There is no analysis among women. Guy Valery Catullus
The extinction of some and the appearance of other animal species is inevitable and natural. This happens during natural evolution, with changing climatic conditions, landscapes, as a result of competitive relationships. This process is slow. Before the appearance of humans on Earth, the average lifespan of a species for birds was about 2 million years, for mammals - about 600 thousand years. Man has accelerated the death of many species.
Since 1600, when the extinction of species began to be documented, 94 species of birds and 63 species of mammals have become extinct on Earth (Fig. 2.). The death of most of them is associated with human activity (Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. Declining whale numbers
Rice. 2. Increase in the number of extinct bird species every fifty years (from 1600 to 2000)
Human activity greatly influences the animal world, causing an increase in the number of some species, a decrease in others, and the death of others. This impact can be direct and indirect.
Direct impacts (persecution, extermination, relocation, breeding) are experienced by commercial animals that are hunted for fur, meat, fat, etc. As a result, their numbers decrease, and certain species disappear.
To combat agricultural pests, a number of species are relocated from one area to another. At the same time, there are often cases when migrants themselves become pests. For example, the mongoose, brought to the Antilles to control rodents, began to harm ground-nesting birds and spread rabies among animals.
Direct human impacts on animals include their death from pesticides used in agriculture and from poisoning emissions industrial enterprises.
Indirect human influence on animals appears due to change habitat when cutting down forests, plowing steppes, draining swamps, constructing dams, building cities, towns, roads, etc.
Some species in human-modified environments find favorable conditions for themselves and expand habitats. Thus, house sparrows and tree sparrows, following the advance of agriculture to the north and east in the Palearctic, reached the tundra and the Pacific coast. Following the appearance of fields and meadows, the lark, lapwing, starling, and rook moved far to the north.
Under the influence of economic activity, arose anthropogenic landscapes with their characteristic fauna. Only in populated areas in the subarctic and temperate zones of the northern hemisphere are the house sparrow, city swallow, jackdaw, house mouse, gray rat, crow, and some insects found.
Most animal species cannot adapt to changed conditions, are forced to move to new areas, reduce their numbers and die. Thus, as the European steppes were plowed, the number of marmots decreased greatly. Along with the marmot, the shelduck duck, which nested in its holes, disappeared. Steppe birds such as the bustard and little bustard have disappeared from many areas of their distribution.
Platonova N.S.
Teacher of Russian language and literature
Municipal educational institution "Gymnasium No. 1"
9th grade “Valery Catullus. Lyrics.
V. Catullus. Lyrics
Lesson-lecture.
Progress of the lesson.
- The concept of "ancient lyrics".
- Kai Valery Catullus is a poet of the “Golden Age”.
- The similarity of the lyrics of Catullus with the lyrics of A.S. Pushkin.
- His lyrics are a response to all phenomena of life, especially personal ones.
- Innovation of the lyrics of Catullus.
Teacher's word.
When we say “ancient lyrics,” we mean the lyrics of two not only different, but also very different peoples - the Greeks and the Romans. Roman poetry is directly dependent on Greek, but it is not a continuation or a copy: Roman poetry has many of its own national features. The unification of Greek and Roman lyrics into a single concept of “ancient” lyrics is justified by the commonality of the culture of the Mediterranean, that is, to a greater extent, of new Europe.
The lyric poetry of ancient Rome is more visible than the Greek. The major poets of this period are presented with enviable completeness. In addition, the development of Roman poetry proceeded in stages that were more clearly perceptible.
Greece was filled with the spirit of music. Without the lyre or flute, lyric poetry did not exist for several centuries.
The Roman people were not musical. The Romans did not have their own Homer. Roman poetry developed from imitation of its Greek predecessors. But, having no legitimate ancestors, she was able to reach a height worthy of a great people.
The flowering of Roman lyric poetry roughly coincides with the reign of Augustus. This period is usually called the “golden age” of Roman poetry: it was during these years that the most famous poets wrote - Virgil, Horace, Ovid. But our modern perception is ready to expect preference for the poet who worked on the eve of the “golden age” - Caius Valery Catullus.
Valery Catullus, who lived in the 1st half of the 1st century BC (87-85 BC), was like Cicero, but in the words of Tyutchev, “caught by the night of Rome,” that is, the change of the republican system to autocracy. Originally from Verona. Died in Rome. Thanks to his father's connections, he gained access to the Roman nobility. This is the first Latin lyric poet.
Having settled into the metropolitan atmosphere of Rome, Catullus soon became the center of a small but gifted circle of peers. The poems addressed to Licinius Calvus and other friends involuntarily bring to mind Pushkin’s relationship with his lyceum comrades. In general, in the temperament and many features of Catullus’s lyrics, similarities with our great poet are noticeable.
When Caesar crossed the Rubicon and approached the Eternal City, the Republican Catullus greeted him with a defiant epigram:
The last thing I want is to please you, Caesar, - I don’t even want to know whether you are black or white.
In this epigram and other verses that angrily sarcastically sarcastically Caesar's comrades-in-arms, there is not only the political position of the young poet, but also a manifestation of his character. Catullus brought simplicity and straightforwardness from Verona. Subsequently, the attacks against Caesar were mercifully forgiven. It is difficult to decide whether Caesar disdained the poet’s barbs or feared his caustic tongue, but the fact is that he got away with Catullus’s poetic insolence.
The real element of lyricism is its immediate feeling, response to all phenomena of life, especially personal. This is natural, since it was a time when attention began to focus on the individual, the human. Everything was reflected in light, sometimes rude, often causticly satirical “trinkets,” as their young author liked to call his poems. The poet was young. He suffered an early death, he died from a cause unknown to us, barely turning 30 years of age. Perhaps the exhausting life that Catullus led once in Rome was to blame - let us remember what example of debauchery Caesar himself set in his young years. But perhaps the reason for the rapid loss of strength was also unhappy, painful love.
The poems addressed to Lesbia reflect all the vicissitudes of his love, about which it is even difficult to say whether it was mutual, and if so, whether it was given. The name Lesbia is a poetic pseudonym for Claudia.
Lesbia belonged to a wealthy family, but she herself gradually slipped into indiscriminate debauchery, and this brought deep suffering to the free poet, but essentially chaste. The cycle of poems addressed to or related to Lesbia has caused many imitations. Lesbia cheats on Catullus, and he brands her with poems full of deep pain and evil mockery.
Let him be friends with his male dogs,
Let three hundred embrace them at once,
Not loving anyone with my soul, but destroying everyone’s liver.
May my love be quickly forgotten!
It was her fault that my passion died,
Like a flower in the meadows, a passing plow
Wounded to death!
(Translated by A. Fet)
There is a reading of other poems about Lesbia. This is “No, not one among women can boast of such a thing,”
“And I hate her and love her”, “Exhausted Catullus, leave your nonsense”, etc.
The poet turns to the gods, praying to them to heal him from this painful passion, similar to a serious illness. He tries to analyze his state of mind in epigrams:
I hate loving. Is this possible, you ask.
I don’t know myself, but that’s how I feel and pray.
(translation by N.V. Vulikh)
Elegy To Allius, in which the poet writes about the death of his brother and his love for Lesbia. These two topics seem to be intertwined. The brother died immediately after the wedding near Troy. The mention of Troy evokes bitter feelings in the poet’s soul, since it is there that the grave of his deceased brother is located. Having described his grief caused by a bereavement, the poet again returns to the theme of love for Lesbia.
This kind of composition, when individual episodes are associated with a certain sequence and are, as it were, enclosed in a certain frame, is called a “frame.”
Catullus can be called an "innovator." He was the first to use the “sapphic line” in Latin. He introduced other meters, new to Roman poetry: the eleven-syllable verse of Peleg and the lame iambic of Hippocrates. The Greek lyrics of Catullus were not a subject of blind imitation - given his talent, he had no need to imitate anyone - but a poetic school.
In a period of acute social struggle, when the old worldview and the old major genres, epic and tragedy, are experiencing an acute crisis, interest in the personal, intimate world of experiences, in human individuality, is growing.
Catullus is at the mercy of these trends, he paves new paths for Roman lyric poetry. He liberated Roman poetry from old traditions and pushed the boundaries.
Homework assignment.
Answer questions in writing.
- How do you imagine a poet?
- Why are the lyrics of Catullus and his fate interesting to you?
- What epithet would you give to Catullus? (bitter, exhausted, possessed)
- Are his poems alive to you?
- Learn the verse by heart.
Literature.
- V. Catullus Lyrics.
- Uch. "Ancient literature".
- Book “Monologues and dialogues”, vol. 1, 1962-74.
Catullus's poem "No, not a single woman can boast of such a thing..."
The textbook, translated by A. Piotrovsky, contains two poems by Catullus. The first is dedicated to love, the second to friendship.
Let's reread the first poem. Catullus writes that his attitude towards Lesbia combined both “devoted friendship” and love, like “strong and knitting ties.” The value and uniqueness for that time of the poet’s relationship to his beloved was precisely in the combination, in the unity of these two feelings.
The words “Now the heart is split” indicate that the feelings of friendship and love are in conflict with each other. Passionate attraction persists even after the poet learns about the woman’s unworthy behavior. But as a person deceived in his expectations, he cannot trust Lebsia, that is, feel her as his friend.
Men of the pre-Catullus era did not feel such a split, simply because they did not see a friend in a woman, so the question of two levels of relationships did not even arise. Catullus saw in a woman not only the beauty of the body, the ability to bring physical satisfaction, but also spiritual beauty. Lesbia turned out to be unworthy of such treatment. With a feeling of spiritual suffering of this kind, Catullus introduces something new not only into poetry, but also into the formation of high human ethics.
Catullus's poem "No, not a single woman can boast of such a thing..."
The textbook, translated by A. Piotrovsky, contains two poems by Catullus. The first is dedicated to love, the second to friendship.
Let's reread the first poem. Catullus writes that his attitude towards Lesbia combined both “devoted friendship” and love, like “strong and knitting ties.” The value and uniqueness for that time of the poet’s relationship to his beloved was precisely in the combination, in the unity of these two feelings.
The words “Now the heart is split” indicate that the feelings of friendship and love are in conflict with each other. Passionate attraction persists even after the poet learns about the woman’s unworthy behavior. But as a person deceived in his expectations, he cannot trust Lebsia, that is, feel her as his friend.
Men of the pre-Catulline era did not feel such a split because they did not see a friend in a woman, so the question of two levels of relationships did not even arise. Catullus saw in a woman not only the beauty of the body, the ability to bring physical satisfaction, but also spiritual beauty. Lesbia turned out to be unworthy of such treatment. With a feeling of spiritual suffering of this kind, Catullus introduces something new not only into poetry, but also into the formation of high human ethics.
Guy Valery Catullus. A word about the poet.
“No, not one among women...”, “No, don’t expect to earn affection...”. Love as an expression of deep feelings, spiritual ups and downs of a young Roman. Chastity, conciseness and careful verification of feelings by reason, Pushkin as a translator of Catullus (“To the boy”)
Horace. A word about the poet.
“I erected a monument...” Poetic creativity in the system of human existence. The idea of poetic merit is the introduction of the Romans to the Greek lyricists. Traditions of the Horatian ode in the works of Derzhavin and Pushkin.
Dante Apighieri. A word about the poet.
"The Divine Comedy"(fragments). The plurality of meanings of the poem: literal (depiction of the afterlife), allegorical (movement of the idea of being from darkness to light, from suffering to joy, from error to truth, the idea of the ascent of the soul to spiritual heights through knowledge of the world), moral (the idea of reward in the afterlife for earthly deeds), mystical (intuitive comprehension of the divine idea through the perception of the beauty of poetry as a divine language, although created by earthly man, the mind of the poet). The universal philosophical character of the poem.
William Shakespeare. Brief information about the life and work of Shakespeare. Characteristics of Renaissance humanism.
"Hamlet"(review with reading of individual scenes at the teacher’s choice, for example: Hamlet’s monologues from scene five (act 1), scene one (act 3), scene four (act 4). “Hamlet” is “a play for all centuries” "(A. Anikst). The universal human significance of Shakespeare’s heroes. The image of Hamlet, the humanist of the Renaissance. The loneliness of Hamlet in his conflict with the real world of the “shaken century.” The tragedy of the love of Hamlet and Ophelia. The philosophical depth of the tragedy “Hamlet”. Hamlet as an eternal image of world literature. Shakespeare and Russian literature.
T e o r i a l l i t e r a t u r y. Tragedy as a dramatic genre (deepening the concept).
Johann Wolfgang Goethe. Brief information about the life and work of Goethe. Characteristics of the features of the Age of Enlightenment.
"Faust"(review with reading of individual scenes at the teacher’s choice, for example: “Prologue in Heaven”, “At the City Gate”, “Faust’s Cabinet”, “Garden”, “Night. The street in front of Gretchen's house", "Prison", Faustai's last monologue from the second part of the tragedy).
"Faust" is a philosophical tragedy of the Enlightenment. The plot and composition of the tragedy. The struggle between good and evil in the world as the driving force of its development, the dynamics of being. The confrontation between the creative personality of Faust and the unbelief, the spirit of doubt of Mephistopheles. Faust's search for justice and the rational meaning of human life. “Prologue in Heaven” is the key to the main idea of the tragedy. The meaning of the contrast between Faust and Wagner, creativity and scholastic routine. The tragedy of love between Faust and Gretchen.
The final meaning of the great tragedy is “Only he is worthy of life and freedom who goes to battle for them every day.” Features of the genre of the tragedy "Faust": its combination of reality and elements of convention and fantasy. Faust as an eternal image of world literature. Goethe and Russian literature.
