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Intersections and junctions on highways and city streets at different levels. Transport interchanges Road transport interchanges on

Yesterday I showed you one photo of this junction, and then I became interested in more detailed information. When was it built, what kind of name is that! It's interesting! I am sharing with you, I hope it will be interesting.

The Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange is a stacked interchange near Athens and Watts in Los Angeles, California. It is located at the intersection of the following highways:

I-105 (Glenn M. Anderson Freeway) - El Segundo, Los Angeles Airport, Norwalk
I-110 (Harbor Highway) - San Pedro, Los Angeles

Although the interchange allows traffic in all directions (unlike the Hollywood Split, East Los Angeles Interchange), it also consists of passenger roads, the Los Angeles Metro Green Line, and the Harbor Transit Road. All this forms the tall, impressive structure that is the Judge Harry Pregerson roundabout.

It was opened in 1993. The roundabout was named after Judge Harry Pregerson. He served as a long-time federal judge and presided over the I-105 highway trial.

This junction is considered one of the most difficult in the world. It allows you to turn in all possible directions on any route. The main thing is not to miss this very turn you need :)

Clickable 1600 px

Vehicles entering an interchange on highways from different directions can exit from it in all possible directions of travel (full interchange). However, passenger transport is limited on highways. Motorists entering the interchange from eastbound or westbound via I-105 will be able to access I-110. Motorists entering southbound on I-110 do not have direct access to I-105 and can simply continue north. Passenger vehicle drivers who wish to access a particular highway that does not have a direct connecting highway must exit the passenger vehicle lane at the designated entry/exit point before the interchange and move onto the main connecting highway as is normally done in all passenger lanes. in southern California.

The interchange is also home to the Harbor Freeway subway station, which is both the Los Angeles Metro Green Line and the Harbor Transit Bus Lane, which runs down the middle lanes of I-105 and I-110.

An article in the Los Angeles Times called the interchange (later dubbed the Expressway of the Century) "the largest, tallest, most expensive transportation structure ever built by the California Department of Transportation." " Journalists also noted that "for the first time, state transportation engineers have combined three transportation models - narrow-gauge trains, passenger transport and cars - into one giant intersection."

Soon after its discovery, the fork attracted the attention of many directors. So in 1994 the film “Speed” appeared. In one of the most famous scenes in the movie, the bus had to fly over an unfinished part of the building on an unfinished raised ramp that was still being completed. The construction of the fifth level of the overpass (from I-110 southbound to I-105 westbound) that the bus was jumping over had already been completed by that time, so computer graphics were used in the editing of this scene.

This is the moment of filming

In 1996, the Federal Highway Administration awarded Interstate 105/110 an "engineering marvel" for its superior roadway design. Thus, the government recognized that the project was implemented excellently: the number of traffic jams has decreased, traffic has become safer, and the air is cleaner.

Here are a few more endings:

Interchange upgrades at I-95 and I-695 near Washington

Here's the process...

Clickable

Automotive denouement, Shanghai, China

The Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) hosted a second meeting with the Circle Interchange Project Working Group (PWG)

For me, as a pedestrian, it all looks like THIS:

I like roads like this :-)

One of the best highways in Arizona. goes through downtown Phoenix. It is made below ground level, as if in a hole, and due to this there is no noise, dirt, and it does not divide the city into two parts. This is not a federal road - a state highway, but the quality and performance are at the highest level.

sources
http://beway.ru
http://www.skyscrapercity.com
http://grandstroy.blogspot.ru

For the first time, Leonardo da Vinci spoke about the intersection of roads at different levels back in the 16th century, but over the past half century no new species or types were introduced. There are some enthusiasts, such as Semenov from St. Petersburg, Petruk from Kyiv, Butelauskas from Lithuania, Lee Dzang Hee from Korea, who are in search of optimal solutions for transport hubs. Your humble servant also became involved in this work, considering himself one of da Vinci’s followers in the field of invention and realizing the miscalculations of designers who developed traditional clovers...

The main goal of my project was to develop an interchange that would solve the problem of overcoming traffic jams on roads: to make it easy and convenient to pass through intersections, which in terms of accident rates account for a third of all traffic. Moreover, the interchanges are more technologically advanced and cheaper to build compared to those currently under construction.

I set myself three difficultly compatible tasks:

driving on all four or more sides;
driving without intersecting and intertwining streams;
changing any direction of movement without stopping or significantly reducing speed.

As a result of long and painstaking work, he received patent for invention No. 2468138, valid until July 25, 2031. The result is the world's only modular transport interchange system of any configuration and with a variety of design options. Namely, a turbine-ring interchange. This is not just a nice phrase. Its implementation will lead to a change in the definition of the transport interchange itself. In the new edition, if you add a few words, it should read like this: “Transportation interchange is a complex of road structures (bridges, tunnels, roads) designed to minimize and completely eliminate intersections of traffic flows and, as a result, to increase road capacity.”

Disadvantages of a turbine roundabout

Average design complexity.
Sudden changes in elevation and long slopes (they are leveledduring new construction, when there is a roundabout on the first or second levels).
Unsuitable for central city intersections.

How much does it cost?

Now about the most important thing for the customer - cost. In Moscow, interchanges are cheaper than 5 billion rubles. they are not building, there are even two for 17 billion. My proposals to the Ministries of Transport of the Chelyabinsk Region, Crimea, Sevastopol, and Belarus aroused some interest, but 1.5 billion rubles. It turned out to be too much of an investment for them.

The specificity of the road construction business is the lack of competition, since funds are allocated from the budgets of the state or its constituent entities to monopolists with “stable, long-term connections” (this is how I carefully veiled the kickbacks). Without competition, new ideas are not born and demand for them is not formed. After all, funding organizations do not have the concept of novelty, and it is always unprofitable for performers to change anything.

On the way to the intended goal, even before patenting, I felt that the project could easily be modified to suit various road situations. And instead of one concept, I created nine! To get acquainted with the invention, I contacted various authorities and organizations. Namely: to the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation, the Government of Moscow and St. Petersburg. He proposed, for example, to make the Moscow Ring Road non-stop, to organize traffic without traffic lights on Nevsky Prospekt, without disturbing the historical appearance of the city with its abundance of water. But no one cares about this.

In 2013, the Moscow Department of Transport conducted an analysis of the effectiveness of the turbine-ring interchange in comparison with the proposals of the Research and Development Institute of the General Plan of Moscow. As a result, according to their conclusions, my proposals turned out to be more effective, in particular, in terms of the payback period - two years versus six. What did you give in? In price. Construction costs are calculated at 2.772 billion rubles. versus just under two billion.So I was refused.In response, he suggested that the head of the department, Maxim Liksutov, build my interchange for 2 billion rubles, and if it’s not enough, thenadd from your pockets. As a result, Moscow built its own interchange... for 7 billion!And it is clear to a primary school student that a four-level road junction with two tunnels, which impede traffic movement during construction, cannot cost less than a three-level one.

I value my product at 1.5 billion rubles. with a construction period of one year. Let these be controversial numbers. Refusal to build pedestrian overpasses or underground passages with public transport stops at a short distance from the site, as well as turning overpasses or tunnels, will save about half a billion rubles. Pedestrians cannot walk on the clover, but the turbine-ring roads allow it. Plus a transfer hub and the ability to turn around directly on the overpass, and not in front of it.

If someone has doubts about the numbers, then how can they explain that in Kyiv, near the Paton Bridge, they built an interchange three-quarters similar to mine? You won’t believe it, but it was built in just six months and for less than 800 million rubles! It’s just that it was European money and everything was built for the 2012 European Football Championship.

Last fall, we had the opportunity to make a presentation at Avtodor. They liked it. They suggested obtaining opinions from reputable design organizations. Some got off with ridiculous replies in absentia; MADI completely avoided cooperation.

As a result, there seem to be a lot of interchanges being built, but the traffic situation is only getting worse. The main problem of traffic jams is not the constantly increasing number of vehicles on the roads, as they try to convince us of, but the problem of standing vehicles. I have been doing this for more than two decades. In addition to the presented nine variations of one idea, five more appeared later, completely different from those presented.

P.S.: The specific name of the junction can be given by the name of the city where it will appear first. Ready for adequate communication in the comments.

Transport interchange

Difficult junction near Barcelona (Spain)

Transport interchange- a complex of road structures (bridges, tunnels, roads), designed to minimize intersections of traffic flows and, as a result, to increase road capacity. Transport interchanges primarily refer to transport intersections at different levels, but the term is also used for special cases of transport intersections at one level.

The term is more often used in relation to complexes for one specific type of transport. In Russia, the most famous are road junctions located in Moscow (MKAD, Garden Ring, Third Transport Ring, etc.), as well as railway junctions.

Terms

Note. The article describes the terms for right-hand traffic. In the case of left-handed, the principle remains the same, only you need to replace left/right. This does not exclude areas with traffic in the other direction, as on Zvezdny Boulevard.

Types of traffic light junctions

Traffic light

It is formed by the intersection of two or more roads at an arbitrary angle (usually right). The term “interchange” is used only when there is a complex traffic light cycle, there are other roads for turning traffic, or traffic in one of the directions is prohibited.

Advantages

Simplicity of traffic light cycles
Possibility to allocate a separate cycle for pedestrians

Flaws

Problem with left turn during heavy traffic on one of the roads
In heavy traffic, the waiting time for a green light can reach 10 minutes (For example, earlier on Kudrinskaya Square)
When there is a lot of traffic, there is a high risk of traffic jams

Traffic light with a pocket for turning and left turning

Such an interchange is arranged in cases where there is already a separation of flows on one of the streets.

Advantages

Simplicity of traffic light cycles.
The existing space at the old intersection is used.

Flaws

Overloading the road where the “pockets” are located can create “traffic jams”. For example, in the area of the final station “Profsoyuznaya”, after disembarking, public transport does not have time to immediately change into 3 rows, which leads to confusion
When making a left turn (and sometimes when making a U-turn), you must stand on at least two red lights (to solve this problem, right turns on red are usually allowed).
The situation for pedestrians is worsening due to the shortening of the cycle or the elimination of a virtually traffic-light-free crossing. Such an interchange is often built together with an underground passage.
It is necessary to remove obstacles to the visibility of pedestrians, or there is a danger of making a right turn.

Circular

It is based on the fact that instead of an intersection, a circle is built into which you can enter and exit anywhere.

Advantages

The number of traffic light cycles is reduced to a minimum of two (for pedestrian crossings and vehicles), sometimes traffic lights are abolished altogether
No left turn problem (when driving on the right)
A branch of more than four roads is possible

Flaws

Cannot give priority to any (main) road; It is usually used on roads of similar congestion.
High emergency hazard
The need to clearly take into account pedestrian flows
Requires a lot of extra space
Capacity limited by circumference
No more than 3 lanes

Atypical solutions

K-element

One of the roads necessarily consists of three segments, two of which are roads for traffic each in its own direction, and the third is a dedicated lane, while at the intersection the central lane “changes” with one side one. There are also special cases of a dedicated lane going onto a secondary road (Vavilov Street) with the allocation of a boulevard (Nakhimovsky Prospekt)

Advantages

A dedicated cycle for OT is combined with a left turn of two lanes
The left turn passes with a pulled turn further through the central lane

Flaws

It is necessary to take into account the structure of the surrounding streets

Types of junctions for crossing a highway and a secondary road

Parclo (Parclo deployment)

Example of "half daisy"

Or partial clover. Popular in Moscow. There, the most striking example is the interchanges at the Kuntsevskaya metro station or at the entrance to Reutov/Ivanovskoye.

Advantages

More speed than a typical clover due to longer stripes
Cheaper due to the construction of shorter bridges
All directions are involved
Often designed specifically for the predominance of left turns

Flaws:

Only part of the exit/exit lanes is allocated. It is impossible to select all stripes.
Turning around from a secondary road is impossible in principle.

Traffic light-tunnel

A tunnel (or overpass) is built directly on the main road for traffic; traffic lights remain for the rest

Advantages

Allows you to highlight the dominant flow without damaging the secondary road
There are practically no obstacles to public transport
It is often possible to make the upper zone predominantly pedestrian (example: Triumphal Square in Moscow)

Flaws

Predominance of one of the flows over the other is necessary. If the flows are compared, then it becomes impossible for public transport to move through the traffic light zone (for example, on Mosfilmovskaya Street), and as the flow increases, the tunnel may become clogged
A greater distance is required before the next intersection compared to a traffic light

Circular with forward direction highlighted

Advantages:

Compactness
A simple turn around the ring
Possibility of changing from a roundabout

Flaws:

The speed of movement on the ring is limited by its size
Conflicting threads on the ring can lead to congestion

Diamond-shaped

On the approaches to the junction, the roads branch into right and left turns; the intersection of streams is separated by a bridge. Inside the diamond formed by the left turn roads, a straight intersection is built as a branch from them; in this case, the directions of movement change (right-hand becomes left-hand).

Advantages:

High throughput and speed of movement;
Left turns have the same large radius as right turns;
There are no warring flows (entry after exit);
Left turns are intuitive.

Flaws:

Construction of 5 bridges is required;
In the basic configuration, turning is not possible.

Types of traffic-lightless junctions for connecting highways

Tubular

Two-level interchange, one of the left turns is made as a right turn by 270 degrees. Rotation is not possible in the basic configuration. During construction, the interchange requires the construction of only one direct intersection. This interchange is most popular, in particular, on the Moscow Ring Road.

T-shape

At a T-junction, left turns are made at separate levels using

Semi-clover

A two-level interchange in which both left turns are made as right turns at 270 degrees. In the basic configuration, a U-turn on an adjacent road is possible. There may be inherent flow conflict in the clover interchange due to the location of the entrance before the exit. During construction, the interchange requires the construction of only one direct intersection; when extending the road, it is possible to expand to a clover intersection.

Promising interchange projects

Petruka Interchange

Near the Shulyavskaya metro station in Kyiv there is a semi-clover interchange, which is extremely inconvenient for both motorists and pedestrians. On two of the four corners are buildings. After a nearby market burned down in 2007 and doubts arose about the reliability of the bridge, projects to rebuild such a difficult interchange followed. One of them was proposed by Ukrainian engineer Viktor Petruk.

The Petruk interchange can be considered as a compromise embodiment of a cumulative interchange, in which the left turns are not separated in height, but are at the same level, thus forming conflicting pairs of flows. A special feature of the interchange is the organization of traffic on the roundabout in a clockwise direction (for right-hand traffic). For example, the trajectory of a left turn is shown in the diagram with a green arrow.

Advantages

Compact, possible implementation in dense buildings.
Relatively easy to build.
Intuitive organization of turns. To go left you need to turn left, to go right you need to turn right. When driving, you must yield to obstacles on the right.
Simple reversal in basic configuration.
Fewer conflicting traffic flows than a straight-through roundabout at comparable cost and similar design.
Entry after exit.

Flaws

Four crossings of perpendicular flows versus none at a clover or accumulation junction - for intersecting pairs of left turns.
Circular traffic is organized non-standardly, clockwise (for right-hand traffic)
Pedestrian traffic requires the organization of a separate “pedestrian” level.
Low speed on left turns and U-turns.

Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

A complex of structures at the intersection of roads of two or more directions for turning vehicles from one direction to another. Transport interchanges are mainly arranged on two (for example, “cloverleaf”) or several levels. *... Encyclopedic Dictionary

Connection of highways (See Highway) at different levels with exits for the passage of cars and other vehicles from one road to another. T.r. arranged on roads of 1st, 2nd, 3rd categories.… … Great Soviet Encyclopedia

A complex of structures at the intersection of roads of several directions for turning vehicles from one direction to another. T.r. arrange in one or several. levels. To the TR system includes arts. embankment structures, excavations, overpasses, tunnels... ... Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary

A structure (or complex of structures) at a road intersection that ensures uninterrupted movement of traffic flows in various directions. Arranged on two or more levels. If the transport interchange scheme provides continuous... ... Construction dictionary

1st class transport interchange- complete multi-level decoupling with maximum parameters; is designed at the intersections of main city streets of class I...

Rice. 18.3. Scheme of clover-shaped transport intersections at two levels:
a - full clover leaf; b - compressed clover leaf; c, d, e, f, g - incomplete clover leaf

Rice. 18.4. Schemes of ring traffic intersections at two levels:
a - turbine type; b - distribution ring with five overpasses; c - distribution ring with three overpasses; d - distribution ring with two overpasses.

Rice. 18.5. Schemes of loop-shaped transport intersections at two levels:
a - double loop; b - improved double loop

Rice. 18.6. Scheme of cross-shaped transport intersections at two levels:
a - intersection with five crossovers; b - intersection with assigned left turns

Rice. 18.7. Diamond-shaped traffic intersections at different levels:
a - with straight left turns; b, c - with semi-straight left turns; g - in four levels

Rice. 18.8. Schemes of complex transport intersections at two levels:

a - with one semi-straight left-turn exit; b, c - with one straight left-turn exit; d - with two semi-straight left-turn exits

Rice. 18.9. Schemes of transport connections at two levels:
a, b - complete connection of the “pipe” type; c - complete connection with two semi-straight left-turn exits; d, e, f - incomplete junctions

Clover-shaped intersections“+” ensuring decoupling of traffic flows in all or main directions with two intersecting highways; ensuring traffic safety; relatively low cost of construction of one overpass and connecting ramps.

“-“ limiting the scope of their application: large area occupied by the interchange; significant overruns for left-turn traffic flows and flows making a U-turn; the need for additional measures to ensure the safe movement of pedestrians.

Roundabouts- are characterized by the greatest simplicity of traffic organization, but require the construction of two to five overpasses, as well as a large area of land alienation.

Loop intersections, for example, a “double loop” (Fig. 18.5, a) or an “improved double loop” (Fig. 18.5, b), are installed at the intersection of highways or main streets with roads of secondary importance. “-” in addition to the need to build two overpasses, one should also include the insufficient provision of safe traffic conditions, since the traffic flow from the main highway flows into secondary flows not from the right, but from the left.

In cramped urban conditions, cross-shaped intersections are used at different levels, for example, cross type"(Fig. 18.6, a), intersection at two levels with assigned left turns (Fig. 18.6, b), etc. In addition to the minimum area of occupied land, this type of intersection is characterized by minimal re-traffic for left- and right-turn traffic, but requires the construction of five overpasses and eliminates the possibility of a U-turn within the transport hub. A two-level intersection with separated left turns is often used in urban areas.

Diamond junctions(see Fig. 18.7) are installed at the intersections of equivalent highways with significant amounts of traffic in all directions. Occupying a moderate area, such interchanges practically eliminate overruns for left- and right-turn traffic flows, however, the need to build a large number of overpasses determines their very high cost.

What you see in front of you in the title photo is nothing less than a new highway intersection concept that aims to eliminate the need for left turns, thereby reducing the risk of serious accidents significantly. We agree that at first glance, all this conglomeration of lanes looks like complete chaos, but experts say that such safe junctions are the future.

The concept is actually not new. For the first time, a similar version of the interchange was proposed by an engineering student many years ago; in 2000, this type of interchange appeared on the pages of Gilbert Hlewicki’s thesis, although, according to some sources, similar ones were previously built in France, albeit in small quantities.

Since then, interchanges of similar design have begun to appear on US roads as experiments. The experiment expanded and currently there are more than 100 such interchanges operating in several states.

The largest of these is in Florida, where last year road workers completed a diverging diamond interchange (these huge intersections are so called because of the distinctive shape of the interior road connection) on University Boulevard at the Manatee and Sarasota County line, which at its widest is up to 12 lanes movements. (A map of diamond junctions around the world can be found here.)

What is the essence and meaning of such a denouement? The concept is quite simple: fewer stopping points for drivers, greater capacity, less congestion and the complete elimination of left turns crossing oncoming traffic. Here's the official video from the Florida Department of Transportation showing how it all works:

As you can see from the video, crossing two oncoming directions of traffic under the bridge eliminates the need for a left turn against traffic.

True, those drivers who have already experienced all the delights of the new generation of automobile urbanization said that in order to understand where to go and how it all works, it is necessary to drive through a complex intersection several times. It is very rare that someone is able to pass the test the first time and go in the right direction.

The researchers, however, said that so-called "divergent diamond interchanges" reduce fatal crashes by more than 60 percent and normal crashes by about 33 percent. They can also be designed with bicycle and pedestrian paths placed on them. This is demonstrated in the video.

How's it going at Florida's biggest interchange? Pretty good, according to a post on the website of America's Transportation Awards, an organization sponsored in part by AAA and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.

Since its opening, motorists using it have experienced a 40 percent reduction in travel delays, up to a 50 percent reduction in car accidents due to fewer so-called hotspots and increased mobility.

What will the new interchanges bring and will they appear not only in the USA, but in other countries of the world, for example, in Russia? Mainly, in our opinion, “diamond interchanges” show a very important trend in modern large highways. Turning left sooner or later should completely disappear from them, including in the form of an arrow at a traffic light.