Angina

Treatment with MAO inhibitors. Reversible MAO inhibitors

Currently, due to the increase in the level of stress factors, many are interested in how medication can be used to reduce the level of anxiety, strengthen disturbed sleep and stabilize their condition.

Among over-the-counter medications, there are often medications recommended as antidepressants, but they are mainly homeopathic drugs that do not provide full help in some cases.

Pictures of depression

Before getting carried away with MAO inhibitors, the drugs should be thoroughly studied or consult a doctor. Antidepressants can affect many body functions: the above-mentioned MAO inhibitors (monoamine oxidase) have a wide range of side effects, which will be discussed below. But even earlier, you should realize whether the body requires such intervention, or whether it is just a whim caused by the desire to make certain moments of your life easier. Most people on Earth have experienced depression, and their presence is due to the need for stress.

Many authoritative works of our contemporaries and predecessors have been written about the benefits of moderate stress. In most cases, the negative perception of stress is due to advertising of antidepressants, which invites consumers to get rid of it as an unnecessary thing that spoils our lives, as “waste and toxins,” so to speak...

Stress drives progress

However, stressful conditions serve as a kind of motor that helps a person survive and feel the “black streaks” of his life, so that he can see the “white ones.” If there were no darkness, we would not know what light is (F. Aquinas). If there was no stress, no one would feel calm. But, in addition to the theosophical one, stress has a completely scientifically substantiated physiological basis. Stress improves immunity, stimulates the body's regenerative abilities, improves memory and increases endurance. These facts are scientifically proven. Therefore, before using antidepressants or MAO inhibitor medications, you should determine how necessary they are in a given situation.

Drugs and MAOIs)

A favorite among over-the-counter drugs that are weak MAOIs is St. John's wort. This plant has been studied for centuries, unlike new drugs, it is more studied. It is the main component of such popular drugs as Negrustin and Deprim.

A cheaper analogue is alcohol, which is the least convenient for everyday use, but excludes the presence of additives, which in some cases may cause the effects of individual intolerance.

Valerian. It is also the basis for the preparation of many dosage forms. Does not belong to the group of “MAO inhibitors”. The list of drugs from the group of selective and non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors, contrary to popular belief, does not include valerian as an auxiliary drug due to incompatibility. Like St. John's wort, valerian is a drug with a balanced natural biochemical composition and is available in pharmacies without a prescription.

Motherwort. Certain species of this plant are used not only in neurology, but also in general therapy and cardiology. Motherwort-based tinctures have a calming and tonic effect when used regularly. Medicinal mixtures based on motherwort serve as the basis for herbal teas, and its extract in combination with eucalyptus is an effective remedy for inhalation.

Synthetic drugs

Non-herbal drugs have a shorter history, and the treatment experience of the “pioneers from the 50s” was very questionable. However, due to the rapid development of the pharmaceutical industry, the drug market currently offers a fairly wide range of drugs that are more effective compared to herbal-based drugs.

MAO inhibitor drugs have made a big leap in the treatment of mental disorders and borderline depression. The list of drugs in this group includes 145 trade names.

How MAOIs work

The principle of action of drugs in this group is based on slowing down the destruction of one or more groups of monoamines and increasing the concentration of certain mediators between two synapses. Such mediators include norepinephrine and others. Subsequently, by increasing the concentration of a certain mediator, the desired therapeutic effect is achieved. The question of what is classified as selective MAO inhibitors and what is non-selective is resolved by a simple formulation. If a drug stimulates an increase in the concentration of one mediator, then it is considered selective. If there are several, then indiscriminate accordingly.

What are MAO inhibitors: a list of requirements and precautions for the use of drugs in this group due to the possibility of side effects

1. Mandatory medical intervention. Drugs in this group, with the exception of herbal drugs, mostly belong to the group of drugs available only with a doctor's prescription. And for good reason (see next point).

2. Accurate dosage. Medicines in this group should be taken regularly and in certain doses, taking into account the physiological characteristics of the body. You cannot take these medications based on the principle “the more nervous I am, I take more pills.” The effect of an overdose may be diametrically opposite to what was expected. Recently, unknowing poisoning with MAO inhibitors has often been observed.

The drugs are taken in large doses at home in order to “calm down”. And, sadly, there are often cases when people calm down forever.

3. Differentiation with the type of human activity. In all instructions for drugs in this group, the column “with caution” is indicated and the group of people for whom taking drugs in connection with performing a certain job is incompatible or incompatible is called. Antidepressants of this group can affect the reaction rate, which can have a detrimental effect on the work of drivers, pilots, and law enforcement officers. The presence of residual enzymes of drugs of this group in the blood and urine can show positive results in athletes (as doping).

4. Principle for calculating side effects common to the MAOI group. Drugs in this group can cause mental and somatic disorders. From the mental side - lethargy, feeling of fatigue, withdrawal syndrome. In difficult cases - exacerbation of schizophrenia, suicidal tendencies. From the somatic side: impaired blood pressure, negative effect on parenchymal organs (liver, kidneys).

MAO inhibitors. List of medications often used in the practice of neurologists and psychiatrists

Table-list of drugs with notes

A drug	View	Indications	Note
Aurorix	MAOI reversible action	Depression of various etiologies, social phobia	Undemanding to diet. Trade name of the active substance maclobenide
Pyrazidol	Selective MAOI	Depression of various origins, b. Alzheimer's	Domestic drug at an affordable price
Bethol		Minor depression, hypochondria	Domestic drug
Incazan	Selective MAOI of reversible action	Depression of various origins. Schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychoses	Also known as metralindole
Selegelin	Selective MAOI	Parkinson's disease, polyetiological parkinsonian syndromes (except for drugs)	Synergism with Levodopa

These drugs are the most frequently used in practice due to their high efficiency and predictable predictability of the therapeutic effect. These are the most profitable drugs in terms of price/efficacy ratio among the MAO inhibitors group. The list of drugs with similar and similar effects and other commercial names is more extensive, since the products of 43 pharmaceutical manufacturers are supplied to the domestic market, and many drugs are generics.

conclusions

However, the price/quality duet should include a third element, which many consider the “third wheel”. Only a doctor can fully determine which antidepressant drug is suitable for a particular person. And only he himself can decide what place depression occupies in a person’s life, whether he will be happy or not.

MAO inhibitors are antidepressants used in the treatment of parkinsonism and narcolepsy.

Pharmacological action of MAO inhibitors

Inhibitors
MAOIs are classified according to their pharmacological properties into non-selective irreversible, reversible selective and irreversible selective.

Nonselective irreversible MAO inhibitors are close in chemical structure to iproniazides, improve the general condition of patients with depression and reduce angina attacks.

Reversible selective MAO inhibitors have antidepressant and psychoenergizing effects and actively suppress the deamination of serotonin and norepinephrine.

Irreversible selective MAO inhibitors have an antiparkinsonian effect and are involved in the metabolism of dopamine and catecholamines.

List of MAO inhibitor drugs

The list of non-selective irreversible MAO inhibitors includes:

Phenelzine;
Iproniazid;
Isocarboxazid;
Nialamid;
Tranylcypromine.

Irreversible selective MAO inhibitors include Selegiline.

The list of reversible selective MAO inhibitors includes:

Metralindole;
Pearlindol;
Bethol;
Moclobemide;
Derivatives of beta-carbolines.

Indications for the use of MAO inhibitors

Non-selective irreversible MAO inhibitor drugs are prescribed for the treatment of chronic alcoholism and depression (neurotic, involutional and cyclothymic), selective reversible - for depression of various origins, depressive syndrome, melancholic syndrome and asthenoadynamic disorders, and irreversible selective - for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Contraindications

Taking reversible selective MAO inhibitors is contraindicated in:

Hypersensitivity;
Acute inflammatory diseases of the kidneys and liver;
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome;
Pregnancy and lactation.

Also, reversible selective MAO inhibitor drugs are not prescribed in infancy.

Taking non-selective irreversible MAO inhibitors is not prescribed for:

Hypersensitivity;
Liver failure;
Cerebral circulation disorders;
Chronic renal failure;
Chronic heart failure.

Taking irreversible selective MAO inhibitors is contraindicated in:

Pregnancy and lactation;
Taking other antidepressants;
Hypersensitivity;
Essential tremor;
Huntington's chorea.

Carefully
Irreversible selective MAO inhibitor drugs are prescribed for:

Progressive dementia;
Tardive dyskinesia;
Severe psychosis;
Peptic ulcer of the gastrointestinal tract;
Prostatic hyperplasia;
Severe angina;
Angle-closure glaucoma;
Large-scale tremor;
Tachycardia;
Pheochromocytoma;
Diffuse toxic goiter.

Side effects

The use of reversible selective MAO inhibitors may cause:

Anxiety;
Dry mouth;
Headache;
Insomnia.

The use of non-selective irreversible MAO inhibitors can cause:

Dyspepsia;
Reduced blood pressure;
Anxiety;
Insomnia;
Headache;
Dry mouth;
Constipation.

The use of irreversible selective MAO inhibitors can cause complications from various body systems, namely:

Decreased appetite, dry oral mucosa, increased transaminase activity, nausea, diarrhea, constipation and dysphagia (digestive system);
Increased fatigue, insomnia, dizziness, hallucinations, headache, anxiety, dyskinesia, motor and mental agitation, confusion and psychosis (nervous system);
Increased blood pressure, orthostatic hypotension and arrhythmia (cardiovascular system);
Diplopia and visual acuity impairment (sensory organs);
Nocturia, urinary retention and painful urge to urinate (urinary system);
Shortness of breath, photosensitivity, skin rash and bronchospasm (allergic reactions).

Also, taking irreversible selective MAO inhibitors can cause perspiration, hypoglycemia and hair loss.

Sincerely,

How can MAO inhibitors help you win the fight against chronic alcoholism and depression?

The synaptic cleft is an operation where 1 neuron absorbs neurotransmitters that are released by a second neuron. In turn, monoamine oxidase inhibitors help increase the concentration of various monoamines in the synaptic cleft.

When neurotransmitters are in the middle of neurons 1 and 2, our body selects excess neurotransmitters. Why? He just knows how much should be in the synaptic cleft. And so that you do not become overly calm or overexcited, this is monitored by the enzyme monoamine oxidase.

MAOI forms

Today there are two forms of MAO:

Type A. Involves the process of removing substances such as norepinephrine, adrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, tyramine and then directing their excess from the synoptic cleft back to the neuron from which they were released.
Type B. Removes phenylethylamine and some other amines.

MAO inhibitors are also divided into:

selective;
non-selective;
reversible;
irreversible MAOIs - as an antidepressant.

Pharmacological properties

Some differences are reflected in the therapeutic and pharmacological properties of different MAO inhibitors. Non-selective drugs block MAO type A, and reversible selective MAO inhibitors have a selective and reversible effect on it.

In combination with naotropics, MAO inhibitors can cause such a strong expressiveness of neurotransmitters that it is quite comparable to the most powerful psychostimulant drugs.

A selective reversible MAO inhibitor is used for depression. Irreversible selective MAO inhibitors like selegiline and rasagiline are used to treat Parkinson's disease.

Contraindications before using these antidepressants

As mentioned earlier, MAO inhibitors are used to treat depression and some other anxiety disorders. And, as with many medications, MAOIs have their own incompatible foods, which can cause an unpredictable increase in the drug's effects, even to the point of threatening a person's life.

When using this psychotropic drug, eating foods containing tyramine, tyrosine and tryptophan poses a particular threat.

Here is a list of specific foods that you should avoid eating while taking MAOIs:

dairy/fermented milk products;
alcohol;
fried meat dishes, stale meat products;
fish (all except fresh);
Brewer's yeast;
legumes;
sauerkraut;
protein supplements;
overripe fruits;
spices;
cookies (all types);
soy sauce;
chocolate and caffeine.

It has been proven that children whose MAO enzyme is inactive are more likely to become criminals or lead an antisocial life in the future. And if the activity of the MAO enzyme is increased, this means that in the future the person faces frequent depression, because with depression the activity of the MAO enzyme increases.

Thus, we can conclude that monoamine oxidase inhibitors are the substance that determines our character type and even lifestyle.

The latter have antidepressant and psycho-energizing properties. They serve to suppress the deamination of serotonin and norepinephrine.

List of drugs

Indications for use

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to the drug;
Acute inflammatory diseases of the liver or kidneys have been identified.

Side effects

MAO inhibitors: pharmacological properties and trade names

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO) are biological substances that, by reducing the rate of chemical reactions of the enzyme monoamine oxidase, prevent the destruction of various monoamines (this group includes serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, phenylethylamine, tryptamine and octamine). This increases the concentration of the active element between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector molecule (a particle that binds to proteins to increase biological activity).

For medical purposes, MAOIs are used as antidepressants, and sometimes to treat Parkinson's disease and narcolepsy attacks - a pathological condition of the nervous system that causes drowsiness and a sudden "attack" of sleep.

Based on their pharmacological properties, MAOIs are divided into:

non-selective irreversible;
reversible selective;
irreversible selective.

So, let's take a brief look at each group and learn about the active ingredients, properties and trade names.

MAO inhibitors - drugs, list, administration

MAOIs are classified according to their pharmacological properties into non-selective irreversible, reversible selective and irreversible selective.

Phenelzine;
Iproniazid;
Isocarboxazid;
Nialamid;
Tranylcypromine.

Metralindole;
Pearlindol;
Bethol;
Moclobemide;
Derivatives of beta-carbolines.

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity;

Hypersensitivity;
Liver failure;

Taking other antidepressants;
Hypersensitivity;
Essential tremor;
Huntington's chorea.

Irreversible selective MAO inhibitor drugs are prescribed for:

Progressive dementia;
Tardive dyskinesia;
Severe psychosis;
Severe angina;
Angle-closure glaucoma;
Large-scale tremor;
Tachycardia;
Pheochromocytoma;
Diffuse toxic goiter.

Side effects

Anxiety;
Dry mouth;
Headache;
Insomnia.

Dyspepsia;
Reduced blood pressure;
Anxiety;
Insomnia;
Headache;
Dry mouth;
Constipation.

MAO inhibitors

Instructions for use:

MAO inhibitors are antidepressants used in the treatment of parkinsonism and narcolepsy.

Pharmacological action of MAO inhibitors

MAO inhibitors are classified according to their pharmacological properties into non-selective irreversible, reversible selective and irreversible selective.

Nonselective irreversible MAO inhibitors are close in chemical structure to iproniazides, improve the general condition of patients with depression and reduce angina attacks.

Reversible selective MAO inhibitors have antidepressant and psychoenergizing effects and actively suppress the deamination of serotonin and norepinephrine.

Irreversible selective MAO inhibitors have an antiparkinsonian effect and are involved in the metabolism of dopamine and catecholamines.

List of MAO inhibitor drugs

The list of non-selective irreversible MAO inhibitors includes:

Irreversible selective MAO inhibitors include Selegiline.

The list of reversible selective MAO inhibitors includes:

Indications for the use of MAO inhibitors

Contraindications

Taking reversible selective MAO inhibitors is contraindicated in:

Hypersensitivity;
Acute inflammatory diseases of the kidneys and liver;
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome;
Pregnancy and lactation.

Also, reversible selective MAO inhibitor drugs are not prescribed in infancy.

Taking non-selective irreversible MAO inhibitors is not prescribed for:

Hypersensitivity;
Liver failure;
Cerebral circulation disorders;
Chronic renal failure;
Chronic heart failure.

Taking irreversible selective MAO inhibitors is contraindicated in:

Pregnancy and lactation;
Taking other antidepressants;
Hypersensitivity;
Essential tremor;
Huntington's chorea.

With caution, irreversible selective MAO inhibitors are prescribed for:

Progressive dementia;
Tardive dyskinesia;
Severe psychosis;
Peptic ulcer of the gastrointestinal tract;
Prostatic hyperplasia;
Severe angina;
Angle-closure glaucoma;
Large-scale tremor;
Tachycardia;
Pheochromocytoma;
Diffuse toxic goiter.

Side effects

The use of reversible selective MAO inhibitors can cause:

The use of non-selective irreversible MAO inhibitors can cause:

The use of irreversible selective MAO inhibitors can cause complications from various body systems, namely:

Decreased appetite, dry oral mucosa, increased transaminase activity, nausea, diarrhea, constipation and dysphagia (digestive system);
Increased fatigue, insomnia, dizziness, hallucinations, headache, anxiety, dyskinesia, motor and mental agitation, confusion and psychosis (nervous system);
Increased blood pressure, orthostatic hypotension and arrhythmia (cardiovascular system);
Diplopia and visual acuity impairment (sensory organs);
Nocturia, urinary retention and painful urge to urinate (urinary system);
Shortness of breath, photosensitivity, skin rash and bronchospasm (allergic reactions).

Also, taking irreversible selective MAO inhibitors can cause perspiration, hypoglycemia and hair loss.

Information about the drug is generalized, provided for informational purposes and does not replace official instructions. Self-medication is dangerous to health!

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MAO inhibitors

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MAO inhibitors are antidepressants that are prescribed for the treatment of parkinsonism and epilepsy.

pharmachologic effect

MAO inhibitor drugs are divided into the following groups: non-selective reversible, selective irreversible and selective reversible. The latter have antidepressant and psycho-energizing properties. They serve to suppress the deamination of serotonin and norepinephrine.

Non-selective irreversible drugs are designed to reduce attacks of angina pectoris, as well as improve the condition of patients who are deeply depressed. These drugs are structurally similar to iproniazides.

Irreversible selective MAO inhibitors have antiparkinsonian properties and are involved in the metabolism of dopamine and catecholamines.

Video: Brain biochemistry

List of drugs

Non-selective irreversible drugs include: Nialamide, Iproniazid, Phenelzine, Isocarboxazid, Tranylcypromine.

Selective irreversible drugs include the drug Selegiline.

The list of MAO inhibitors (reversible selective) includes the following drugs: Befol, Metralindole, Moclobemide, Pirlindol, beta-carboline derivatives.

Indications for use

MAO inhibitor drugs (reversible selective) should be taken for depression of various types, for melancholic syndrome, depressive syndrome, and asthenoadynamic disorders. Non-selective irreversible drugs should be prescribed to patients with neurotic, cyclothymic, involutional depression. The use of pharmaceuticals is also indicated in the treatment of chronic alcoholism.

Irreversible selective drugs should be prescribed in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Contraindications

Taking MAO inhibitors (reversible selective) is contraindicated in patients who have:

The drugs are not prescribed for alcohol withdrawal syndrome. It is strictly forbidden to take medications during pregnancy and lactation.

You should not take drugs (non-selective irreversible) in the following cases:

If the patient has increased sensitivity;
Liver failure was detected;
Cerebral circulation disorders are observed;
A diagnosis of chronic heart failure was made.

Taking MAO inhibitors (irreversible selective) is strictly contraindicated in patients taking other antidepressants. Also, medications in this category are not prescribed during pregnancy and lactation, with Huntington's chorea, and essential tremor.

With caution, drugs (irreversible selective) should be taken by patients who have: severe angina, progressive dementia, severe psychosis, prostatic hyperplasia, closed-angle glaucoma, large-scale tremor, peptic ulcer of the gastrointestinal tract, tardive dyskinesia, tachycardia, diffuse toxic goiter, as well as pheochromocytoma.

Side effects

When using reversible selective drugs, the patient may experience the following body reactions: insomnia, headache (of a periodic nature), dry mouth, anxiety.

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When using non-selective irreversible drugs, a person may experience: dyspepsia, decreased blood pressure, anxiety, insomnia, headache, constipation.

When using irreversible selective MAO inhibitors, the following body reactions may occur:

Increased blood pressure, arrhythmia, hypotension;
In some cases, the patient’s appetite decreases, the mucous membrane of the eye becomes dry, and transaminase activity increases;
In addition, diarrhea, constipation, dysphagia, nausea may occur;
A small percentage of people experience urinary retention and painful urge to urinate;
When taking medications, shortness of breath, skin rash, and bronchospasm may occur.

When taking medications (irreversible selective), a person may experience hair loss and hypoglycemia.

MAO inhibitors - what is this and a list of drugs. Mechanism of action and use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors

MAO inhibitors - what only people who are interested in medical news know. The decoding is simple - this is a group of medications that belong to antidepressants that block the breakdown of MonoAmin Oxidase. They are used as medications for depression, to restore normal emotional background and mental health.

What are MAO inhibitors

To understand which drugs are classified as MAO inhibitors, you need to know their pharmacological action. These medications have the ability to improve quality of life and combat anxiety. Another name for them is monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). These are substances of plant and chemical origin, widely used in psychiatry.

The effect on the body is based on blocking the enzyme monoamine oxidase. As a result, the breakdown of various substances and neurotransmitters in the stomach is disrupted. Symptoms of depressive and mental disorders are mitigated. The entire list of drugs can be classified according to their pharmacological action.

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Irreversible MAO inhibitors

Irreversible MAOIs include drugs whose principle of action is based on the formation of chemical bonds with monoamine oxidase. The result is suppression of enzyme functionality. These are first generation drugs with a lot of side effects. They have poor compatibility with other pharmacological agents. The patient must adhere to a diet during treatment. They can also be divided into hydrazine (Nialamide, Iproniazid) and non-hydrazine (Tranylcypromine, Isocarboxazid).

Reversible MAO inhibitors

Reversible MAOIs are prescribed for many diseases. They are representatives of the second generation. They do not have serious negative effects, and a diet is not necessary when taking them. The principle of operation of this group of medications is based on the capture of the enzyme and the creation of a stable complex with it. They are divided into: selective (Moclobemide, Tetrindol) and non-selective (Caroxazone, Incazan).

Selective MAO inhibitors

Selective MAOIs are able to inactivate only one type of monoamine oxidase. As a result, the breakdown of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine decreases. Concomitant use with medications that increase serotonin levels leads to the appearance of serotonin syndrome. This dangerous disease is a sign of intoxication of the body. To treat it, it is necessary to stop all antidepressants.

Non-selective MAO inhibitors

Non-selective MAOIs block the enzyme monoamine oxidase in varieties A and B. They are rarely prescribed because they have a strong toxic effect on the liver. The effect of using these drugs lasts for a long time (up to 20 days) after the end of therapy. They tend to reduce the frequency of attacks during angina pectoris, which makes it possible to prescribe them to patients with cardiovascular diseases.

MAO inhibitors - list of medications

You can find out which drugs are classified as MAOIs and what can help in a particular case at a medical institution. The use of antidepressants must be agreed with your doctor. The doctor selects medications individually, based on the symptoms of the disease. The entire list of drugs is divided according to pharmacological classification. List of MAO inhibitors:

Irreversible non-selective are: Phenelzine, Tranylcypromine, Isocarboxazid, Nialamid.
The smallest is a list of representatives of irreversible selective ones: Selegiline, Rasagiline, Pargyline.
Reversible selective ones are the most extensive group, these include the following drugs: Pirlindole (pyrazidol), Metralindole, Moclobemide, Befol, Tryptamine, beta-carboline derivatives (trade name Garmalin).

MAO inhibitors - instructions for use

Use of MAO inhibitors:

Irreversible non-selective are used for treatment of:

involutional depressions;
neurotic depression;
cyclothymic depression;
in the treatment of chronic alcoholism.

Irreversible selective ones are used only in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Reversible selective use:

with melancholic syndrome;
for asthenoadynamic disorders;
with depressive syndrome.

Contraindications depend on the type of medicine. Irreversible, non-selective should not be used in the presence of cardiac, renal, liver failure, or coronary circulatory disorders. Irreversible selective ones are prohibited for use during pregnancy and breastfeeding and Huntington's chorea. They are not prescribed in combination with antipsychotic drugs. Contraindications to taking reversible selective drugs will be: infancy, acute liver failure.

Side effects when using a medicine that has a reversible selective effect will be expressed by the following symptoms: insomnia, periodic headaches, constipation, dry mouth, increased anxiety. If the recommended dosage is increased or patients do not comply with the treatment regimen, this drug increases the occurrence of side effects.

When taking non-selective irreversible MAOIs, the following side effects may occur: dyspepsia, disruption of the gastrointestinal tract. Hypotension (low blood pressure) and headaches in the frontal part of the head are often observed. When taking reversible MAOIs, the list of negative effects increases: hypertension, decreased appetite, urinary retention, rash, shortness of breath.

MOA inhibitors: what are they, list of drugs and their trade names

Depression is not just “I’m in a bad mood today.” This is a dangerous and serious condition that is associated with an imbalance of certain chemical compounds in the brain. MAO inhibitors are used to normalize this imbalance, as well as to treat Parkinson's disease. We offer a list of such drugs and their brief characteristics.

These drugs are intended to treat severe depression for which other medications do not work well. They provide a long-lasting pharmacological effect, which lasts from 1 to 2 weeks after the end of therapy, but have many contraindications and can provoke quite serious adverse reactions. Therefore, their use can be considered a last resort. Such medications are prescribed by a psychiatrist or neurologist.

First generation of MAO inhibitors: dangerous irreversible non-selective

Such drugs are used extremely rarely today, since they do not combine well with other drugs, are toxic (very harmful to the liver), and have a wide variety of side effects. In addition, their use requires the patient to follow a certain diet: cheese, coffee, wine, beer, cream, and smoked meats must be excluded from the diet. They are prescribed to eliminate neurotic, involutional, cyclomatic depression and treat chronic alcohol dependence.

The list of irreversible MAO inhibitors with non-selective action is quite wide. Here's what they include:

Nardil (Belgium). A drug based on phenelzine, a powerful MAO inhibitor. Eliminates feelings of anxiety, fear, sadness, restores mental balance. Not the most modern antidepressant, however, it is often used to treat social phobias. The effect is detected after 2 weeks of use;
Marplan. The active ingredient is isocarboxazid. Relieves some symptoms of depression: melancholy, feelings of worthlessness, low self-esteem, chronic sadness, phobias. In many countries it has ceased to be produced, as it leads to liver destruction and causes serious side effects;
Parnat (Japan). Its action is due to the presence of the active component tranylcypromine. It has a positive effect on the emotional and mental background in cases of depression, lethargy, lethargy, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. It exhibits relatively little side activity, but produces a very short-lived effect on MAO - about 12 hours;
Iprazide (Russia). The active substance is iproniazid. Used in psychiatry and cardiology (in the treatment of angina pectoris to reduce pain and improve ECG). Causes persistent MAO inhibition. Currently, it is widely discontinued due to high hepatotoxicity. It is forbidden to drink it for more than 2 weeks;
Nialamid. A psychostimulant with the active ingredient of the same name, produced in Russia. It has a more gentle effect and improves the general condition of people suffering from depression. Indicated for asthenia, oligophrenia, trigeminal neuralgia, angina pectoris. The result of therapy is noticeable after 1-2 weeks of use. Course – from 1 to 6 months.

Important! Although these drugs are sold without a prescription, they are not the first choice in the treatment of depression. Such drugs can cause clinical deterioration, fatal side effects, and increase the risk of suicide. Thus, they should only be taken with the doctor's permission.

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Irreversible selective: narrow spectrum agents

With the help of drugs included in this group, only one pathology is treated - Parkinson's disease. Since they are highly specialized, the list of these MAO inhibitors is not too long. Here are the trade names of such drugs under which they are sold in the pharmacy chain:

Yumex (Hungary), Stillin (Israel). The registration period for the second drug has expired, so it is not sold in pharmacies in our country. The active ingredient of the medicine is selegin. It inhibits the metabolism of dopamine, which helps to increase its concentration in the nuclei of cells in certain parts of the brain. The main purpose of these drugs is the treatment of Parkinson's disease and symptoms of parkinsonism (as monotherapy or together with Levodopa), but there are attempts to use them as antidepressants and smoking cessation medications. Some experts express the opinion that Yumex is a drug for prolonging life, as it has neuprotective properties;
Pargilin (India). It is an antidepressant, recommended for neuropsychiatric disorders. The active ingredient is parligin. It is considered a fairly safe drug and is actively used in psychiatry;
Azilect. Made in Israel, contains rasagiline. Quite a new inhibitor. Recommended for the treatment of true Parkinson's disease and essential tremor. Restores motor activity, coordination, gait in such patients. Additionally, it stops age-related memory decline, improves mood and learning outcomes. The effect produced is associated with the accumulation of special natural compounds in the brain.

Important! All of these drugs should not be combined with serotonic drugs, including fluoxetine.

Reversible selective: gentle but effective

Such drugs belong to the second generation of MAO inhibitors. They help alleviate the condition of those who suffer from asthenic, melancholic syndrome and asthenodynamic disorders. They have several advantages over their predecessors: their use is not accompanied by dangerous side effects, the patient does not have to adhere to dietary restrictions.

This group of MAO inhibitors is the most extensive. The list of medications includes, in particular:

Tetrindol (Russia). A fast-acting remedy: the result of taking it appears in just 2-3 days from the start of treatment. Indicated for depression of various origins (including in the case of organic brain damage), as well as for chronic alcoholism;
Aurorix (Switzerland). Contains moclobemide. Psychoanaleptic. Relieves symptoms of depression - nervous exhaustion, low concentration, dysphoria, helps eliminate social phobia, increases psychomotor activity. Not prescribed for agitation;
Metralindol (Russia). The active element is incasan. Often prescribed for manic-depressive syndrome, schizophrenia, unmotivated mood swings, as well as to activate blood circulation in the brain;
Caroxazone. Refers to “small” antidepressants. Produces a moderate stimulating effect. Out of production;
Befol (Russia). Prescribed for delusional disorders, hallucinations, alcohol addiction;
Pirlindol (created on the basis of pyrazidol). Indicated for attacks of apathy, depressive disorders, emotional overexcitation, accompanied by fear and anxiety.

Important! All MAO inhibitors are prohibited for pregnant and lactating women.

Depression is a condition that many describe as “I don’t want to live.” Even specialists cannot always help in such a situation, so it is impossible to cure this disorder on your own. Even knowing what MAO inhibitors are and what names are on the list of these medications, you should not buy them at the pharmacy and start taking them: they are far from safe! Moreover, you should not try to select drugs for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease without doctors. This way you will not help, but will only harm your loved one.

MAO inhibitors

Instructions for use:

MAO inhibitors (monoamine oxidase) are a group of drugs used in psychiatric practice to treat depressive conditions of various origins. As a rule, MAO inhibitor drugs are used in cases of advanced depression in which no other treatment methods are effective.

Pharmacological effect and classification of MAO inhibitor drugs

MAO inhibitor drugs are biologically active substances that can inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase. These drugs block the process of destruction of mediator monoamines (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, phenylethylamine and others) and increase their concentration, thereby enhancing the transmission of nerve impulses.

A distinctive feature of this group of antidepressants is their long-term pharmacological effect: the therapeutic effect of MAO inhibitors continues for one to two weeks after the end of the course of treatment.

Depending on their pharmacological properties, MAO inhibitors are divided into selective and non-selective, as well as reversible and irreversible.

The action of selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors is mainly aimed at inhibiting one type of monoamine oxidase. Non-selective drugs inhibit both types of enzyme.

Reversible MAO inhibitors bind to the enzyme and form a stable complex with it, which gradually releases the active components of the drug. They enter the blood and are then eliminated from the body naturally. Thus, the monoamine oxidase enzyme remains intact.

Irreversible MAO inhibitors form chemical bonds with monoamine oxidase, causing the enzyme to become nonfunctional and metabolized. Instead, the body synthesizes a new monoamine oxidase. On average, the enzyme production process takes about two weeks.

Non-selective irreversible MAO inhibitors include drugs such as Isocarboxazid, Iproniazid, Tranylcypromine, Nialamid, Phenelzine. The list of reversible MAO inhibitors includes the drugs Befol, Moclobemide, Metralindole, Pyrazidol and beta-carboline derivatives. Irreversible selective MAO inhibitors include Selegiline.

Indications for use

Irreversible MAO inhibitors are used in the treatment of depressive states accompanied by lethargy and lethargy. Reversible drugs are prescribed for the treatment of mild depression with mild hypochondriacal and neurosis-like symptoms, as well as atypical depressive states. Selective MAO inhibitors with irreversible action are used in the treatment of narcolepsy and parkinsonism.

Reception features

The treatment regimen and dosage of drugs are determined strictly individually and depend on the indications, as well as the nature of the disease.

Patients prescribed MAO inhibitors, in some cases, should adhere to a special diet. During treatment and for at least two weeks after its completion, the following foods and drinks should be excluded from the diet:

meat, chicken and beef liver;
smoked and marinated fish;
dry sausages;
chocolate and caffeine;
dairy products (only cream cheeses and pressed cottage cheese are allowed);
soy sauce;
canned dates;
bean pods;
bananas, avocados;
yeast extract, including brewer's yeast;
any alcoholic drinks;
stale secondary processed meat, fish and dairy products.

In addition, while taking MAO inhibitors, patients should not take the following medications:

cold remedies;
medications for colds (tablets, mixtures);
stimulants;
inhalants and asthma medications;
drugs for weight loss and appetite reduction;
any medications with narcotic effects, including those containing caffeine.

When using reversible MAO inhibitors, dietary adherence is not necessary.

Contraindications and side effects

The use of MAO inhibitors from the list of drugs with reversible selective action is contraindicated in cases of hypersensitivity, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, acute inflammatory diseases of the liver and kidneys, as well as during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Irreversible, non-selective MAO inhibitors are not prescribed for hypersensitivity, chronic renal or heart failure, liver failure and cerebrovascular accidents.

Irreversible selective MAO inhibitors are contraindicated in cases of hypersensitivity, during pregnancy and breastfeeding, as well as in Huntington's chorea and essential tremor. In addition, MAO inhibitors from the list of drugs with irreversible selective action are not prescribed in combination with other antidepressants.

Side effects caused by reversible selective MAO inhibitors most often manifest themselves in the form of insomnia, anxiety, headache and dry mouth. When taking MAO inhibitors with irreversible, non-selective action, the same side effects may occur. In addition, drugs in this group can cause dyspepsia, constipation and a decrease in blood pressure.

Irreversible selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors have the following side effects:

dizziness, headache, insomnia, anxiety, increased fatigue, dyskinesia, increased mental and motor excitability, psychosis, confusion;
nausea, loss of appetite, dry mouth, constipation, diarrhea;
arrhythmia, orthostatic hypotension, increased blood pressure;
visual impairment, diplopia;
dysfunctions of the urinary system (urinary retention, nocturia);

You also need to know that the use of MAO inhibitor drugs in combination with alcohol can provoke a hypertensive crisis and increased effects on the central nervous system.

The description posted on this page is a simplified version of the official version of the annotation for the drug. The information is provided for informational purposes only and does not constitute a guide for self-medication. Before using the medicine, you must consult a specialist and read the instructions approved by the manufacturer.

Pharmacological group - Antidepressants

Subgroup drugs are excluded. Turn on

Description

Medicines that specifically relieve depression appeared in the late 1950s. In 1957, iproniazid was discovered, which became the founder of the group of antidepressants - MAO inhibitors, and imipramine, on the basis of which tricyclic antidepressants were obtained.

According to modern concepts, in depressive states there is a decrease in serotonergic and noradrenergic synaptic transmission. Therefore, an important link in the mechanism of action of antidepressants is considered to be the accumulation of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain they cause. MAO inhibitors block monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that causes oxidative deamination and inactivation of monoamines. Currently, two forms of MAO are known - type A and type B, which differ in the substrates exposed to their action. MAO type A causes mainly the deamination of norepinephrine, adrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, tyramine, and MAO type B causes the deamination of phenylethylamine and some other amines. Inhibition is distinguished as competitive and non-competitive, reversible and irreversible. Substrate specificity may be observed: a predominant effect on the deamination of different monoamines. All this significantly affects the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of various MAO inhibitors. Thus, iproniazid, nialamide, phenelzine, tranylcypromine irreversibly block MAO type A, and pirlindole, tetrindole, metralindole, eprobemide, moclobemide, etc. have a selective and reversible effect on it.

Tricyclic antidepressants are named due to the presence of a characteristic tricyclic structure. The mechanism of their action is associated with inhibition of the reuptake of neurotransmitter monoamines by presynaptic nerve endings, resulting in the accumulation of mediators in the synaptic cleft and activation of synaptic transmission. Tricyclic antidepressants, as a rule, simultaneously reduce the uptake of various neurotransmitter amines (norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine). Recently, antidepressants have been created that predominantly (selectively) block the reuptake of serotonin (fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, citalopram, escitalopram, etc.).

There are also so-called “atypical” antidepressants that differ from the “typical” ones both in structure and mechanism of action. Drugs with a bi- and tetracyclic structure have appeared, which have no pronounced effect on either the uptake of neurotransmitters or the activity of MAO (mianserin, etc.).

A common property of all antidepressants is their thymoleptic effect, i.e. a positive effect on the patient’s affective sphere, accompanied by an improvement in mood and general mental state. Different antidepressants differ, however, in the sum of their pharmacological properties. Thus, imipramine and some other antidepressants have a thymoleptic effect combined with a stimulating one, while amitriptyline, pipofezine, fluacizine, clomipramine, trimipramine, and doxepin have a more pronounced sedative component. In maprotiline, the antidepressant effect is combined with anxiolytic and sedative effects. MAO inhibitors (nialamide, eprobemide) have stimulating properties. Pirlindol, while relieving the symptoms of depression, exhibits nootropic activity and improves the “cognitive” (“cognitive”) functions of the central nervous system.

Antidepressants have found use not only in psychiatric practice, but also for the treatment of a number of neurovegetative and somatic diseases, for chronic pain syndromes, etc.

The therapeutic effect of antidepressants, both oral and parenteral use, develops gradually and usually appears 3–10 or more days after the start of treatment. This is explained by the fact that the development of the antidepressant effect is associated both with the accumulation of neurotransmitters in the area of nerve endings and with slowly emerging adaptive changes in the circulation of neurotransmitters and in the sensitivity of brain receptors to them.

How can antidepressants help us: MAO inhibitors

Medical educational program

Anyone who monitors their health and is interested in medical news is familiar with the expression “MAO inhibitors.” Not everyone can explain what this is. Meanwhile, everything is not so complicated. This is what psychotropic drugs are called. In other words, antidepressants. These remedies can eliminate negative emotions, feelings of melancholy or hopelessness. Particularly valuable is the fact that some representatives of the group of antidepressants can cause not only a psychostimulating, but also a sedative (calming) effect. This distinguishes them favorably from stimulants. Therefore, MAO inhibitors are often used in psychiatry.

What is a MAO inhibitor?

Let's figure out what this phrase means and define its constituent words. An inhibitor is a substance that slows down or prevents the progress of any chemical reaction. MAO (full name - monoamine oxidase) is an enzyme produced by the gastrointestinal tract. It helps break down literally all substances that enter the human body with food. Thus, MAO inhibitors are biologically active substances that block the enzyme monoamine oxidase. Once in the body, they inhibit reactions associated with the decomposition of certain substances. For example, serotonin (the so-called joy hormone), melatonin, dopamine. This alleviates the symptoms of depression.

Herbal MAO inhibitors

It must be said that this group includes not only medications, but also some plants. For example, Indian tribes used the vine Banisteriopsis caapi as an MAO inhibitor. In modern medicine, the seeds of Siberian rue are used. It contains harmine and harmaline. When taken in large quantities, these alkaloids can cause vomiting, nausea, hallucinations, and convulsions.

Classification of MAO inhibitors by pharmacological properties

All existing inhibitors are divided into 3 categories.

Non-selective irreversible inhibitors. Their distinctive feature is that they not only fight depression, but are also able to reduce angina attacks. These include Nialamid, Phenelzine and other drugs.
Selective reversible inhibitors. They have a psycho-energizing effect. Excellent antidepressants as they increase serotonin and norepinephrine. For example, "Befol" or "Pirlindol".
Selective irreversible inhibitors. Indispensable in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. A typical representative of this group is Selegiline.

Application in medicine

Today, MAO inhibitors are prescribed quite rarely. This is due to the large number of side effects they can cause. Their use is justified only in cases where other, more gentle means have been tried. Most often, synthetic inhibitors are used for treatment. This is explained by the fact that they have a longer shelf life compared to herbal counterparts. For example, the same harmaline can act within 1-3 days after ingestion, while the effect of a synthetic inhibitor can last up to two weeks.

Contraindications

These psychotropic drugs should be taken with extreme caution, as they have many contraindications:

Non-selective irreversible inhibitors are not prescribed for heart or kidney failure, as well as in cases where the patient has a cerebrovascular accident.
Selective reversible ones are contraindicated in acute inflammatory diseases, during pregnancy or breastfeeding, in infancy, as well as during alcohol withdrawal.
Selective irreversible MAO inhibitors should never be combined with other antidepressants. In addition, they are not used for tremor and Huntington's chorea (a disease characterized by mental and movement disorders). They should be prescribed with caution for psychosis, angina, and tachycardia.

Precautionary measures

Taking inhibitors is associated with many side effects, so you must follow all the necessary rules for taking them. Be sure to tell your doctor about your chronic diseases, pregnancy or intention to become pregnant, and allergies to any medications. It is better to consult a doctor if you are going to take other medications. And, of course, you must strictly follow the diet.

Dietary considerations while taking MAO inhibitors

Taking inhibitors can be extremely dangerous to your health if you eat certain foods. This is due to this: blocking the MAO enzyme promotes the accumulation of an amino acid such as tyramine. Under normal conditions, its level is successfully regulated by the body itself. But by taking MAO inhibitors, you contribute to an increase in this substance in the blood. Therefore, it is necessary to exclude all foods containing tyramine from the diet. These include:

Mature cheeses. For example, cheddar cheese contains 40 mg of tyramine per 30 g piece. Most likely, such a high content of this amino acid is due to fermentation processes. There is little tyramine in curd and processed cheeses; they can be eaten without harm to health.
Alcohol. In ale, Chianti, live beer - 11 mg of this substance per 100 g of product. Therefore they should not be consumed. Red wine and bottled beer are allowed, but must be kept in moderation.
Processed meat and fish products. The consumption of smoked meats, dry sausages, and pickled fish is prohibited. The tyramine content in them can reach up to 86 mg per serving. This high rate is explained by aging and the presence of preservatives.
Seasonings. It is very difficult to single out just one here, since tyramine is often included in mixed products. For example, Asian dishes cannot be imagined without soy sauce. And it contains a huge amount of dangerous amino acids. Therefore, it is better to give preference to dishes that are easy to prepare.

Prohibited drugs

As already mentioned, it is necessary to combine inhibitors with other medications with caution and always inform your doctor. In no case should inhibitors be used with medications such as:

Remedies for colds or sinusitis.
Inhalers for asthma.
Drugs used to reduce appetite or weight loss.
Stimulants.

Side effects

In many patients, taking inhibitors does not cause side effects. However, failure to follow the doctor’s recommendations can lead to dire consequences:

The use of non-selective irreversible inhibitors can cause headache, constipation, dry mouth, and low blood pressure.
Selective reversible inhibitors have side effects such as insomnia, anxiety, headache.
Selective irreversible inhibitors can cause impaired visual acuity, arrhythmia and urinary retention, dizziness and hallucinations.

I would like to say one more thing: you should not stop taking inhibitors halfway through the course of treatment. Often these remedies do not work immediately. In some cases, the effect appears only 4 weeks after taking the medicine. But your patience will be rewarded with improved well-being. This means that you have defeated the disease.

Video: The Neon Channels feat. MAO inhibitors Almost Life in the Ozerova House

MAO inhibitors are antidepressants that are prescribed for the treatment of parkinsonism and epilepsy.

pharmachologic effect

Non-selective irreversible drugs are designed to reduce attacks, as well as improve the condition of patients in deep depression. These drugs are structurally similar to iproniazides.

Irreversible selective MAO inhibitors have antiparkinsonian properties and are involved in the metabolism of dopamine and catecholamines.

Video: Brain biochemistry

List of drugs

Non-selective irreversible drugs include: Nialamide, Iproniazid, Phenelzine, Isocarboxazid, Tranylcypromine.

Selective irreversible drugs include the drug Selegiline.

The list of MAO inhibitors (reversible selective) includes the following drugs: Befol, Metralindole, Moclobemide, Pirlindol, beta-carboline derivatives.

Indications for use

Irreversible selective drugs should be prescribed in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Contraindications

Taking MAO inhibitors (reversible selective) is contraindicated in patients who have:

Hypersensitivity to the drug;
Acute inflammatory diseases of the liver or kidneys have been identified.

The drugs are not prescribed for alcohol withdrawal syndrome. It is strictly forbidden to take medications during pregnancy and lactation.

You should not take drugs (non-selective irreversible) in the following cases:

If the patient has increased sensitivity;
Liver failure was detected;
Cerebral circulation disorders are observed;
A diagnosis of chronic heart failure was made.

With caution, drugs (irreversible selective) should be taken by patients who have: severe angina, progressive angina, severe psychosis, prostatic hyperplasia, angle-closure, large-scale tremor, peptic ulcer of the gastrointestinal tract, tardive dyskinesia, diffuse toxic goiter, as well as pheochromocytoma.

Side effects

When using reversible selective drugs, the patient may experience the following body reactions: insomnia, headache (of a periodic nature), dry mouth, anxiety.

Video: Section title "Spiritual growth"

When using non-selective irreversible drugs, a person may experience: a decrease in blood pressure, anxiety, insomnia, headache,.

When using irreversible selective MAO inhibitors, the following body reactions may occur:

Increased blood pressure, arrhythmia, hypotension;
In some cases, the patient’s appetite decreases, the mucous membrane of the eye becomes dry, and transaminase activity increases;
In addition, constipation and nausea may occur;
A small percentage of people experience urinary retention and painful urge to urinate;
When taking medications, shortness of breath, skin rash, and bronchospasm may occur.

When taking medications (irreversible selective), a person may experience hair loss and hypoglycemia.