Our planet is in constant motion. Together with the Sun, it moves in space around the center of the Galaxy. And she, in turn, moves in the Universe. But the rotation of the Earth around the Sun and its own axis plays the greatest importance for all living things. Without this movement, conditions on the planet would be unsuitable for supporting life.

solar system

According to scientists, the Earth as a planet in the solar system was formed more than 4.5 billion years ago. During this time, the distance from the luminary practically did not change. The speed of the planet's movement and the gravitational force of the Sun balanced its orbit. It's not perfectly round, but it's stable. If the gravity of the star had been stronger or the speed of the Earth had noticeably decreased, then it would have fallen into the Sun. Otherwise, sooner or later it would fly into space, ceasing to be part of the system.

The distance from the Sun to the Earth makes it possible to maintain optimal temperature on its surface. The atmosphere also plays an important role in this. As the Earth rotates around the Sun, the seasons change. Nature has adapted to such cycles. But if our planet were at a greater distance, the temperature on it would become negative. If it were closer, all the water would evaporate, since the thermometer would exceed the boiling point.

The path of a planet around a star is called an orbit. The trajectory of this flight is not perfectly circular. It has an ellipse. The maximum difference is 5 million km. The closest point of the orbit to the Sun is at a distance of 147 km. It's called perihelion. Its land passes in January. In July, the planet is at its maximum distance from the star. The greatest distance is 152 million km. This point is called aphelion.

The rotation of the Earth around its axis and the Sun ensures a corresponding change in daily patterns and annual periods.

For humans, the movement of the planet around the center of the system is imperceptible. This is because the mass of the Earth is enormous. Nevertheless, every second we fly about 30 km in space. This seems unrealistic, but these are the calculations. On average, it is believed that the Earth is located at a distance of about 150 million km from the Sun. It makes one full revolution around the star in 365 days. The distance traveled per year is almost a billion kilometers.

The exact distance that our planet travels in a year, moving around the star, is 942 million km. Together with her, we move through space in an elliptical orbit at a speed of 107,000 km/hour. The direction of rotation is from west to east, that is, counterclockwise.

The planet does not complete a full revolution in exactly 365 days, as is commonly believed. In this case, about six more hours pass. But for the convenience of chronology, this time is taken into account in total for 4 years. As a result, one additional day “accumulates”; it is added in February. This year is considered a leap year.

The speed of rotation of the Earth around the Sun is not constant. It has deviations from the average value. This is due to the elliptical orbit. The difference between the values ​​is most pronounced at the perihelion and aphelion points and is 1 km/sec. These changes are invisible, since we and all the objects around us move in the same coordinate system.

Change of seasons

The Earth's rotation around the Sun and the tilt of the planet's axis make the seasons possible. This is less noticeable at the equator. But closer to the poles, the annual cyclicity is more pronounced. The northern and southern hemispheres of the planet are heated unevenly by the energy of the Sun.

Moving around the star, they pass four conventional orbital points. At the same time, alternately twice during the six-month cycle they find themselves further or closer to it (in December and June - the days of the solstices). Accordingly, in a place where the surface of the planet warms up better, the ambient temperature there is higher. The period in such a territory is usually called summer. In the other hemisphere it is noticeably colder at this time - it is winter there.

After three months of such movement with a periodicity of six months, the planetary axis is positioned in such a way that both hemispheres are in the same conditions for heating. At this time (in March and September - the days of the equinox) the temperature regimes are approximately equal. Then, depending on the hemisphere, autumn and spring begin.

Earth's axis

Our planet is a rotating ball. Its movement is carried out around a conventional axis and occurs according to the principle of a top. By resting its base on the plane in an untwisted state, it will maintain balance. When the rotation speed weakens, the top falls.

The earth has no support. The planet is affected by the gravitational forces of the Sun, Moon and other objects of the system and the Universe. Nevertheless, it maintains a constant position in space. The speed of its rotation, obtained during the formation of the core, is sufficient to maintain relative equilibrium.

The earth's axis does not pass perpendicularly through the globe of the planet. It is inclined at an angle of 66°33´. The rotation of the Earth around its axis and the Sun makes possible the change of seasons. The planet would “tumble” in space if it did not have a strict orientation. There would be no talk of any constancy of environmental conditions and life processes on its surface.

Axial rotation of the Earth

The rotation of the Earth around the Sun (one revolution) occurs throughout the year. During the day it alternates between day and night. If you look at the Earth's North Pole from space, you can see how it rotates counterclockwise. It completes a full rotation in approximately 24 hours. This period is called a day.

The speed of rotation determines the speed of day and night. In one hour, the planet rotates approximately 15 degrees. The speed of rotation at different points on its surface is different. This is due to the fact that it has a spherical shape. At the equator, the linear speed is 1669 km/h, or 464 m/sec. Closer to the poles this figure decreases. At the thirtieth latitude, the linear speed will already be 1445 km/h (400 m/sec).

Due to its axial rotation, the planet has a somewhat compressed shape at the poles. This movement also “forces” moving objects (including air and water flows) to deviate from their original direction (Coriolis force). Another important consequence of this rotation is the ebb and flow of tides.

Change of day and night

A spherical object is only half illuminated by a single light source at a certain moment. In relation to our planet, in one part of it there will be daylight at this moment. The unlit part will be hidden from the Sun - it is night there. Axial rotation makes it possible to alternate these periods.

In addition to the light regime, the conditions for heating the surface of the planet with the energy of the luminary change. This cyclicality is important. The speed of change of light and thermal regimes is carried out relatively quickly. In 24 hours, the surface does not have time to either heat up excessively or cool down below the optimal level.

The rotation of the Earth around the Sun and its axis at a relatively constant speed is of decisive importance for the animal world. Without a constant orbit, the planet would not remain in the optimal heating zone. Without axial rotation, day and night would last for six months. Neither one nor the other would contribute to the origin and preservation of life.

Uneven rotation

Throughout its history, humanity has become accustomed to the fact that the change of day and night occurs constantly. This served as a kind of standard of time and a symbol of the uniformity of life processes. The period of rotation of the Earth around the Sun is influenced to a certain extent by the ellipse of the orbit and other planets in the system.

Another feature is the change in the length of the day. The Earth's axial rotation occurs unevenly. There are several main reasons. Seasonal variations associated with atmospheric dynamics and precipitation distribution are important. In addition, a tidal wave directed against the direction of the planet’s movement constantly slows it down. This figure is negligible (for 40 thousand years per 1 second). But over 1 billion years, under the influence of this, the length of the day increased by 7 hours (from 17 to 24).

The consequences of the Earth's rotation around the Sun and its axis are being studied. These studies are of great practical and scientific importance. They are used not only to accurately determine stellar coordinates, but also to identify patterns that can influence human life processes and natural phenomena in hydrometeorology and other areas.

Let's consider how long it takes for planets to complete their revolution when they return to the same point in the zodiac where they were.

Periods of complete rotation of planets

Sun - 365 days 6 hours;

Mercury - approximately 1 year;

Venus - 255 days;

Moon - 28 days (according to the ecliptic);

Mars - 1 year 322 days;

Lilith - 9 years old;

Jupiter - 11 years 313 days;

Saturn - 29 years 155 days;

Chiron - 50 years old;

Uranus - 83 years 273 days;

Neptune - 163 years 253 days;

Pluto - approximately 250 years;

Proserpine - about 650 years old.

The farther a planet is from the Sun, the longer the path it describes around it. Planets that make a full revolution around the Sun in a time greater than a human life are called high planets in astrology.

If the time of complete revolution is completed in the average lifespan of a person, these are low planets. Accordingly, their influence is different: low planets mainly influence the individual, each person, while high planets mainly influence many lives, groups of people, nations, countries.

How do planets rotate completely?

The movement of the planets around the Sun occurs not in a circle, but in an ellipse. Therefore, during its movement, the planet is at different distances from the Sun: a closer distance is called perihelion (the planet in this position moves faster), a further distance is called aphelion (the speed of the planet slows down).

To simplify the calculation of the movement of the planets and the average speed of their movement, astronomers conventionally assume the trajectory of their movement in a circle. Thus, it is conventionally accepted that the movement of planets in orbit has a constant speed.

Considering the different speeds of movement of the planets of the solar system and their different orbits, to the observer they appear to be scattered across the starry sky. It seems that they are located on the same level. In fact, this is not so.

It should be remembered that the constellations of the planets are not the same as the signs of the Zodiac. Constellations are formed in the sky by clusters of stars, and the signs of the Zodiac are symbols of a 30-degree section of the Zodiac sphere.

Constellations can occupy an area of ​​less than 30° in the sky (depending on the angle at which they are visible), and the Zodiac sign occupies this area completely (the zone of influence begins at 31 degrees).

What is a parade of planets

There are rare cases when the location of many planets, when projected onto the Earth, is close to a straight line (vertical), forming clusters of planets in the solar system in the sky. If this happens with nearby planets, it is called a small parade of planets, if with distant ones (they can join the nearby ones), it is a large parade of planets.

During the “parade,” the planets, gathered in one place in the sky, seem to “gather” their energy into a beam, which has a powerful influence on the Earth: natural disasters occur more often and much more pronounced, powerful and radical transformations in society, mortality increases (heart attacks, strokes, train accidents, accidents, etc.)

Features of planetary motion

If we imagine the Earth, motionless in the center, around which the planets of the solar system revolve, then the trajectory of the planets accepted in astronomy will be sharply disrupted. The Sun revolves around the Earth, and the planets Mercury and Venus, located between the Earth and the Sun, will revolve around the Sun, periodically changing their direction to the opposite - this “retrograde” movement is designated “R” (retrograde).

Finding and between is called lower opposition, and in the opposite orbit behind is called upper opposition.

Earth- a planet in the solar system located at a distance of 150 million kilometers from the Sun. The Earth rotates around it at an average speed of 29.765 km/s. It completes a full revolution around the Sun in a period equal to 365.24 average solar days. Earth satellite - Moon, orbits at a distance of 384,400 km. The inclination of the earth's axis to the ecliptic plane is 66° 33" 22", the period of rotation around the axis is 23 hours 56 minutes 4.1 s. Shape - geoid, spheroid. The equatorial radius is 6378.16 km, the polar radius is 6356.777 km. Surface area - 510.2 million km 2. The mass of the Earth is 6 * 10 24 kg. Volume - 1.083 * 10 12 km 3. The Earth's gravitational field determines the existence of an atmosphere and the spherical shape of the planet.

The average density of the Earth is 5.5 g/cm 3 . This is almost twice the density of surface rocks (about 3 g/cm3). Density increases with depth. The inner part of the lithosphere forms the core, which is in a molten state. Studies have shown that the core is divided into two zones: the inner core (radius about 1300 km), which is probably solid, and the liquid outer core (radius about 3400 km). The solid shell is also heterogeneous, it has a sharp interface at a depth of about 40 km. This boundary is called the Mohorovicic surface. The area above the Mohorovicic surface is called bark, below - the mantle. The mantle, like the crust, is in a solid state, with the exception of individual lava “pockets”. With depth, the density of the mantle increases from 3.3 g/cm 3 at the surface of Mohorovicic to 5.2 g/cm 3 at the boundary of the core. At the core boundary it increases abruptly to 9.4 g/cm 3 . The density at the center of the Earth ranges from 14.5 g/cm 3 to 18 g/cm 3 . At the lower boundary of the mantle, the pressure reaches 1,300,000 atm. When descending into the mines, the temperature rises quickly - by about 20 °C per 1 kilometer. The temperature at the center of the Earth apparently does not exceed 9000°C. Since the rate of increase in temperature with depth on average decreases as one approaches the center of the Earth, heat sources should be concentrated in the outer parts of the lithosphere, most likely in the mantle. The only conceivable reason for the heating of the mantle is radioactive decay. 71% of the earth's surface is occupied by oceans, which form the bulk of the hydrosphere. Earth- the only planet in the solar system with a hydrosphere. The hydrosphere supplies water vapor to the atmosphere. Water vapor, through infrared absorption, creates a significant greenhouse effect, raising the average temperature of the Earth's surface by about 40°C. The presence of the hydrosphere played a decisive role in the emergence of life on Earth.

The chemical composition of the Earth's atmosphere at sea level is oxygen (about 20%) and nitrogen (about 80%). The current composition of the Earth's atmosphere appears to be very different from the original composition, which took place 4.5 * 10 9 years ago, when the crust formed. The biosphere - plants, animals and microorganisms - significantly influences both the general characteristics of planet Earth and the chemical composition of its atmosphere.

Moon

The diameter of the Moon is 4 times less than the Earth's, and its mass is 81 times less. Moon- a celestial body located closest to the Earth than others.

The density of the Moon is less than that of the Earth (3.3 g/cm3). It lacks a core, but maintains a constant temperature in its depths. Significant temperature changes were recorded on the surface: from +120°C at the subsolar point of the Moon to -170°C on the opposite side. This is explained, firstly, by the absence of an atmosphere, and secondly, by the duration of the lunar day and lunar night, equal to two earthly weeks.

The relief of the lunar surface includes lowlands and mountainous areas. Traditionally, lowlands are called "seas", although they are not filled with water. From Earth, the “seas” are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Moon. Their names are quite exotic: the Sea of ​​Cold, the Ocean of Storms, the Sea of ​​Moscow, the Sea of ​​Crises, etc.

Mountainous areas occupy most of the lunar surface and include mountain ranges and craters. The names of many lunar mountain ranges are similar to those on Earth: Apennines, Carpathians, Altai. The highest mountains reach a height of 9 km.

Craters occupy the largest area of ​​the lunar surface. Some of them have a diameter of about 200 km (Clavius ​​and Schickard). some - several times less (Aristarchus, Anaximaea).

The lunar surface is most convenient for observation from Earth in places where day and night border, that is, near the terminator. In general, only one hemisphere of the Moon can be seen from Earth, but exceptions are possible. As a result of the fact that the Moon moves unevenly in its orbit and its shape is not strictly spherical, its periodic pendulum-like oscillations relative to its center of mass are observed. This leads to the fact that about 60% of the lunar surface can be observed from Earth. This phenomenon is called libration of the Moon.

The Moon has no atmosphere. Sounds do not travel through it because there is no air.

Moon phases

The moon does not have its own glow. therefore, it is visible only in the part where the sun's rays or those reflected by the Earth fall. This explains the phases of the moon. Every month, the Moon, moving in orbit, passes between the Earth and the Sun and faces us with its dark side (new moon). A few days later, a narrow crescent of the young Moon appears in the western sky. The rest of the lunar disk is dimly illuminated at this time. After 7 days the first quarter comes, after 14-15 - the full moon. On the 22nd day the last quarter is observed, and after 30 days the full moon occurs again.

Lunar exploration

The first attempts to study the surface of the Moon took place quite a long time ago, but direct flights to the Moon began only in the second half of the 20th century.

In 1958, the first spacecraft landed on the surface of the Moon, and in 1969, the first people landed on it. These were American cosmonauts N. Armstrong and E. Oldrn, taken there by the Apollo 11 spacecraft.

The main goals of flights to the Moon were to take soil samples and study the topography of the Moon's surface. Photographs of the invisible side of the Moon were first taken by the Luna-Z and Luna-9 spacecraft. Soil samples were taken by Luna-16, Luna-20, etc.

Sea ebbs and flows on Earth.

On Earth, high and low tides alternate on average every 12 hours 25 minutes. The phenomenon of ebb and flow is associated with the attraction of the Earth to the Sun and Moon. But due to the fact that the distance to the Sun is too great (150 * 10 6 km), solar tides are much weaker than lunar tides.

On the part of our planet that faces the Moon, the force of gravity is greater, and in the peripheral direction it is less. As a result of this, the Earth's water shell stretches along the line connecting the Earth with the Moon. Therefore, in the part of the Earth facing the Moon, the water of the World Ocean bulges (a tide occurs). Along a circle, the plane of which is perpendicular to the Earth-Moon line and passes through the center of the Earth, the water level in the World Ocean decreases (low tide occurs).

Tides slow down the Earth's rotation. According to scientists' calculations, an earthly day used to be no more than six hours.

Mercury

• Distance from the Sun - 58 * 10 6 km
• Average density - 54,200 kg/m3
• Mass - 0.056 Earth masses
• The period of revolution around the Sun is 88 Earth days.
• Diameter - 0.4 Earth diameter
• Satellites - no

• Physical conditions:

• Closest planet to the Sun
• There is no atmosphere
• The surface is dotted with craters
• The daily temperature range is 660°C (from +480°C to -180°C)
• The magnetic field is 150 times weaker than the earth's

Venus

• Distance from the Sun - 108 * 10 6 km
• Average density - 5240 kg/m 3
• Mass - 0.82 Earth masses
• The period of revolution around the Sun is 225 Earth days
• The period of revolution around its own axis is 243 days, reverse rotation
• Diameter - 12,100 km
• Satellites - no

Physical conditions

The atmosphere is denser than the earth's. Atmospheric composition: carbon dioxide - 96%, nitrogen and inert gases > 4%, oxygen - 0.002%, water vapor - 0.02%. The pressure is 95-97 atm, the temperature at the surface is 470-480°C, which is due to the presence of the greenhouse effect. The planet is surrounded by a layer of clouds consisting of drops of sulfuric acid mixed with chlorine and sulfur. The surface is mostly smooth, with a small number of ridges (10% of the surface) and craters (17% of the surface). The soil is basalt. There is no magnetic field.

Mars

• Distance from the Sun - 228 * 10 6 km
• Average density - 3950 kg/m3
• Mass - 0.107 Earth masses
• The period of revolution around the Sun is 687 Earth days.
• The period of revolution around its own axis is 24 hours 37 minutes 23 s
• Diameter - 6800 km
• Satellites - 2 satellites: Phobos, Deimos

Physical conditions

The atmosphere is rarefied, the pressure is 100 times less than on Earth. Atmospheric composition: carbon dioxide - 95%, nitrogen - more than 2%. oxygen - 0.3%, water vapor - 1%. The daily temperature range is 115°C (from +25°C during the day to -90°C at night). Rare clouds and fog are observed in the atmosphere, indicating the release of moisture from groundwater reservoirs. The surface is dotted with craters. The soil contains phosphorus, calcium, silicon, and iron oxides, which give the planet its red color. The magnetic field is 500 times weaker than the earth's.

Jupiter

• Distance from the Sun - 778 * 10 6 km
• Average density - 1330 kg/m 3
• Mass - 318 Earth masses
• The period of revolution around the Sun is 11.86 years
• The period of revolution around its axis is 9 hours 55 minutes 29 s
• Diameter - 142,000 km
• Satellites - 16 satellites. Io, Gunnmed, Callisto, Europa are the largest
• 12 satellites rotate in one direction and 4 - in the opposite direction

Physical conditions

The atmosphere contains 90% hydrogen, 9% helium and 1% other gases (mostly ammonia). Clouds are made of ammonia. Jupiter's radiation is 2.9 times greater than the energy received from the Sun. The planet is strongly flattened at the poles. The polar radius is 4400 km less than the equatorial radius. Large cyclones with a lifetime of up to 100 thousand years form on the planet. The Great Red Spot observed on Jupiter is an example of such a cyclone. The planet's center may have a solid core, although the bulk of the planet is liquid. The magnetic field is 12 times stronger than the earth's.

Saturn

• Distance from the Sun - 1426 * 10 6 km
• Average density - 690 kg/m3
• Mass - 95 Earth masses
• The period of revolution around the Sun is 29.46 years
• The period of revolution around its axis is 10 hours 14 minutes
• Diameter - 50,000 km
• Satellites - about 30 satellites. Most are icy.
• Some: Pandora, Prometheus, Janus, Epimethea, Dione, Helen, Mimas, Enzelau, Tefne, Rhea, Titan, Yanet, Phoebe.

Physical conditions

The atmosphere contains hydrogen, helium, methane, and ammonia. It receives 92 times less heat from the Sun than the Earth, and reflects 45% of this energy. It produces 2 times more heat than it receives. Saturn has rings. The rings are divided into hundreds of individual rings. Discovered by X. Huygens. The rings are not solid. They have a meteorite structure, that is, they consist of solid particles of various sizes. The magnetic field is comparable to the earth's.

Uranus

• Distance from the Sun - 2869 * 10 6 km
• Average density - 1300 kg/m 3
• Mass - 14.5 Earth masses
• The period of revolution around the Sun is 84.01 years
• Period of revolution around its own axis -16 hours 48 minutes
• Equatorial diameter - 52,300 km
• Satellites - 15 satellites. Some of them are: Oberon (farthest and second largest), Miranda, Cordelia (closest to the planet), Ariel, Umbriel, Titania
• 5 satellites move in the direction of rotation of the planet near the plane of its equator in almost circular orbits, 10 orbit Uranus inside the orbit of Miranda

Physical conditions

Atmospheric composition: hydrogen, helium, methane. Atmospheric temperature -150°C by radio emission. Methane clouds have been detected in the atmosphere. The planet's interior is hot. The axis of rotation is inclined at an angle of 98°. 10 dark rings separated by intervals were found. The magnetic field is 1.2 times weaker than the earth's and extends over 18 radii. There is a radiation belt.

Neptune

• Distance from the Sun - 4496 * 10 6 km
• Average density - 1600 kg/m 3
• Mass - 17.3 Earth masses
• The period of revolution around the Sun is 164.8 years
• Satellites - 2 satellites: Triton, Nereid

Physical conditions

The atmosphere is extensive and consists of hydrogen (50%), helium (15%), methane (20%), ammonia (5%). The atmospheric temperature is about -230°C according to calculations, and -170°C according to radio emission. This indicates the hot interior of the planet. Neptune was discovered on September 23, 1846 by I. G. Gallev from the Berlin Observatory using calculations by astronomer J. J. Le Verrier.

Pluto

• Distance from the Sun - 5900 * 10 6
• Average density - 1000-1200 kg/m3
• Mass - 0.02 Earth masses
• The period of revolution around the Sun is 248 years
• Diameter - 3200 km
• The period of revolution around its axis is 6.4 days
• Satellites - 1 satellite - Charon, was discovered in 1978 by J. W. Krnsty of the Naval Laboratory in Washington.

Physical conditions

No visible signs of atmosphere were detected. Above the surface of the planet, the maximum temperature is -212°C, and the minimum is -273°C. Pluto's surface is believed to be covered with a layer of methane ice, and water ice is also possible. The acceleration of gravity on the surface is 0.49 m/s 2 . Pluto's orbital speed is 16.8 km/h.

Pluto was discovered in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh and named after the ancient Greek god of the underworld because it is poorly illuminated by the Sun. According to the ancient Greeks, Charon is the carrier of the dead to the kingdom of the dead across the River Styx.

"B. Some..."

1. Why are the eight major planets, after the Sun, the main bodies of the Solar System?

A. After the Sun, these are the most massive bodies in the Solar System.

3. In addition to the Sun and major planets, the Solar System includes:

A. stars; B. comets; B. meteoroids; G. satellites of the planets;

D. asteroids; E. artificial satellites of the Earth, Moon, Mars, Venus.

4. Complete the phrase with one of the suggested endings.

The orbits of planets, asteroids, comets, satellites are:

A. ellipses; B. ellipses and parabolas; B. ellipses, parabolas and hyperbolas.

5. The left column of the table shows the semimajor axes of the orbits of the planets in the order of their location of the planets from the Sun (in AU). Match the planets with their semi-axes.

Semimajor axis, a.u. Planet

1. Mars 0.39

2. Saturn 0.72

3. Venus 1.00

4. Jupiter 1.52

5. Mercury 5.20

6. Earth - Moon 9.54

7. Neptune 19.19

8. Uranium 30.07

6. Without what statement is the heliocentric theory unthinkable:

A. planets revolve around the Earth, B. planets revolve around the Sun, C. The Earth is spherical, D. The Earth rotates around its axis.

1. Why are the eight major planets, after the Sun, the main bodies of the Solar System?

A. After the Sun, these are the most massive bodies in the Solar System.

B. Some planets are visible to the naked eye.

Q. Some planets have their own systems of satellites.

2. How do the orbital periods of planets change as the planet moves away from the Sun?

B. the period of revolution of a planet does not depend on its distance from the sun.

–  –  –

7. What explains the absence of atmospheres on the Moon and most planetary satellites?

8. What are the features of the nature of the planet Mercury? What explains them?

9. List the characteristic features of the giant planets that distinguish them from the terrestrial planets.

Option #2.

1. The first escape velocity is:

A. speed of movement in a circle for a given distance from the attracting center;

B. speed of movement along a parabola relative to some attracting center;

B. circular speed for the Earth's surface;

D. parabolic speed for the Earth's surface.

2. How does the parallax of a luminary change at a constant distance to it, if the basis increases?

A. increases.

B. decreases.

V. does not change.

3. Which statements are incorrect for the geocentric system of the world.

A. The Earth is at the center of the Universe.

B. planets move around the Sun.

B. stars move around the Earth.

G. stars are huge bodies, like the Sun.

4. Small bodies of the Solar System include:

A. satellites of planets, B. terrestrial planets, C. asteroids, comets, meteoroids.

5. What planets can be observed at opposition?

A. internal, B. external, C. internal and external.

At the tip of the pen.

The planet Uranus was discovered by William Herschel on March 13, 1781. completely by accident. On that memorable night, while looking at one of the sections of the starry sky, Herschel noticed a strange object that had the shape of a small yellowish disk. Two days later, it became noticeable that the mysterious disk had shifted against the background of stars. At first, Herschel mistook it for an unknown comet. A few months later, when the orbit of the strange object was calculated, it became clear that a new, previously unknown planet had been discovered. Soon she was given the name Uranus.

40 years after these events, many measured positions of Uranus among the stars have been collected. In addition, it turned out that a number of astronomers had observed Uranus before Herschel. Not realizing that there was a planet in front of them, these astronomers entered Uranus into star catalogs.

Back in 1789 noticed that uranium deviates slightly from the path that Kepler's laws prescribed for it. The reasons for this were not clear, and the Gettyn ​​Academy of Sciences in 1842. awarded a prize to the scientist who can explain the mysterious behavior of Uranus. In 1845-1846. French astronomer Urban Le Verrier, director of the Paris Observatory, published three papers in which, using perturbation theory, he came to the conclusion that the oddities in the movement of Uranus can be caused by only one reason - the gravitational influence on Uranus of an even more distant unknown planet. Taking the average distance of the unknown planet from the Sun to be 38.8 AU. and believing that this planet was moving in the plane of the earth’s orbit, Le Verrier solved the most difficult problem and managed to indicate in the sky the place where the unknown object should be located.

September 18, 1846 Le Verrier sent a letter to the Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Galle and indicated where to look for a new planet in the form of a faint star, inaccessible to the naked eye. Halle received this letter on September 23 and began observations that same night. Very soon he found a faint star, not included in the star charts.

When observed through a telescope with sufficient magnification, the star showed a noticeable disk. There was no doubt - the solar family was replenished with another planet, named Neptune.

Le Verrier indicated the location of Neptune with an error of only 55, which is almost twice the diameter of the lunar disk.

Greater accuracy could not have been expected, since the semimajor axis of Neptune's orbit turned out to be equal to 30 AU, and the inclination of Neptune's orbit to the plane of the Earth's orbit was almost 2. The new planet was discovered, as they said then, at the tip of a computer's pen, i.e. purely theoretically, which was another triumph of celestial mechanics. Note that Le Verrier himself did not search for Neptune in the sky only because only the Berlin Observatory at that time had sufficiently detailed star maps. The name of Urban Le Verrier is firmly entrenched in the history of astronomy. Fairness, however, forces us to remember that simultaneously with Le Verrier and independently of him, the research was also carried out by the Englishman John Adams (1819-1892) while still a student. He began his research even two years earlier than Le Verrier. And already in September 1845. presented his results first to Professor Wellis at Cambridge and then to the director of the Erie Greenwich Observatory. But both scientists ignored Adams' instructions on where to look for the unknown planet. On the one hand, with an arrogance not uncommon, alas, for scientists, they did not believe the calculations of an unknown student, and on the other hand, they did not have such detailed star charts as Galle had. Later it turned out that Adams' work was somewhat inferior in scope and results to Le Verrier's work, but the discovery of Neptune had already been accomplished.

The law of universal gravitation is not called universal for nothing. They explain many phenomena in the world of stars and stellar systems. The immediate goal of celestial mechanics is to improve the theory of perturbations, the widespread use of computers in calculating orbits, and maximizing the accuracy of these calculations. And in this case, we can say that increasing accuracy is the “eternal problem” of celestial mechanics. The latest methods of mathematics will help to solve it successfully.

Curiosities of the Magellanic Clouds.

Francesco Antonio Pigafetto, a 28-year-old native of the city of Vincenza, an expert in mathematics and maritime affairs, in 1519. decided to take part in the first trip around the world. Together with Magellan, he went to the southern hemisphere of the Earth, entered the Pacific Ocean through a narrow strait in the south of the American continent and, having crossed it, took part in the battle with the natives of the Philippine Islands. In this battle, as is known, Magellan died, and the seriously wounded Pigafetto in the fall of 1522. returned to Seville and described in detail everything he saw during his long journey. He especially remembered strange luminous clouds standing high in the sky, reminiscent of fragments of the Milky Way. They steadily accompanied Magellan's expedition and did not at all resemble ordinary clouds. In honor of the great traveler, Pigafetto named them Magellanic Clouds.

Thus, for the first time, a European saw the galaxies closest to us, without completely realizing what they were.

The Magellanic Clouds are relatively close to us. The Large one is located at a distance of 182,000 light years from the center of our galaxy, the Small one is a little closer (165,000 light years). The diameter of the Big Cloud is about 33,000 light years, the Small Cloud is about three times less. In essence, these are huge star systems, of which the largest unites 6 billion stars, the smaller - about half a billion. In the Magellanic Clouds, double and variable stars, star clusters and nebulae of various types are visible. It is noteworthy that there are a lot of blue supergiant stars in the Big Cloud, each of which is tens of thousands of times brighter than the Sun in luminosity.

Both clouds belong to the type of irregular galaxies, but in the Large Cloud, observers have long noticed clear traces of a bar or bar. It is possible that both clouds were once spiral galaxies, like our star system.

Now they are immersed in a rarefied veil of gas, which stretches towards the galaxy, and thus both clouds and our stellar spiral constitute a triple galaxy.

The star S from the constellation Doradus has long been known in the Large Magellanic Cloud. This is a white hot giant star of unusual brightness. It emits light millions of times more intense than the Sun. If S Doradus were placed in the place of Centauri, it would shine at night five times brighter than the full Moon. A firefly and a powerful spotlight - this is approximately the ratio of brightness between the Sun and S Dorado. If this amazing star could be placed on the vengeance of the Sun, it would occupy space almost to the orbit of Mars, and the Earth would find itself inside the Star!

But the wonders of the Magellanic Clouds are not limited to this stellar giant. In the same constellation Doradus, where the Large Magellanic Cloud is visible, shines “a strange nebula, appearing in some kind of scattered and torn form,” as Flammarion once wrote. It is probably because of this appearance that the gas nebula is named Tarantula. It reaches a diameter of 660 light years, and 5 million Suns could be made from the Tarantula substance. There is nothing similar in our Galaxy, and the largest gas-dust nebula in it is many times smaller than Tarantula. If the tarantula turned out to be

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Content

Test 1. “Earth-Moon System”

4

6

Test 3. “Sun”

9

11

Test 5. “Galaxies”

14

Answers to tests

18

Literature used

19

Explanatory note

Didactic material is intended for conducting current control Istudents' knowledgeon the topic “Structure and Evolution of the Universe” and developed in accordance with the federal component of the State Standard of Secondary (Complete) Education. The didactic material is intended for ongoing monitoring of students' knowledge in physics in grade 11 (basic level).

The objectives of current monitoring of students’ progress in physics are:

 determining the degree of mastery of the educational program, its sections and topics for the transition to studying new educational material;

 establishing the actual level of theoretical knowledge of students on the topic “Structure and Evolution of the Universe”, their practical skills;

 establishing compliance of the level of knowledge, skills and abilities of students on this topic with the requirements of the state educational standard of general education;

 control over the implementation of the work program in physics.

Didactic material for ongoing monitoring of knowledge on the topic “Structure and Evolution of the Universe” is developed in the form of tests, which allows you to more quickly correct the progress of ongoing learning and requires a relatively small amount of time and labor to test.

The tests cover all the program material of the topic and can be used to review what has been covered, as well as to reinforce new material.

The development includes tasks of various types throughout the topic.

The maximum number of points that can be obtained for a correctly completed test is 10. The test includes two types of tasks: multiple-choice tasks and a matching task. For a multiple-choice task, the student receives:

1 point – if the task is completed correctly;

0 points – if the task was completed incorrectly.

For the matching task, the student can receive:

2 points (maximum) – if the student correctly indicated both elements of the answer;

1 point – if an error was made in indicating one of the elements of the answer;

0 points – if two mistakes were made or the task was not completed.

Subject Tests

Test 1. “Earth-Moon System”

Option 1.

What phase is the Moon in if it is between the Sun and the Earth on the same straight line?

New moon.

First quarter.

Full moon.

Last quarter.

Can. Because the Sun shines dimmer on the Moon.

Solar eclipses are always observed during...

…new moon

…first quarter.

…full moon

…last quarter.

What are lunar seas and craters? For each position in the first column, select a position from the second column.

The Moon Sea is...

The lunar crater is...

…ring shafts surrounding large circular depressions.

…low-lying areas on the surface of the Moon, extending for many kilometers.

…light rays.

…lowlands filled with water.

What is the period of revolution of the Moon around its axis?

Approximately 28 days

365 days.

115 days.

6 days.

When and with the help of what apparatus did humanity first see the far side of the Moon?

How many times is the mass of the Earth greater than the mass of the Moon?

15 times.

2 times

1.5 times.

81 times.

How many revolutions does the Moon make around its axis during the year in relation to the Sun?

20.

13.

100.

In what direction is the apparent motion of the Moon relative to the stars?

From north to south.

From south to north.

From east to west.

From west to east.

Test 1. “Earth-Moon System”

Option 2.

What phase is the Moon in if the Earth is between the Sun and the Moon on the same straight line?

New moon.

First quarter.

Full moon.

Last quarter.

Is it possible to observe meteors on the Moon? Why?

It is forbidden. Because the Sun shines more brightly on the Moon.

Can. Meteors are brighter on the Moon because there is no atmosphere.

It is forbidden. Because the Moon has no atmosphere.

Can. Because there is light on the Moon and the Sun is dimmer.

Lunar eclipses are always observed during...

…new moon

…first quarter.

…full moon

…last quarter.

What are lunar seas, circuses and craters? For each position in the first column, select a position from the second column.

The synodic month is...

Lunar day is...

…period of the Moon's revolution around the Sun.

…the period of revolution of the Moon around its axis.

…the period of time between two successive new moons.

…period of the Moon's revolution around the Earth.

What is the period of revolution of the Moon around the Earth?

27.3 days.

52 days.

365 days.

115 days.

When was the first time and with what apparatus did man set foot on the surface of the Moon?

How many times is the diameter of the Earth greater than the diameter of the Moon?

3.7 times.

5 times.

1.5 times.

12 times.

How many complete revolutions around the Earth does the Moon make in 30 Earth days?

20.

13.

100.

Yesterday there was a full moon. Is it possible to observe a solar eclipse on Earth two days after this? Why?

Maybe. A solar eclipse occurs regardless of lunar phases.

Maybe. A solar eclipse always occurs in the last quarter.

No. A solar eclipse occurs on a new moon, which will not be visible until two weeks after the full moon.

No. A solar eclipse occurs only during the full moon.

Test 2. “Structure of the Solar System”

Option 1.

Which picture shows a comet?

A) B)

C) D)

Indicate in what order the planets are located as they move away from the Sun?

Mars, Mercury, Venus, Earth,

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus.

Indicate the terrestrial planets.

.

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn.

Which of the following planets rotates from east to west?

Venus.

Earth.

Mercury.

Mars.

Meteor

Asteroid

Hairy

Floating in the air

star-shaped

Meteorites are...

…

…

…

Indicate the general properties of the terrestrial planets.

3 .

3

Large sizes; low average density (0.7 - 1.7 g/cm 3 ); presence of rings; short period of rotation around its axis; have a hard surface

How do the periods of revolution of planets around the Sun change?

The planet's orbital period does not depend on the distance to the Sun.

All planets have the same period of revolution around the Sun.

From the groups listed below, choose the one that represents the dwarf planets of the solar system.

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

Test 2. “Structure of the Solar System”

Option 2.

Which picture shows an asteroid?

A) B)

C) D)

Which of the following sequences of celestial bodies is correct in order of increasing masses?

Moon, Earth, Mars, Sun, Jupiter.

Moon, Mars, Earth, Jupiter, Sun.

Moon, Jupiter, Mars, Earth, Sun.

Mars, Earth, Moon, Jupiter, Sun.

Name the giant planets.

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars.

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

Venus, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn.

Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn.

Which of the following asteroids was discovered first? What is the name of the scientist who discovered this asteroid?

Ceres. Giuseppe Piazzi.

Vesta. Heinrich Olbers.

Pllada. Heinrich Olbers.

Hygeia. Anibal Gasparis.

The name of which celestial body is translated from Greek as... For each position in the first column, select a position from the second column.

Comet

Asteroid

Hairy

Floating in the air

star-shaped

Meteors are...

…solid bodies from interplanetary space that have fallen to the surface of the Earth.

Tiny solid particles flare up in the earth's atmosphere and invade it from the outside at tremendous speed.

…small cosmic bodies orbiting the Sun.

…a swarm formed by a disintegrated comet, orbiting the Sun with a constant period.

Indicate the general properties of giant planets.

Small size and weight; have a hard surface and a relatively high average density (4-6 g/cm 3 ); Consist of heavy chemical elements; low atmospheric density, a small number of satellites (1-2) or their complete absence; short period of rotation around its axis.

Large sizes; low average density (0.7 - 1.7 g/cm 3 ); a large number of satellites; presence of rings; long period of revolution around its axis; most likely do not have a hard surface.

Large sizes; high average density; a small number of satellites; long period of revolution around its axis; most likely they do not have a hard surface.

Large sizes; low average density (0.7 - 1.7 g/cm 3 ); presence of rings; short period of rotation around its axis; have a hard surface.

How can we explain the difference in the density of planetary atmospheres?

The greater the mass of the planet, the greater the density of its atmosphere.

The smaller the mass of the planet, the greater the density of its atmosphere.

The smaller the planet, the greater the density of its atmosphere.

The atmospheric densities of all planets are the same.

From the groups listed below, choose the one that represents the satellites of the planets.

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars.

Moon, Phobos, Io, Titan, Mimas.

Ceres, Pluto, Eris, Makemake, Haumea.

Test 3. “Sun”

Option 1.

The chemical composition of the Sun is...

…

…

…

…

What is the internal structure of the Sun's atmosphere?

Core, cortex.

Chromosphere, photosphere, solar corona.

Nuclear reaction zone, radiant energy zone, convection zone.

What is the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Sun?

Less than on the Earth's surface 28 times and equal to 0.35 m/s 2 .

Less than on the Earth's surface 5 times and equal to 1.96 m/s 2 .

The same as on the surface of the Earth and equal to 9.8 m/s 2 .

More than on the surface of the Earth 28 times and equal to 274 m/s 2 .

Sun spots...

Solar wind...

…These are regions of the photosphere that have a temperature of about 4,000 K and inside which the magnetic field is several thousand times stronger than in the remaining layers of the photosphere.

…This is a continuous flow of particles (protons, helium nuclei, ions, electrons) from the solar corona into interplanetary space.

…

What is the temperature (presumably) at the center of the Sun?

15 K

6,000 K

15,000,000 K

4 K

What is solar activity? What is its frequency?

The formation of a large number of spots, torches, and flares on the Sun. Solar activity repeats itself with a period of 1,000 years.

The appearance of a solar eclipse. Period 100 years

Change of day and night.

The formation of a large number of spots, torches, and flares on the Sun. Solar activity repeats itself with a period of 11 years.

How many times is the radius of the Sun greater than the radius of the Earth?

109 times.

11 times.

The radii of the Sun and Earth are the same.

11,000,000 times.

What is the photosphere? What is its average temperature?

What is a convection zone?

Test 3. “Sun”

Option 2.

Chemical composition of the Sun...

…mixture of hydrogen (70%), helium (28%), heavy elements (2%)

…mixture of oxygen (80%), carbon dioxide (28%), heavy elements (2%)

…mixture of silicon oxide (50%), carbon dioxide (28%), oxygen (12%)

…mixture of carbon monoxide (50%), lead (28%), oxygen (12%)

What is the internal structure of the Sun?

Atmospheric zone, core, crust.

The core, consisting of a mixture of ice and dust, the mantle, the crust, the atmosphere.

Nuclear reaction zone, radiant energy zone, convection zone.

Nuclear reaction zone, radiant energy zone, convection zone, atmosphere.

Nuclear chain reaction of uranium.

The reaction of thermonuclear fusion is the formation of helium from hydrogen.

Combustion of oxygen.

Carbon combustion.

Find correspondence between concepts and their definitions. For each position in the first column, select a position from the second column.

Solar flares...

Prominences...

…These are explosive processes occurring in the chromosphere.

…ejection of plasma from the surface of the Sun.

…these are giant plasma projections or arches resting on the chromosphere and extending into the corona

What is the temperature on the surface of the Sun?

15 K

6,000 K

15,000,000 K

4 K

What effect does the active Sun have on the Earth?

The appearance of magnetic storms, auroras, atmospheric anomalies, impacts on organic life.

The appearance of a rainbow.

Change of day and night.

The activity of the Sun does not affect the Earth.

How far is the Sun from the Earth?

1 km

15,000,000 km.

150,000,000 km or 1 a.u.

6,400 km.

What is the chromosphere? What is its average temperature?

The lower layer (approximately 14,000 km thick) of the solar atmosphere, consisting of ionized gases of various elements, mainly hydrogen; the temperature of this plasma reaches tens of thousands of degrees.

The uppermost part of the solar atmosphere, consisting of highly rarefied plasma, which has a temperature of about a million degrees and is the main source of radio emission from the Sun.

The visible surface of the Sun, which emits almost all the energy coming to us; this layer has a temperature of about 6,000 K. This layer has a granular structure (granules) approximately 300 km thick.

The nucleus in which nuclear reactions occur.

What is the radiant energy transfer zone?

The layer through which thermal energy is transferred by radiant energy.

A layer in which vertical mixing of hot gas occurs (thermal convection); the thickness of this layer is 12% of the radius of the Sun.

The layer in which radiant energy arises and is transferred.

The layer in which thermonuclear reactions occur.

Test 4. “Basic characteristics of stars”

Option 1.

What are the limits of the masses of stars?

0.05 M ⊙ ≤ M≤ 100 M ⊙ ;

100 M ⊙ ≤ M≤ 1000 M ⊙ ;

0.005 M ⊙ ≤ M≤ 0,5 M ⊙ ;

5 M ⊙ ≤ M≤ 10 M ⊙ .

What spectral class do yellow stars belong to? What is the average surface temperature of such stars?

Spectral classG

What stars are called white dwarfs?

Stars that have.

Nbig hot stars 7 g/cm 3 .

What is the reason the Sun emits enormous energy?

Nuclear chain reaction of uranium in the corona.

The reaction of thermonuclear fusion is the formation of helium from hydrogen in the core.

Combustion of oxygen in the photosphere.

Find correspondence between concepts and their definitions. For each position in the first column, select a position from the second column.

Neutron stars...

Black holes...

…

… 18 -10 19 g/cm 3

… This small (radius about 10 km),sverx dense stars ( 10 12 – 10 1 7 g/cm 3 ) . The interiors of such stars consist ofneutrons, formed as a result of the fusion of protons with electrons under the influence of ultra-high compression.

A visual double star is a binary star whose duality...

…

…

…

…

The nova's fading is increasing due to the fact that...

…the star sheds its outer shell as it expands.

The star is shrinking very much

Its outer layers gradually dissipate in space.

…the outer shell returns back after some time (falls onto the star).

The division of stars into supergiants, giants and dwarfs is associatedfirst of allwith a big difference between them...

…temperatures

…sizes.

…densities.

…luminosity.

Indicate the reason for the formation of a “new” star.

Imbalance between pressure mhot gases and lightsth pressure m, on the one hand, and gravitationalmi strength amithe mutual attraction of all particles of matter that make up the star, on the other.

A “new” star is formed when explosion e that happenswhen stars collide; energy arises from the energy of their movement.

All new stars are formed from nearby double stars. The presence of a companion causes instability in the main star, leading toexplosion.

Stars that change their luminosity periodically.

Test 4. “Basic characteristics of stars”

Option 2.

What is a star?

a huge hot ball of gas;

a spherical body consisting of hot plasma;

a spherical body that reflects the light falling on it;

What spectral class do blue stars belong to? What is the average surface temperature of such stars?

Spectral class O. The average surface temperature of the star is 30,000 K.

Spectral class B. The average surface temperature of the star is 20,000 K.

Spectral class A. The average surface temperature of the star is 10,000 K.

Spectral classG. The average surface temperature of the star is 6,000 K.

What stars are called red giants?

Stars that havehuge sizes (many times larger than the Sun) and very low density (hundreds and thousands of times less than the density of air at the surface of the Earth), average temperature 4,000 - 5,000 K.

Nbig hot stars(average temperature 10,000 K); many of them are smaller than the Earth and even the Moon, but they have an enormous density of the order of 10 7 g/cm 3 .

Stars with a temperature of 6,000 K, having the same dimensions as the Sun.

Stars with a temperature of 12,000 K, having the same dimensions as the Sun.

The release of energy in the interior of stars occurs as a result of:

Nuclear chain reaction of uranium.

Thermonuclear fusion reactions - the formation of helium from hydrogen.

Combustion of oxygen.

Carbon combustion in the photosphere.

Find correspondence between concepts and their definitions. For each position in the first column, select a position from the second column.

Supernova explosion...

Luminosity of supernovae at maximum brightness...

Represents a grandiose catastrophe occurring with some stars.

…is a common event for many stars.

…approximately the same as that of new stars.

…hundreds of thousands of times greater than the luminosity of new stars.

Eclipsing double star- this is such a binary star, the duality of which ...

…is detected by periodic bifurcation or oscillation of spectral lines in the spectrum of the star.

…can be seen when observed through a telescope or even with the naked eye.

…manifests itself in a periodic change in the apparent brightness of the star.

…perpendicular to our line of sight to it.

Black holes...

… These are stars whose size is comparable to the size of the Sun and have a surface temperature of 6,000 K.

… these are small invisible stars (radius about 10 km), with a very huge density (10 18 -10 19 g/cm 3 ). Around such a star rotates a disk consisting of matter and emitting electromagnetic waves in the X-ray range.

… these are small (radius about 10 km), super-dense stars (1012 - 1017 g/cm 3 ). The interiors of such stars consist of neutrons formed as a result of the fusion of protons with electrons under the influence of ultra-high compression....

…These are stars superior to supergiant stars.

Double stars are...

Stars located in different parts of the Galaxy, but having certain forces of interaction with each other that have not been studied by mankind;

Combination of dwarf stars.

Stars located at a short distance from each other and rotating around a common center of gravity.

A combination consisting of supergiant stars.

Pulsars are...

Rapidly rotating neutron stars that periodically emit pulses of radio emission.

…stars that periodically change their luminosity.

…"new" stars.

…"supernovae" stars.

Test 5. “Galaxies”

Option 1. center of mass .

An unstable cosmic body emitting electromagnetic waves.

What type of galaxy is the Milky Way?

Wrong galaxy.

Lenticular galaxy.

Elliptical galaxy.

Spiral galaxy.

What are the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds in relation to our Galaxy?

These are her companions.

They are part of another universe.

They do not interact with our Galaxy.

Our Galaxy is their satellite.

Galaxies in whose cores violent processes occur are called....

…active galaxies.

…quasars.

…star clusters.

…nebulae.

Find a correspondence between the types of galaxies and their images. For each position in the first column, select a position from the second column.

Spiral galaxy

Elliptical galaxy

IN)

Elliptical galaxies...

…

…

…

…

Our Galaxy includes...

…only stars.

…dust and stars.

…stars, gas, dust, cosmic rays.

…stars and cosmic rays.

Reflection nebulae...

… This .

… This .

… This .

…these are clusters of stars.

Radius of the Universe...

1,3*10 10 St. years

1,3*10 10 m

1 a.u.

1,3*10 5 St. years

Option 2. center of mass .

An unstable cosmic body emitting electromagnetic waves.

What type of galaxy is the one in which you and I live?

Wrong galaxy.

Lenticular galaxy.

Elliptical galaxy.

Spiral galaxy.

What are the names of the satellites of our Galaxy?

Sombrero and Panama.

Triangulum and Andromeda galaxies.

Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy.

Large and Small Magellanic clouds.

Galaxies that are very powerful sources of radio emission are called...

…active galaxies.

…quasars.

…star clusters.

…nebulae.

…They do not rotate, they lack gas and dust, and they consist mainly of old stars.

…They rotate and contain a lot of gas, dust and young hot stars.

…do not have a clearly defined core and rotational symmetry.

…These are double galaxies with bright bridges between them.

The Local Group includes...

…Milky Way, Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, Andromeda and Triangulum Galaxy.

…Sombrero and Andromeda galaxies.

…Milky Way, Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, Sombrero Galaxy.

…Triangulum and Sombrero galaxies.

Diffuse nebulae...

… This gas and dust clouds, near which there is a hot star that excites the glow in this cloud.

… This a special type of diffuse nebula similar in appearance to planetary disks.

… This dense dark clouds of dust illuminated by stars and reflecting their light.

…these are clusters of stars.

Age of the Universe...

13 years old

13*10 2 years

13*10 9 years

13*10 9 days

Answers to tests

Test 1. “Earth-Moon System”

Exercise

Option

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Option 1

1-B

2-A

Option 2

1-B

2-B

Test 2. “Structure of the Solar System”

Exercise

Option

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Option 1

1-B

2-B

Option 2

1-A

2-B

Test 3. “Sun”

Exercise

Option

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Option 1

1-A

2-B

Option 2

1-A

2-B

Test 4. “Basic characteristics of stars”

Exercise

Option

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Option 1

1-B

2-B

IN

Option 2

A

A

A

B

1-A

2-G

IN

B

IN

A

Test 5. “Galaxies”

Exercise

Option

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Option 1

IN

G

A

A

1-B

2-A

A

IN

IN

A

Option 2

IN

G

G

B

1-A

2-B

B

A

A

IN

Literature

Physics. 11th grade: educational. for general education organizations with adj. per electron media: basic and profile. levels / G.Ya.Makishev, B.B. Bukhovtsev, V.M. Charugin; edited by N.A. Parfentyeva. – 23rd ed. – M.: Education, 2014.

Physics. 11th grade. Profile level: academic. for general education institutions / V.A. Kasyanov. – 8th ed., revised. – M.: Bustard, 2011.

Internet resources

Guide to the world of space -

Astrolab -

Astronomical portal "Name of the Galaxy" (Galactic. name) - http:// www. galactic. name/