Angina

The body's overall response to injury is evident. Stages of the Trauma Response The body's overall response to trauma is

Trauma is

Main types of injuries

collapse, shock

collapse, inflammation

shock, inflammation

Collapse, shock, fainting

The body's local reaction to injury manifests itself

collapse, inflammation

shock, inflammation

Inflammation

collapse, shock, inflammation

Traumatic shock is

Severe general condition of the animal, which is manifested by short-term excitement with the transition to a sharp depression of the nervous system and the functions of all physiological systems of the body

sudden and short-term loss of response to external stimuli due to cerebral ischemia

complex reaction of the body to trauma, expressed by a disorder of the processes of assimilation and dissimilation
The erectile shock phase is characterized by

sudden depression, loss of sensitivity, thready pulse, shallow breathing, pallor of the mucous membranes.

Sharp excitement, dilation of the pupil, increased breathing and pulse, cyanosis of the mucous membranes, increased blood pressure, involuntary acts of defecation and urination

sudden excitement, loss of sensitivity, constriction of the pupil, increased heart rate, yellowness of the mucous membranes

sharp depression, exacerbation of auditory sensitivity, tension of skeletal muscles, deep and rare breathing, pupil dilation

Inflammation is

complex humoral response of the body to damage, manifested by a complex of local vascular disorders

complex local metabolic disorder caused by tissue damage

a complex chemical process that develops in tissues at the site of damage.

Response protective-adaptive reaction of the body to the action of various damaging factors

The following forms of aseptic inflammation are distinguished:

Serous, serous-fibrinous, fibrinous fibrous, ossifying

serous, serous-fibrinous, proliferative, purulent, putrefactive

specific, invasive granulomas, purulent, putrefactive

Principles of treatment of acute aseptic inflammation

warm. Massage. Absorbable ointments and liniments. Tissue therapy.

Peace. Cold. Pressure bandage. Subsequently heat, massage

rest, alcohol compresses. UHF therapy. Novocaine blockades. Antibiotics. Surgical intervention

cold. Massage. Surgical intervention. Antibiotics

It's called a bruise

Mechanical damage to tissues and organs, accompanied by macro- and microscopic violations of the integrity of blood and lymphatic vessels while maintaining the anatomical integrity of the skin

this is tissue damage characterized by local inflammation

this is tissue damage accompanied by pain, gaping, bleeding

accidental soft tissue injury

Hematoma

This is mechanical damage to tissue, accompanied by hemorrhage and the formation of a cavity with blood.

this is a closed injury to the skin and subcutaneous tissue with rupture of blood and lymphatic vessels and the formation of bruises

this is an accumulation of lymph in an area of the body after a rupture of a lymphatic vessel while maintaining the integrity of the skin

this is the impregnation of tissues with serous exudate in a limited area of the body without compromising the integrity of the skin

Distinguish

3 degrees of bruises

5 degrees

4 degrees

Stretching is called

complete rupture of individual organ structures as a result of traction, while maintaining its anatomical continuity

Mechanical disruption of the histological integrity of tissue structures of soft and dense tissues, small blood vessels while maintaining their anatomical integrity

traumatic or neurodystrophic damage to the blood vessels of organs or tissues with the formation of a cavity filled with blood.

The gap is

Partial or complete disruption of the anatomical continuity of tissue or organ as a result of traction force.

damage to tissues and organs under the influence of mechanical force, which maintains the anatomical continuity of the skin

traumatic or neurodystrophic damage to blood vessels, organs or tissues with the formation of a cavity filled with blood.

In relation to anatomical cavities, wounds are distinguished:

Penetrating and non-penetrating

through, blind, penetrating and non-penetrating

blind, penetrating and non-penetrating

What is a wound called?

defect of tissue or organs accompanied by pain, hemorrhage and dysfunction

damage to soft tissues and internal organs, accompanied by pain, hemorrhage and dysfunction.

Open mechanical damage accompanied by a violation of the integrity of the skin or mucous membranes

open or closed damage to soft tissues by a wounding object, accompanied by pain, inflammation, dysfunction and general condition.

Main symptoms of a wound.

pain, inflammatory swelling, bleeding, dysfunction

pain, increased local temperature, inflammatory edema, bleeding, dysfunction

Pain, gaping, bleeding, puncture disturbance

pain, swelling, increased local and general temperature, bleeding, dysfunction

Types of bleeding.

external, internal, cavity, arterial, venous, capillary, mixed, parenchymal, arrosive, primary, secondary, repeated

External, internal, arterial, venous, capillary, mixed, parenchymal, arrosive, septic, primary, secondary

external, internal, drip, stream, arterial, venous, capillary, mixed, parenchymal, primary, secondary, repeated

external, internal, pulsating, pulmonary, muscular, venous, arterial, capillary, mixed, arrosive, primary, secondary

Three types of wound healing

Healing by primary intention. Healing by secondary intention. Healing under the scab

healing by primary intention. Healing without complications. Healing with complications.

healing by primary intention. Healing with the formation of granulation tissue. Healing under the scab.

healing is smooth. Healing with suppuration. Healing through
granulation tissue.

This is a boil

acute purulent inflammation of the outer end of the hair follicle, accompanied by the development of a nodule with purulent contents

Acute purulent inflammation of the hair follicle, sebaceous gland and surrounding connective tissue

acute purulent inflammation of the sebaceous glands, hair follicles, surrounding connective tissue and subcutaneous tissue

acute purulent inflammation of loose tissue with the formation of a cavity filled with pus

An abscess is called

Limited purulent inflammation of organs and tissues, accompanied by the accumulation of pus in the newly formed cavity.

diffuse inflammation of loose connective tissue with the formation of purulent or ichorous exudate

Phlegmon

This is a diffuse inflammation of loose connective tissue with the formation of purulent or ichorous exudate

limited inflammation, accompanied by abundant proliferation of cellular elements with reduced exudation and alteration

diffuse inflammation of organs and tissues, accompanied by transudative impregnation and swelling of colloids

limited purulent inflammation of organs and tissues, accompanied by the accumulation of pus in the newly formed cavity

Methods for treating abscesses

rubbing in absorbable ointments. Aqueous solutions of antiseptics. Antibiotics. General therapy. Peace

surgical interventions with tight tamponade and blind suture. Aqueous solutions of antiseptics. Antibiotics. Massage

warming compresses. Ointments and liniments. Tissue therapy. Mechanotherapy. Cooling treatments

Surgical intervention. Drainage. Alcohol and ether solutions of antiseptics. Emulsions. Antibiotics. Peace

It's called sepsis

A general infectious disease arising from the absorption of microbes or their toxins and tissue decay products from a septic focus, accompanied by changes in internal organs

a general infectious disease that occurs from blood contamination by pathogenic microbes and is accompanied by irreversible changes in the internal organs

a general infectious disease in which toxic products are released into the blood, leading to irreversible damage to internal organs

a general infectious disease in which the function of the central nervous system and the work of internal organs is disrupted due to sharp pain impulses from the primary septic focus and sensitization processes in the body

Clinic of gas phlegmon.

depression, fever, yellowness of the mucous membranes. Progressive, cold and crepitant swelling. A thick yellow exudate is released from the wound (incision during surgery)

depression, fever. Anemia of the mucous membranes. Limited, hot swelling of tissues with a dense consistency Foamy liquid exudate is released from the wound (surgical incision)

Depression, fever. Yellowness of the mucous membranes. Progressive, cold and crepitant swelling. A purulent fluid with gas bubbles is released from the wound (incision during surgery)

depression, fever. Yellowness of the mucous membranes. Limited tissue swelling with fluctuating consistency. A thick yellow exudate is released from the wound (incision during surgery)

Called necrosis

a sharp decrease in the vital functions of tissue or organ cells, leading to delayed regeneration of the defect.

gradual loss of all vital functions of a tissue or organ due to degenerative changes and death.

Local death of cells in a limited area of the body or organ due to disruption of blood flow, lymph, or direct damage.

It's gangrene

inflammatory process. characterized by the formation of long-healing ulcers and defects

Pathological process characterized by tissue death under the influence of environmental factors

an alternative process characterized by atrophy of tissues and organs under the influence of environmental factors

a destructive process characterized by the degeneration of tissues and organs under the influence of environmental factors.

What is an ulcer?

a tissue defect caused by the action of low temperatures or chemical agents, characterized by a long-lasting course

closed focal tissue damage, accompanied by a malignant course and lack of tendency to heal

A tissue defect that is not prone to healing due to cell breakdown and the development of pathological granulations.

open mechanical damage to tissues, complicated by virulent microflora and general intoxication.

It's called a fistula

a narrow, tortuous anatomical passage connecting the anatomical cavity with the external environment

A narrow, pathologically formed channel connecting the surface of the body with deep tissues and organs.

a narrow wound channel formed as a result of a deep stab wound.

a narrow wound passage through which purulent exudate and gland secretion are released

Distinguish

three degrees of frostbite

four degrees

Lymphonodulitis is

inflammation of the lymphatic vessel

inflammation of the lymph node and vessel

Inflammation of the lymph node

Tendenitis

Tendon inflammation

inflammation of the tendon and tendon sheath

inflammation of the tendon sheath

Osteophyte is

localized bone inflammation

Bone formation in the form of spines, needles, ridges, mushrooms

extensive growth of bone tissue on the surface of the bone

According to pathological and anatomical changes, periostitis is divided into:

serous, purulent, limited, diffuse

inflammatory, multiple, fibrous, serous, purulent

Ossifying, fibrous, serous, purulent

Based on the nature of tissue damage, fractures are divided into:

septic, aseptic

Open, closed

complete and incomplete

Based on the nature of bone damage, fractures are divided into:

septic, aseptic

open, closed

open, closed, complicated, multiple

Complete and incomplete

Oblique fracture

If the fracture line lies at an angle of 25-50 0 to the long axis of the bone

when the break line is located along a spirally curved line

when the fracture line coincides with the long axis of the bone

Comminuted fracture

Characterized by the presence of one or two intermediate bone fragments at the fracture site

significant damage to both the bone itself and surrounding tissues

Crush fracture

characterized by the presence of one or two intermediate bone fragments at the fracture site

fracture with multiple intermediate bone fragments

Significant damage to both the bone itself and surrounding tissues

Transosseous osteosynthesis

this is the connection of bone fragments with pins through the bone marrow canal

this is the connection of bone fragments with bone plates, nails, knitting needles and wire

This is the connection of bone fragments using external fixation devices.

A polygenically inherited disease characterized by abnormal development of joints and incongruence of their articulating surfaces is called:

Joint dysplasia

contracture

Trauma is

A set of various damage to tissues and organs in a certain species and group of animals during a calendar period, taking into account the conditions and environment in which they occur

a pathological condition of the body, accompanied by a violation of the integrity of the skin or organ.

complex response of the body to the harmful effects of environmental factors.

a complex of disorders in the body that arise as a result of open injuries.

Trauma is

a set of various environmental factors that cause damage to the animal’s body.

environmental factor causing damage to body tissues

A complex of functional and morphological disorders that develop in tissues and organs under the influence of traumatic factors

complex response of the body to the harmful effects of environmental factors

Main types of injuries

mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical, biological, radiation, mental

mechanical, random, multiple, chemical biological, electrical, radiation

mechanical, operational, open, closed, chemical, radiation, biological

Mechanical, physical, chemical, biological, neurostress

The body's general response to injury is manifested

collapse, shock

collapse, inflammation

shock, inflammation

Collapse, shock, fainting

Reactivity of the animal body. Reactivity, wrote V.V. Kupriyanov, is always inherent in the whole - be it an organism, an organ, a tissue, a cell, in other words, an integral living system. Any reaction of a living system in response to the action of an irritating agent is an expression of the activity of this system. It follows from the property of irritability, which is realized only when the substrate collides with a biological or other stimulus.

Thus, reactivity, according to V.V. Kupriyanov, is, firstly, interaction (change); secondly, mutual transitions (quantitative and qualitative factors); thirdly, overcoming contradictions within the object (contradictions between the conservatism of form and the dynamism of functions; between the heredity of the substrate and its variability; between central regulatory influences and local factors of self-regulation, between the orderliness of the system and its constant violations, etc.).

As is known, the development of material processes occurs on the basis of internal and external contradictions that appear in unity. And although reactivity is detected by external, visible, recorded reactions, these manifestations of vital activity also embody the internal properties of a living system.

There is no doubt about the position, V.V. Kupriyanov points out, that reactivity should be judged by reactions; in fact, all clinical tests for assessing the reactivity of the body are based on this position.

At the same time, the desire to emphasize the differences between reactions and reactivity sometimes leads to the fact that they are not considered in unity.

The dynamic rearrangements of intimate internal relationships occurring in a living system are revealed by external reactions. Hence, reactivity is a state of functional tension in a living system, internal contradictory processes and relationships that are expressed by external reactions. It is quite obvious that reactivity and reactions are not equivalent attributes of a living system, but they are inseparable.

The study of reactivity is possible only by recording reactions. And although the concepts of reactivity and reactions are not identical, they are always adequate.

The body's response to injury. The organism of higher animals as a whole reacts (responds) to injury, regardless of its strength and location, not only with a local, but also with a general reaction. This reaction is carried out under the regulatory influence of the central nervous system.

Modern biological and physiological science, based on the nervism of Botkin - Sechenov - Pavlov, considers the animal organism in close unity and interrelation with its external environment. As a result of the long-term interaction of the animal organism with the environment in the process of its phylogenetic development, the animal body has developed the corresponding dynamic constancy of the internal environment (metabolism), necessary for the administration of all vital physiological processes. Maintaining the constancy of the internal environment in the animal’s body, its organs and systems under continuously changing environmental conditions is coordinated by the central nervous system.

“As a part of nature,” wrote I. P. Pavlov, “each animal organism is a complex isolated system, the internal forces of which are balanced with the external forces of the environment every moment, as long as it exists as such. The more complex the organism, the more subtle, numerous and varied the elements of improvement. For this purpose, analyzers and mechanisms of both permanent and temporary connections are used, establishing the finest relationships between the smallest elements of the external world and the subtlest reactions of the animal organism. Thus, all life, from the simplest to the most complex organisms, including, of course, humans, is a long series of increasingly complex balancing of the external environment to the highest degree. The time will come, albeit distant, when mathematical analysis, based on natural science, will embrace all these improvements with majestic formulas of equations, finally including itself in them.”

From the external environment surrounding the animal’s body, various kinds of irritations of all kinds are constantly coming in, which, through receptors, influence it and signal to the cerebral cortex about changes occurring around it. Animals respond to these changes with an appropriate adaptive and coordinating reaction and thereby normalize the implementation of their life processes.

I.P. Pavlov, revealing the mechanism of the body’s reactions to injury, wrote: “You are exposed to mechanical shock, heat or cold, as well as from pathogenic microorganisms, etc. to such an extent as exceeds the ordinary measure of these conditions. Naturally, a particularly serious struggle of the body against these conditions begins, i.e., firstly, the body’s defensive devices are put into action. These devices are a part of the body, like any other; they live in connection with the rest of the body, they participate in the general, vital balance of the body; they are obviously a matter of physiology; and I, as a physiologist, can become familiar with them only during illness, otherwise I do not see their work. Then the struggle ends either with the departure of the enemy and the cessation of the work of defensive devices, or with the victory of the enemy - then sex or destruction of one or another part of the body occurs. If an organ is destroyed, its function is lost. But this is our ordinary physiological organ, used by us to clarify the role of the organ, and often carried out by nature with such precision that we cannot even dream of with our technical means. If the destruction is limited to one known organ, then a gradual restoration of its activity begins, a new balancing of the organism begins; other, replacement organs come into operation. We thus learn new and more subtle connections between organs and their hidden powers. If the destruction did not stop at one organ, but, clinging, spreads further, we again study the functional part of the connection of organs in a new way and, finally, determine the moment and mechanism when the unifying force of the organism as a whole is exhausted.”

“At the basis of any disease,” wrote P.D. Horizons - lie complex reflex processes that represent the body's response, called disease. The reflexes that form these reactions, despite the extreme diversity of manifestations of the disease, are predominantly unconditional. They were developed as a result of the long evolutionary development of the organism.”

The traumatic effect on the animal body, as well as the damage caused by it, worsens trophic regulation and disrupts metabolism, primarily in the area of tissue damage, where neurodystrophy then occurs.

The body's primary response to injury is tissue inflammation. Inflammation is understood as a complex reflex protective-adaptive reaction of the body to damage, which is manifested by a complex of predominantly local biophysical-chemical and functional-morphological changes, accompanied by disruption of tissue metabolism, vascular reaction, active increase in phagocytosis and enzymolysis, as well as tissue degeneration (alteration), reproduction and the formation of tissue elements (proliferation). It must be borne in mind that local and general changes during inflammation turn out to be interrelated (M. V. Plokhotin).

The dynamics of the inflammatory process is characterized by two phases and a change in phenomena in the inflamed tissues.

The first phase of inflammation is characterized by hydration phenomena, i.e., tissue swelling and the release of exudate. These phenomena occur at the site of inflammation as a result of the body’s protective neurovascular reaction to a harmful pathogenic agent (trauma, infection); the morphological and physicochemical neurovascular reaction is manifested by active hyperemia, exudation, acidosis, disruption of tissue metabolism, redox processes and acid-base balance, increased oncotic and osmotic pressure.

Clinical signs of inflammation are redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), fever (calor) and dysfunction (functio laesa). They are caused by: redness - active hyperemia, swelling - edema and infiltration of tissues, pain - irritation of sensory nerves by toxins, increased temperature - phenomena of hyperemia in the inflamed area of the body or throughout the body and disorders of the function of the inflamed organ - impaired neuroreflex regulation and tissue damage due to circulatory and nutritional disorders.

The second phase of inflammation is characterized by dehydration, i.e. reverse phenomena, the main of which are: regulation of blood circulation, gradual narrowing of blood vessels, reduction or cessation of exudation and emigration, restoration of lost (necrotic) damaged tissue area through complex transformations of connective tissue mesenchymal elements into scar tissue with subsequent epithelization (I. G. Rufanov).

Depending on the intensity of the inflammatory reaction, normergic, hyperergic and hypoergic inflammation is distinguished.

Normergic inflammation occurs in cases where the degree of tissue damage corresponds to the pathogenicity of the agent. It is observed during the normal functioning of the nervous trophism and the active manifestation of the body’s defenses to neutralize, suppress or completely destroy the pathogenic agent.

Clinical signs of normergic inflammation (rubor, tumor, dolor, calor, functio laesa) are moderately expressed. The general condition of the animal is, as a rule, within normal limits.

Hyperergic inflammation occurs when the adaptive-trophic function of the nervous system is disrupted and is a consequence of the high pathogenicity of the agent and the allergic state of the animal’s body. It develops and occurs more acutely; destructive processes - histolysis and necrosis prevail over regenerative processes. Such hyperergic inflammation is observed in purulent, anaerobic and putrefactive infections.

Clinically, this type of inflammatory reaction is accompanied by pronounced general depression, an increase in local and general body temperature, pain, swelling of the affected tissues and dysfunction. In these cases, extensive necrosis and tissue disintegration occurs with slow development of the demarcation barrier; If treatment is delayed, sepsis may occur.

Hypoergic inflammation develops when the body is unresponsive. It is observed in old, exhausted, overtired, seriously ill animals and is characterized by a weak general and local protective reaction of the animal’s body, the strength of which does not correspond to the strength of the pathogenic stimulus.

Clinically, this type of inflammation is manifested by putrefactive tissue breakdown, copious discharge of serous, cloudy exudate, temperature instability, depression, decreased appetite, and indigestion. Depending on the etiological factor during the inflammatory process, stages are clinically and morphologically distinguished: clinically - inflammatory edema, abscessation of a purulent focus, exudation, or self-cleaning, and scarring; morphologically - cellular infiltration, phagocytosis, barrier formation and regeneration.

Thus, the body’s response to injury and the outcome of the inflammatory process are different. They are determined by the relationship, the struggle between the organism and the pathogenic factor, between the macroorganism and the microorganism. In cases where the body's defenses prevail over the strength of the pathogenic factor, inflammation ends with recovery, i.e., complete or partial restoration of the structure of damaged tissues and organs. If the pathogenic factors are strong and the body’s defenses are weakened, the inflammation can become chronic or septic, causing necrosis of the affected tissues and organs or the death of the animal.

In case of injury, in addition to tissue damage at the site of application of mechanical force, disorders of the whole organism are often observed. These disorders may manifest as syncope, collapse, or shock.

Fainting is a sudden and short-term manifestation of brain anemia, accompanied by loss of response to irritation, sensitivity disorder and decline in all vital functions of the body.

The causes of fainting in animals can be fright, fear, a disorder of the central nervous system due to this, as well as due to large blood loss due to injuries and severe painful irritations.

Clinical signs are a sudden fall of the animal, dilated pupils, a small rapid pulse, shallow breathing, pallor of the visible mucous membranes, increased sweating (the skin becomes covered in cold sweat). With timely treatment, fainting passes quickly, and within a few seconds or minutes the sick animal returns to its normal state.

Treatment: remove everything that interferes with breathing and blood circulation, give the head a low position, wipe it and pour it with cold water, give ammonia to inhale, inject camphor and caffeine subcutaneously, prescribe drugs.

Collapse is characterized by a temporary, sudden state of acute weakness of the heart and paralysis of vascular tone, accompanied by a decline in all vital functions.

The causes of collapse are bleeding, septic and infectious diseases, poisoning, complications of anesthesia, severe pain, and fatigue.

Clinical signs are sudden pallor of the mucous membranes, cyanosis, small, sometimes rapid, thread-like pulse, shallow breathing, drop in blood pressure, cold sweat, drop in temperature, coldness and relaxation of the muscles of the extremities.

Treatment: eliminate the cause that caused the collapse, support the activity of the cardiovascular and central nervous systems by injections of adrenaline, intravenous infusions of a 0.25% solution of novocaine, blood transfusions, subcutaneous injections of camphor or caffeine.

Shock occurs due to excessive overstimulation of the nervous system with severe bruises, crushed bones, crushed tissue, burns, wounds accompanied by damage to nerve trunks or absorption of toxic products of tissue breakdown. Shock can also be caused by:

performing an operation without proper anesthesia, transfusion of incompatible blood. A distinction is made between primary shock, which develops immediately after the injury, and secondary shock, when its symptoms appear several hours after the injury.

Clinical signs are a significant decrease in blood pressure, weak pulse, frequent shallow breathing, pallor of the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and lips, decreased pain sensitivity, coldness of the peripheral parts of the body (nose wings, ears, limbs), decreased overall body temperature.

Treatment: warm wrapping of the whole body, subcutaneous injection of morphine, caffeine or camphor, frequent drinking of warm water with the addition of 5 tablespoons of sodium bicarbonate per bucket of water, intravenous injection of a 0.5% solution of novocaine at the rate of 1 ml by 1 kg animal weight, 10% glucose solution for horses - 300-400 ml, they give blood transfusions or infuse blood-substituting solutions, and use drugs.

Ukraine has been living in a state of armed conflict for several years. During this period of time, many adults suffered severe psychological trauma. Psychologists have been writing and talking a lot since the beginning of the conflict about the consequences of psychological trauma in children. The difficulty is that if a child, say, is injured, he is immediately provided with assistance. Doctors closely monitor the wound and can tell exactly when recovery has occurred. Psychological trauma is insidious. It quite often has a delayed effect. Those. Immediately after a traumatic event, the child’s condition and behavior may not change at all, or the manifestations and symptoms of the injury may be insignificant, or the parents do not associate changes in the child’s standing with the injury. The consequences of trauma can become apparent months or even years after the traumatic event.

It is worth understanding that children cannot always describe their condition and the feelings they have in words. Not long ago, a sociological survey was conducted; during the survey, it was possible to establish that only 50% of children in direct contact with a psychologist could talk about their traumatic experience. Due to age characteristics, it is difficult for children to differentiate the condition and establish cause-and-effect relationships (trauma-consequences); in some families there is an unspoken ban on talking about the events they have experienced; young children simply do not have enough vocabulary to describe their condition. It should also be remembered that the child’s psyche activates defense mechanisms, including repression, i.e. the child represses memories of the trauma. In this case, the child may not directly remember events or a series of traumatic episodes, but experience very strong “suddenly” feelings. These powerful feelings can provoke fear, turning into horror, sometimes completely irrational (i.e. at the moment the child is not objectively in danger); panic attacks, accompanied by fear, rapid heartbeat, a feeling of intense heat or cold; various depressive states; nightmares. Also, strong feelings may arise in a child during contact with various triggers. Let's say, while on peaceful territory, I saw a man in military uniform or heard a smell reminiscent of a traumatic event. Or, during a sudden shelling, he ate his favorite strawberries. A year later, the mother brings berries and places them in front of the child, and he begins to have a panic attack. Or a completely calm teenager, if threatened by a classmate, experiences completely uncontrollable anger and attacks the boy with his fists, unable to stop. In some cases, the child begins to suffer from various diseases, ranging from ARVI to more serious ones. A very social, sociable child suddenly turns into a recluse; any contact with children, adults, or even a relative is painful for him. The child's cognitive processes may slow down and decline. The child may become too impulsive or, on the contrary, try to control his own reactions, while appearing completely calm. In the case of a delayed reaction to a traumatic event, the risk of developing PTSD in a child increases sharply. Only a specialist can accurately determine the condition and causes of certain reactions of the child or the symptoms that appear.

It is important for parents to realize that every child is more vulnerable and at risk of trauma than an adult. First of all, because children feel powerless to influence the situation, they do not have enough life experience to cope with difficult events, they do not have enough of their own resources, especially if close adults themselves are in a difficult state and cannot provide support to the child. Also, due to age characteristics, it is difficult for children to distinguish between reality and fantasies about current events. A child may perceive the world around him as hostile, full of dangers and be constantly in fear. In this regard, the child’s attitude towards people in general and prospects for the future may change.

If the child represses a traumatic event, i.e. the child does not remember the experience at all, the trauma continues its destructive impact on mental and physical health. Therefore, a child’s failure to mention a traumatic event is not an accurate indicator that the psyche has completely “processed” the traumatic experience and the consequences will not appear in the future.

An adult can also encounter all of the above. If you or your loved ones have experienced a traumatic event and you observe alarming changes in yourself or other family members, you should not wait and hope that the problem will “resolve” on its own! Seek help from specialists. This will not only help improve your condition in the present, but will also protect you from developing negative consequences in the future!

The reactivity of the body, according to V.V. Kupriyanov, is, firstly, interaction (change); secondly, mutual transitions (quantitative and qualitative factors); thirdly, overcoming contradictions within the object (contradictions between the conservatism of form and the dynamism of functions, between the heredity of the substrate and its variability, between central regulatory influences and local factors of self-regulation, between the orderliness of the system and its constant violations, etc.).

Reactivity should be judged by reactions. Virtually all clinical tests for assessing the body's reactivity are based on this position. However, the desire to emphasize the differences between reactions and reactivity sometimes leads to the fact that they are not considered as a unity.

The dynamic rearrangements of internal relations occurring in a living system are detected by external reactions. Hence, reactivity is a state of functional tension in a living system, internal contradictory processes and relationships that are expressed by external reactions. Reactivity and reactions are not equivalent, but they are inseparable. The study of reactivity is possible only by recording reactions. And although the concepts of reactivity and reaction are not identical, they are always adequate.

To trauma, the organism of higher animals as a whole reacts (responds) not only with a local, but also with a general reaction, regardless of the strength of the injury and its location. This reaction is carried out under the regulatory influence of the central nervous system.

Modern biological and physiological science, based on the nervism of Botkin - Sechenov - Pavlov, considers the animal organism in close unity and interrelation with its external environment. Maintaining the constancy of the internal environment in the animal’s body, its organs and systems under continuously changing environmental conditions is coordinated by the central nervous system.

Revealing the mechanism of the body's reactions to injury, I. P. Pavlov pointed out that when the body is subjected to mechanical shock, heat or cold, exposure to pathogenic microorganisms, etc. to an extent that exceeds the usual measure of these conditions, the body's struggle with these conditions begins . The struggle ends either with recovery and cessation of the body’s defense systems, or with the destruction of one or the other

parts of the body. If the destruction is limited to one organ, then a gradual restoration of its activity begins, and a new balancing of the body begins. If the destruction does not stop at one organ and spreads further, then a moment comes when the unifying force of the organism as a whole is exhausted.

The body's primary response to injury is tissue inflammation. Inflammation is understood as a complex reflex protective-adaptive reaction, which is manifested by a complex of predominantly local biophysical-chemical and functional-morphological changes, accompanied by disruption of tissue metabolism, vascular reaction, active increase in phagocytosis and enzymolysis, as well as tissue degeneration (alteration), reproduction and formation of tissue elements (proliferation). It must be borne in mind that local and general changes during inflammation turn out to be interrelated (M. V. Plakhotin).

The dynamics of the inflammatory process is characterized by two phases. The first phase of inflammation is characterized by hydration phenomena, i.e. tissue swelling and secretion of ekesudate. These phenomena occur at the site of inflammation as a result of the body’s protective neurovascular reaction to a harmful pathogenic agent (trauma, infection); morphologically and physicochemically, the neurovascular reaction is manifested by active hyperemia, exudation, acidosis, disruption of tissue metabolism, redox processes and acid-base balance, increased oncotic and osmotic pressure.

Clinical signs of acute inflammation are redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), fever (calor) and dysfunction (functio laesa). These signs are caused by: redness - active hyperemia, swelling - edema and tissue infiltration, pain - irritation of sensory nerves by toxins, increased temperature - phenomena of hyperemia in the inflamed area of the body or throughout the body, dysfunction of the inflamed organ - impaired neuro-reflex regulation and tissue damage due to circulatory and nutritional disorders.

The second phase of inflammation is characterized by dehydration, i.e. reverse phenomena, mainly

which are: regulation of blood circulation, gradual narrowing of blood vessels, reduction or cessation of exudation and emigration, restoration of the lost (necrotic) damaged tissue area through complex transformations of connective tissue mesenchymal elements into scar tissue with subsequent epithelization (I. G. Rufanov).

Depending on the intensity of the inflammatory reaction, normergic, hyperergic and hypoergic inflammation are distinguished.

Clinical signs of normergic inflammation (rubor, tumor, dolor, calor, functio laesa) are moderately expressed. The general condition of the animal is, as a rule, within normal limits.

Clinically, this type of inflammatory reaction is accompanied by pronounced general depression, an increase in local and general body temperature, pain, swelling of the affected tissues and dysfunction. Extensive necrosis and tissue breakdown occurs with slow development of the demarcation barrier; If treatment is delayed, sepsis may occur.

Clinically, this type of inflammation is manifested by putrefactive tissue breakdown, copious separation of serous,

cloudy exudate, temperature instability, depression, decreased appetite, indigestion. Depending on the etiological factor during the inflammatory process, stages are distinguished: clinically - inflammatory edema, exudation, or self-cleaning and scarring; morphologically - cellular infiltration, phagocytosis, barrier formation and regeneration.

Thus, the body’s response to injury and the outcome of the inflammatory process are different. They are determined by the relationship, the struggle between the organism and the pathogenic factor, between the macroorganism and the microorganism. In cases where the body's defenses prevail over the strength of the pathogenic factor, inflammation ends with recovery, that is, complete or partial restoration of the structure of damaged tissues and organs. If the body's defenses are weakened and pathogenic factors are strong, inflammation can become chronic or septic, causing necrosis of the affected tissues and organs or even the death of the animal.

3644 0

Trauma is always accompanied by a violation of the general condition of the victim. Pain, blood loss, dysfunction of damaged organs, negative emotions, etc. contribute to the development of various pathological reactions of the body.

Fainting- sudden short-term loss of consciousness due to acute anemia of the brain. Under the influence of fear, acute pain, sometimes with a sharp change in position from horizontal to vertical, a person suddenly loses consciousness, breaks out in a cold sweat, and turns sharply pale. At the same time, the pulse is slowed, blood pressure is reduced, and the pupils are constricted. Rapidly occurring anemia of the brain sharply reduces the function of motor and autonomic centers. Sometimes, before fainting, patients experience dizziness, nausea, ringing in the ears, and blurred vision.

Fainting usually lasts 1-5 minutes. A longer loss of consciousness indicates more severe pathological disorders in the body.

Treatment. The patient should be placed in a horizontal position, legs raised, collar, belt and all parts of clothing that restrict breathing unfastened. Allow to inhale ammonia vapor (to dilate brain vessels).

Collapse(from lat. collaboration - fall) is one of the forms of acute cardiovascular failure, characterized by a sharp drop in vascular tone or a rapid decrease in circulating blood mass, which leads to a decrease in venous flow to the heart, a decrease in arterial and venous pressure, brain hypoxia and inhibition of vital body functions. In case of injury, the development of collapse is facilitated by heart damage, blood loss, severe intoxication, and severe pain irritation.

Clinical symptoms. Consciousness is preserved or obscured, the patient is indifferent to his surroundings, the reaction of the pupils to light is sluggish. Complaints of general weakness, dizziness, chilliness, thirst; body temperature decreases. The facial features are pointed, the limbs are cold, the skin and mucous membranes are pale with a cyanotic tint. The body is covered with cold sweat. The pulse is small and frequent, blood pressure is low. Breathing is shallow and rapid. Diuresis is reduced.

Treatment. Elimination of the cause that caused the collapse and the fight against vascular and heart failure. In case of blood loss, intravenous infusion of crystalloid and colloid solutions should be immediately established. In case of massive blood loss, transfusion of red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma in a ratio of 1:3 may be required. The use of vasopressor drugs (mesaton, dopamine, adrenaline) is possible only after restoration of circulating blood volume). Prednisolone (60-90 mg), 1-2 ml of cordiamine, 1-2 ml of 10% caffeine solution, 2 ml of 10% sulphocamphocaine solution are administered intravenously. Along with infusions, anesthesia is performed.