend from others. Not a craftswoman I'm on the shelves distinguish. (A.S. Griboedov)
In this case, the grammatical meaning of mood and tense is expressed by the linking verb be in the required form, so that the predicate consists of 3 words: 1) connectives; 2) an auxiliary component expressed by a short adjective or participle, adverb, noun; 3) a verb in an indefinite form (the absence of a copula, as in the examples given above, indicates the present tense of the indicative mood; it would be more correct to say that in such sentences the copula is zero). Entering the hall, Chichikov should have for a minute close your eyes eyes, because the shine from the candles, lamps and ladies' dresses was terrible. ...Alcides, closing his eyes and opening his mouth, I was ready to cry in the most pitiful way, but feeling that it was easy could have lost dish, brought his mouth back to its previous position and began gnawing a lamb bone with tears. Fetinya, as you can see, was a whip master There are feather beds. The coachman, noticing that one of them was big hunter become on his heels, lashed him with a whip...(N.V. Gogol)
A compound verb predicate can have a complicated form; in this case, in addition to the infinitive of the main verb, the infinitive of the auxiliary verb is used: In my summer shouldn't dare your judgment have. (A.S. Griboedov)

Exercises

1. Find compound verb predicates.

How I want to breathe into a poem
This whole world changing shape...

I'm afraid it's too late
I began to dream of happiness.

I won't sleep on New Year's night,
I'll start a new notebook today.

I wrote down a long address on a piece of paper,
He still couldn’t say goodbye and kept the piece of paper in his hand.
Light spread across the paving stones. On eyelashes and on fur,
And wet snow began to fall on the gray gloves.

(A.A. Tarkovsky)

Answer:I want to breathe, I started dreaming, I couldn’t say goodbye, I started falling.

Predicate I won't sleep simple verb, because this is the future compound tense of the verb. Verb I'll start can be taken as a phase auxiliary, but there is no infinitive verb in the sentence, so I'll start– a simple verb predicate.

2. Find simple and compound verb predicates.

They saw a young nobleman beating a servant with anything. The stranger's entire appearance was remarkable, but the first thing that caught your eye was his huge nose. “What do you allow yourself?” – the philosopher asked sternly and heard in response: “I want to listen to the lectures of the great Gassendi, and this whip is spread out in my way. But, I swear on my nose, I will listen to this smartest man, even if I have to pierce this fool or someone else with a sword!” Gassendi's voice noticeably warmed: “Well, perhaps I can help you. What’s your name, young man?” “Savignon de Cyrano de Bergerac, poet,” the guest answered proudly. (A.L. Tsukanov)

Answer: simple verbs - saw it, it caught my eye(stable expression), allow me, I heard, I spread out, I will listen, I warmed up, they are calling, I answered; compound verbs – I want to listen, I’ll have to pierce it, I’m able to help.

It is important to draw students' attention to the fact that not every combination of a conjugated verb and an infinitive constitutes a compound verbal predicate. In a sentence Here started He yawn And ordered take yourself to your room(N.V. Gogol) the first predicate is a compound verb (phasic verb in the past tense + main verb in the infinitive), and the second is a simple verb; action indicated in the infinitive take away refers not to the subject, but to some other person, servant or innkeeper, therefore the infinitive take away serves as a complement here. In a sentence He went look at the river flowing through the middle of the city(N.V. Gogol) infinitive of purpose take a look is a circumstance with a simple verbal predicate expressed by a verb of motion.

3.

One young Athenian went to court. He claimed that his decrepit father had lost his mind and was therefore unable to manage the family’s property. The old man did not make excuses - he just read the tragedy that had just ended to the judges. After this, the dispute was immediately resolved in his favor, and his son was recognized as a shameless liar. The tragedy was called "Oedipus at Colonus", and the old man's name was Sophocles. (O. Levinskaya)

1) went to court– simple verb;
2) survived– simple verb;
3) unable to manage– compound verb;
4) didn't- simple verb.

Answer: 3.

Compound nominal predicate

In a compound nominal predicate there is a verbal connective that expresses the grammatical meaning, and a main (nominal) component - words or phrases of different parts of speech (most often nouns or adjectives), which contain the lexical meaning of the predicate.

The verb is most often used as a connective in a compound nominal predicate be in the form of some kind of inclination. He's in Rome there would be Brutus, in Athens – Pericles (A.S. Pushkin) – conditional. incl. In a harsh fate be stubborn, be gloomy,poor And bent... (N.S. Gumilyov) - command. incl. His voice was a song fire and earth...(N.S. Gumilyov) - will express. onc., past vr. Destructive will be crushed, knocked over fragments of slabs...(N.S. Gumilyov) - will express. on, bud. vr.
Present tense verb be usually absent; in other words, the copula is zero: Not a sinner he is in nothing, you are a hundred times more sinful. Liar He, gambler, thief. (A.S. Griboedov) However, there is also a copula in the present tense form of the verb be: Daughter of Hell, Malice There is co-maker countless cruel troubles.(V.A. Zhukovsky) Thought spoken there is a lie. (F.I. Tyutchev)
Other linking verbs can also be used in a compound nominal predicate: to appear, to remain, to become, to become, to be made, to be considered, to be called, to seem, to appear, to introduce oneself etc.; they differ in meaning. The estate is ours was called a farm, – Kamenka farm, – main estate ours was considered Zadonskoe, where my father went often and for a long time, and to farm it was small, mongrel small in number.
In total it turned out to be more amazing wax in the city.
Then my childhood life becomes more diverse . (I.A. Bunin)
Made our generals cheerful, loose, well-fed, white. Atrocities are large and serious often are called shiny... The atrocities are small and comic are called shameful... (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin) AND Seems at all not difficult, whitening in the emerald thicket, the road I won’t say where.(A.A. Akhmatova)

It can be difficult to correctly determine the boundaries of the predicate and its type if the sentence contains a verb be in conjugated form. It is necessary to remind students that this verb can be not only a connective in a compound nominal predicate. If it is used in the meaning of “to have”, “to be”, “to occur”, then it is a simple verbal predicate in the sentence. Yesterday was ball, and tomorrow will two.(A.S. Griboedov) Left was gloomy forest, to the right - Yenisei.(N.A. Nekrasov) Here were relatives of those who went to where I was in a hurry. (N.A. Nekrasov)
Verb be is not used as an auxiliary in a compound verbal predicate: will fly, we will remember - this is the compound future tense of the verb and, therefore, in a sentence it is a simple verbal predicate. We we will remember and in the cold of Lethea, that the earth cost us ten heavens.(O.E. Mandelstam)

The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is usually

short adjectives and participles – House of greenery painted (Communion) in the form of a grove. Myself thick (adjective) , its artists skinny (adjective) (A.S. Griboyedov);

nouns in the nominative or instrumental case – Dead man was venerable chamberlain. (A.S. Griboyedov) Marriage to us it will be torture. (A.S. Pushkin) Lace, stone, be And become a web... (O.E. Mandelstam);

full adjectives in the nominative or instrumental case –After all crazy your father...(A.S. Griboyedov) Am I really real and will death really come? In such moments and the air to me seems brown... (O.E. Mandelstam) I I won't more young. (S.A. Yesenin);

adjectives in comparative or superlative degree – Ah, evil tongues scarier pistol. Well, a constant taste in husbands most expensive! (A.S. Griboedov)

In addition, the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by prepositional case forms of the noun – And I'm in front of her V unpaid debt. (A.A. Tarkovsky) Mind with heart out of tune. (A.S. Griboedov); pronoun – Like all Moscow people, your father that's how it is... My custom such: signed, off your shoulders.(A.S. Griboedov); adverb – After all, I am a little to her akin. (A.S. Griboedov); infinitive – His joy is in the forests wander for the animals.(V.A. Zhukovsky); phraseological turn – He out of my mind. Dearest! You not at ease. (A.S. Griboyedov)
The nominal part can be expressed by a phrase, the main lexical meaning of which is contained not in the main word, but in the dependent word. All old ladies - people are angry. He noticeable person... My husband - lovely husband... Ball good thing, bondage is bitter.(A.S. Griboedov)
The nominal part may include conjunctions as if, as if etc., introducing the meaning of comparison into the predicate. Your every verse - like a bowl poison, how is life, burned by sin.(A.A. Tarkovsky)

Exercise.Find compound nominal predicates.

Vaska Pechenkin’s favorite pastime is flying a kite. From this peaceful occupation he made himself a robbery. When his kite is flown, Vaska feels like the only master of the sky, and in front of him our poor snakes are like sparrows in front of a kite. Pechenkin's serpent is powerful and huge. (K.I. Chukovsky)

Answer:launched, launched, feels like a master, just like sparrows, powerful and huge.

A compound nominal predicate can have a complicated form if the copula is used in the infinitive and is supplemented by a conjugated auxiliary verb, which adds additional meaning to the predicate. Yes a smart man can't help but be a rogue. (A.S. Griboedov) Those who think that only those minnows believe incorrectly may be considered worthy citizens, which, mad with fear, sit in holes and tremble.(M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin) So don't try to be smarter ... (O.E. Mandelstam)
There are predicates in which the lexical meaning is expressed not only by the nominal part, but also by a full-valued verb used instead of a connective. Typically it is a verb of movement or state: He will raise a cloud of dust, rustle with paper leaves and will not return at all - or he will come back at all another. (O.E. Mandelstam) In this sentence, it is equally important that it (rhythm or wind) will return (this would be a simple verbal predicate) and that it will become different (compound nominal). And you sat sadly (A.S. Pushkin) (sat and was sad). In school textbooks, such predicates are called a type of compound nominal predicate.

Exercises

1. Find simple verbal predicates expressed by 1) verb be in the required form; 2) phraseological use; 3) compound nominal predicate with a linking verb be.

The bear cub was quite tall, with intelligent eyes, a black muzzle, and he lived in a booth in the lyceum courtyard. It belonged to General Zakharzhevsky, manager of the Tsarskoye Selo palace and palace garden. Every morning, lyceum students saw how, when preparing to go around, the general patted the bear cub on the head, and he tried to break free from the chain and follow him.
And then one day, before the eyes of the lyceum students, an event occurred that brought the bear cub into the political history of the lyceum.
General Zakharzhevsky, passing by the booth one day, to his horror, discovered that the booth was empty: the bear cub had broken free from the chain. We started looking, but to no avail: there was no bear cub either in the yard or in the garden. The general lost his head: two steps away was the palace garden... (Yu.N. Tynyanov)

Answer: 1) ...there is neither a bear cub in the yard nor in the garden there wasn't; two steps away was palace garden; 2) lost his head; 3) was quite tall, with intelligent eyes, a black muzzle….

2. Find 1) compound verbal predicates; 2) compound nominal predicate.

Alexander the Great crossed Persia with his sword, subjugated Egypt, and reached the shores of the Indian Ocean. The Greek language was established on the vast territory of the state he formed. On its basis, Latin writing arose in the second century BC. For about a thousand years, Greek was the official language of the Byzantine Empire.
But in Western Europe it was only in the fourteenth century that they began to study the language of the great thinkers of antiquity. Only then did it become a sign of learning for the enlightened people of his time.

(According to E. Vartanyan)

Answer:1) was the official language; became a sign; 2) began to study.

3. Find the predicate that is highlighted and characterized incorrectly.

He was a thoughtful hare, he looked for a daughter from a widow, a hare, and wanted to get married. (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

1) was thorough– compound nominal;
2) looked out– simple verb;
3) wanted to get married- compound verb.

Answer: 1.

4. Find the predicate that is highlighted and characterized correctly.

He was an old campaigning beast, he knew how to build dens and uproot trees; Consequently, to some extent he knew the art of engineering. (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

1) was– simple verb;
2) knew how to build– compound verb;
3) uproot– compound nominal;
4) knew art– compound nominal.

Answer: 2.

Dash between subject and predicate in a simple sentence

A dash is often placed between the subject and the compound nominal predicate with a zero connective. The presence or absence of a dash is determined by what parts of speech the main members are expressed and what words stand between them in the sentence.
A dash is placed if the subject and predicate are expressed by nouns in the nominative case: Grushnitsky - cadet. Nature is a fool, fate is a turkey, A life is a penny! My answer – title this book.(M.Yu. Lermontov) Love- saint keeper ily il formidable fighter spiritual purity. Immortality... a quiet, bright shore; our path- to him aspiration. (V.A. Zhukovsky) Oh! My God! Am I really one of those people who target all life - laughter? (A.S. Griboedov) The predicate can be expressed by a phrase with the main word - a noun in the nominative case: Taman – the worst little town from all the coastal cities of Russia.(M.Yu. Lermontov)
There can be words before the predicate this means; a dash is placed before these words: Learning is the plague, learning is the reason that today there are more crazy people, deeds, and opinions than ever before.(A.S. Griboyedov)
If the predicate contains a linking verb, the dash is not placed: Providence was secret feedman your.(V.A. Zhukovsky) Expectation no violent death There is is it already real disease? (M.Yu. Lermontov)
A dash is not placed if there is a difference between the subject and the predicate.

particle (the most common negative particle is Not) : Sin is not a problem word of mouth is not good.(A.S. Griboyedov) But bad pun is no consolation for a Russian person... Passions nothing more than ideas at its first development...(M.Yu. Lermontov);

conjunction (comparative or any other): The bazaar is like a field, sown alternately with rye, oats, and buckwheat,(O.E. Mandelstam) At least ours Kabardians or Chechens although robbers, naked people, but desperate heads... (M.Yu. Lermontov);

introductory word: This Human, no doubt Jonah.

If the subject and predicate are expressed as nouns in the nominative case, but the predicate is before the subject, a dash is not placed between them: This valley is a wonderful place! These Asians are terrible beasts!(M.Yu. Lermontov) (in these sentences the words valley And Asians are subject, and nice place And terrible beasts– predicates). In the remark of the heroine of the poem by V.A. Zhukovsky Prince of Kiev is my parent subject parent, because she answers the question about herself, and not about the Kiev prince; therefore, the dash is not needed.

Exercise. Find among the sentences given while preserving the author's punctuation one in which the placement of punctuation marks corresponds to the rules.

1. ...And his saber is a real gurda: put the blade to your hand, it will dig into your body...
2. Admit it, however, that Maxim Maksimych is a person worthy of respect?
3. His arrival in the Caucasus is also a consequence of his romantic fanaticism...
4. My soldier’s overcoat is like a seal of rejection.
5. ...Vera's husband, Semyon Vasilyevich G...v, is a distant relative of Princess Ligovskaya.

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if one of the main members is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, and the other by a verb in the indefinite form (or a phrase with the main word - a verb in the indefinite form): to you in the world living is a disaster... Untested joy– by them live, for them breathe. Otrada to us - tears of happiness pour! To be great, to be wise– yours definition... (V.A. Zhukovsky) Produce effect - their pleasure. His target – become a hero novel.(M.Yu. Lermontov)
It is also necessary to put a dash in the case when both main members of the sentence are expressed by verbs in an indefinite form: Scientist learn- only spoil.

A dash is usually not placed if the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun: I'm pathetic, I'm funny I'm ignorant,I'm a fool. (A.S. Griboedov)
A dash is placed if both main members are expressed in the nominative case of a cardinal number (or a phrase with a numeral) or one – in the nominative case of a cardinal number, and the other – in the nominative case of a noun: Wheel – one of the most brilliant inventions in the history of mankind. Three times three – nine.

Exercises

1. Find among the sentences given while preserving the author's punctuation those in which the placement of punctuation marks does not comply with the rules.

1. Alien hordes are food for swords... (V.A. Zhukovsky)
2. O my friend! The mind is the executioner of all joys! (V.A. Zhukovsky)
3. Love – self-oblivion! (V.A. Zhukovsky)
4. All your disasters are dreams of the imagination... (V.A. Zhukovsky)
5. Dear friend, don’t you hear that the crackling noise of life is only a distorted response of triumphant harmonies? (V.S. Soloviev)
6. I am a parrot from the Antilles... (N.S. Gumilyov)
7. She is not a pale wife, but a crowned goddess. (N.S. Gumilyov)
8. All of us, saints and thieves, from the altar and the prison, we are all funny actors in the theater of the Lord God. (N.S. Gumilyov)
9. A star ray is like salt on an ax... (O.E. Mandelstam)

Answer: 2, 5, 6, 8, 9.

2. Find the incorrect statement.

A dash is not placed between the subject and the predicate, expressed nouns in the nominative case, if the predicate is preceded by

1) particle;
2) agreed upon definition;
3) introductory word;
4) linking verb.

Answer: 2.

3. Find among the sentences given while preserving the author's punctuation, one in which the placement of punctuation marks corresponds to modern rules.

1. Werner is a wonderful person for many reasons.
2. Of two friends, one is always the slave of the other...
3. According to local scientists, this failure is nothing more than an extinct crater...
4. Maybe you don’t know what “opportunity” is? This is a cover consisting of half a company of infantry and a cannon, with which convoys travel through Kabarda from Vladikavkaz to Yekaterinograd.
5. The history of the human soul, even the smallest soul, is perhaps more curious and useful than the history of an entire people, especially when it is a consequence of observations of a mature mind over itself...

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

Answer: 3.

4. Find among the sentences given while preserving the author's punctuation one in which the placement of punctuation marks does not correspond to modern rules.

1. But he answered me that the wild Circassian woman should be happy, having such a sweet husband like him, because in their opinion he is still her husband, and that Kazbich is a robber who needed to be punished.
2. One word is a whole story for us...
3. Ideas are organic creations...
4. Is it really possible, I thought, that my only purpose on earth is to destroy other people’s hopes?
5. Mountain rivers, the smallest ones, are dangerous, especially because their bottom is a perfect kaleidoscope...
6. I am like a man yawning at a ball who does not go to bed only because his carriage is not yet there.

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

Answer: 6.

It is worth drawing students' attention to the fact that they need to distinguish between sentences with the word This between subject and predicate: Irpen is a memory of people and summer, of freedom, of escape from bondage...(B.L. Pasternak) – and sentences where the pronoun This– the subject and the dash are not placed between it and the predicate: This is truly a new miracle, it is spring again, as before.(B.L. Pasternak)
The teacher must be prepared for puzzled questions from students who have discovered that the rules for placing a dash between the subject and the predicate are very often violated in printed texts. There are at least two explanations for this. Firstly, not all cases described in detail in handbooks for press workers are considered in school. For example, reference books indicate that you should not put a dash if there is an adverb between the subject and the predicate: But this calmness is often a sign of great, albeit hidden strength...(M.Yu. Lermontov) Secondly, most formulations include the words as a rule, usually those. Variable punctuation is allowed; the presence or absence of a dash is determined by intonation, the presence or absence of a pause, and the need for logical emphasis. But in exam papers, students and applicants should not deviate from the rules; copyright marks are considered as errors.

An educated person is distinguished, first of all, by his ability to competently express his thoughts both orally and on paper. In order to follow the rules of punctuation, you need to know everything about the main parts of the sentence.

The grammatical basis of a sentence (aka predicative) consists of the main members of the sentence, which are subject And predicate . Usually the subject is written out and highlighted with one line, and the predicate with two.

Classmates

The article answers the most important questions:

1. How to find the grammatical basis of a sentence?
2. Which parts of a sentence form its grammatical basis?
3. What does the grammatical basis consist of?

The subject is a word that indicates the subject to which the predicate refers. For example: The sun came out from behind the mountains. The sun is the subject expressed by a noun. A wide variety of parts of speech can act as the subject.

The subject can be expressed not only in single words, but also in phrases.

• A combination of a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the instrumental case. For example: Katya and Arina love to do figure skating.
• A pronoun, as well as a numeral and an adjective in the superlative degree. For example: The bravest came forward.
• A pronoun or noun in the nominative case combined with a participle or adjective. For example: Someone bad tore up her album with drawings.
• A combination of a numeral in the nominative case and a noun used in the genitive case. For example: Seven guys went out into the yard.

I wonder what the subjects can may even be a phraseological unit.

Predicate

The predicate is connected with the subject and answers questions such as “what does the object do?”, “what happens to it?”, “what is it like?” The predicate in a sentence can be expressed through several parts of speech:

Compound predicates

The predicate often consists of several words. Such predicates are called compound. Compound predicates can be verbal or nominal.

Composite verbal predicates are expressed in the following ways:

Compound nominal predicate may consist of:

• Linking verbs to be and short adjectives. For example: Today Margarita was especially beautiful.
• Verbs become, appear, be considered and other semi-nominal verbs combined with a noun. He finally became a doctor!
• Verbs that mean the state of an object. Marina works as a teacher.
• A verb combined with an adjective in different forms. His dog was more beautiful others.

In a two-part sentence, both main members are present. However, there are also sentences in which only one main member is used. They are called one-component.

The subject of one-part sentences is most often a noun in the nominative case.

It can be expressed by means of a verb in its different forms.

In one-piece definitely personal in a sentence, the predicate is expressed by a verb in the first/second person, singular/plural and present/future tense in the indicative mood or by a verb in the imperative mood. Today I'm going for a walk. Don't touch a dirty dog!

In a single-component indefinite-personal predicate, the verb is in the third person and plural, present, future or past tense in the indicative mood. Also, the predicate can be expressed by a verb in the imperative or conditional mood. There's a knock on the door! Let him call Aunt Dasha. If I had been informed earlier, I would not have been late.

IN generalized-personal In a sentence, the predicate is expressed either by a verb in the second person singular or plural, or by a verb in the third person and plural. This is how they now talk to visitors.

In one-piece impersonal The predicate is a verb in the third person singular and present or future tense. The predicate can also be a neuter verb in the past tense or conditional mood. I feel sick. It was getting dark.

It is important to remember that the number of grammatical stems in a sentence is not limited. How to determine the grammatical basis of a complex sentence? The grammatical basis of a complex sentence is just as easy to determine as the basis of a simple sentence. The only difference is their quantity.

Predicate- the main member of a sentence, which is a verb associated with the subject and answering the questions: what is the object (or person) doing?, what will it do? (person) what will it do? what is happening to him?, what is he like?, what is he?, who is he? etc. The predicate denotes the action or state of objects, persons, actions by which the subject is expressed.

1. The verb can be in different moods and tenses. In the present tense, this connective may be zero, that is, not formally expressed:
   • Bushin was brave and honest in his convictions.
   • Nevsky Prospekt is the universal communication of St. Petersburg.
2. Verbs with weakened lexical meaning: to become, to become, to appear, to be called, to be considered, to be done etc.:
   • All items became clear
   • The barberry bushes looked like huge trees.
3. Verbs with full lexical meaning, denoting movement, state of an object: stand, live, walk, sit, be born and others:
   • He saw his chaise, which stood completely ready.
   • And I’m sitting sick, as you can see.

It is impossible to pose a question to a definition from a predicate verb, therefore combinations like “I was standing ready”, “I am sitting sick” represent one member of the sentence - the predicate (and not the predicate and the definition).

Compound predicate

A compound predicate consists of two parts: a copula and a verbal or nominal part.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate consists of a connective part and an indefinite form of the verb. Answers questions: What does it do? what to do? what did you do? The ligamentous part can be:

• phase verb (start, continue, become, quit):

I started / continued / finished read this book.

• modal verb (be able, able, want, desire, need, try, intend, dare, refuse, think, prefer, get used to, love, hate, beware):

He wants to enroll to the institute.

I'm long couldn't with them meet.

Some linguists distinguish a separate group of connectives called emotional connectives.

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate is a predicate that consists of a nominal part and a linking verb.

The most commonly used is the linking verb be. Less commonly used, but other linking verbs are possible.

The connective in the sentence may be omitted.

1. • The deceased was a venerable chamberlain.(A. S. Griboyedov)
   • Marriage will be torment for us.(A.S. Pushkin)
   • Be a lace, a stone, and become a web...(O. E. Mandelstam);
2. Adjective:
   1. in the nominative or instrumental case:
      • After all, your father is crazy...(A. S. Griboyedov)
      • Am I real and will death really come? (O. E. Mandelstam)
      • At such moments, the air seems brown to me...(O. E. Mandelstam)
      • I won't be young anymore.(S. A. Yesenin);
   2. in comparative or superlative degree:
      • Ah, evil tongues are worse than a pistol. (A. S. Griboyedov)
      • Well, constant taste in husbands is more valuable than anything else!(A. S. Griboyedov)
   3. short adjectives and participles:
      • "He himself is fat, his artists are skinny.(A. S. Griboyedov);
3. Numeral or combination of numeral and noun:
   • Everyone knows that twice is two four, but to the first one who brought it out into the world, what joy burned his mind!
   • Some trees were in two girths
4. Pronoun: Within a few days Lisa became different from the person he knew her.
5. Adverb
6. Communion:
   1. The air is filled with the fresh bitterness of wormwood, buckwheat honey and “porridge”.
   2. The house is painted with greenery in the form of a grove. (A. S. Griboyedov);
7. The nominal part can be expressed by a phrase, the main lexical meaning of which is contained not in the main word, but in the dependent word. In other words, this phrase cannot be divided either phraseologically or syntactically.
   • All old women are angry people. (A. S. Griboyedov) What is said is not that “‘old ladies’ are the people,” but that “‘old ladies’ are angry.”
   • He noticeable person... (A. S. Griboyedov) What is said is not that “he is a man,” but that “he is noticeable.”
   • My husband is a lovely husband... (A.S. Griboedov) It is said not that “he is a husband”, but that “he is charming.”
   • Ball is a good thing, bondage is bitter.(A. S. Griboyedov) What is said is not that “the ball is a thing,” but that “the ball is good.”

The main members of the proposal are subject and predicate.

Subject

Subject- this is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the predicate and answers questions in the nominative case Who? or What?

Ways to Express Subject

Ways of expression	Examples
1. Noun in the nominative case (or other part of speech, used in the meaning of a noun)	Blizzard came right away. (N. Ostrovsky) Gathered discussed the agenda.
2. Pronoun in the nominative case	Every went to the room assigned to him. (A. Pushkin)
3. Indefinite form of the verb	Protect nature means protecting the Motherland. (K. Paustovsky)
4. Phraseologisms	We went out into the field from small to large.
5. Own name	A wide strip, from edge to edge, stretches Milky Way. (V. Arsenyev)
6. Syntactically integral phrase	Grandma and I quietly went to their attic. (M. Gorky)

Predicate

Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject and answers questions what does the item do? what's happening to him? what is he like? etc.
The predicate is expressed by a verb in the form of one of the moods.
The predicate may be simple And composite.

A predicate expressed by one verb in the form of any mood is called simple verbal predicate.
In a simple verbal predicate, the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word. The predicate expresses the nature of the movement; at the same time, verbs indicate real action.

Composite is a predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.
A compound predicate can be verbal And personal. It consists of two parts: one part (the connective) expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, the other (verbal and nominal) - the main lexical meaning of the predicate. There are verbs as connectives be and auxiliary verbs.

Compound verb is called a predicate, which consists of an auxiliary verb expressing the grammatical meaning of the predicate and an indefinite form of the verb expressing its main lexical meaning.
Auxiliary verbs express the meaning of the beginning, end, duration of an action, its desirability or possibility.
Combinations of some short adjectives ( must, glad, ready, obliged, capable, intends etc.) and a functional linking verb be in the form of one of the moods.

Compound nominal called a predicate, which consists of a linking verb expressing the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part (adjective, noun, etc.), expressing its main lexical meaning.
The most commonly used is the linking verb be, expressing only grammatical meanings.

Note:
Verbs that have the meaning of movement and state can act as connectives: come, come, return etc.; sit, stand etc.

Nominal part a compound predicate is expressed by an adjective, a noun, a short passive participle, etc.

Note:
The nominal part may include conjunctions as if, as if, exactly, adding to the predicate the meaning of comparison.