Angina

A very long period of crossword puzzle. Mermaid Week

Celebration folk festivities, the Trinity birch tree is taken out of the village.

Rituals: “Seeing off the mermaid”, “Funeral of Kostroma”, “Driving a horse”, “Seeing off spring”

Traditions work ban

Mermaid week(Also Trinity Week, Farewell to the mermaids) - in the popular calendar the Trinity week, less often - the week preceding Trinity; in some places the period from Semik or Nikolina day to Spiritual day or Peter's ritual (Sunday after Trinity). It was considered the time of stay on earth for mermaids who emerged from the water after the Ascension. During Rusal Week, rituals associated with farewell to spring were usually performed: Removing the Trinity birch tree, “Seeing off the mermaid”, “Funeral of Kostroma”, “Driving the horse”, “Seeing off the spring”.

Day names

Wednesday: End of the Green Christmastide, Farewell to the mermaids, Driftwood, Dry Wednesday.

Thursday: Rusal Easter, “Rusal’s Great Day” (Belarusian), “Rusal’s Great Day” (Ukrainian), “Mavsky’s Great Day” (Ukrainian), “Navska Triity” (Ukrainian), “Three Died” (Ukrainian), “Dry day” (Ukrainian), Crooked Thursday (Ukrainian), Rusal Thursday (Serbian).

Friday: Yarila's Game.

Saturday: “Summer Dziady” (Slutsk).

Sunday: Yarila's Playground, Yarilo (Nizhny Novgorod), Zagoven (Nizhny Novgorod), Stroma (Nizhny Novgorod), Development of Wreaths (Voronezh), Rusal Sunday (Voronezh), Rusalsky Zagoven, Nettle Zagoven, Kostroma, Farewell to Spring (Nizhny Novgorod) ), All Saints' Day.

Customs

Rusal (Trinity) week among the southern and eastern Slavs is the core of the entire Trinity-Kupala-Petrine cycle. It ends a very long period, associated in the mythology of the spring cycle with the presence on earth, among the living, of the souls of ancestors. On Spiritual Saturday, commemorations for the dead, common to all Orthodox Slavs, are celebrated, symbolizing the departure of souls to their places of eternal refuge.

After this, in the calendar of the Eastern Slavs (especially in the Ukrainian-Belarusian region) comes the time of “hostage” (unclean) dead (mainly dead girls and young children), appearing on earth from the “other world” for a short period of Rusal Week. This is precisely what is internally motivated by the chrononym “Rusalchin Great Day”, meaning the period of temporary resurrection of mermaids (cf. another name for Mermaid Thursday - Nava Trinity, which also has funeral semantics).

At the end of Mermaid Week, mermaids leave the earth and return to the “other world,” which is celebrated in some places with the ritual of “seeing off (removal, expulsion) of the mermaid.” In other places, mermaids “return” to the “other world” to Agrafena the Swimsuit or Fevronia the Rusalnitsa.

Seeing off the mermaids

Driving the Mermaid Horse

“Driving a mermaid” (horse) in the village. Oskino, Voronezh province. 1930s.

In the middle of the 19th century, in the village of Ulyanovka, Lukoyanovsky district, Nizhny Novgorod province, young people celebrated “farewell to the mermaid,” which was also understood as a farewell to spring. Participants gather on the square in the center of the village “here they dress someone up as a horse, hang a bell under their neck, put a boy on horseback and two men lead him by the bridle into the field, and behind him the whole round dance with loud farewell songs sees him off and, having arrived in the field, ruins the dressed horse with different games."

A similar ritual of “driving a mermaid” existed in the village. Oskino, Khokholsky district, Voronezh region. “We took the mermaid” to the Rusal spell. Two men dressed up as a mermaid-horse, put a ladder on their shoulders and covered them with cloth, and made a tail out of hemp. The one standing in front held a pitchfork in his hands, on which was attached a horse's head, with horns (ears) and a beard made of hemp. The leaders of the show were specialist “mermaids” who made the horse. One of them was the “leader” in a clay mask. The mermaid was led by a disguised “gypsy” with a whip. Sometimes two or three people led: one led by the bridle, another walked with a whip, the third was a “gypsy.” Sometimes a “gypsy” woman walked with them, she told fortunes to everyone and asked for a reward for fortune telling. The “mermaid” danced, ran after people, butted heads. The procession went around the entire village. Approaching the house, “Rusalka” hit the gate with her horns, lay down and did not leave until she was given a gift (an egg, a piece of meat, candy). The mermaid threatened to gore anyone who did not give a gift. Women and children said: “Mermaid, mermaid, I’m afraid of you, you’ll kill me.” Gifts were collected by 3-4 women with buckets. The mummers danced in a circle around the mermaid. They dressed as funny as possible. Women wore ponevs, bright sweaters, colorful scarves, bast shoes, smeared their eyebrows with soot, and painted their cheeks with beets. The procession was accompanied by women who sang the song “In the Cherish the Cold.” Sometimes two mermaids met on the road. They started fighting with each other. The mermaid could fall, and then she would be cast by pouring water from a kettle. During the “driving of the mermaid,” funny scenes were played out, the mermaid horse danced, rushed at people, as if crushing them, etc., but it all ended with her death: the mermaid horse fell on its side and raised its legs up, and the people were destroyed he pulled everything in different directions, broke the clay mask, but the wooden frame of the horse, the pitchfork on which the head was supported, and the bridle were removed and stored until next year. After they had walked around the entire village and collected gifts, the mermaids would go into a house and prepare dinner. All participants had dinner, sang songs, had fun, and danced.

Funeral of Kostroma

Funeral of Kostroma. Drawing from a popular print. XIX century

In the village of Gubarovka, Serdobsky district, Saratov province, the ritual took place on the Rusal fast before Peter's fast. At the beginning of the 20th century, mainly old women took part in the ritual. “They take a sheaf of rye, attach arms, dress it like a woman, put it on a stretcher, scream and carry the stuffed mermaid into a rye field, where they leave it on the boundary. During the procession with the stuffed mermaid, the song is sung several times:

You are my light Kostroma, Empress Kostromushka was, not Kostromushka, my godmother! You didn’t leave me in times of need, in times of need, in times of old age.”

Sayings and signs

“We don’t sew on the Rusal Day, we don’t smear it in the yard, so that the Mermaids’ eyes don’t get covered in clay” (Ukrainian). “Pakul Zhito is more beautiful (i.e., blooms), mermaids walk around” (Ukrainian). On All Saints' Week - every piece is holy! The bride is getting married, but whether there will be any sense - All the Saints will say. Holy Week is red, All Saints Week is colorful. All the Saints are fighting with one hero - Yarila, and they will not be able to control it. Yarilo spring yarith. A woman drinks on Yarila, and gets hungover on Kupala.

In the Poltava region, during Trinity week they avoided weeding beets, believing that otherwise a toad or mouse would later get into the borscht; Belarusians were wary of building a house between the Spiritual and Peter's days, since cockroaches and bedbugs would certainly infest it.

Notes

Literature

Zabylin M. The Russian people, their customs, rituals, legends, superstitions and poetry. - M.: Publication of bookseller M. Berezin, 1880. - 607 p.
Zelenin D.K. Mermaids // Those who died an unnatural death and mermaids / Essays on Russian mythology. Vol. 1. - Pg. , 1916.
Zimina T. A. Funeral of Kostroma. Russian holidays and rituals. Russian Ethnographic Museum. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012.
Calendar rituals and ritual poetry of the Voronezh region. Afanasyevsky collection. Materials and research. - Vol. III / Comp. Pukhova T.F., Hristova G.P. - Voronezh: VSU Publishing House, 2005. - 249 p.
Maksimov S. V.. - St. Petersburg. : Partnership of R. Golike and A. Vilworg, 1903. - 529 p.
Propp V. Ya. Russian agricultural holidays. - St. Petersburg. : Terra - Azbuka, 1995. - 176 p. - ISBN 5-300-00114-7
Pukhova T. F. Traditions of dressing up in the Voronezh region // / Comp. Pukhova T.F., Hristova G.P. - Voronezh: VSU Publishing House, 2005. - P. 22-29.
Sakharov I. P. Tales of the Russian people. People's diary. Holidays and customs. - St. Petersburg. : Moscow State University Publishing House, 1885. - 245 p.
Sokolov M. E. Great Russian spring and round dance songs recorded in the Saratov province // Proceedings of the III Regional Historical and Archaeological Congress. - Vladimir, 1908. - P. 24.
Tolstaya S. M. Polesie folk calendar. - M.: Indrik, 2005. - 600 p. - (Traditional spiritual culture of the Slavs. Modern research). - ISBN 5-85759-300-X
Fursova E. F. Calendar rituals. Part 2: Customs and rituals of the summer-autumn period. - Novosibirsk: , 2003. - 267 p. - (Ethnography of Siberia). - ISBN 5-7803-0116-6
Hristova G.P., Revneva S.N. Calendar holidays and rituals of the Voronezh region // Calendar rituals and ritual poetry of the Voronezh region. Afanasyevsky collection. Materials and research. - Vol. III/ Comp. Pukhova T.F., Hristova G.P. - Voronezh: VSU Publishing House, 2005. - P. 7-21.

Links

Driving a horse. The village of Glukhovo, Nizhny Novgorod region in 2009 // Olga Galtseva. We saw off spring, welcomed summer...
Mermaid funeral. Pervomaisky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region // E. Efimova. Farewell to spring in the Pervomaisky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region.
Seeing off the mermaid - Hrono.info
Seeing off Mermaid. The village of Chetaevo, Ryazan region // Mikheev Gennady. About idleness. “They seem to be adults, but they were doing - I don’t understand what...”
Mermaids - Ucheba.su
Mermaid week and farewell to the mermaid - Hlebosol.info
Mermaid Week // Russian Ethnographic Museum

Categories:

Holidays in alphabetical order
Holidays
Russian folk holidays
Spring holidays
Moving holidays
Folk Christianity
Slavic holidays

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Mermaid Week

	folk-Christian
	Trinity week, Farewell to the mermaids, Green, Yarilina, Dirty week, Harmful (forest.), Curve (forest.)
	All Saints' Week (church)
Noted:	Slavs
	50–55 days starting from Easter
In 2015:
In 2016:
Celebration:	folk festivities, the Trinity birch tree is taken out of the village. Rituals: “Seeing off the mermaid”, “Funeral of Kostroma”, “Driving a horse”, “Seeing off spring”
Traditions:	work ban

Mermaid Week(Also Trinity Week, Farewell to the mermaids) - in the Slavic folk calendar, Trinity (starting with Trinity), less often - the week preceding Trinity. It was considered the time of stay on earth for mermaids who emerged from the water after the Ascension. During Rusal Week, rituals associated with farewell to spring were usually performed: Removing the Trinity birch tree, “Seeing off the mermaid”, “Funeral of Kostroma”, “Driving a horse”, “Seeing off spring”.

Other names

Week: Russian Trinity Week, Trinity Christmastide, Green Christmastide, Farewell to the mermaids, Green, Yarilina, Gryanaya, Vsesvyatskayaweek, Sunday of the Holy Trinity; forest Harmful, crooked week; Grenaya (week), Played week, Marasal Tyzhden, Wired (Week), Rusal Tyzhden, Holy Week, Holy (Week), Christmastide, Holy Tyzhden, Dry Tyzhden, Trovetsky Week, Troetsky Yuletide, Troetsky Tyzhden, Three Week, Troysky Tyzhden, Trinity, Trinity week; Ukrainian Mermaid Week, Mermaid; Serb. Rusalian week.

Monday: Spiritual Day, Spirit Day; “God-spirited Day” (Ukrainian), “Rosigri” (Ukrainian); Trinity (Voronezh); Name day of the Earth (Vyat.), Birthday girl of the Earth (Tamb., Sib.); Seeing off the mermaids (Ryazan); Rusalnitsa, Ivan da Marya, Belarusian. Brezzyny; forest Spirit, Bathing Day, Holy Spirit, Trinity; Serb. Others are given by Dukhova, Others are given by Trinity, Others are given by Trinity.

Tuesday: Farewell to the Mermaids, Funeral of the Mermaid, Expulsion of the Mermaid, Water Birthday, Water Day, Kostroma, Farewell to Spring, Parents' Day (Voronezh), Mourner (Voronezh), Semik (Voronezh), Yarilin's holiday, forest. Kinsky Velik-day, Belly, Horse Great-day, Sukhinday, Sukhindy, Sukhindy, C grade, C grade, Vyalikadzen of the Dead, Ukrainian Whit Monday, Serbian Trinity is given Trinity, Trinity Trinity, Water of the morning.

Wednesday: Hailbreaker, Hailbreaker day, Hailbreaker day, Buralomas, Dry Wednesday, Belorussian. Graduating serada, Gradaboy, Serada Rusal.

Thursday: Rusal Easter, Kiselev Day, Belorussia. Dry chatsver, Naўski, Namski, Suhi Chatsver, Naўskaya Trinity,

Saturday: Belor. Summer Dziady(Slutsk).

Customs

In the calendar of the Balkan and Eastern Slavs (especially in the Ukrainian-Belarusian region), the time comes for “hostage” or “unclean” dead (mainly dead girls and young children) appearing on earth from the “other world” for a short period of Rusal Week. This is precisely what is internally motivated by the chrononym “Rusalchin Great Day”, meaning the period of temporary resurrection of mermaids (cf. another name for Mermaid Thursday - Nava Trinity, which also has funeral semantics). In Polesie the whole week was dedicated to drowned people.

Seeing off the mermaids

In Murom on Semik, women sang a special song about Kostroma and held her “funeral”, and in Tver they buried Yarilo. In Ryazan, the Monday after Green Week was called Seeing off the mermaids.

Rituals with a scarecrow and clearly erotic elements of Semitic ritual in general are intended to evoke the fertility of the earth. In this period, this is especially important, since for the farmer the end of spring and the beginning of summer is a critical and decisive moment: the sowing has already ended, and the growth of grain depends entirely on the fertile forces of the earth. Rituals with a scarecrow, as researchers show, are a manifestation of the cult of the dying and resurrecting god, which was not fully formed among the Slavs, associated with fertility, nature and its seasonal changes.

Driving the Mermaid Horse

Funeral of Kostroma

In the 19th century, in the Murom district, the funeral of Kostroma was celebrated by boys and girls. Having gathered, they made a straw effigy of Kostroma, dressed it in a dress or simply tied it with ropes. Then Kostroma was carried with songs to the shore of a lake or river. Here the whole company separated. Some guarded the scarecrow: they stood in a circle, bowed to Kostroma and “made various body movements in front of her.” Others attacked the first and tried to kidnap Kostroma. A fight ensued. In the end they managed to capture the scarecrow. His dress and ropes were torn off, the scarecrow was torn, the straw was trampled and thrown into the water with laughter. The first side “grieved”, “made a mournful howl”, “mourned the death” of Kostroma. Afterwards, both parties, together with cheerful songs and dances, returned to the village.

In the village of Gubarovka, Serdobsky district, Saratov province, the ritual took place on the Rusalsky ritual before Peter's Fast. At the beginning of the 20th century, mainly old women took part in the ritual. “They take a sheaf of rye, attach arms, dress it like a woman, put it on a stretcher, scream and carry the stuffed mermaid into a rye field, where they leave it on the boundary. During the procession with the stuffed mermaid, the song is sung several times:

Sayings and signs

“While zhito is blooming, mermaids walk in zhito” (forest. Pakul zhito is more beautiful (that is, blooms), mermaids walk around in life).
The bride is getting married, but whether there will be any sense - All the Saints will say.
Holy Week is red, All Saints Week is colorful.
All the Saints are fighting with one hero - Yarila, and they will not be able to control it.
Yarilo spring yarith.
A woman drinks on Yarila, and gets hungover on Kupala.

Changes in climatic conditions on the Earth as a whole or in its individual zones or regions during: 1) the geological time of the Earth’s existence; 2) historical time; 3) modern era (last hundreds and tens of years). A distinction is made between progressive climate change, i.e. changes in one direction over a very long period, and climate fluctuations.

Geological climate changes have occurred repeatedly, having the character of either changes common to the entire globe (for example, towards warming or cooling), or changes in climatic contrasts between different zones of the Earth. These climate changes can be judged by a number of geological indicators. Undoubtedly, glaciations in northern Europe, Western Siberia and North America during the Quaternary period are associated with climate change. There appears to have been no progressive climate change throughout the historical period. In any case, there have been climate fluctuations over the past millennia; One of the strongest such fluctuations (toward warming) has occurred over the last century and especially over the last half century.

There are a number of hypotheses about the possible causes of climate change. They are explained by self-oscillations in the atmosphere – ocean – polar ice system; cosmic and astronomical factors, such as changes in the intensity of solar radiation or the transparency of interplanetary space for solar radiation, changes in the inclination of the ecliptic and the eccentricity of the earth's orbit, movements of the earth's axis, as well as changes in the gas and aerosol composition of the atmosphere due to volcanic eruptions, and in the distribution land and sea on the earth's surface. Hypotheses have also been put forward about the connection between climate change and secular and supersecular changes in solar activity. Recently, the problem of anthropogenic (technogenic) climate change under the influence of increasing industrialization has been raised; Such changes are currently only occurring on a local scale (cities and industrial centers), but the possibility cannot be ruled out that in the near future they will acquire planetary significance.

Climate change in historical times

The present period, called the Holocene in paleogeographical terminology. It is counted from the beginning of the gradual retreat of the last - Valdai (in Western Europe - Würm, in North America - Wisconsin) glaciation, according to generally accepted ideas - about 15 thousand years ago (see Fig. 1).

The entire historical time of mankind from the emergence of the first civilizations and written sources fits completely into the Holocene. This is approximately five to six thousand last years - starting from the III-IV millennium BC. There are claims about the existence of much more ancient civilizations, but their validity is still insufficient.

For researchers, the last few thousand years are attractive because of the opportunity to collect more complete and reliable information, compared to previous times, because: changes in nature are better traced; methods of dating and research of the natural environment are more reliable the closer the event is to us; historical chronicles appear, which reflect significant natural phenomena, and in many cases it is possible to compare the results of scientific research with the evidence left by our ancestors.

To understand what can await us in the next tens and hundreds of years, data on changes in nature in the last millennia and centuries are most important.

In historical time there are three major climatic periods that make up the late, or upper Holocene, on the geological scale:

1. Atlantic (8000-5000 years ago) - with a warm and humid climate, in the middle - end of the period the Holocene climatic optimum is distinguished.

2. Subboreal (5000-2500 years ago) - with cooling and drying of the climate;

3. Subatlantic (2500 years ago – our time) – with an increase in climate humidity and a general weak tendency towards continued cooling.

The last period, for obvious reasons, is better known than the previous ones, and it can be divided into relatively small segments:

Warming period 2500-1600 years ago, when climatic conditions approached modern ones;

The period of dry and warm climate 1600-1200 years ago. (IV-VIII centuries AD);

A period of mild and warm climate, a small climatic optimum 1200-800 years ago. (VIII-XIV centuries AD)

Climate cooling, Little Ice Age 800-150 years ago. (XIV-XIX centuries AD);

Climate warming from the mid-late 19th century to the present day (with a slight cooling in the mid-20th century and renewed warming in the last half century).

The warmest time was 6.2-5.3 thousand years ago, known as the Holocene climatic optimum. Temperatures in high latitudes were 2-3°C higher than modern ones, the vegetation was richer and contained more heat-loving species. On the territory of modern Western Europe, the European and Asian parts of Russia, all forest zones advanced 300-500 km to the north, dark coniferous forests extended to the shores of the Barents Sea, and in Siberia the taiga reached Cape Chelyuskin - the northern tip of the Taimyr Peninsula.

In the tropics, during the period of climatic optimum, humidity increased significantly. The Sahara was not a desert, but a savannah, the level of Lake Chad was 40 meters higher than modern levels, and its area was not inferior to the modern Caspian Sea (in the middle of the twentieth century - 20 times less). As the climate warms, all natural zones shift to higher latitudes, the desert is replaced by savanna, and the tundra is replaced by forests. At the same time, the desert is advancing on the steppe, and the steppe is advancing on the forest. In some regions, humidity increases, in others it decreases. Although in general warming is more likely to contribute to an increase in climate humidity, this relationship is very complex and ambiguous, especially in relation to different natural zones. In this regard, it cannot be stated unequivocally that global warming or cooling is a universal good or evil.

After the Holocene climatic optimum, about 5000 years ago, a serious cooling was recorded. At this time, natural zones again shifted closer to the equator, mountain glaciers grew in Alaska, Spitsbergen, Iceland, the Alps, areas of floating polar ice, and the climate became drier. Further waves of cooling and new warmings replaced each other, but in general in the period 5000-2500 years ago. the downward trend in temperature continued. As a result, approximately 2500-3000 years ago. The average air temperature on Earth was almost 2°C lower than today. However, from this moment warming began, from which the sub-Atlantic period begins.

Although our time began with an increase in temperature, there was no return to the warmth of the beginning and even the middle of the subboreal period. On average, the last 2500 years have been somewhat colder than the period 3000-5000 years ago, so that on the scale of all historical time, there is rather a cooling trend, despite significant climatic fluctuations during this time.

Fig.1. Temperature fluctuations relative to modern values over the past 10-12 thousand years

The last two and a half thousand years were, in turn, very heterogeneous, with rather sharp climate fluctuations. As a result of warming, by the first centuries of our era, humidity and temperature approached modern ones, and in the 4th-8th centuries. AD The climate was somewhat warmer (average temperatures 0.2-0.4°C higher) and drier than the modern one, which is why the area of peatlands began to shrink and the level of lakes began to drop. In the VIII-XIV centuries. The climate became milder, while remaining warm. This period, also known in history as the early Middle Ages, was called the small climatic optimum.

However, it was no longer as warm as the Holocene climatic optimum 6000 years ago, but warmer than our time. The global average temperature was approximately 1°C higher than the current one. In the early Middle Ages, grapes were grown in England and on the Baltic Sea coast, and the Vikings conquered Greenland. In fact, they gave it this name - “Green Land”, which would hardly occur to anyone today. From the 14th century. associated with a new powerful cold wave, known as the “Little Ice Age,” which lasted until the mid-19th century. Since this period was relatively recent, it left a powerful mark on historical chronicles and historical memory.

At this time, the average temperature dropped to values almost 2 ° C below the modern one - the level that was 2500 years ago, during the transition from the subboreal to the subatlantic period. New warming has been recorded since the end of the 19th century. During this period, regular instrumental meteorological observations had already begun. From the end of the 19th century to 1940, there was a warming throughout the Northern Hemisphere, the value of which was 0.6°C. After 1940 until the mid-60s. 20th century there was a cooling of 0.4°C, which was replaced by a new warming that continues at the present time.

In general, during the 20th century, global air temperature increased by 0.6°C (with a measurement error of approximately 0.2°C). In other words, we are now approximately halfway between the cold of the Little Ice Age of the 14th and 19th centuries. and the warmth of the small climatic optimum of the 8th-14th centuries. It is interesting to compare climate change with major historical events. In this matter, categorical and hasty conclusions are unacceptable; however, a number of interesting coincidences of changes in the natural environment and turns in human history are revealed. The very beginning of active human settlement on Earth and the development of the first states and civilizations occurred during a period with a warm and humid climate - the Holocene climatic optimum. It would seem that this is quite natural.

However, subsequent events show how ambiguous these dependencies are. You can, if you wish, draw the opposite conclusion - about the “stimulating” effect of cold. It can also be said that human civilization changed, following mainly its own internal logic, where climate change was more of a background than a determining factor. And there will be reasons for this too. The scope for different opinions and interpretations on this issue is very large.

The history of humanity against the backdrop of natural and climatic changes

Fig.2. Natural and climatic changes in human history

Global warming and its impact on the development of civilizations

Indeed, before our eyes, the climate on Earth has changed and continues to change everywhere. For more than thirty years, at symposiums and conferences, in print publications and through the media, scientists have been trying to find out and explain the reasons for the ongoing climate change on Earth. These changes are mainly associated with the so-called global warming, which, according to some, is caused by an increase in the greenhouse effect, according to others, by a decrease in the reflectivity of the Earth's snow cover, according to others, by an increase in solar activity, and by the fourth, by the formation of "ozone holes", etc. If you listen to all these opinions, then it may seem to the average person that the conversations are going on about nothing at all, since the average temperature during the twentieth century increased only, according to various estimates, ranging from 0.5 to 0.7 degrees. At first glance, such temperature changes may seem insignificant against the backdrop of temperature fluctuations throughout the year and even days.

Based on the study of ice cores from Greenland or Antarctica, phosphates of the bones of extinct mammals, the nature of the annual rings of centuries-old trees, bottom sediments of lakes or the life history of corals, scientists are trying to reconstruct the climate of the distant past and, based on the results obtained, build forecasts for changes in the Earth’s climate for thousands or tens of thousands of years. the near future." However, they do not take into account that global warming, as well as global cooling, have different effects on climate change at the regional level. In some places the climate becomes warmer, in others more humid, in others - drier, in others - colder, etc. And, perhaps, the most important thing: what was good from the point of view of a tree or coral in the distant past was not necessarily good for a person who for some reason is more interested not in the climate, but in the weather, and not for the next thousand years, but for the next five, ten, fifty or more years. As will be shown below, by analyzing the history of peoples using examples of the development of civilizations in the ancient and Middle Ages, it is possible to identify some patterns that will help explain changes in the climate situation at the present time, predict possible changes in the planet’s climate in the future and predict the further course of development of earthly civilizations.

The basis of the world history of mankind, unfortunately, was wars, as a result of which the geopolitical map of the world constantly changed. Against the backdrop of endless wars, somehow imperceptibly, “quietly”, sometimes without armed conflicts and without due attention from historians, events occurred that led to the disappearance of some civilizations, states, peoples and the emergence of new ones.

At the beginning of the third millennium BC. (approximately 30-28 centuries BC) the first civilizations, as is commonly believed, arose on Earth: the Sumerian-Akkadian civilization in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the ancient Egyptian civilization in the Nile River valley, the proto-Indian civilization in the Indus River valley and the kingdom of Troy in Asia Minor. It is believed that the founders of these civilizations were migrant peoples.

These civilizations developed independently of each other, however, during the period from the 22nd to the 20th century BC. simultaneously underwent significant changes: ancient Egypt broke up into a number of small, independent states at war with each other; archaeologists have highlighted the completion of the early period of development of proto-Indian civilization; the Sumerian-Akkadian civilization ceased to exist; archaeologists have recorded some tragic events on the territory of Troy.

The reason is that nomadic tribes of the Indo-European language group moved to Europe, Central Asia, India and Iran. As a result of the mixing of aliens with the local population, the formation of new ethnic groups began, which became the basis for the formation of new civilizations: the Hittite kingdom in Asia Minor, the kingdom of Mitanni and the Old Babylonian kingdom in Mesopotamia, the proto-Greek civilization on the Balkan Peninsula, in China - the kingdom of Yin, etc. On the American continent, the Olmec tribes moved to the territory of Central America from the north.

During the period from the 13th to the 12th century BC. In the territories of Western and Central Europe, the Mediterranean and the Afro-Asian region, tribes and peoples began to move, who went down in history under the name “peoples of the sea.” As a result, old civilizations collapsed and new ones began to form on their ruins: the Neo-Babylonian kingdom in Mesopotamia; New Egyptian Kingdom in Africa; on the Balkan Peninsula, an ancient Greek civilization called Hellas; On the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, a Philistine settlement arose - the country of Palestine. In the middle reaches of the Yellow River in the territory of modern China, settlers formed a state - the kingdom of Zhou. Aryan tribes migrated to Central and Western Europe from the east, and Cimmerian tribes migrated to the south of Eastern Europe from the north. At the same time, on the opposite side of the globe, the Zapotec tribes moved from the north to the territory of what is now Mexico, and the peoples who created the cultures of Chavin, San Agustin and Paracas moved to the territory of Peru in South America.

During the period from the 5th to the 4th century BC. Another migration of the peoples of the planet took place. This period is characterized by the so-called “great Greek colonization” of the territories of the Middle East, the coastal territories of the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, as a result of which the Roman Empire subsequently emerged. Celtic tribes settled in the territories of Western and Central Europe, the British Isles and Asia Minor. The Scythians and Sarmatians migrated to the south of Eastern Europe and to the territory of Southeast Asia from the Urals and Siberia. The Qin kingdom arose in China. Settlers from China settled the Japanese islands. On the American continent, as a result of the next resettlement of tribes, the “old” cultures and civilizations disappeared from the scene, and in their place new cultures arose - Nazca, Tiahuanaco, Teotihuacan and the civilizations of the Mayans, Mixtecs, etc.

Migration of peoples during the period from the 4th to the 6th century AD. went down in history as the “Great Migration of Peoples.” Historians began to call this migration “the great” due to the fact that it was the beginning of the formation of modern European peoples. The “Great Migration of Peoples” led to a change in not only the ethnic but also the political map of Eurasia under the influence of barbarian peoples who settled on the lands of the former Roman Empire, and new medieval civilizations were formed. A “steep mix of peoples” throughout the entire territory of the Eurasian continent was produced by tribes that came from the north, who went down in history under the name “Goths”, from the east, who went down in history under the names “Huns”, and from the south - Arab tribes from the Arabian steppes. At the same time, the Song Empire arose in China. The “Great Migration of Peoples” did not bypass the American continent: the civilizations of Tiahuanaco, Teotihuanaco and Toltec arose, the Mayan peoples migrated to the Yucatan Peninsula, the Mixtecs assimilated the Zapotecs, and the Nahua, Wari, Tayrone and other tribes moved from the north to the territory of South America.

The events of the 12th – 14th centuries AD, which took place in the territories of central and eastern Europe, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and the Far East of the Eurasian continent, are better known to us Russians: the invasion of Siberian and Central Asian tribes led by the Tatars and Mongols. On the territory of Western Europe - crusades in the countries of the Middle East. In South America, the Chimu and Chibcha cultures arose, the Aymara tribes settled, and the formation of the Inca civilization began. The invasion of warlike tribes into Central America from the north, including the Aztecs, put an end to the rule of the Toltecs. The Otomi tribes settled on the territory of Mexico, and the Maya-Toltec state was formed on the Yucatan Peninsula. In North America, the tribes of the Iroquois, Mohawk, Senecas and others began to move.

Based on the analysis of the reasons that caused the great migrations of peoples in the past, we can identify some patterns and draw the following conclusions:

1. On a planetary scale, a fairly stable cyclicity of great migrations of peoples is clearly visible, while the duration of the cycle, since it has not yet been precisely determined, is in the range from 800 to 850 years. Noteworthy is the fact that such relocations on a planetary scale occurred, at first glance, spontaneously, but in fact - simultaneously, “organized”, as if by command or wave of the conductor’s baton.

2. Other events of a planetary scale are also associated with the cyclicity of 800 - 850 years, which will be discussed in the following articles.

3. The very fact of the mass exodus of a particular people from the inhabited territory indicates that living conditions in this territory deteriorated so much that they were forced to migrate in search of a place suitable for a better life.

Of course, the relationship between the settlers and the local population developed differently. Some were expelled from their homes, some got along with others, some were resisted. In some places the immigrants were in the majority, in others they were outnumbered by the local residents. In the process of communication between settlers and the local population, a new culture was formed, a new language was born, incest occurred, new relationships were established between people, as a result of which new nations, languages and cultures emerged, which ultimately became the basis for the formation of new civilizations.

The reason prompting the peoples of the planet to massive resettlement, according to written sources, tales, legends, chronicles, archaeological research, etc., was a change in both climatic and environmental living conditions.

The currently observed changes in climatic conditions at the regional level (droughts, floods, earthquakes, cold snaps, heat waves, etc.) are caused by global warming of the Earth and, as it seems to me, are “planned by nature.” Attention should be paid to the fact that after the events of the 12th – 14th centuries AD. We, by the will of fate, were born and live in a period that coincided in time with the peak of the next cycle of 800 - 850 years, which in the future it is advisable to call the “global climate cycle of 825 years.” The next global change in the Earth's climate, associated with the next global warming, will most likely occur in the region of 2900 - 3000.

The climatic conditions of the Earth in the 20th – 22nd centuries will apparently be similar to the climatic conditions of the 4th – 6th and 12th – 14th centuries AD. Since humanity has already experienced global warming of the Earth more than once, it will survive it this time too, unfortunately, not without losses and transformations. In this regard, it is necessary to note the immoral and sometimes not entirely ethical behavior of some “scientists” who, through the media, either scare people with the upcoming apocalypse against the backdrop of global warming of the Earth, or convince people that nothing is happening to the climate, or try to convince people the idea that what is coming is not global warming, but global cooling, without providing any intelligible explanation. Of course, global cooling will occur in about 400 years only after the process of global warming is completed.

Today it’s hard to believe, but the peoples of the Earth will have to experience another “great migration of peoples” during the 21st – 22nd centuries (after the events of the 12th – 14th centuries, taking into account the next “global climate cycle lasting 825 years”). As a result of the next migration of peoples, the community will have to overcome more serious social and political consequences of this migration compared to those that humanity experienced in the past. Currently, there is open talk in the media about the third world war for the redistribution of resources, about the anthropogenic impact on the ecology and climate of the Earth, about overpopulation of the planet, etc.

It should be noted that the resettlement of peoples to the countries of Western Europe, the American continent and Russia is already underway. By the will of fate, we live in an era of change. If there is a migration collapse on a global scale, then in the 23rd century our descendants will live in a completely different world, and humanity as a whole will once again have to adapt to the changes that have occurred. A new era will come and the next round in the development of earthly civilizations will be launched.